LESSON I

ADJECTIVES
An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun. It usually answers one of these
questions: What kind of?, Which?, and ow many?!. A, an and the, the most common
adjectives, are also called articles.
What kind of day did you have yesterday? Was it good, bad, happy, sad, busy, quiet,
lively, successful, long, lonely, surprising or lucky? "o answer the question, you#ll need
descriptive words like those italici$ed. "hey are all adjectives.
I. Kinds of Adjectives
%. A descriptive adjective descri&es the noun or pronoun it modifies. It names
a quality or condition of the thin' it modifies.
e.'.a lonely soldier a blue dress a broken 'lass
(. A proper adjective is a descriptive adjective that comes from proper names.
e.g.Chinese checkers Australian &eef French kiss
). A demonstrative adjective specifies or calls attention to the noun or pronoun
it modifies.
This and that are sin'ular adjectives and descri&e sin'ular nouns. These and
those are plural adjectives and descri&e plural nouns.
This and these usually refer to somethin' near. That and those refer to
somethin' farther away.
e.'.This computer is a 'ift from my parents. *sin'ular+
Those do's &ark durin' the ni'ht. *plural+
,. A possessive adjective denotes ownership as it modifies a noun or pronoun.
e.'.their car her house my mistake
his hands our school your parents
%
-. An indefinite adjective indicates &roadly the noun or pronoun it modifies
e.'.all people any person each one
most people many &ooks no money
some companies several others
"he articles a and an are indefinite adjectives. .se a &efore words that start
with a consonant. .se an &efore words that start with a vowel *a, e, i, o, u+ or
with words that sound as if they start with a vowel *e.'. hour+.
e.'.an en'ineer a woman an apple
an hour a fair student
/. An interrogative adjective asks a question as it modifies a noun of pronoun.
e.'.Whose &ook 'ot lost?
What time is it?
Which one will you take?
II.. Comparison of Adjectives
0ou use adjectives to compare two or more persons, places or thin's. "o do this,
you use different forms or de'rees, dependin' upon how many thin's you are
comparin'.
DE!EE
Positive (basic form) Comparative Superlative
1akes no comparison compares two compares three or more
!"les#
%. 2omparison. 1ost adjectives have three forms or de'rees: positive,
comparative and superlative.
e.'. 3ositive: 4or passen'er transportation, intercity &uses are quite
safe.
2omparative: In some years railroad passen'er trains have &een
safer.
5uperlative: In other years re'ularly scheduled airlines have &een
the safest of all.
(
(. 67, 65". 1ost adjectives of one sylla&le and some adjectives of two
sylla&les are compared &y addin' er and est to the positive or &asic
form.
e.'. &rave, &raver, &ravest
). 1876, 185". If addin' er or est to a two9sylla&le adjective makes a
clumsy word, the comparative and the superlative are formed &y puttin'
more and most *or less and least+ &efore the positive or &asic form.
e.'. helpless more helpless most helpless
loyal more loyal most loyal
,. "766 or 1876 50::A;:65. Adjectives of three or more sylla&les
are compared &y puttin' more or most *or less and least+ &efore the
positive or &asic forms.
e.'. industrious more industrious most industrious
vi'orous more vi'orous most vi'orous
-. I776<.:A7 2813A7I58=. A few adjectives are compared
irre'ularly.
e.'. 'ood &etter &est
&ad>evil> ill worse worst
much, many more most
little less least
/. 2813A7I=< "W8. .se comparative form when comparin' two more
persons or thin's. "o compare more than two persons or thin's, use the
superlative form.
e.'. ;rando is the friendlier of the two chemists.
5haron is the more considerate of the twins.
?. A=0 8"67. When comparin' one with others in its 'roup, any other or
not any are ordinarily used.
e.'. Is there any other volunteer?
@. A8.;:6 2813A7I58=. Avoid dou&le comparison *usin' &oth more
and er or &oth most and est in modifyin' adjectives or adver&s.
)
e.'. Wron' B 5usanne is more lovelier than 2arla.
2orrect 9 5usanne is lovelier than 2arla.
C. "I5, "A", "656, "856. This and That are sin'ular and modify
sin'ular nouns. These and Those are plural and modify plural nouns.
e.'. "his pair of shoes is ideal for jo''in'.
"hat hammer has a split handle.
C. "I5 676, "A" "676. Ao not use this here and that there to
modify a noun.
%D. "61, "856. =ever use them as a su&ject of a ver&. =ever use those
to modify a noun.
%(. A, A=. .se a &efore consonant sounds and an &efore vowel sounds.
e.'. a hospital, an academy
%). 2:6A7=655 or 613A5I5. 7epeat a, an or the &efore each item in a
series for clearness or emphasis.
e.'. 8n the &each I found a scallop shell and a horseshoe cra&.
%,. AI44676=" 8;E62"5. When two or more adjectives modify a noun,
repeat the article if different o&jects are meant.
e.'. Eudith has a &lue and a red shirt.
III. Comparing and Contrasting
When you descri&e somethin', you may compare it with somethin' else.
5ometimes you eFplain how the two thin's are alike or you contrast the two
thin's or eFplain how they are different.
7emem&er these points when you write para'raphs or comparison and contrast.
%. 1ake each similarity or difference a separate point.
(. Add eFamples to make the point valid.
). .se eFpressions like similarly, like, ho!ever, but and on the other hand to
make your meanin' clear.
,
IG. Se$"ence of Adjectives
Adjectives in a series follow a definite sequence accordin' to their meanin's.
;elow are ta&les showin' this sequence.
%& 'ord Order of Adjectives (efore a No"n
Adjectives come &etween a determiner and the noun that they modify.
3redeterminers and determiners are not included in the ta&le &elow.
Althou'h a lon' strin' of modifiers is possi&le, you will rarely use more
than four or five &efore one noun. 0ou can put additional modifiers in a
prepositional phrase after a noun. 0ou can put very immediately &efore
adjectives that can &e compared *'rada&le adjectives+, and you can put
enough immediately after them.
Si)e*
S+ape*
Condition No"n
eneral Age& ,odifier
Description Temperat"re -see
Opinion Color Origin (elo./ T0pe No"n
fine small, maple writin'
round
fresh new white paint
famous old 6n'lish country house
eFpensive new private school
tall, thin &asket&all player
'ood home cookin'
lar'e, juicy 1cAonald#s ham9
&ur'er
ra''ed,
worn9out red 'olf shirt
hot, steamy summer day
interestin' new 2anadian historical novel
-
(. 'ord Order of No"n ,odifier. 0ou can use nouns to modify other
nouns. A noun can chan'e the meanin' of the noun that follows it. If you
use more than one noun as a modifier, put the nouns that modify in the
order shown:
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
,aterial Operation 1o.er 1lace2
1"rpose No"n
steel typin' ta&le
automatic electric &lanket
<asoline9powered lawn mower
plastic 5ewer pipes
frost9free electric refri'erator
electric 'ar&a'e compacter
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
3& 'ord Order of All 1remodifiers
1rede4 Deter4 Ordinal Cardinal Adjectives No"n 5ead
terminer miner N"m(er N"m(er ,odifier No"n
all the first five new steel &eams
a few of Eean#s last do$en roses
&oth the first two old oak trees
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
/
E6E!CISE %& ADJECTIVES 5core HHHHHHH
%. 5elect three o&jects in the classroom. 4or each, list one or more vivid, descriptive
adjectives. .se the three nouns and their modifiers in sentences.
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
(. 8&serve a restaurant at meal time. What can you see? hear? taste? smell? Eot
down as many details as you can for each sense. "hen 'roup the details in two
lists.
A. Aetails a&out what you do not like in the restaurant.
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
;. Aetails a&out what you like in the restaurant.
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
?
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
). "hink of somethin' you can descri&e in detail B a person, place, o&jective,
anythin' that interests you. 2hoose a point of view or an attitude toward your
su&ject. Aescri&e what overall impressions you want to create in your
description. "hen list five or siF details that support your point of view and
purpose. 5hare it with your classmate.
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
,. Write a topic at the center of this paper. 2ircle it and form other circles around it,
write the difference parts of the thin' you are descri&in'. In each of these circles,
write words to descri&e each part.
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
@
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
-. "ry writin' a sentence usin' the words listed &elow. 5elect a su&ject from
2olumn A, a ver& from 2olumn ;, and one or more adjectives from 2olumn 2.
2reate a 'ood, sound sentence usin' the words you have chosen alon' with any
other needed to make a 'ood sentence. 1ake your sentence ima'inative.
2ompare your sentences with those of your classmates.
A ; 2
&icycle crouched clever
camper flew ferocious
crow hiked happy
lawyer played industrious
sin'er phoned lively
pianist rested skinny
sin'er rolled skilled
winner shouted talented
youn'sters spoke wary
farmer toiled weary
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
C
E6E!CISE 7& CO,1A!ISON O8 ADJECTIVES 5core HHHHHHHH
As you read the followin' story, underline the correct word eFpression.
CO88EETI,E
"i'er is pro&a&ly the I%*homeliest, most homeliest+ cat in ;a'uio 2ity. 8f course
he is just I(*an, a+ ordinary, everyday alley cat. 1y Aunt 1iranda and my .ncle 6dwin
found him in I)*a, an+ alley &ehind their apartment house early last "hursday evenin'.
"i'er#s ri&s were almost comin' throu'h his skin and I,*&oth, the &oth+ of his ears have
&een torn in a fi'ht. It took my aunt less than I-*a half, half+ a minute, however, to fall in
love with him.
I/*"hat, "here+ cat needs a nourishin' meal and a 'ood home, 6dwin,! she told
my uncle.
.ncle 6dwin shook his head and said I?*"hat, "hose+ kind of cat often cannot
adjust to life in the home.!
We#ll find out,! said my aunt, as soon as we 'et him home and put some
antiseptic in I@*them, those+ cuts and scratches.!
IC*A half, alf+ an hour later, clean and well fed, "i'er felt much I%D*&etter,
more &etter+. e made friends with my little cousin ;rando, and soon I%%*&oth, the &oth+
of them were lyin' in front of the fireplace. "i'er was so contented he &e'an to make the
I%(*loudest, most loudest+ purrin' noises that ;rando had ever heard.
7i'ht away ;rando 'ra&&ed the cat and carried him over to I%)*a, an+ armchair
on the other side of the room. Why, ;rando,! said my aunt, 0ou shouldn#t handle
I%,*a, an+ animal so rou'hly.!
%D
I had to 'et "i'er away from the fire, mother,! ;rando eFplained. e was
&e'innin' to &oil like your tin kettle.!
E6E!CISE 3& CO,1A!IN AND CONT!ASTIN 5core HHHHHH
A. 7ead the followin' para'raph.
In =orse myths, twelve 'ods and twenty9four 'oddesses lived in Aspard. 8nly
five <reek 'ods and five 'oddesses lived in 8lympus, however. =o <reek 'od
matches :oki, and =orse 'od of mischief, who caused the overthrow of the 'ods.
"he <reek 'ods could not &e destroyedJ they were immortal. "he =orse 'ods, on
the other hand, know that they would &e destroyed.
*Adapted from the Antholo'y of 2hildren#s :iterature+
%. Which word in the second sentence is a clue that this is a para'raph of
contrast?
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
(. Which other clue words make the contrast clear?
