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Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft

Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft are categories coined by German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies to categorize social ties into two dichotomous types: gemeinschaft, characterized by strong sentiment and kinship; and gesellschaft, characterized by impersonal, contracted associations. Primary groups involve close, personal relationships like family and friends, while secondary groups are less personal and based on interests and activities like employment. An ingroup is a social group with which one identifies psychologically, while an outgroup is one they do not identify with.

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730 views3 pages

Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft

Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft are categories coined by German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies to categorize social ties into two dichotomous types: gemeinschaft, characterized by strong sentiment and kinship; and gesellschaft, characterized by impersonal, contracted associations. Primary groups involve close, personal relationships like family and friends, while secondary groups are less personal and based on interests and activities like employment. An ingroup is a social group with which one identifies psychologically, while an outgroup is one they do not identify with.

Uploaded by

rotsacrreijav123
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Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


Gemeinschaft
(German pr a spontaneously arising organic social relationship characterized by strong
reciprocal bonds of sentiment and kinship within a common tradition; also : a community or
society characterized by this relationship
compareGESELLSCHAFTonunciation: [manaft]) und

Gesellschaft
a rationally developed mechanistic type of social relationship characterized by impersonally
contracted associations between persons; also : a community or society characterized by
this relationship compare GEMEINSCHAFT [zlaft](generally translated as
"community and society") are categories which were coined by
the German sociologist Ferdinand Tnnies in order to categorize social ties (now calledsocial
networks) into two dichotomous sociological types.

Primary and secondary groups
The distinction between Primary and Secondary groups serves to identify between two orders
of social organisation through analysis of the group relationships and their nature.
Primary groups[edit]
A primary group is typically a small social group whose members share close, personal, enduring
relationships. These groups are marked by members' concern for one another, in shared activities
and culture. Examples include family, childhood friends, and highly influential social groups. The
concept of the primary group was introduced by Charles Cooley, a sociologist from the Chicago
School of sociology, in his book Social Organization: A Study of the Larger Mind. Although the group
initially referred to the first intimate group of a person's childhood, the classification was later
extended to include other intimate relations.
[1]
Primary groups play an important role in the
development of personal identity. A primary group is a group in which one exchanges implicit items,
such as love, caring, concern, animosity, support, etc. Examples, of these would be family groups,
love relationships, crisis support groups, church groups, etc. Relationships formed in primary groups
are often long-lasting and goals in themselves. They also are often psychologically comforting to the
individuals involved and provide a source of support.
Secondary groups[edit]
People in a secondary group interact on a less personal level than in a primary group, and their
relationships are temporary rather than long lasting. Since secondary groups are established to
perform functions, peoples roles are more interchangeable. A secondary group is one you have
chosen to be a part of. They are based on interests and activities. They are where many people can
meet close friends or people they would just call acquaintances. Secondary groups are groups in
which one exchanges explicit commodities, such as labour for wages, services for payments, etc.
Examples of these would be employment, vendor-to-client relationships, etc.
Outgroup
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Outgroup may refer to:
Outgroup (sociology), a social group
Ingroups and outgroups
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In sociology and social psychology, an ingroup is a social group to which a
person psychologically identifies as being a member. By contrast, an outgroup is a social
group to which an individual does not identify. For example, people may find it
psychologically meaningful to view themselves according to
their race, culture, gender, caste or religion. It has been found that the psychological
membership of social groups and categories is associated with a wide variety of
phenomena.
The terminology was made popular by Henri Tajfel and colleagues during his work in
formulating social identity theory. The significance of ingroup and outgroup
categorization was identified using a method called the minimal group paradigm. Tajfel
and colleagues found that people can form self preferencing ingroups within a matter of
minutes and that such groups can form even on the basis of seemingly trivial
characteristics, such as preferences for certain paintings.

a formal group is one that has structure, officers, regular meetings, etc. there are
usually by-laws and a charter.
Informal groups are those which are formed by individuals along the lines of friendships,
common interests or hobbies, and do not have the formal structural elements.

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