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LTE OVERVIEW
LTE stands for Long Term Evolution and it was started as a project in 2004 by telecommunication body known as the
Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). SAE (System Architecture Evolution) is the corresponding evolution of
the GPRS/3G packet core network evolution. The term LTE is typically used to represent both LTE and SAE
LTE evolved from an earlier 3GPP system known as the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS), which
in turn evolved from the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). Even related specifications were formally
known as the evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA) and evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access network (E-
UTRAN). First version of LTE was documented in Release 8 of the 3GPP specifications.
A rapid increase of mobile data usage and emergence of new applications such as MMOG (Multimedia Online Gaming),
mobile TV, Web 2.0, streaming contents have motivated the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to work on the
Long-Term Evolution (LTE) on the way towards fourth-generation mobile.
The main goal of LTE is to provide a high data rate, low latency and packet optimized radioaccess technology
supporting flexible bandwidth deployments. Same time its network architecture has been designed with the goal to
support packet-switched traffic with seamless mobility and great quality of service.
LTE Evolution
Year Event
Mar 2000 Release 99 - UMTS/WCDMA
Mar 2002 Rel 5 - HSDPA
Mar 2005 Rel 6 - HSUPA
Year 2007 Rel 7 - DL MIMO, IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem)
November 2004 Work started on LTE specification
January 2008 Spec finalized and approved with Release 8
2010 Targeted first deployment
Facts about LTE
LTE is the successor technology not only of UMTS but also of CDMA 2000.
LTE is important because it will bring up to 50 times performance improvement and much better spectral
efficiency to cellular networks.
LTE introduced to get higher data rates, 300Mbps peak downlink and 75 Mbps peak uplink. In a 20MHz carrier,
data rates beyond 300Mbps can be achieved under very good signal conditions.
LTE is an ideal technology to support high date rates for the services such as voice over IP (VOIP), streaming
multimedia, videoconferencing or even a high-speed cellular modem.
LTE uses both Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) mode. In FDD uplink and
downlink transmission used different frequency, while in TDD both uplink and downlink use the same carrier
and are separated in Time.
LTE supports flexible carrier bandwidths, from 1.4 MHz up to 20 MHz as well as both FDD and TDD. LTE
designed with a scalable carrier bandwidth from 1.4 MHz up to 20 MHz which bandwidth is used depends on the
frequency band and the amount of spectrum available with a network operator.
All LTE devices have to support (MIMO) Multiple Input Multiple Output transmissions, which allow the base
station to transmit several data streams over the same carrier simultaneously.
All interfaces between network nodes in LTE are now IP based, including the backhaul connection to the radio
base stations. This is great simplification compared to earlier technologies that were initially based on E1/T1,
ATM and frame relay links, with most of them being narrowband and expensive.
Quality of Service (QoS) mechanism have been standardized on all interfaces to ensure that the requirement of
voice calls for a constant delay and bandwidth, can still be met when capacity limits are reached.
Works with GSM/EDGE/UMTS systems utilizing existing 2G and 3G spectrum and new spectrum. Supports
hand-over and roaming to existing mobile networks.
Advantages of LTE
High throughput: High data rates can be achieved in both downlink as well as uplink. This causes high
throughput.
Low latency: Time required to connect to the network is in range of a few hundred milliseconds and power
saving states can now be entered and exited very quickly.
FDD and TDD in the same platform: Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (FDD),
both schemes can be used on same platform.
Superior end-user experience: Optimized signaling for connection establishment and other air interface and
mobility management procedures have further improved the user experience. Reduced latency (to 10 ms) for
better user experience.
Seamless Connection: LTE will also support seamless connection to existing networks such as GSM, CDMA
and WCDMA.
Plug and play: The user does not have to manually install drivers for the device. Instead system automatically
recognizes the device, loads new drivers for the hardware if needed, and begins to work with the newly
connected device.
Simple architecture: Because of Simple architecture low operating expenditure (OPEX).
LTE - QoS
LTE architecture supports hard QoS, with end-to-end quality of service and guaranteed bit rate (GBR) for radio
bearers. Just as Ethernet and the internet have different types of QoS, for example, various levels of QoS can be applied
to LTE traffic for different applications. Because the LTE MAC is fully scheduled, QoS is a natural fit.
Evolved Packet System (EPS) bearers provide one-to-one correspondence with RLC radio bearers and provide support
for Traffic Flow Templates (TFT). There are four types of EPS bearers:
GBR Bearer: resources permanently allocated by admission control
Non-GBR Bearer no admission control
Dedicated Bearer associated with specific TFT (GBR or non-GBR)
Default Bearer Non GBR, catch-all for unassigned traffic