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
). ow many points of contrast &etween =orse myths and <reek myths are
'iven?
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
;. Work with a partner in this eFercise.
%. 2hoose one of these cate'ories: sports, music, and movies.
(. 2hoose two thin's in your cate'ory that are alike in some ways and
different in others.
). :ist three of the similarities.
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%%
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
,. :ist three of the differences.
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
2. 1atch <ame
Write the names of two thin's you are comparin' at the top of a sheet of paper.
;elow each name, list seven or ei'ht characteristics. Araw red lines &etween the
list to compare similar characteristics. Araw &lue lines to contrast interestin'
differences.
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%(
E6E!CISE 9& 1OSITION O8 ,ODI8IE!S 5core HHHHHHHHHH
In each pair of test sentences, encircle the letter of the sentence with the &etter word
order.
%. a. "he &atter who hit a home run was praised &y the coach.
&. "he &atter was praised &y the coach who hit a home run.
(. a.. 4or five days I ate almost nothin'.
&. 4or five days I almost ate nothin'
). a. e 'ot hold of the 5enator and spoke to him privately in the study last ni'ht.
&. :ast ni'ht he 'ot hold of the 5enator and spoke to him privately in the study.
,. a. 1ost 4ilipino students eFtremely are lucky to &e in colle'e.
&. 1ost 4ilipino students are eFtremely lucky to &e in colle'e.
-. a. 5ome parents complain that their children eat &adly at &reakfast time.
&. 5ome parents complain that their children eat at &reakfast &adly.
/. a. "hree &eautiful youn' 'irls modeled the desi'ner#s summer collection.
&. ;eautiful three youn' 'irls modeled the desi'ner#s summer collection.
?. a. "hey watched often the 5cottish 2ham&er 8rchestra at the 7oss "heatre.
&. "hey often watched the 5cottish 2ham&er 8rchestra at the 7oss "heatre.
@. a. Eane only has &een studyin' &allet for five years.
&. Eane has &een studyin' &allet for only five years.
C. a. 1el was so thirsty that he ordered a hu'e ice9cold man'o shake.
&. 1el was so thirsty that he ordered a hu'e man'o ice9cold shake.
%D. a. "he people can vote wisely knowin' what the candidates# plans are.
&. Knowin' what the candidates# plans are, wise votin' can &e done &y the people.
%%. a. All of us cooked in the kitchenette the food which we &ou'ht at a local 'rocer.
&. All of us cooked the food on the kitchenette which we &ou'ht at a local 'rocer.
%(. a. Eosephine, the hired help, comes to work after &reakfast on the laundry.
&. Eosephine, the hired help, comes after &reakfast to work on the laundry.
%)
%). a. "he sudden eFplosion shocked the little 'irl so much that she didn#t know to
whom to turn.
&. "he sudden eFplosion shocked the little 'irl so much that she didn#t know whom
to turn to.
%,. a. "he students were attentively tryin' to listen.
&. "he students were tryin' to listen attentively.
%-. a. 7ock structures result from chemical weatherin' and spectacular erosion.
&. 5pectacular rock structures result from chemical weatherin' and erosion.
%/. a. "he children sat quietly in the shadow of the rock.
&. "he children sat in the shadow of the rock quietly.
%?. a. "hank you for remindin' me a&out the trip. I had for'otten almost a&out it.
&. "hank you for remindin' me a&out the trip. I had almost for'otten a&out it.
%@. a. It is quite difficult to write an essay.
&. It is difficult to quite write an essay.
%C. a. 1ar'aret married a darin', eFtremely 'ood9lookin', youn' Air 4orce pilot.
&. 1ar'aret married a darin', youn', eFtremely 'ood9lookin' Air 4orce pilot.
(D. a. :esley read quietly in the 3eriodicals :i&rary all mornin'.
&. :esley read quietly all mornin' in the 3eriodicals :i&rary.
%,
LESSON III
8O!EIN 'O!DS AND 15!ASES
6n'lish is the lin'ua franca. owever, while the lan'ua'e has &ecome the universal
lan'ua'e or the world#s most popular ton'ue, it has not remained pure alon' its clim& to
world fame and acceptance. It has enriched its voca&ulary via adoption of forei'n words.
;elow is a list of some of the most common forei'n words used with 6n'lish meanin's.
%. fraulein 9 youn' lady, miss
(. au revoir 9 'ood&ye
). GoF 3opuli GoF Aei 9 the voice of the people is the voice of <od
,. precis 9 summary, a&stract
-. penchant 9 stron' likin' for somethin'
/. sans 9 without
?. tete a# tete 9 private chat
@. cul9de9sac 9 &lind alley
C. hors d# oeuvre 9 appeti$er
%D. soiree 9 evenin' party
%%. a la 9 in the style or manner of
%(. apres 9 after
%). circa 9 a&out or around a 'iven date
%,. cum 9 with
%-. per 9 &y means of, for each, accordin' to
%-
E6E!CISE :& 8O!EIN 'O!DS AND 15!ASES 5core HHHHHH
3ractice readin' the followin' forei'n terms. :ook up their meanin's in the dictionary.
"ell whether the followin' connote a positive, ne'ative or neutral meanin' and use them
in sentences.
%. 4la'rante delicto HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
(. confrere HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
). enfant terri&le HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
,. persona 'rata HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
-. mena'e a trois HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
/. &eau HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
?. 'ratis et amore HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
@. modus operandi HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
C. femme fatale HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%D. dolce vita HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%%. elan HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%(. tour de force HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%). raison d#etre HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%,. dilettante HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%-. incommunicado HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%/. pariah HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%?. &ete noir HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%@. nirvana
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%C. nom de plume HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
(D. aplom&
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%/
E6E!CISE ;& SCIENTI8IC2TEC5NICAL TE!,S 5core HHHHHHHH
<roup yourselves into three and choose three technical terms and report on its uses,
purposes, functions or ill9effects in class.
%. alkali
(. &low torch
). efforescent su&stance
,. filtration
-. fluF
/. mordant
?. pneumatic trou'h
@. reactants
C. saponification
%D. titration
5ource: 5mart 6n'lish &y Annette 4rancis
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%?
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
DESC!I1TION2DESC!I<IN DETAILS
Aescription is that kind of writin' which tells how somethin' looks, tastes, sounds, feels
or acts. In other words description forms mental ima'es or pictures. It deals with thin's,
people, places, scenes, animals, moods and impressions. "he primary purposes of
description are to portray a sense impression and to indicate a mood. It tries to make the
impression or mood as vivid, as real, as lifelike for the readers as it was for the writer
when he received the impression or o&served the mood.
Aepth and richness of description depend upon the a&ility of the writer to receive, select
and eFpress details. 0ou may need to develop or to restore sharpness of sense impression
and acuteness of o&servation.
5ource: A 2omplete 2ourse in 4reshman 6n'lish &y arry 5haw
<ood description is always &oth 'raphic and concrete. It is made so &y the use of
a&undant details, as in this passa'e from A.. :awrence 5ons and :overs!, quoted in
part on pa'e %%.
When she was twenty9three years old, she met at a 2hristmas party, a
youn' man from the 6rewash Galley. 1orel was then twenty9seven years old. e
was well set9up, erect and very smart. e had wavy &lack hair that shone a'ain,
and a vi'orous &lack &eard that had never &een shaved. is cheeks were ruddy,
and his red, moist mouth was noticea&le &ecause he lau'hed so often and so
heartily. e had that rare thin', a rich rin'in' lau'h. e was so full of colour and
animation, his voice ran so easily into comic 'rotesque, he was so ready and so
pleasant with every&ody. is own father had a rich fund of humour &ut it was
satiric. "his man was differentJ soft, non9intellectual, warm, a kind of
'am&ollin'.!
%@
E6E!CISE =& DESC!I<IN DETAILS 5core HHHHHHH
.se vivid word to descri&e the famous people listed &elow.
A.
%. ;eni'no Aquino
(. William 5hakespeare
). 1other "heresa
,. 3rincess Aiana
-. <loria 1acapa'al Arroyo
/. 3ope Eohn 3aul II
?. "he ;eatles
@. 1eryl 5treep
C. Aennis 7odman
%D. Eudas Iscariot
;.
>8A,INE?
A son' written and sun &y 5inead 8#2onnor
"aken from the Al&um: .niversal 1other *8ctoarts>6mi+
8K I want to talk a&out Ireland
5pecifically I want to talk a&out the famine!
A&out the fact that there never really was one
"here was no famine!
5ee Irish people were only allowed to eat potatoes
All of the other food
meat, fish, ve'eta&les
were shipped out of the country under armed 'uard
to 6n'land while the Irish people starved
And then in the middle of all this
"hey 'ave us money not to teach our children Irish
And so we lost our history
And this is what I think is still hurtin' me.
5ee we#re like a child that#s &een &attered
as to drive itself out of its head &ecause
it#s fri'htened
still feels all the painful feelin's
&ut they lose contact with the memory
%C
And this leads to massive self9destruction
A:288:I51 A7.< AAAI2"I8=
All desperate attempts at runnin'
and in the worst form
&ecomes actual killin'.
And if there ever is 'onna &e healin'
"here has to &e remem&erin'
and then 'rievin'
so that there can &e for'ivin'
"here has to &e knowled'e and understandin'
An American army re'ulation
5ays you mustn#t kill more than %DL of a nation
M2os to do so causes permanent psycholo'ical
dama'e!
It#s not permanent &ut they don#t know that
Anyway durin' the supposed famine!
We lost a lot more than %DL of our nation
throu'h deaths or>and or on step of emi'ratin'
&ut what finally &roke us was not starvation
&ut its use in the controllin' of our education
schools 'o on a&out ;lack ,?!
on and on a&out the terri&le famine!
&ut what they don#t say is in truth
there really never was one.
5o let#s take a look shall we
the hi'hest statistics of child a&use in the ;;2
and we say we#re a 2hristian country
&ut we#ve lost contact with our history
5ee we used to worship <od as a mother
We#re sufferin' from post traumatic stress disorder
:ook at all our men in the pu&s
:ook at all our youn' people on dru's
We used to worship <od as a mother
now look at what we#re doin' to each other
We#re even made killers of ourselves
"he most child9like trustin' people in the universe
and this is what#s wron' with us
our history &ooks the parent fi'ures lied to us.
I see the Irish
as a race like a child
that 'ot itself &ashed in the face
And if there is 'onna &e healin'
(D
"here has to &e remem&erin'
and the 'rievin'
so that there can &e 'rievin'
there has to &e knowled'e and understandin'.
Airections: Answer the followin' questions. ;e ready to react on your classmates#
answers. 5hare your reactions orally.
%. Why is the son' entitled 4amine!?
(. Why did the son'writer say that there was never really a famine?
). "o whom is the son' addressed? Why?
,. ow did the son'writer descri&e the Irish?
-. What are some of the harsh realities>social pro&lems mentioned in the son'?
/. What feelin's are evoked &y the son'?
?. What does the son'writer su''est to solve these pro&lems?
@. What does the refrain of the son' imply?
2. 5on's usually tell stories. "hese stories make the listener feel various emotions.
<roup yourselves into - or / and write down on a sheet of paper the lyrics of a well9
written son' and interpret it in class. 6ach 'roup must &e creative in their interpretation.
