ENDEVCO

TP 291
ACCELEROMETER SELECTION BASED ON APPLICATIONS
In this technical paper, accelerometer selection recommendations based on applications and meas-
urement environments are presented. Applications include:
Measuring Motion
Measuring High Frequency Vibration
Measuring Low Frequency Vibration
Measuring Shock
Measuring Micro-G Vibration
Measuring Vibration on Small Objects
Measurement in High Temperature Environments
Measurement in Low Temperature Environments
Measurement in Radiation Environments
Measurement in Machine Health Monitoring
Measurement in Multi-Channel Applications
Principal Acronyms Used:
PE = Piezoelectric
PR = Piezoresistive
VC = Variable Capacitance
SERVO = Force-Balance Servo
TZS = Thermal Zero Shift
TEDS = Transducer Electronic Data Sheet
For technical discussion on various accelerometer designs and technologies, refer to Endevco
Technical Paper TP299.
MEASURING MOTION
When selecting an accelerometer, it is important to determine whether one is trying to measure
motion or vibration. In vibration measurement, one is after the vibratory responses of the object
under test. In motion measurement, one is interested in the speed or the displacement of the rigid
body (or part thereof).
Using an accelerometer to measure motion (i.e. the speed of a slow-moving robotic arm, or the
movement of an elevator) accurately, the measured acceleration data must not contain any zero
offset error. A very small amount of zero offset in the acceleration output can lead to gross
amount of velocity or displacement errors after numerical integrations. Since all piezoelectric
based accelerometers and other AC-coupled designs will produce zero offset errors when trying to
follow a slow motion, they should not be considered for motion measurements.
Selection considerations in this application are:
DC Response For reasons discussed above, DC-response accelerometers, such as PR or VC
T E C H N I C A L P A P E R 2 9 1
ACCELEROMETER SELECTION BASED ON APPLICATIONS
ENDEVCO

CORPORATION, 30700 RANCHO VIEJO ROAD, SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO, CALIFORNIA 92675-1748 USA (800) 982-6732 (949) 493-8181 fax (949) 661-7231
www.endevco.com Email:applications@endevco.com
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types, are more suitable for measuring motion.
Resolution Since the results of the integration (velocity or displacement) are highly dependent on the
quality of the acceleration signal, it is important to have a healthy amount of output from the accelerome-
ter to begin with. However, it is not just the sensitivity of the accelerometer that one should consider, but
the actual resolution or signal-to-noise ratio of the device.
Thermal Zero Shift (TZS) Drift of the zero baseline in a DC-response accelerometer produces the same
kind of error as the zero offset would in AC-coupled devices. Depending on the operating temperature
range, a low TZS specification may be critical.
Examples of current accelerometer models for this application:
Models 7290A-2, 7593A, 7596-10, 7265A, MSA100A
MEASURING HIGH FREQUENCY VIBRATION
Applications such as gear noise analysis, turbine or high-speed rotating machinery monitoring, require
accelerometers with exceptional high frequency characteristics. Therefore, high accelerometer resonance
is a prerequisite. But high resonance designs usually mean very low output sensitivity. This is just a
physical constraint in any given spring-mass type transducer design.
Selection considerations in this application are:
Resonance frequency Since most of the high frequency accelerometers are undamped, high frequency
harmonics from the structure can excite the resonance, causing overload condition in downstream electron-
ics. Resonance of the accelerometer should be sufficiently high so that it can stay above the high frequen-
cy signals that are present in the structure.
Mounting method High frequency signal transmissibility varies widely with different mounting methods.
Care must be taken in mounting the accelerometer. Stud mounting is the only reliable method for meas-
urement above 10kHz. Couplant (i.e. silicone based grease) should be used between the accelerometer
and the mounting surface whenever possible.
Calibration The capabilities to perform calibration above 10 kHz is essential for broadband accelerome-
ters. Endevco provides frequency response calibrations up to 50kHz for most lightweight accelerometers.
There are PE and ISOTRON accelerometers with very high (>70 kHz) resonance frequency and sufficient-
ly high output sensitivity that will satisfy these requirements. There are also PR accelerometers with reso-
nance higher than 1 MHz, but their very low sensitivities may preclude their use in most of these applica-
tions.
