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R C L Z Z R L Z: Lecture 28: M-Derived Filter Section

This document discusses m-derived π filters and filter design methods. It contains the following key points: 1) An m-derived π filter uses an infinite cascade of m-derived T-sections to provide a de-embedded π-equivalent with a more constant image impedance over the passband compared to a standard T-section filter. 2) Composite filter design combines different filter sections, such as sharp-cutoff and constant-k sections, to achieve specific attenuation characteristics while matching impedances. 3) Filter design by the insertion loss method allows high control over the passband and stopband amplitude and phase response to synthesize a desired response, unlike other image parameter methods.

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Raj Mohan
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88 views3 pages

R C L Z Z R L Z: Lecture 28: M-Derived Filter Section

This document discusses m-derived π filters and filter design methods. It contains the following key points: 1) An m-derived π filter uses an infinite cascade of m-derived T-sections to provide a de-embedded π-equivalent with a more constant image impedance over the passband compared to a standard T-section filter. 2) Composite filter design combines different filter sections, such as sharp-cutoff and constant-k sections, to achieve specific attenuation characteristics while matching impedances. 3) Filter design by the insertion loss method allows high control over the passband and stopband amplitude and phase response to synthesize a desired response, unlike other image parameter methods.

Uploaded by

Raj Mohan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELEC344, Kevin Chen, HKUST 1

Lecture 28: m-Derived Filter Section


Infinite cascade of m-derived T-section.
A de-embedded -equivalent.
The T-section still have
the problem of a
nonconstant image
impedances.
Now consider the -
equivalent as a piece of an
infinite cascade of m-
derived T-sections. Then,
( )
2
0
2 2
1 2 1
2 1
/ 1
4 / ) 1 (

' '
c
iT
i
R
m Z Z Z
Z
Z Z
Z

+
=
=
ELEC344, Kevin Chen, HKUST 2
( )
( )
2
0
2 2
/ 1
/ ) 1 ( 1
c
c
i
R m
Z


=
2
0 2 1
/ R C L Z Z = = ( )
2
0
2
0
2 2 2
1
/ 4 R L Z = =
Since and
We have
* m provides another freedom to design Z
i
so that we can
minimize the variation of Z
i
over the passband of the filter.
Variation of Z
i
in the pass
band of a low-pass m-derived
section for various values of
m. A value of m=0.6
generally gives the best
results --- nearly constant
impedance match to and
from R
0
.
ELEC344, Kevin Chen, HKUST 3
How to match the constant-k and m-derived T-sections to -
section?
Using bisected -section.
It can be shown that
iT i
Z
Z
Z Z Z = + =
4
'
' '
2
1
2 1 1
i
iT
i
Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z = =
+
=
2 1
2 1
2 1
2
' '
' 4 / ' 1
' '
ELEC344, Kevin Chen, HKUST 4
Composite Filters
The sharp-cutoff section, with m< 0.6, places an attenuation pole
near the cutoff frequency to provide a sharp attenuation response.
The constant-k section provides high attenuation further into the
stopband.
The bisected- sections at the ends match the nominal source and
load impedance, R
0
, to the internal image impedances.
The composite filter design is obtained from two parameters: cutoff
frequency, impedance, and infinite attenuation frequency.
ELEC344, Kevin Chen, HKUST 5
Example 8.2 of Pozar: Low-Pass Composite Filter Design
Cutoff
freq.
The series pairs of inductors
between the sections can be
combined. The self-
resonance of the bisected p-
section will provide
additional attenuation.
Frequency response
ELEC344, Kevin Chen, HKUST 6
Filter Design By the Insertion Loss Method
What is a perfect filter?
Zero insertion loss in the passband, infinite attenuation in the
stopband, and linear phase response (to avoid) signal
distortion) in the passband.
Not perfect filters exist, so compromises need to be made.
The image parameter method have very limited freedom to
nimble around.
The insertion loss method allows a high degree of control over
the passband and stopband amplitude and phase characteristics,
with a systematic way to synthesize a desired response.
ELEC344, Kevin Chen, HKUST 7
Characterization by Power Loss Ratio
2
) ( 1
1
load to delivered Power
source from available Power

= = =
load
inc
LR
P
P
P
The power loss ratio (insertion loss) of a filter is defined as:
When both load and source are matched, we have
LR
P IL log 10 =
Since |()|
2
is an even function of , it can be expressed as a
polynomial in
2
.
) ( ) (
) (
) (
2 2
2
2

N M
M
+
=
Where M and N are real polynomials in
2
. So the power loss
ratio can be given as
) (
) (
1
2
2

N
M
P
LR
+ =
ELEC344, Kevin Chen, HKUST 8
Several Types of Filter Response:
Maximally flat: binomial or Butterworth response
Provide the flattest possible passband response. For a low-pass
filter, it is specified by
N
c
LR
k P
2
2
1

+ =

Where N is the order of the filter, and


c
is the cutoff frequency.
At the band edge the power loss ratio is 1+k
2
. Maximally flat
means that the the first (2N-1) derivatives of the power loss
ratio are zero at = 0.
ELEC344, Kevin Chen, HKUST 9

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