'!ITIN 1!ACTICE
A. Aescri&e anythin' that interests you in detail.
6. <o to the .5" 1useum and look for any of the followin':
%. oriental artifacts
(. sacred statues>ima'es
). animals on display
Eot down as many details as you can.
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
(%
LESSON III
VE!<S
A ver& is a word or words that descri&e the action or state of &ein' of the su&ject of a
sentence or clause. It tells what the su&ject does, or is, or what happens to it.
A. @ses of t+e Ver(
%. A ver( can maAe a statement.
e.'. "he doctor treated the patient with hepatitis. *"he ver& treated!
tells what the su&ject doctor! did.+
(. A ver( can asA a $"estion.
e.'. Are the intestinal parasites alive? *"he ver& are! asks a question
a&out the su&ject intestinal parasites!.+
). A ver( can give a command
e.'. ;rin' the &ook to me. *"he ver& &rin'! 'ives a command to the
understood su&ject you!.+
;. Agreement (et.een S"(ject and Ver(
%. "he ver& with a compound su&ject joined &y and! is plural.
e.'. 2omplete rest and &alance diet produce a healthy &ody.
(. When two words of a compound su&ject refer to the same person or thin'
or otherwise form a unit, the ver& is usually sin'ular.
e.'. "he nurse and assistant is very efficient.
). When a sin'ular su&ject is joined to a related noun &y a preposition or
eFpression such as with, to'ether with, as well as, in addition to, the very
is sin'ular.
e.'. "he &ile duct, as well as the 'all&ladder, is very often pla'ued &y
the presence of stones.
,. 2ollective nouns are sin'ular in form &ut refer to a 'roup of o&jects,
persons or acts, such as army, committee, jury, pu&lic, team, etc. When
((
the 'roup is meant as unit, the ver& is sin'ularJ when individuals are
referred to, the ver& is plural.
e.'. "he crowd is unruly. *actin' collectively B sin'ular ver&+
"he crowd have different opinions. *actin' individually B plural
ver&+
-. A num&er of terms of amount and measure have collective a'reement.
"he sin'ular is the more common.
e.'. "wenty9five years is a lon' time to wait.
/. When the amount of money refers to separate units, the very is plural.
e.'. 4ifty %DD9peso &ills were &urned.
?. In a sentence, a sin'ular su&ject always requires a sin'ular ver& despite
lon' intervenin' phrases or clauses containin' plural nouns.
e.'. 5i'mund, accompanied &y his friends, is leavin' for 6urope.
@. "wo sin'ular su&jects joined &y either>or or neither>nor take a sin'ular
ver&.
e.'. 6ither :anie or 5ally is cleanin' the la&oratory.
C. If two su&jects, one sin'ular and one plural, are connected &y either>or or
neither>nor, the very a'rees with the nearer su&ject.
e.'. =either the teacher nor the students are swimmin'.
%D. "he pronoun you always takes a plural ver&.
e.'. 0ou are included in the list.
%%. If a sentence &e'ins with here or there, the ver& a'rees with the su&ject
which follows it.
e.'. "here are several e''s in the &oF.
%(. When any of the followin' indefinite pronouns is the su&ject, the ver& is
sin'ular: every&ody, each no none, one, no&ody, another any&ody, every,
everythin', nothin', anyone either, neither everyone, some&ody, someone.
e.'. 6veryone is a suspect.
()
%). "he indefinite pronouns several, few, &oth, many, others are always plural.
e.'. 5everal or'anisms are contained in the &ottle.
%,. "he indefinite pronouns some, all, none are sin'ular or plural accordin' to
the meanin' of the sentence. When they refer to a mass taken as a whole,
they are sin'ular . When they refer to more than one item, they are plural.
e.'. 5ome of the creamer is scattered on the ta&le. *mass 9 sin'ular+
5ome are waitin' outside. *more than one B plural+
1ost of the vehicles are tinted. *plural+
"he most I can do is su&mit this paper ahead of time. *sin'ular+
%-. When the word num&er is preceded &y a!, it takes a plural ver&. When it
is preceded &y the!, it takes a sin'ular ver&.
e.'. A num&er of employees are workin' on the project.
"he num&er of eruptions is increasin'.
%/. "he followin' words are always plural: trousers, pliers, pants, scissors,
ton's, shears. When the word pair is used, however, the ver& is sin'ular.
e.'. A pair of pants is &urned.
3ants are for men and women.
%?. 2ertain nouns, thou'h plural in form, are sin'ular in meanin' and
therefore take sin'ular ver&s: ethics, physics, news, mumps, measles,
economics, summons.
e.'. 3hysics is the hardest su&ject.
%@. When fractions are used, the ver& a'rees with the o&ject of the of
phrase!.
e.'. 8ne fourth of the population is starvin'.
8ne half of the 'irls are enrolled in music.
%C. "he name of the country is always re'arded as sin'ular while names of
mountain ran'es are plural.
e.'. "he ;ahamas is full of tourist spots.
"he 2ordilleras are reco'ni$ed now.
(,
(D. "itles of movies, &ooks, articles, plays, etc. are re'arded as sin'ular even
thou'h words in the title may &e plural.
e.'. A "ale of "wo 2ities! is my favorite novel.
(%. Adjectives used as nouns are considered plural.
e.'. "he rich have 'lamorous lives.
VE!< TENSES
In 'rammar, tense is a distinctive form of ver&, which indicates the time of its action or
assertion. "here are siF tense: "hree simple tense and three compound or perfect tenses.
"he three simple tenses are: present, past and future. "he perfect tenses are: present
perfect, past perfect and future perfect. In addition to the siF tenses, there are pro'ressive
tenses. "hese are: present pro'ressive, past pro'ressive and future pro'ressive.
1E!IOD O8 TI,E
HHHHHHH>HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH>HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH>HHHHHHHHHHHH
1AST 1!ESENT 8@T@!E
I. Simple Tense
a. 1resent Tense. It indicates an action occurrin' in the present timeJ it
eFpresses ha&itual actionJ and, it eFpresses an idea that is 'enerally
accepted as true.
e.'. "he ri'ht lun' is somewhat &i''er than the left. *a 'eneral idea+
1edicines are &ou'ht in the dru'store. *ha&itual action+
1anny loves her. *an action occurrin' in the present time+
&. 1ast Tense. It indicates an action completed at some definite time in the
past.
e.'. "he doctor operated my 'randfather last year.
c. 8"t"re Tense. It indicates an action that will occur in the future.
e.'. Ar. Aia$ will 'ive you a prescription.
(-
II. 1erfect Tenses
a. 1resent 1erfect Tense. "his is formed &y addin' the ver&s has!
*sin'ular+ or have! *plural+ to the past participle form of the ver&.
Indicates an action completed at some indefinite time in the past.
e.'. I have su&mitted my project.
Indicates an action &e'un in the past and continuin' into the present.
e.'. 1r. 7eyes has called his son once a week for years.
Distinction (et.een simple past tense and present perfect tense&
5imple 3ast "ense 3resent 3erfect "ense
I &ou'ht a &ook yesterday. I have &ou'ht a &ook for :yn.
*time is definitely stated+ *time is not stated+
We lived in Aavao two years a'o. We have lived in Aavao for ten
years.
*action is definitely in the past+ *action continues into the present+
&. 1ast 1erfect Tense B denotes an action that has occurred in the past prior
to some other action. "his is formed &y addin' the ver& had! to the past
participle form of the ver&.
e.'. "he nurse had injected the vial &efore the doctor arrived.
1AST 1E!8ECT TENSE
1oment
8f
5peakin'
3ast
Action
HHHH>HHHHHHHHHH>HHHHHHH>HHHHHHHHHHH>HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH>HHHHHHHHHHHHHH
3ast Another 4uture
3ast Action
=ote: "he first action uses the past perfect tense *had! plus the past
participle+ while the second action uses the simple past tense.
(/
c. 4uture 3erfect "ense B denotes an action that occurs in the future prior to
some other action. "his is formed &y addin' the ver& will have! to the
past participle form of the ver&.
e.'. "he a'riculturist is afraid the man'oes will have spoiled when they
arrive in 5in'apore.
=ote. "he prior action uses the simple present tense of the ver&.
III. 1rogressive Tenses B indicates an on'oin' action.
a. 1resent 1rogressive B denotes an action that is continued at the time the
statement is made.
e.'. An'er is 'rowin' inside her.
&. 1ast 1rogressive B denotes an action 'oin' on in the past, e.'. two actions
simultaneously 'oin' on in the past, one action 'oin' on in the past
durin' which another action takes placeJ and, repeated action in the past.
e.'. Insect &ites were always distur&in' my concentration.
c. 4uture 3ro'ressive. Aenotes a continuous action that may &e done at
some future time.
e.'. Eose will &e eFperiencin' partial hearin' disa&ility &ecause of the
nature of his work.
(?
E6E!CISE B& VE!< Score CCCCCCCC
Accurately supply the missin' words &y choosin' the correct words from the list
provided &elow.
DELLO' 8EVE!
0ellow fever, which sometimes *%+HHHHHHHHH symptoms similar to those of
malaria is *(+HHHHHHHHH &y a mosquito. ;ut yellow fever *)+HHHHHHHHH a virus disease
*,+HHHHHHHHH &y the Aedes mosquito. It also can &e *-+HHHHHHHHHH &y the animals,
while the malaria or'anism that */+HHHHHHHHHH human is not transmitted &etween
humans and lower animals. :ike malaria, yellow fever *?+HHHHHHHHHH in past years
spread deeply into =orth America with cases reported alon' the <ulf 2oast, the
1ississippi 7iver Galley, and as far north as ;oston. A vaccine on *@+HHHHHHHHHH you
a'ainst yellow fever. In densely populated places, the disease *C+HHHHHHHHH easily while
incu&ation period *%D+HHHHHHHHH a&out three days.
transmitted is carried protect
produces spread takes eFpose
har&ored has affects
5ource: "he 1edical and ealth 6ncyclopedia
(@
E6E!CISE E& S@<JECT4VE!< A!EE,ENT Score CCCCCCCCC
.nderline the correct form of the ver& in parentheses in each of the followin' sentences.
6Fplain why the form you use is correct.
%. "he function of the tonsils and adenoids apparently *is, are+ to trap infectious
or'anisms that enter the &ody throu'h the nose and mouth.
(. 1any youn'sters *survive, survives+ occasional &outs of cramps.
). 1ost people *has, have+ &lue moods from time to time in their lives.
,. 5hock caused &y the &lood loss *makes, make+ the victim feel restless, thirsty, and
cold.
-. ;urns *is, are+ 'enerally descri&ed accordin' to the depth or area of skin dama'e
involved.
/. If one of the &oils *is, are+ a&ove the lip, do not squee$e it or apply any pressure.
?. 8ccasionally a 'roup of doctors and nurses *roams, roam+ around the ward.
@. A series of projects *was, were+ planned &y the students.
C. "he Andes in :atin America *pass, passes+ throu'h several countries.
%D. "hree feet *is, are+ equal to one yard.
%%. "here *was, were+ a man, a woman and a child in the room waitin' to &e served.
%(. i'h fever, accompanied &y cou'hin', *is, are+ crucial symptom>s of tu&erculosis.
%). 8ne of the ri&s *falls, fall+ drastically.
%,. 6ither the noise or the stress *causes, cause+ his &reakdown.
%-. "en (-9centavo coins *was, were+ scattered in the street.