Examples of current accelerometer models for this application:
Models 7240B, 7259A-100, 7270A-6K
MEASURING LOW FREQUENCY VIBRATION
Applications such as modal analysis, building and bridge monitoring, require accelerometers with excep-
tional low frequency characteristics. In modal testing, channel-to-channel phase deviation between the
accelerometers is a key concern to the analyst. The ideal accelerometer therefore should have no phase
shift in the frequency range of interest. DC-coupled designs have the advantage over AC-coupled designs
in this area.
High resonance designs
usually mean very low
output sensitivity.
Stud mounting is the only
reliable method for meas-
urement above 10kHz.
Endevco provides
frequency response cali-
brations up to 50kHz for
most lightweight
accelerometers.
Applications such as
modal analysis, building
and bridge monitoring,
require accelerometers
with exceptional low fre-
quency characteristics.
ENDEVCO

CORPORATION, 30700 RANCHO VIEJO ROAD, SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO, CALIFORNIA 92675-1748 USA (800) 982-6732 (949) 493-8181 fax (949) 661-7231
www.endevco.com Email:applications@endevco.com
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Accelerometer selection considerations in this application are:
Low-end frequency response For very low frequency measurements (near DC), DC-coupled devices,
such as PR, VC, or SERVO, are the obvious choices. In addition to having no phase shift at low frequen-
cy, DC-coupled accelerometers are also suitable for measuring slow motions of an object (see Motion
Measurement above). For acceleration measurements from a few Hertz and up, AC-coupled devices with
sufficient low-end response may be used.
Base strain sensitivity As mentioned previously, base strain sensitivity cannot be easily distinguished
from vibration signals, especially at low frequency where the displacement amplitude is large. The ideal
accelerometer should have very low strain sensitivity. Adhesive mounting can reduce this problem to a
large degree if the application allows.
Thermal transient sensitivity Since the error induced by external thermal transient occurs at low fre-
quency, it combines with the low frequency acceleration signal and becomes indistinguishable. Use of
thermal protective boots can effectively reduce this problem in accelerometers that have high thermal tran-
sient sensitivity.
Low-pass filtering In many applications where the desired information is in the low frequency range,
high level, high frequency components may reduce the usable dynamic range of the system. The use of an
external or internal low-pass filter can minimize the problem.
Examples of current accelerometer models for this application:
Models 7290A-2, 7593A, 86, 7752-1000
MEASURING SHOCK
Applications such as package drop-testing, automotive crash-testing, and pyroshock/simulation, require
accelerometers with special capabilities. An accidental drop of a cellular phone from standing height can
produce peak acceleration levels well over 10,000 gs. Many novices in shock testing make the wrong
assumption that the shock measurements of an object can be approximated using a rigid body model, and
completely forgotten about the localized material responses. In high-g shock test where structural respons-
es are often nonlinear and difficult to characterize, choosing the right accelerometers can be critical.
Basic accelerometer selection considerations in this application are:
Zeroshift Zeroshift or DC-offset, a sudden change of baseline level during a high-g event, is a type of
error usually associated with, but not limited to, PE/ISOTRON accelerometers. There is no universal stan-
dard for this parameter, so it cannot be found in the Performance Specifications. PR devices designed for
high-g shock are typically immune from zeroshift. Accelerometers with a built-in mechanical filter, such
as Models 7255A and 7270AM6, are designed to eliminate this problem. There have been serveral papers
written on this subject; readers are advised to refer to Endevco Technical Paper TP290 and TP308.
Survivability In lower level shock applications, most accelerometers can survive the environment with-
out causing internal damage. But in high-g testing, physical damage to the sensor is often a reality. It is
suggested to overestimate the maximum shock level when selecting the range of a shock accelerometer. A
general rule-of-thumb: the closer the accelerometers are to the source (explosive or impact), the higher the
input g level. Survivability extends to cables and connections. In high-g shock, a small amount of unre-
strained mass would translate into large force, causing connector failures (or bad contacts) and generating
triboelectric noise with ordinary coaxial cable. Solder terminals and ribbon wires are recommended in
high-g applications because of their light weight, but extra care is required in installing and handling these
For acceleration meas-
urements from a few
Hertz and up, AC-cou-
pled devices with suffi-
cient low-end response
may be used.