%/. "he scissors *cuts, cut+ sharply.
%?. 8ne9half of the workers *stands, stand+ up.
%@. =either the principal nor the students *follows, follow+ the instructions.
%C. 1ajority of the people *is, are+ shocked of the incident.
(D. 5ewa'e treatment plants around the country also *faces, face+ the major health
challen'e of disposin' solid matter.
(C
E6E!CISE %F& SI,1LE TENSES Score CCCCCCCCCCC
A. In each of the followin' sentences 'ive the correct form of the ver& in
parentheses. 6Fplain why the form you used is correct.
%. A sense HHHHHH*&e+ a nerve pathway.
(. 8ne of which HHHHHHH*respond+ in a certain way to a certain condition affectin'
our &odies.
). Its other end HHHHHHH*reach+ to a part of our &rain that HHHHHHH*inform+ our
conscious mind of what has happened or is happenin'.
,. =erve impulses to the &rain HHHHHHH*&e+ stimulated &y li'ht waves, from which
the &rain HHHHHHHH*form+ visual ima'es.
-. "he nose also HHHHHH*have+ never impulses to the &rain which HHHHH*&e+
stimulated &y air&orne chemical su&stances.
/. In the %?
th
century, em&ryolo'ical studies HHHHHH*&e+ conducted &y 5wammerdam
*on inverte&rates+ and 1alpi'hi *on chicks+.
?. It HHHHHH*&e+ not until the %C
th
century that his science 'ained considera&le
momentum.
@. 4. 1. ;alfour HHHHHHH*pu&lish+ a (9volume "reatise of 2omparative
6m&royolo'y in %@@D.
C. Anatomical studies today HHHHHH*&e+ characteri$ed &y their interdisciplinary
nature.
%D. omolo'y HHHHHHHHH*study+ the concept of anatomical structures in terms of
their em&ryolo'y and evolutionary ori'in.
;. 2hoose a partner and then tell somethin' a&out him in ten sentences usin' the
present tense of ver&s.
2. 5hare your most em&arrassin' moment with your partner usin' the simple past
tense of ver&s.
)D
A. An itinerary is a travel plan showin' the dates, time, fli'hts and hotel for an entire
trip. ;elow is an itinerary of Ar. Eude 5antos for his trip to the .nited 5tates of
America to attend an international convention. Interpret it &y writin' an essay
usin' the simple future tense of ver&s.
T!I1 ITINE!A!D O8 D!& J@DE SANTOS
Au'ust %D9(D, (DDH
Aate Aeparture Arrival 4li'ht =o. Aetails>7emarks
Au'. %D C:DD a.m *1la+. %%:DD a.m. 37I((C otel Intercon
on'Kon' "el. /)?9,,9CC
Au'. %D %:DD p.m *K+ %%:DD p.m. =WI%,% "he 7it$ otel
=ew 0ork "el. *,D@+ ()?9//@
Au'. %%9%/ <lo&al 2onvention
1edical World
"he 7it$ otel
Au'. %? @:DD a.m. *=0+ %D:DD a.m. =WI,,( 1r. Eohn 3aul
:.A. "el. *((@+ ,,,9/C(
Au'. (D -:DD a.m. *:A+ (:DD p.m. =WI(()
1anila
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
E6E!CISE %%& 1E!8ECT TENSES Score CCCCCCCCCC
A. "he present perfect *continuous+ eFpresses an action or state of affairs that &e'an
in the past, has continued till the present and pro&a&ly will continue in the future.
)%
Write a para'raph tellin' what you have &een doin' to improve>maintain 'ood
'rades. 0ou may eFpand the followin' sentence.
Knowin' that 'ood 'rades are essential to success, I have &een doin' my &est to
improve my study ha&its.
;. "he past perfect tense eFpresses an action that has occurred in the past prior to
some other action. Write a para'raph tellin' what thin's you had done &efore
'oin' to &ed last ni'ht. 1ake your own topic sentence.
2. .sin' the future perfect tense form of the su''ested ver&s, complete the sentences
&elow.
%. When I reach the a'e of twenty9one, *&ecome+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
(. "his day neFt year my &rother *complete+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
). "omorrow mornin' the interns *do+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
)(
,. ;y ei'ht toni'ht, the 'uest *arrive+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
-. When she comes home this noon, she *see+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
/. At the end of the semester, the students *learn+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
?. ;efore I think of marryin', I *help+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
@. "omorrow mornin' at lunch &reak, we *write+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
C. When my youn'er sister comes home, I *eat+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%D. ;efore :i$a returns the visit, she *sleep+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%%. ;y this time tomorrow, everyone *finish+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%(. "here days from now the &oat *reach+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%). After siF years the 3resident *accomplished+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%,. ;y the time the rain stops the street *flood+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%-. ;y Wednesday neFt week the car *sold+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
E6E!CISE %7& 1!O!ESSIVE TENSES Score CCCCCCCCC
.nderline the pro'ressive ver& form and write what tense it is *present pro'ressive, past
pro'ressive, or future pro'ressive+.
%. As the doctor was eFplainin' the muscles disease, the
students shouted suddenly. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
(. e is evaluatin' the patients with motor weakness. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
))
). 5ir 2harles ;ell was descri&in' the ;ell 3alsy as a
paralysis of the facial nerve when the president came. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
,. "he scientist will &e eFplainin' his research durin'
the convention. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
-. What are you doin' with the stethoscope? HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
/. In a minute or two all those firecrackers will &e
eFplodin'. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
?. ookworm9infected individuals are eFperiencin'
inflammatory itch in the area where the larvae enters. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
@. "he &a&y was continuin' to 'row, addin' fat cells
and fillin' out. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
C. 3ersons with rheumatoid arthritis will &e eFperiencin'
hi'h fever and intense inflammation of the joints. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%D. "he 'all&ladder sur'ical patient was eFpectin' a
modified diet. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
LESSON IV
DISTIN@IS5IN 8ACT 8!O, O1INION
4act 9 anythin' that actually happens in time or space
9 statement certainly and strictly true
8pinion 9 &elief or jud'ment
9 estimation or appraisal
6Fample:
),
T5E ACADE,D A'A!DS
4acts:
%. "he Academy Awards started in %C(C.
(. Katherine ep&urn has the most num&er of actin' awards. 5he won 8scars for
1ornin' <lory!, <uess Who#s 2omin' "o Ainner!, "he :ion in Winter!, and
8n <olden 3ond.
). 3eter 4inch is the only actor who won a posthumous 8scar as ;est Actor for his
performance in the %C?/ movie =etwork!.
,. An' :ee#s 2rouchin' "i'er, idden Ara'on! won ;est 4orei'n :an'ua'e 4ilm
in the year (DD% and is the hi'hest 'rossin' forei'n film of all time.
8pinions:
%. "he Academy handed Whoopi <old&er' the 8scar for ;est 5upportin' Actress for
her performance in <host! in %CCD &ecause they didn#t make her win for her
stunnin' performance in 5teven 5piel&er'#s movie "he 2olor 3urple!.
(. 5ometimes winnin' an 8scar is a jinF &ecause after winnin' ;est 5upportin'
Actor in %C/C for his performance in the movie "hey 5hoot orse, Aon#t
"hey?!, <i' 0oun' committed suicide.
). 4or sentimental reasons, <eraldine 3ai'e and Eessica "andy won 8scars &ecause
they were the oldest in the list of nominees. *"his is not true &ecause :auren
;acall and <loria 5tuart were the oldest in the list of nominees, &ut they lost to
youn'er actresses Euliet ;inoche and Kim ;asin'er.+
,. 2hina#s 4arewell, 1y 2oncu&ine! lost to 5pain#s ;elle 6poque! &ecause the
latter 'lorifies America.
ADVE!<S
I. Definition
An adver& is a word that modifies a ver&, an adjective, or another adver&.
1odern 'rammar calls adver&s, intensifiers. Words like here, legibly, and not are
adver&s. Adver&s answer the questions when!, !where! and how!J others are
formed from adjectives &y the addition of lyJ still others are formed from two
words.
)-
6Famples of two9word adver&: somewhere, everywhere, downstairs
II. @ses
A. An adver& may occasionally modify a noun or a noun equivalent.
e.'. "he a&ove sentences are correct.
;. An adver& modifies a ver&.
e.'. "he earthquake came uneFpectedly.
2. An adver& modifies a ver&.
e.'. "he music sounds hauntin'ly sweet.
A. An adver& modifies another adver&.
e.'. "he father of the champion was indeed very proud.
III. Kinds of Adver(s
A. Adver&s of time *When?+
today shortly yesterday soon
neFt year afterward fortni'ht presently
tomorrow already once &efore
;. Adver&s of 3lace *Where?+
here away there nowhere
everywhere around anywhere across
in front &ack alon' &ehind
2. Adver&s of 1anner *ow?+
scholarly socially inadvertently anyhow
simultaneously late tactfully to'ether
A. Adver&s of 4requency
daily &iennially weekly centennially
monthly never annually always
often seldom hardly ever sometimes
)/
6. Adver&s of 7eason
in order to due to &ecause of
4. Adver&s of 2omparison
more &etter most &est
<. Adver&s of Intensity or Ae'ree
very nearly much equally
quite eFactly too entirely
. Adver&s of =e'ation
not never
I. Adver&s of Affirmation
yes surely certainly of course
E. Adver&s of Ouantity
little once twice thrice
K. Adver&ial =ouns
I#d walk a mile for a camel.
A &a&y elephant wei'hs a lot.
:. 7elative Adver&s
when where
IG. Difference (et.een Adjectives and Adver(s
Adjectives and adver&s differ in function, and position in the sentence. Adjectives
modify nouns and pronouns while adver&s modify ver&s, adjectives, or other
adver&s. In form, adver&s usually end in ly. In position, while adjectives are
ordinarily placed &efore nouns, adver&s follow the words they modify.
e.'. =ewspapers are printed daily.
"WA 'oes everywhere.
6Fceptions to this rule are adver&s of comparison, intensity, and reason.
)?
e.'. "he construction of under'round cities is a very modern concept
of metropolitan eFpansion.
"he speaker was late due to unavoida&le circumstances.
:eni is more intelli'ent than 7ose *who is intelli'ent+.
5he is &etter heard than seen.
owever, in sentences showin' comparison in which transitive ver&s are used, the
two adver&s more and &etter, come after the direct o&ject.
e.'. 1other loves 2hin' more than she does Ein'le.
:u$ handles people &etter than Gilma.
G. 1osition and Se$"ence of Adver(s
In the normal order, the adver&s come at the end of the sentence in the followin'
sequence: *%+ adver& of manner, *(+ adver& of place, *)+ adver& of time
e.'. e delivered the lecture this mornin' eFcellently at the conference.
*wron'+
e delivered the lecture eFcellently at the conference this mornin'.
*correct+
"he adver& of frequency is placed &efore the ver&, eFcept the ver& &e.
e.'. ;ooks often seem authoritative, yet are sometimes erroneous.
"he adver& of time is often preposed, i.e., put at the &e'innin' of the sentence.
e.'. "his mornin', he delivered the lecture eFcellently at the conference.
"he initial position makes the adver& of time refer directly to the time of the main
ver&. A final position could make the reference of the adver& of time am&i'uous.
e.'. Ae Klerk initiated reconciliation moves with 1andela, when still the
prime minister of 5outh Africa. *wron'+
When still the prime minister of 5outh Africa, Ae Klerk initiated
reconciliation moves with 1andela. *correct+
When an adver& eFpressin' a ne'ation or near9ne'ation is preposed, the sentence
uses the interro'ative word order, i.e., the ver& or auFiliary ver& which takes tense
is preposed to the su&ject.
)@
e.'. "he audience has never heard such harmonies &efore.
=ever has the audience heard such harmonies &efore.
"he paper offers no clear definition anywhere.
=owhere does the paper offer any clear definition.
E6E!CISE %3& DISTIN@IS5IN 8ACT AND O1INION Score CCCCCCCCCCC
"eFt: "he 1oon *5ource: Astro Analysis+
"he 1oon is the 6arth#s satellite. It is ()@,DDD miles away and is the only planet
in the solar system that revolves around the 6arth. "he 1oon is a&out a quarter of si$e of
the 6arth, havin' a diameter of just over (DDD miles. It or&its the 6arth in (? days, ?
hours and ,) minutes. "his is also the time it takes to rotate on its aFis, so the same face
is always kept toward us.
)C
"he 1oon has no protective atmosphere. 4or eons of time, it has &een eFposed to
every kind of cosmic influence, includin' solar radiation. Its surface is pockmarked from
innumera&le collisions with solid particles of all si$es.
All moonli'ht is a reflection of sunli'ht. ;ut the 1oon is a poor reflector and
'ives &ack only ? percent of the li'ht it receives.
8n the 6arth we see the 1oon chan'es from crescent shape to full and &ack a'ain
in (C P days. 4rom out of space, we would see that a&out half the moon is always lit up
&y the 5un and half is always in darkness, eFcept durin' an eclipse. When the 1oon is in
a direct line &etween us and the 5un, we see only the dark side. When the 1oon is on the
other side of its or&it so that the 6arth is in line &etween it and the 5un, we see the
1oon#s fully illuminated side and can watch it as a full 1oon from sunset to the neFt
sunrise. All the other sta'es *called phases of the 1oon+ are in &etween. When the 1oon
is a quarter of the way around its or&it, we still see half of its surface, &ut half of this half
is dark and half is illuminated, 'ivin' us a quarter 1oon.
Althou'h the 1oon is 6arth#s satellite, the 5un#s pull on it is far 'reater. "he 5un
is the common center of 'ravity for &oth &odies. "he 6arth91oon system is, in effect, a
dou&le planet.
"he influence of the 1oon *with the sun+ causes the tides. As the 6arth rotates
and the moon revolves, most places receive alternatin' hi'h and low tides. When the 5un
and 1oon &oth pull in line at new and full moon, the tides are hi'her. When they pull at
ri'ht an'les and partly counteract one another, the tides are lower. "ide timeta&les can &e
prepared years ahead on the &asis of the 1oon#s predicted movement. "he tidal ran'e is
) to %D feet, &ut in narrow &ays, tides may rise to -D feet.
A. ;ased on the selection, determine if the sentence states a fact or an opinion.
HHHHH %. "he moon has no protective atmosphere.
HHHHH (. "he moon is ()@,DDD miles away and it is the only planet in the
solar system that evolves around the 6arth.
HHHHH ). "he moon influences people#s moods and feelin's.
HHHHHH,. 8n the 6arth we see the moon chan'es from the crescent shape to full and
&ack a'ain in (C P days.
HHHH -. 3eople &orn with the moon prominent in their horoscopes will &e
emotionally unsettled.
HHHH /. 4rom out in space, we would see that a&out half of the moon is always let
up &y the sun and half is always in darkness eFcept durin' an eclipse.
HHHH ?. "he moon si'nifies the past. It rules all life9'ivin' and life9sustainin'
liquids.
HHHH @. As the earth rotates and the moon revolves, most places receive alternatin'
hi'h and low tides.
HHHH C. When the moon is a quarter of the way around its or&it, we still see half
of its surface &ut half of this is dark and half is illuminated 'ivin' us a
,D
quarter moon.
HHHH %D. 7epresentin' the wei'ht of the past, the moon acts like a &rake on the
pro'ressive sun and re'ulates our evolution toward cosmic consciousness.
;. <roup yourselves into ) and try to 'ather facts a&out any of the followin' and
present your report in class.
%. "he .5" <raduate 5chool Academic "heater
(. ;lood eFtraction
). A ;eautiful 1ind! the movie
,. 2atholicism
-. armful effects of aspirin
/. What companies look for in applicants
?. 7ock music
2. Interview - to %D people and ask them what they can say a&out any of the
followin'.
%. 1ovies of the millennium
(. A particular soap opera
). "he ) &est films that they have seen and their reason why they have
chosen them.
,. "een lan'ua'e
-. 5candals involvin' priests in the 2atholic church
/. "he present state of our economy
?. "heir superstitious &eliefs.
E6E!CISE %9& ADVE!<S Score CCCCCCCC
A. 6ncircle the one9word adver&s in the selection.
Solid* Li$"id and ases
1atter can &e conveniently classified accordin' to the three states in which it may
appear B solid, liquid or 'as.
,%
Q0ou can easily distin'uish a solid from a liquid or a 'as &ecause a solid has a
fiFed si$e and shape. If you place a lump of coal on a ta&le, it shows no tendency
to chan'e its si$e or shape, and for this reason you do not need to put a solid in a
container to hold it in place.
A liquid on the other hand, has a fiFed si$e &ut not a fiFed shape. "he liquid,
water, requires a container to hold it in place &ut it readily chan'es shape when it
is poured from one vessel of a particular shape to another vessel of a different
shape. "he si$e or volume of the water does not chan'e durin' this operation.
6ven if water in a &owl is completely a&sor&ed in a spon'e, its volume remains
eFactly the same althou'h its shape &ecomes quite complicated.
A 'as, for eFample air, differs from &oth a solid and a liquid &ecause it easily
chan'es &oth in si$e and shape. 0ou can show this &y takin' the stopper off a
perfume &ottle. What happens? "he perfume vapor spreads to all parts of the
room as soon as the stopper is removed. It is clear that the shape of the 'as
chan'es, and at the same time its volume increases enormously.
Write the adver&s found in the para'raph and opposite them write the word the
adver& modifies.
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
;. Aiscuss the rousin' climaF of an action or science fiction movie. ;e sure to use
appropriate adver&s.
LESSON V
SENTENCE
A sentence is a 'roup of related words that eFpresses a complete thou'ht. It always
contains a su&ject and a predicate. A su&ject is the part of a sentence that tells who or
,(
what is &ein' discussed. A simple su&ject is the main noun or pronoun in the complete
su&ject. A predicate is the part of a sentence that tells somethin' a&out the complete
su&ject. A simple predicate is the main ver& which eFpresses action or state of &ein'.
Kinds of Sentences According to 1"rpose
A& To state a fact& A sentence that states a fact is called a declarative sentence. A
declarative sentence is followed &y a period.
e.'. ydrochloric acid is a corrosive su&stance.
;. To asA a $"estion. A sentence that asks a question is called an interro'ative
sentence. An interro'ative sentence is followed &y a question mark.
e.'. What is the importance of water in our environment?
2. To iss"e a command or maAe a co"rteo"s re$"est. "his kind of sentence is
called an imperative sentence. It is also followed &y a period. .sually, you! is
understood as the su&ject of an imperative sentence.
e.'. 3lease donate &lood to the 7ed 2ross.
A. "o eFpress a stron' emotion. "his sentence is called an eFclamatory sentence and
is followed &y an eFclamation point.
e.'. ave a nice dayR
E6E!CISE %:& SENTENCES 5core HHHHHHHHH
A. 2lassify each of the followin' sentences as declarative *A+, interro'ative
*In+, imperative *Im+, or eFclamatory *6+. Write your answer on the
&lanks provided at the ri'ht. 3rovide correct punctuation at the end of
each sentence.
,)
%. 5tomach pain may also &e of psychosomatic ori'in HHHH
(. "o maintain the proper &alance &etween foods consumed
and ener'y used in work and play, a teena'er must
re'ulate his caloric intake HHHH
). ow 'reat <od is HHHH
,. elp me put this antiseptic on the wound HHHH
-. I quit HHHH
/. Which of the followin' is not a solution HHHH
?. "he hydro'en &om& is sometimes called a
fusion bomb HHHH
@. 2ite practical applications of electrolysis HHHH
C. ow can we perceive depth HHHH
%D. elp HHHH
%%. ;oils frequently are an early si'n of dia&etes HHHH
%(. 2all the doctor HHHH
%). "he followin' are foods you must avoid HHHH
%,. ;rin' home the &acon HHHH
%-. :eukemia is characteri$ed &y an a&normal increase
of white cells. HHHH
;. Write a sentence for each of the followin' topics.
%. Aisa&led children HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
(. 2hemical reaction HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
,,
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
). A movie I saw HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
,. 2auses of malnutrition HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
-. "he skeleton and the muscles HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
/. "ooth decay HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
?. <eneral hair care HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
@. 2ancer HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
C. 2on'enital heart disease HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%D. "hin's I enjoy doin' HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
5core HHHHHHHH
E6E!CISE %;& DISTIN@IS5IN A SENTENCE 8!O, A 8!A,ENT
;ased on the article &elow, distin'uish the followin' utterance. Write 8 if it is a
fra'ment or S if it is a sentence.
"6 :IG67
,-
4our pounds of hi'hly efficient chemical9processin' tissues, the
liver is the lar'est solid or'an in the &ody. 0ou can locate it &y placin'
your left hand over you ri'ht, lowermost ri&sJ your hand then just a&out
covers the area of the liver. 1ore than any other or'an, the liver ena&les
our &odies to &enefit from the food we eat. Without it, di'estion would &e
impossi&le, and the conversion of food into livin' cells and ener'y
practically noneFistent. Insofar as they affect our &ody#s handlin' of food
B all the many processes that 'o &y the collective name of nutrition B the
liver#s function can &e rou'hly divided into those that &reak down food
molecules and those that &uild up or reconstitute these nutrients into a
form that the &ody can use or store efficiently.
%. 1ore than any other or'an HHHH
(. "he liver ena&les our &odies to &enefit from the food we eat HHHH
). Insofar as they affect our &ody#s handlin' of food HHHH
,. "he liver#s function can &e rou'hly divided HHHH
-. "hat &reak down food molecules HHHH
/. Without it HHHH
?. "he liver is the lar'est solid or'an in the &ody HHHH
@. Ai'estion would &e impossi&le HHHH
C. "he conversion of food into livin' cells HHHH
%D. and over your ri'ht, lowermost ri&s HHHH
5ource: 1edical and ealth 6ncyclopedia
LESSON VI
E88ECTIVE DICTION
"he word is the smallest unit of messa'es. 0ou should 'ive attention to each
word you choose to &e sure it is the most effective one. "his means choosin' the
,/
words that your receiver and reader will understand and that will 'et from the
reader the reaction you want. "here are siF +/+ principles to consider in word
selection, namely: *%+ choose understanda&le words, *(+ use concrete wordsJ *)+
prefer stron' wordsJ *,+ emphasi$e positive wordsJ *-+ avoid overused wordsJ and
*/+ avoid o&solete words.
E6E!CISE %=& CO!!ECT @SAE 5core HHHHHH
A. 5u&stitute &etter words for the less understanda&le words and for the
technical words *jar'on+ at left.