An accidental drop of a
cellular phone from
standing height can pro-
duce peak acceleration
levels well over
10,000 gs.
PR devices designed for
high-g shock are typical-
ly immune from zeroshift.
ENDEVCO

CORPORATION, 30700 RANCHO VIEJO ROAD, SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO, CALIFORNIA 92675-1748 USA (800) 982-6732 (949) 493-8181 fax (949) 661-7231
www.endevco.com Email:applications@endevco.com
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delicate connections.
Range Usable output range should not be confused with survivability. An accelerometer may only
have to measure 100g full scale, but it may be required to survive an initial shock of 10,000g preceding
the lower level event. Another distinction should be made between the maximum expected level from a
Shock Response Spectrum and the actual input spectrum the accelerometer is likely to experience.
Low-pass filtering Low-pass filters can be used at the input of an amplifier to prevent overload condi-
tion due to unexpected input spikes.
DC Response When measuring long duration shock or measuring rigid body motion of the structure
(i.e. ship shock), accelerometers with DC response are required to capture the low frequency information
accurately. If the acceleration data is be integrated to yield velocity or displacement information, DC
response is an absolute necessity.
Examples of current accelerometer models for this application:
Models 2252-01, 7255A-01, 7270A-60K, 7270A-60KM6
MEASURING MICRO-G VIBRATION
Measuring vibration in space on the Hubble telescope or monitoring noise in a nuclear submarine requires
accelerometers that are extremely sensitive. The electronic noise floor and the dynamic range of these
devices must be exceptional. Noise specifications of accelerometers are usually given in broadband rms
terms, which is fine in most applications. But in some cases, the noise specification is more useful if
depicted as a root power spectral density (root PSD), given in equivalent g per root Hertz. In addition,
noise of the transducer system (including the necessary signal conditioner/power supply) is more relevant
than the noise specification of the transducer alone. In most cases, a battery operated power supply is the
preferred choice. Whenever possible, use the accelerometer with its recommended signal conditioner so
that the noise performance of the system can be maximized.
Accelerometer selection considerations in this application are:
Signal-to-Noise Ratio High sensitivity and low noise floor is a prerequisite to micro-g vibration meas-
urement. High sensitivity and good S/N however, may come at the expense of size and weight. In this
respect, given the same weight/size package, the ISOTRON type has the fundamental advantage in S/N
over the PE, PR, and VC types.
Environmental Sensitivities As with all extremely high output transducers, the effects of environmental
sensitivities, such as base strain, thermal transients, and acoustic noise may be significant. Some form of
environmental barrier should be used with a micro-g sensor.
There are several PE, ISOTRON, VC, and SERVO accelerometers which are specifically designed for
low-g measurement. Cost of these devices varies significantly, as do their sizes, weights and signal condi-
tioning requirements.
Attention should be paid, when measuring low-g acceleration using DC response accelerometers (PR, VC,
SERVO) to the direction of earths gravity. The highly sensitive transducer might run out of range (satu-
rate), owing to the high output response to 1 g of the earths gravity. With an open-loop design, such as a
PR accelerometer, very little can be done to alleviate this problem. With a close-loop design, such as
SERVO accelerometer, the DC offset may be electrically nulled, but the limitation on dynamic range still
remains. A PE accelerometer does not have this problem due to its AC coupled characteristic.
Examples of current accelerometer models for this application:
An accelerometer may
only have to measure
100g full scale, but it
may be required to sur-
vive an initial shock of
10,000g.
High sensitivity and low
noise floor is a prerequi-
site to micro-g vibration
measurement.
The effects of environ-
mental sensitivities, such
as base strain, thermal
transients, and acoustic
noise may be significant.
Attention should be paid,
when measuring low-g
acceleration using DC
response accelerometers
(PR, VC, SERVO) to the
direction of earths
gravity.
ENDEVCO

CORPORATION, 30700 RANCHO VIEJO ROAD, SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO, CALIFORNIA 92675-1748 USA (800) 982-6732 (949) 493-8181 fax (949) 661-7231
www.endevco.com Email:applications@endevco.com
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Models 86, 7754A-1000, 7752-1000, 7290A-2
MEASURING VIBRATION ON SMALL OBJECTS
There are many applications where the test articles are no bigger than a tennis ball. Making shock and
vibration measurements under such conditions require sensors with unique physical characteristics.
Accelerometer selection considerations in this application are:
Mass-Loading Effect Mass-loading effect can change the dynamic responses of the measurement. Size
and weight of the accelerometer must not be out of proportion with the test article. The rule-of-thumb is
not to exceed 10:1. There are PE, ISOTRON and PR accelerometer models that are very small and light-
weight (as low as 0.14 gm) which help minimize mass-loading problems.
Mounting Method Drilling threaded holes for stud-mount type sensors in a small test article is impracti-
cal. Adhesive mounting is the only logical method. Adhesive mounting/removal instructions should be
followed religiously to prevent damage to the accelerometer body. Endevco offers an Adhesive Mounting
Kit to facilitate easy installations.
Surface curvature Care should be taken to provide a flat surface for the accelerometer. This might
require manufacturing special mounting blocks with matched curvature of the lower surface.
Resonance Small structures usually have high frequency modes. Accelerometers with higher resonance
(>50 kHz) may be required.
Cable When the test structure is very small and lightweight, even the stiffness of the cable can affect
the dynamic responses. Small-gauge, flexible cable should be used in these situations.
Examples of current accelerometer models for this application:
Models 22, 23, 25A, 25B, 35A, 2250A-10, 7253B-10, 7264B-500
MEASUREMENT IN HIGH TEMPERATURE ENVIRONMENTS
Shock and vibration testing performed on jet engines, propulsion systems, and power generators requires
transducers that can withstand the inherent high temperature environment. In test environments over
200C, the only choice is a PE accelerometer. Below 200C, several models in the ISOTRON family are
available. There are obvious advantages in using ISOTRON accelerometers (see TP320 for details), but
they have to be evaluated under different circumstances. ISOTRON designs offer a low impedance out-
put, which has better noise immunity in noisy environments. The downside of using ISOTRON in this
application, however, is imposing the same temperature environment on the internal amplifier, which
would otherwise be sitting outside at room-temperature. The consequences of exposing the electronics to
high temperature are shorter operating life, reduced electrical performance, and lower mean time between
failure (MTBF). One is advised to balance the pros and cons when making a selection.
Selection considerations in this application are:
Survivability Temperatures as high as 400C+ are common for engine vibration monitoring. The
accelerometer should survive and operate under these conditions continuously without degradation in sen-
sitivity or resonance characteristics.
Temperature Response The performance of a transducer at its temperature limits must be well defined.
It is important that the sensitivities at the higher temperatures are repeatable and without hystersis. Some
PE models feature special output sensitivity compensation over a defined range of temperature, resulting
There are many applica-
tions where the test arti-
cles are no bigger than a
tennis ball.
Mass-loading effect can
change the dynamic
responses of the meas-
urement. Size and weight
of the accelerometer must
not be out of proportion
with the test article. The
rule-of-thumb is not to
exceed 10:1.
Care should be taken to
provide a flat surface for
the accelerometer.
In test environments over
200C, the only choice is
a PE accelerometer.
Temperatures as high as
400C+ are common for
engine vibration monitor-
ing. The accelerometer
should survive and oper-
ate under these condi-
tions continuously with-
out degradation in sensi-
tivity or resonance char-
acteristics.
ENDEVCO

CORPORATION, 30700 RANCHO VIEJO ROAD, SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO, CALIFORNIA 92675-1748 USA (800) 982-6732 (949) 493-8181 fax (949) 661-7231
www.endevco.com Email:applications@endevco.com
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in a fairly flat temperature response. Most PE transducers show a drastic drop in internal resistance at
very high temperature, rendering the signal conditioner (charge amplifier) inoperable. Special signal con-
ditioners, such as Endevcos Model 2721B, are designed to handle low impedance signals in high tempera-
ture applications.
Cable Survivability Can the connector and cable assemblies survive the hot environment? The output
cable must have a similar temperature rating as the transducer. Most high temperature hardline cables use
ceramics as their dielectric, which are usually brittle and not very flexible.