Less @nderstanda(le ,ore @nderstanda(le
%. a&dicate HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
(. pro'nosticate HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
). eFonerate HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
,. 'erminate HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
-. altercation HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
/. de&ilitated HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
?. contempti&le HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
@. eFpectorate HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
C. equity HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%D. de facto HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
;. Write a simple one9word su&stitute for each phrase and use it in a
sentence.
%. within the realm of possi&ility HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
(. make the acquaintance of HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
). eFcept in very few instances HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
,. with reference to HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
-. in close proFimity to HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
/. come to an end HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
?. in the first place HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
@. durin' the time that HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
C. inasmuch as HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%D. in order to HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
2. Write a more effective su&stitute for the o&solete weak and a&stract words
and phrases.
8&solete words and phrases 1ore effective
%. contents duly noted HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
(. perusal HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
). favor us with a reply HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
,?
,. trustin' to hear from you HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
-. as stated a&ove HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
/. enclosed herewith HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
?. kindly advise HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
@. per HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
C. acknowled'in' yours of HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%D. &e' to state HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
Weak 5tron'
%%. passed away HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%(. refrain HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%). unsuccessful HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%,. noisy HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%-. decline HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
A&stract 2oncrete
%/. often HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%?. loyal HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%@. jewelry
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%C. afternoon HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
(D. holiday
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
5ource: 2ommunication Arts %: 5"I>"83
E6E!CISE %B& @SAE 5core HHHHHHHH
I. We&ster#s =ew 5tudent Aictionary la&els the words &elow as slan' words.
If they are so la&eled in the dictionary you are usin', write the slan'
definition and one of the other definitions of that word.
,@
%. chick a youn' woman
a new9hatched chicken
(. daffy HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
). dame HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
,. di' HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
-. rod HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
II. 4irst write the meanin' or modern synonym for each word that you
reco'ni$e without consultin' a dictionary. "hen, usin' a dictionary, write
the definition of the other words.
%. perchance HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
(. thee HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
). ma$y HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
,. sire HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
-. fair HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
/. spoke HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
?. &emocked HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
@. sword HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
C. methou'h HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%D. withal HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
E6E!CISE %E& SDNOND,S2ANTOND,S 5core HHHHHHHHH
I. 4orm a 'roup of three. 5tudy the differences in meanin' amon' the
'roups of synonyms &elow, then use in a sentence reflectin' the
difference.
,C
%. ancient venera&le old9fashioned
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
(. ar'ue discuss de&ate
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
). omit discard shed
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
,. 'am&le venture ha$ard
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
-. occurrence event episode
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
III. Aefine each of the words in the 'roups &elow. "hen after each 'roup,
write a sentence usin' each word.
ro"p %
man9a&out9town HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
-D
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
man ape HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
man9eatin' HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
manfully HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
man9made HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
manhandle HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
mantrap HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
ro"p II
moon&eam HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
moon &lindness HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
moonli'ht HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
moonshine HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
moonstone HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
LESSON VIII
1!ONO@NS
1rono"ns are used in place of nouns. 3ronouns 'ive variety to your writin'
&ecause you do not repeat the same noun over and over. "here are seven types of
-%
pronouns, namely: personal, relative, interro'ative, demonstrative, refleFive,
intensive, impersonal, distri&utive and reciprocal. 6ach type of pronoun performs
a different function in a sentence.
A. Kinds of 1rono"ns
%. 3ersonal 3ronouns are su&stitutes for nouns that refer to specific persons
or thin's. "he personal pronouns are: I, you, he, she, we, us, they, one, it.
e.'. 5he wants to come alon' with us.
(. !elative 1rono"ns connect a 'roup of words containin' a su&ject and a
ver& to a noun or pronoun. "he personal pronouns are: who, whom,
whose, which, whoever and that.
e.'. 6mma, who is my &oss, can communicate well.
). Interrogative 1rono"ns are used in askin' questions. "he interro'ative
pronouns are: who, whose, whom, whoever, which, what and whatever.
e.'. Who stole the compact discs?
,. Indefinite 1rono"ns do not specify a particular person or thin'. "hey are
used to make 'eneral statements a&out individuals or thin's. "he
indefinite pronouns are: all, another, any&ody, anyone, anythin', &oth,
each one, either every&ody, everyone, everythin', few, little, many, more,
much, neither, no&ody, no one, nothin', oneself, other, others, several
some, some&ody, someone, somethin', and such.
e.'. I 'ave him nothin' for his hard work.
-. Demonstrative 1rono"ns are used to indicate specific persons, places or
thin's. "he demonstrative pronouns are: this, that, these and those.
e.'. "his is an attractive desk.
/. !efleGive 1rono"ns reflect the action of the ver& &ack to a noun or
pronoun in the sentence. "he refleFive pronouns are: myself, yourself,
themselves.
e.'. I cut myself while shavin'.
-(
=& Intensive 1rono"ns are used for emphasis to stren'then the su&ject. It is
placed usually after its antecedent. "he intensive pronouns are: himself,
myself, yourself and itself.
e.'. e himself was as strai'ht as a saint.
;. Cases of 1rono"ns
3ronouns chan'e their form when they perform different functions and
appear in different parts of a sentence. "he different forms are called
cases. "he three types of cases are: nominative, possessive and o&jective.
%. Nominative case is used when the pronoun functions as:
a. t+e s"(ject of a sentence
e.'. 5he went to see a movie.
We enjoyed our vacation.
&. t+e s"(ject of an implied ver( H after >t+an? and >as?
e.'. 1y landlady like cats &etter than she. *implied ver&
did+
c. t+e predicate complement
e.'. It was she who stole the instruments.
"he only one left is he.
3ronouns in the nominative case are: I, you, he, she, it, we, we and
they.
(. 1ossessive case is used when the pronoun#s functions are:
a. to s+o. possession or o.ners+ip
e.'. 8ur profession is no&le.
Is this &ook mine?
&. to modif0 a ger"nd -ver( form .it+ >ing?/
e.'. is o&jectin' to the rules caused the discussion.
*modify the 'erund ob"ecting+
I will appreciate your takin' care of my son.
*modify the 'erund taking+
-)
3ronouns in the possessive case are: my, mine, your, yours, his,
hers, its our, ours, their, theirs.
). O(jective case is used when the pronoun functions as:
a. direct o(ject of t+e ver(
e.'. "ina carried him to the hospital. *o&ject of the ver&
carried+
&. indirect o(ject
e.'. "he music 'ave her a headache. *indirect o&ject of
the ver& gave+
c. o(ject of an infinitive
e.'. 5onia wanted to show us her report. *o&ject of
infinitive to sho!+
d& o(ject of a preposition
e.'. "he messen'er said the packa'e is for her. *o&ject
of the preposition for+
e& s"(ject of an infinitive
e.'. 2arol wants me to help or'ani$e the &a$aar.
*su&ject of infinitive to help+
f. o&ject of an implied ver& B after than! and as!
e.'. 1y teacher always like =ora more than me. *o&ject
of implied very like+
2. !"les of Agreement (et.een 1rono"ns and Antecedents
%. A pronoun should a'ree with its antecedent in person, num&er and
'ender.
-,
e.'. 7ene is 'oin' to 2e&u, where he can surf as much as he
wants. *"he noun 7ene is in the third person, so the pronoun in the
third person.+
(. An indefinite pronoun used as an antecedent takes a pronoun in the
third person.
e.'. Anyone who wants a hi'h 'rade has to study his lessons
dili'ently. *"he antecedent, anyone, is an indefinite pronoun, so a
pronoun in the third person is used B his.+
). "he indefinite pronouns each, anyone, one, either, neither,
some&ody, someone, any&ody, everyone, every&ody, no&ody, kind,
sort, are sin'ular, and a pronoun referrin' to any of these words
should &e sin'ular.
e.'. 5omeone left his pen on my ta&le.
6ach of the 'uests has his ticket.
,. .se a sin'ular pronoun with two or more sin'ular antecedents
joined &y or, nor, either9or, neither9nor.
e.'. =either 5ally nor Amy wants to spend her money.
-. .se a plural pronoun if any of a compound antecedent joined &y
or, nor, either9or, neither9nor is plural
e.'. 6ither 2hita or her friends &rin' their record player.
/. If the antecedent is a collective noun, the pronoun is either sin'ular
or plural, dependin' on its use.
e.'. "he committee is meetin' neFt week to reach its decision.
*committee is treated as a whole unit, so it s sin'ular.+
"he committee mem&ers are meetin' to reach their
decision. *plural+
E6E!CISE 7F& 1!ONO@NS 5core HHHHHHH
5upply the correct pronoun on the num&ered &lank.
--
!O<E!T 5OOKE
6arly in *%+HHHHHHHH life the ;ritish natural philosopher 7o&ert ooke
developed a skill in mechanics that ena&le *(+HHHH to invent or improve a variety of
devices and that influenced *)+HHHHH perception of nature as a 'reat machine. ooke
entered 8Fford .niversity in %/-) and eventually &ecame an assistant to 7o&ert ;oyle.
*,+HHHHH improved air pump ena&led ;oyle to formulate ;oyle#s 'as law. At nearly the
same time, *-+HHHHH made several important improvements to the chronometer.
*/+HHHHH work led to *S+HHHHH discovery of the law of elasticity B that the stretchin' of a
solid &ody is proportional to the force applied to *@+HHHHH 99 named for *C+HHHHH.
ooke#s 8Fford friend formed the nucleus of the new 7oyal 5ociety in :ondon,
and *%D+HHHHH appointed *%%+HHHHH curator of eFperiments in %//(. *%(+HHHHH prolific
eFperiments, demonstrations, and discourses over the neFt %- years were a stron' factor
&ehind the society durin' that period. *%)+HHHHH also &e'an servin' as a professor of
'eometry at <resham 2olle'e in :ondon in %//- and was appointed one of three city
surveyors after the <reat 4ire of :ondon *%///+.
ooke#s 1icro'raphia, written in 6n'lish indicates the 'reat potential of the
microscope for &iolo'ical investi'ationsJ in *%,+HHHHH *%-+HHHHH coined the modern
&iolo'ical usa'e of the word cell and initiated the study of insect anatomy. In addition,
the &ook presented ooke#s influential theories of li'ht and com&ustion. In eFperiments
presented &efore the 7oyal 5ociety *%/+HHHHH demonstrate that the supply of fresh air
was the function of respiration.
5ource: <roiler 6lectronic 3u&lishin', Inc.
E6E!CISE 7%& CASES O8 1!ONO@NS 5core HHHHHHHHH
A. 6ncircle the correct pronoun and write on the space provided the case
*nominative, possessive or o&jective+ it &elon's.