Examples of current accelerometer models for this application:
Models 7760, 2276, 2248, 6240C-10, 6240M10
MEASUREMENT IN LOW TEMPERATURE ENVIRONMENTS
Measurements performed near cryogenic conditions, such as cooling systems on rocket engines or space-
craft components, require transducers that can operate at temperatures near absolute zero. Most
accelerometer designs can operate satisfactorily to -100C, but below this point, only those built with spe-
cific design objectives can be recommended. In these sub-zero test environments, one also needs to assess
the pros and cons of using accelerometers with internal electronics. (see High Temperature Environment
Measurement)
Selection considerations in this application are:
Temperature Response Sensitivity of many transducer designs drops off drastically when approaching
absolute zero. Quartz based PE designs are most linear and predictable at lower temperature extremes,
and are more suitable for cryogenic applications. Endevco offers a special cryogenic temperature response
calibration down to -269C.
Thermal Transient Sensitivity Sudden temperature changes in sub-zero applications can change the
boundary condition in the sensing element due to thermal expansion, which in turn generates unwanted
output. When the measurement environment presents a very steep temperature gradient (i.e. sudden liquid
nitrogen blasts), good low-temperature accelerometers should produce limited responses from such envi-
ronmental stimulus. Review carefully the thermal transient sensitivity specifications of the device to
match your applications.
Survivability Not only is the accelerometer required to operate at a steady sub-zero temperature, it
should also survive multiple cycles of thermal shock. Most microelectronic circuits (chip and wire or sur-
face mounted types) suffer from reliability problems after multiple cycles of thermal shock due to thermal
expansion problems. In this respect, transducer designs that do not have internal electronics have proven
to be more reliable.
Cable Survivability Most cables become very brittle at cryogenic temperature. Careful selection of the
correct cable type is critical. Low impedance output devices allow a wider selection of cables in terms of
cable material.
Examples of current accelerometer models for this application:
Models 2256AM2, 7722
Special signal condition-
ers, such as Endevcos
Model 2721B, are
designed to handle low
impedance signals in
high temperature appli-
cations.
Sensitivity of many trans-
ducer designs drops off
drastically when
approaching absolute
zero.
Endevco offers a special
cryogenic temperature
response calibration
down to -269C.
Most cables become very
brittle at cryogenic tem-
perature. Careful selec-
tion of the correct cable
type is critical.
ENDEVCO

CORPORATION, 30700 RANCHO VIEJO ROAD, SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO, CALIFORNIA 92675-1748 USA (800) 982-6732 (949) 493-8181 fax (949) 661-7231
www.endevco.com Email:applications@endevco.com
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MEASUREMENT IN RADIATION ENVIRONMENTS
Measurements performed near radioactive sources, such as a nuclear reactor and its pumping system,
require radiation-proof transducers. Since the radiation levels vary depending on the measurement loca-
tion, there are different grades of radiation-proof accelerometers. As a rule of thumb, PE accelerometers
have the highest radiation resistance, while designs with internal electronics offer the lowest survivability.
Selection considerations in this application are:
RAD Rating PE transducers are the preferred choice in a nuclear environment. PE accelerometers that
have RAD ratings from 1E8 to 6E10 integrated gamma flux are available. Radiation-proof inline charge
converters can be used to drive long cables in applications where the control room is far away.
Cable Survivability Most cable materials, including the common Teflon dielectric, fail after long term
radiation exposure. Cable assemblies for nuclear applications must have properties suitable for extended
usage. Endevco offers special cable assemblies designed for radiation environments.
Industry Standard Although there are a number of PE accelerometer models that carry the radiation rat-
ings, only a few models in the 2273A family are routinely used in the nuclear power industry.
Examples of current accelerometer models for this application:
Models 7701A-50, 2273A, 2273AM1, 2273AM20, 2276
MEASUREMENT IN MACHINE HEALTH MONITORING
Vibration measurements performed in an industrial environment have different needs than those in a stan-
dard laboratory environment. Many applications require the transducer to have intrinsic safety certifica-
tions.
Selection considerations in this application are:
Ruggedness The physical environment inside a manufacturing plant necessitates a rugged transducer
design. Cable connector, cable, and mounting should be able to withstand the normal day-to-day use in an
industrial environment.
Hermetically Sealed Industrial environments routinely involve moisture and other liquid contaminants.