-/
%. 1yrna and *I>me+ play cards on weekends. HHHHHHHHH
(. 4ather and *he>him+ took a trip to the province. HHHHHHHHH
). Eohn and *the>them+ will &e here early. HHHHHHHHH
,. Aoes *she>her+ know you are here? HHHHHHHHH
-. 0ou and *I>me+ will finish the eFperiment. HHHHHHHHH
/. "he winner was *he>him+. HHHHHHHHH
?. It was *she>her+ at the door. HHHHHHHHH
@. "he &oys on the field were *they>them+. HHHHHHHHH
C. Was it *he>him+? =o, it was *I>me+. HHHHHHHHH
%D. "he man in the uniform is *he>him+. HHHHHHHHH
%%. *8ur>ours+ houses look alike. HHHHHHHHH
%(. "his &ook is not *my>mine+. HHHHHHHHH
%). I appreciate *you>your+ takin' care of my dau'hter. HHHHHHHHH
%,. I just reali$ed how *my>mine+ re'ular eFercise
has kept me fit. HHHHHHHHH
%-. :et us use up *your>yours+ medicine first. HHHHHHHHH
%/. Aave invited *I>me+. HHHHHHHHH
%?. "he 7omans conquered *they>them+. HHHHHHHHH
%@. If we offer *she>her+ money she will accept it. HHHHHHHHH
%C. Aunt Aaisy sat &eside *she>her+. HHHHHHHHH
(D. "he winner was *him>he+. HHHHHHHHH
;. With a partner, rewrite the followin' dialo'ue to correct the errors in the use of
pronouns.
Eohn : ave you#re finished writin' your term paper?
;riF : =o, me haven#t yet. 1ine notes aren#t or'ani$ed. :ook their not
even complete.
Eohn : 1y aren#t either. 2ould you lend mine some of you#re reference
materials? Ana claims that yours references are more up9to9date
than her.
-?
;riF : 5he must &e kiddin'R 1e used teFt&ooks which are five years
&ehind. 4or this reason, 3rofessor "an advised I to read journals.
5he said that their more up9to9date.
Eohn : 0ours topic is a&out Aids isn#t he? I came across an article a&out
Aids the other day. Its in the =ewsweek.
;riF : Aoes the li&rarian allow me &rin' the =ewsweek out for FeroFin'?
Eohn : Why don#t they ask them? ;etter still, request the li&rarian to let
you &orrow them for overni'ht use.
;riF : I#ll do that. "hanks for you.
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
LESSON I6
SEI@ENCIN O8 EVENTS
-@
What do you think will happen if a film editor made a mistake in 'ettin' all the
scenes of a motion picture miFed up? 8r a pre9school teacher tellin' her class
that 5now White had first &een kissed &y the prince &efore she at the apple?
"hese information will surely confuse the people watchin' the movie and the
children listenin' to their teacher.
Any material must not only &e full and interestin', it must also &e unified. "hat is
why arran'in' materials which have &een collected is very important. 6ven
eFcellent su&stance will lose much of its effectiveness if it is incorrectly and
illo'ically arran'ed. Always remem&er to keep related parts to'ether and to keep
one phase of the thou'ht &efore &e'innin' another.
E6E!CISE 77& SEI@ENCIN O8 EVENTS 5core HHHHH
A. 7esearch on how soap is made. With the aid of the dia'ram on the neFt
pa'e, num&er the events followin' the sequence &ased on to what you
have researched on.
ow 5oap Is 1ade
HHHH A 'iven portion of fat is in the tank a&out CD minutes and is at least CC
percent converted to fatty acid when it reaches the eFit at the top of the
tank.
HHHH eated fats are continuously fed in near the &ottom of the tank and hot
water enters near the top.
HHHH "his reaction takes place in a stainless steel tank, a&out /- feet in hei'ht.
HHHH A miFture of fat s and oils is first hydroly$ed &y super heated water in the
presence of $inc oFide catalyst to 'ive the or'anic acid and 'lycerol.
HHHH 5odium hydroFide solution, or a miFture of sodium and potassium
hydroFide, is then pumped into the purified fatty acids, neutrali$in' them
and formin' soap.
HHHH "he fatty acids are purified &y distillation at very low pressure.
HHHH 3ure 'lycerol is then o&tained &y evaporation of this solution at low
pressure.
HHHH "he fatty acid product flows out of the top of the tank and a concentrated
aqucous solution of 'lycerol is drawn at the &ottom.
;. Aiscuss how the process called titration! is performed.
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
-C
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
2. <roup yourselves into - and talk a&out your favorite movies. 2hoose a
movie that the majority in the 'roup has seen. Write a summary usin' a
?9%D sentence without missin' the important details>events.
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
DIA!A, A
/D
A flo. s+eet of t+e contin"o"s soap process& T+e +0drol0ser at t+e
left is s+o.n separatel0 in Diagram <& T+e distiller receiver is t+e
middle is a tanA in .+ic+ t+e p"rified fatt0 acids are collected&
DIA!A, <
TanA in .+ic+ 8ats are Catal0ticall0 50drol0)ed (0 5ot 'ater
TanA in .+ic+ 8ats are Catal0ticall0 50droli)ed (0 5ot 'ater
5ource: 2hemistry: A ;asic 5cience *o'', Alley, ;ickel+
LESSON 6
/%
A MODULE
IN
PREPOSITIONS
/(
/)
376385I"I8=5
KI=A5 84 376385I"I8=5
376385I"I8=A:
IAI815
ACCO!DIN
TO
,EANIN
ACCO!DIN TO
8O!,
Location
Direction
Time
1rocess
1ossession
ApproGimation
Attri("tion
!elation
Simple
Compo"nd
CO,<INATION O8
1!E1OSITIONS AND
VE!<S
CO,<INATION O8
1!E1OSITIONS AND
NO@NS
@NIT ,A1
OVERVIEW
Aear 5tudent,
Ao you have this common pro&lem of pausin' while writin' an essay
&ecause of your difficulty in usin' the word in or on when the o&ject of the
preposition is a date? 8r at or in when the o&ject of the preposition refers to
an address or location?

If your answers to these two questions are yes then this module is
especially desi'ned for you. 8f the ei'ht parts of speech, the preposition
is considered mysterious &ecause of its diversity in meanin's.
"he answer to the mystery lies in you, reader. 5tudy the words
carefully and understand their meanin's and uses. Answer the eFercises
honestly and patiently reread>redo them if necessary. Ao not proceed to the
neFt lesson if you have not mastered the previous one.
6njoy this module and eFperience the satisfaction of unlockin' the
mystery &y yourself.
/,
5o. To @se T+is ,od"le
"his module functions as a self9learnin' kit. It eFplains lessons the
same way a teacher or &ook does.
As you may notice in the unit map, the topic of this lesson,
prepositions, is found in :esson II of your teFt&ook, 2olle'e 4reshman
6n'lish ;ook I. owever, this lesson is presented to you in a modular
form to 'ive you an opportunity to study more closely this topic and to 'ive
you opportunity to assess yourself as you answer the practice and self9 tests.
"he followin' are the thin's you must remem&er as you use this
module.
%. 6Fercise utmost care of this module &y openin' its pa'es carefully.
(. 5tart answerin' the preliminary test first &efore doin' anythin' else.
). Ao not fold the pa'e corners. Instead use a &ookmark.
,. Keep the pa'es clean and do not write unnecessary marks on the
pa'es.
-. "ake ample time in answerin' the eFercises. 0our honest answers are
vital to your learnin'.
/-
Terminal O(jectives
After readin' this module, you are eFpected of the followin'
outcomes.
%. 2orrectly use common types of prepositions accordin' to their
meanin's.
(. 3roperly place prepositions in sentences.
). .nderstand the chan'es in meanin's of prepositions when these
are com&ined with other words.
,. .se prepositional idioms in oral and written eFercises.
//
Content O"tline
I. 2orrectly use common types of prepositions accordin' to their
meanin's.
%. 3repositions of location
(. 6Famples of prepositions of space and movements
). 3repositions of direction
,. 6Famples of prepositions of direction
-. 3repositions of time
/. 6Famples of prepositions of time
?. 3repositions of process
@. 6Famples of prepositions of process
C. 3reposition of possession
%D. 6Famples of preposition of possession
%%. 3repositions of approFimation
%(. 6Fample of prepositions of approFimation
%). 3reposition of attri&ution
%,. 6Famples of preposition of attri&ution
%-. 3reposition of relation
%/. 6Famples of preposition of relation
II. 3repositional Idioms. 2orrectly use phrases with com&ined
prepositions and other words.
%. 2om&ination of ver&s and prepositions
(. 6Famples of phrases with com&ined ver&s and prepositions
). 2om&ination of nouns and prepositions
,. 6Famples of phrases with com&ined nouns and prepositions
/?
PRELIMINARY TEST
Airections: Identify the option that correctly fills in the &lank. 2ircle the letter of your
answer.
%. "he church &ells could &e seen HHH Thi'her thanU the trees.
a. a&ove &. over
(. "hey took shelter HHH T&eneathU the driveway#s canopy.
a. under &. &elow
). All the students were ordered to remain HHH Tinside specific &ounds or limitsU the
premises of the school until after the convocation was over.
a. a&out &. within
,. When Een arrived at the party, she took the &oF of chocolates HHH Tfrom withinU
her &a' to 'ive to the &irthday 'irl.
a. out of &. off
-. ;ernie had a &ruise just HHH Tlower in position thanU his left eye.
a. &elow &. around
/. I asked my friend a&out who was comin' HHH Talon' a street towards the speakerU
the road, &ecause I did not have my 'lasses on.
a. near &. up
?. 4or almost a kilometer, we had to crawl HHH Tat the &ack ofU a slow9movin' car.
a. &ehind &. after
@. "he 'irl sat HHH Tseparated fromV the others.
a. off of &. apart from
C. It is difficult to swim HHH Tin the opposite directionU the current.
a. a'ainst &. across
%D. When the policemen came, the suspect ran to the car which was standin' HHH Tat
the outer side ofU the house.
a. out &. outside
%%. "he do' trotted HHH Tnear toU its master.
a. &y &. near&y
%(. I will meet you HHH TlocationU the &us station.
a. on &. at
%). 6velyn declared that she would never 'o HHH TwithinU that shop a'ain &ecause of
the way she was treated.
a. inside &. to
%,. A tall, rather thin man stood HHH Tin front ofU the &uildin'.
a. across &. &efore
%-. "he cat knocked the flower pot HHH Tfrom its current locationU the stand.
a. apart from &. off
%/. 7enationali$ation of the 3hilippine Airlines is &asically swimmin' HHH the tide of
privati$ation.
a. a'ainst &. for
/@
%?. 4ares are not the main o&stacle HHH the rapid 'rowth of tourism in the country.
a. of &. to
%@. I hope this article never sees print &ecause of will &e overtaken HHH events.
a. &y &. on
%C. 6Fercise 'urus now say that for most people, &risk walkin' is prefera&le HHH
jo''in'.
a. than &. to
(D. If you are always very conscious HHH what people think or say a&out you, you
mi'ht &ecome a nervous wreck.
a. a&out &. of
(%. "he youn' officer was assi'ned HHH a 6uropean mission after only two years at
the home office
a. to &. at
((. "he con'ressmen#s countryside development fund! does not seem to &e different
HHH the old pork &arrel.
a. from &. to
(). 5ome imported products are actually inferior HHH similar ones locally produced.
a. from &. to
(,. "he new "hai restaurant was ele'antly furnished HHH reproductions of the art
works of Gasarely.
a. with &. &y
(-. 2harles 4ord#s passion HHH philosophy matched his desire for his assistant.
a. in &. for
(/. In compliance HHH the memorandum, all the employees had to attend a seminar on
the art of sellin'.
a. with &. to
(?. Gice 3resident Al <ore had a successful de&ate HHH &illionaire 7oss 3erot on the
=A4"A issue.