A hermetically sealed design will keep the sensor in proper operating condition for an extended period of
time.
Low cost Although not a technical consideration, cost of the accelerometer can be an important factor
in this application where hundreds of sensors are being used at one time.
There are many PE/ISOTRON transducers designed specifically for industrial applications, although
ISOTRON types are more widely used due to their lower cost and the ability to operate in very dirty envi-
ronments. Other sensor types are not popular in this area primarily due to their higher costs.
Examples of current accelerometer models for this application:
Models 5220, 5221, 5253A-100, 6222S-100
PE accelerometers have
the highest radiation
resistance, while designs
with internal electronics
offer the lowest surviv-
ability.
Most cable materials,
including the common
Teflon dielectric, fail
after long term radiation
exposure.
Industrial environments
routinely involve mois-
ture and other liquid con-
taminants.
ENDEVCO

CORPORATION, 30700 RANCHO VIEJO ROAD, SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO, CALIFORNIA 92675-1748 USA (800) 982-6732 (949) 493-8181 fax (949) 661-7231
www.endevco.com Email:applications@endevco.com
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MEASUREMENT IN MULTI-CHANNEL APPLICATIONS
Measurements performed on large structures, such as satellites and automobiles, tend to require many
channels of sensors. In most cases, over half of the time consumed in a multi-channel testing is related to
set-up and configuration control keeping track of sensor ID, cable ID, channel ID, and entering sensor
database into the analysis software. With the TEDS (Transducer Electronic Data Sheet) technology
defined in the IEEE P1451.4 standard, much of these time-consuming efforts may be minimized.
Advantages of using transducers with TEDS are:
Eliminate Sensor Look-Up Table All up-to-date information about the transducer is stored in the TEDS
memory chip. There is no need, for example, to generate a separate database for transducer sensitivity
from the manufacturers calibration certificates. Current calibration data is downloaded to the TEDS
memory chip (EEPROM) at the time of re-calibration.
Eliminate Cable Connection Errors In a typical multi-sensor test set-up, valuable time is spent unneces-
sarily on matching transducer serial numbers to their connecting cables, and keeping track of the subse-
quent connections throughout the system. The process is prone to human errors as the number of channels
increase. With TEDS built into the transducers, connection tracking can be eliminated. The identity of the
transducer is always known to the system regardless of how the connections are made.
Location Identification In modal testing, for example, the location of the transducer is of prime interest
to the user. Information such as position ID, orientation, and polarity of the accelerometer, is typically
recorded on a piece of paper, and manually entered into the analysis software. With TEDS sensors, these
application specific parameters can be stored in the TEDS along with all other parameters, and output to
the destination file as required. In short, all information about the device and its whereabout is known to
the system once the location information has been entered into the TEDS chip. The Endevco Model
36004 Handheld Programmer allows the user to write (download) the location information into the digital
memory chip in situ. Alternatively, location information can be entered at the system computer/terminal.
But this method requires the user to copy the corresponding transducer IDs and the location IDs on a
piece of paper, and manually key them into the system software.
Instant Transducer Substitution Since the TEDS in the transducer contains all the device parameters,
such as sensitivity and correction coefficients, one can substitute transducers on the fly without worrying
about system set-up changes. An intelligent signal conditioner at the receiving end notices the transducer
change and makes gain or transfer characteristics adjustments automatically a true plug-and-play sce-
nario.
See Endevco Technical Paper TP315 for details on the applications of TEDS in multi-channel measure-
ments.
Examples of current accelerometer models with built-in TEDS:
Models 7752A13, 61C12, 63C12, 66A11, 27A12
In most cases, over half
of the time consumed in a
multi-channel testing is
related to set-up and con-
figuration control.
With TEDS built into the
transducers, connection
tracking can be eliminat-
ed. The identity of the
transducer is always
known to the system
regardless of how the
connections are made.
The Endevco Model
36004 Handheld
Programmer allows
the user to write
(download) the loca-
tion information into
the digital memory
chip in situ.
ENDEVCO

CORPORATION, 30700 RANCHO VIEJO ROAD, SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO, CALIFORNIA 92675-1748 USA (800) 982-6732 (949) 493-8181 fax (949) 661-7231
www.endevco.com Email:applications@endevco.com
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