a. a'ainst &. with
(@. 4ilipinos still have to develop the ha&it of filin' formal complaints HHH ne'li'ence
on the part of safety personnel.
a. on &. a&out
(C. If you are 'ood in marketin', you can create a demand HHH a product which may
not even &e necessary, like the pet rock.
a. for &. in
)D. 1any teachers use most of their income as payment HHH de&ts incurred &ecause of
their delayed salaries.
a. for &. of
)%. Andersen 2onsultin' is a company that is considered an eFpert HHH mana'ement.
a. in &. on
)(. "he students showed various de'rees HHH skill in their use of lan'ua'e.
a. in &. of
)). In a corporation, the chief eFecutive office has authority HHH all the employees.
a. on &. over
/C
),. Instructors HHH lin'uistics are required to finish their master#s de'rees within
three years HHH while teachin'.
a. of &. in
)-. "his item is often HHH of stock &ecause many &uyers like it.
a. off &. out
)/. After clim&in' to the top of the tower, we were so HHH of &reath that we had to sit
down.
a. out &. off
)?. Aid you come here &y &us or HHH foot? 0ou seem to &e very tired.
a. on &. &y
)@. I met 2laire HHH the street on my way to the theater.
a. on &. in
)C. Eake, a nurse at the Aoctors# ospital, 'oes HHH duty at %%:DD in the evenin'.
a. out of &. off
,D. In most democratic countries people are free, HHH limits, to live their lives in their
own way.
a. with &. within
,%. I am not really illJ I am just feelin' a &it HHH the weather.
a. under &. off
,(. Ar. 5an Euan was HHH duty when I went to the clinic this mornin'.
a. at &. on
,). It is HHH record that a person has &een restored to life several hours after he was
thou'ht to &e dead.
a. on &. in
,,. It should not take a lon' time to recover from his illness for he is HHH 'ood hands.
a. on &. in
,-. ;reakfast meetin's with the media allow politicians to air their views strictly HHH
the cuff.
a. out &. off
,/. 5he lives in 1akati and works HHH a mana'ement consultin' firm as marketin'
mana'er.
a. for &. in
,?. "he 3resident does not live in 1alacanan', &ut HHH Arle'ue 5treet.
a. alon' &. on
,@. 1o$art was &orn in 5al$&ur', Austria, HHH %?-/.
a. in &. on
,C. 1r. 5otto#s house was &roken into while he and his wife were HHH work.
a. at &. in
-D. "he medical &ills of those HHH the &us which fell into the ravine will &e paid &y
the company.
a. on &. in
?D
DO@! SCO!E
-D N %DD (- N ?-
,C N CC (, N ?,
,@ N C@ () N ?)
,? N C? (( N ?(
,/ N C/ (% N ?%
,- N C- (D N ?D
,, N C, %C N /C
,) N C) %@ N /@
,( N C( %? N /?
,% N C% %/ N //
,D N CD %- N /-
)C N @C %, N /,
)@ N @@ %) N /)
)? N @? %( N /(
)/ N @/ %% N /%
)- N @- %D N /D
), N @, C N -C
)) N @) @ N -@
)( N @( ? N -?
)% N @% / N -/
)D N @D - N --
(C N ?C , N -,
(@ N ?@ ) N -)
(? N ?? ( N -(
(/ N ?/ % N -%
(- N ?- D N -D
Answer Key
1. a 11. a 21. a 31. a 41. a
2. a 12. b 22. a 32. b 42. b
3. b 13. a 23. b 33. b 43. a
4. a 14. b 24. a 34. b 44. b
5. a 15. b 25. b 35. b 45. b
6. b 16. a 26. a 36. a 46. a
7. a 17. b 27. b 37. a 47. b
8. b 18. a 28. b 38. b 48. a
9. a 19. b 29. a 39. b 49. a
10. b 20. b 30. a 40. b 50. a
?%
KINDS OF PREPOSITIONS
3repositions eFpress relationship &etween nouns, &etween a ver& and a noun, and
&etween an adjective and a noun. "he preposition W =3! construction, or prepositional
phrase, functions as a modifier.
"he pen on the ta&le is mine.
We walked from the .5" campus to the :iwasan' ;onifacio.
In the eFample a&ove, on the table functions as a modifier of pen and comes from
the adver& of place of an underlyin' construction, from the #$T to the %i!asang
&onifacio function as modifiers of walked and come from the adver&s of place.
"he a&ove eFamples also demonstrate that the prepositional phrases may function
as adjectives or adver&s.
"he followin' are kinds of prepositions accordin' to:
I. ,eaning
%. Location
a&oard astride down outside
a&out at eF over
a&ove &efore in throu'hout
across &ehind in front of under
?(
LESSON %
LESSON O<JECTIVES
%& en"merate t+e different Ainds of prepositions
according to meaning and formJ and
7& "se t+e different prepositions in sentences&
after &elow inside underneath
alon' &eneath near up
amid*st+ &eside neFt to upon
amon' &etween off within
apart from &eyond on apres
&y opposite around che$
out
(. Direction
across down off of throu'h
a'ainst from onto to
around inside out toward*s+
away from into out of up
&ack from off past &eyond
off from round
). Time
a&out as of durin' till
after &efore ere times
apres &eyond prior to until
around circa since
,. 1rocess
&y means of throu'h via
-. 1ossession
of
/. ApproGimation
a&out around
?. Attri("tion
accordin' to
@. !elation
a la cum pendin'
a&out despite per
a&sent due to plus
alon' with eF re
?)
alon'side eFcept re'ardin'
alon'side of eFcludin' re'ardless of
anent failin' respectin'
apart from for sans
as per in accordance with save
as re'ards in addition to savin'
as to in relation to than
aside from in spite of touchin'
&ar includin' unless
&arrin' instead of versus
&ecause of irrespective of vice
&eyond like wantin'
&y neFt to without
&ut minus with
concernin' notwithstandin' worth
considerin' opposite
contra pace
II. 8O!,
%. Simple
a&oard &arrin' down
a&out &efore like
a&ove &ehind durin'
a&sent &elow ere
across &eneath eF
after &eside eFcept
a'ainst &esides eFcludin'
alon'
(. Compo"nd
a la away from in spite of
accordin' to &ack from instead of
alon' with &ecause of irrespective of
alon'side of &y means of neFt to
apart from in accordance with notwithstandin'
as of in addition to off of
as re'ards in &ack of out of
as to in front of prior to
aside from in relation to re'ardless of
?,
Activit0 %& Kinds of 1repositions
Write, in the space provided, whether the underlined preposition indicates
location!, direction!, time!, possession!, approFimation!, attri&ution!, or
relation!.
%. A&oard the ship, the passen'ers lined up for lunch HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
(. "he old man cou'hed throu'hout the ni'ht. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
) S ,. 4rom the em&asssy, we passed throu'h 7oFas ;oulevard. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
-. <raduation is set on 1arch (/. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
/. =ew Xealand is a country of many attractions. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
?. "he dean chose &etween 5ally and Eane. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
@. "he 'roup continued the strike re'ardless of the
security 'uards# warnin's. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
C. "he main li&rary is located opposite the canteen. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%D. I cannot see &eyond this line. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%%. A&out %:)D a.m. the lady woke up from a trou&led sleep. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%(. 7ice is sold &y the kilo. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%). "he suspect was jailed pendin' his arrai'nment. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%,. e leads me &eneath the still water. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%-. "he hosta'e takin' was within the chief of police#
command responsi&ility. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%/. "he accident happened durin' the total &lackout last month.HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%?. "he American soldiers attacked the villa'e notwithstandin'
the mayor#s plea. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%@. e won the computer showcase in addition to the 3%.@
million jackpot pri$e. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
?-
%C S (D. "he victim totally put &ehind the past tra'edy HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
in order to start a new life. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
Answer Key.
This Is Where Youre Heading To... If Your Sore Is...
%= to 7F EGcellentK Do" ma0 proceed to t+e neGt lesson&
%3 to %; Ver0 goodK Do" "nderstood t+e lesson ver0 .ell&
1lease taAe note of t+e items 0o" +ave missed&
,ove on to t+e neGt lesson&
E to %7 ood& Do" .ere a(le to grasp t+e lesson fairl0&
Do" ma0 revie. .+at 0o" +ave missed&
: to B 8air& @psK Do not move 0et to t+e neGt lesson&
Do"r patience to go over .ill +elp 0o" "nderstand
t+e lesson&
F to 9 1oor& Sorr0* 0o" +ave diffic"lt0 ans.ering t+e
activit0& !ead again t+e s"(jects 0o" do not
f"ll0 "nderstand.
?/
%& location %%& direction
7& location %7& relation
3& direction %3& relation
9& direction %9& location
:& time %:& location
;& possession %;& time
=& location %=& relation
B& relation %B& relation
E& location %E& location
%F& location 7F& relation
The Lord hates cheating,
delights in honesty.
Activit0 7&
Airections: 4ill in the &lanks with the missin' prepositions. ;elow the selection are your
choices. "he prepositions may appear several times.
a& T+e Stor0 of C+emistr0
2enturies a'o man depended upon nature for food and clothin' and for the cure of
diseases. ;ut nature is fickle and unrelia&le and the fear of famine and the dread of
disease were always present. In an effort to &ecome independent of her, man studied
nature and then tried to imitate her ways. "hrou'h the &itter eFperience of failure, he
came to reali$e the value of honest and unprejudiced o&servations. 5lowly, very slowly,
the accumulated facts which su''ested theories and once theories were esta&lished, he
&ecame &older and tackled more elusive pro&lems.
*%+HHHHH the middle *(+HHHHH the last century, the chemist learned to put to'ether
some *)+HHHH the structural units *,+HHHHH matter and convert them *-+HHHHH new
su&stances B a process called synthesis. */+HHHHH the advent *?+HHHHHH synthetic
chemistry many *@+HHHHH the trappin's *C+HHHHHHH the ancient world fell away, and a
mode *%D+HHHHH life that persisted *%%+HHHHH ),DDD years was altered within the short
years *%(+HHHH half a century *%)+HHHHH all reco'nition.
istory 'ives an account *%,+HHH primitive civili$ation lon' &efore the dawn
*%-+HHHH the scientific eraJ it also records the effect *%/+HHH scientific discoveries
*%?+HHH civili$ation. We find that science had a lon' period *%@+HHH incu&ation, lastin'
many centuries, *%C+HHH which time scientific pro'ress was scarcely noticea&le. "hen
*(D+HHH the %@
th
century, the tempo increasedJ *(%+HHH the %C
th
century the advances
*((+HHHH physics, chemistry and &iolo'y were further accelerated. We *()+HHH the (D
th
century are now feelin' the impact *(,+HHH ( centuries *(-+HHH scientific thou'ht. We
see the world a&out us chan'in' so rapidly that even the world *(/+HHH (D years a'o
seems quaint and old9fashioned. If we look &ack still further, *(?+HHH several centuries,
the threads *(@+HHH contact are lost almost entirely, and we can scarcely ima'ine the
conditions under which people live.
2hoices: in of with into
4or &eyond upon durin'
??
<lood
;lood is a sticky red liquid that is necessary *(C+HHH the live *)D+HHH human
&ein's and many other mem&ers *)%+HHH the animal kin'dom. It flows *)(+HHH the &ody
*))+HHH tu&es called &lood vessels *),+HHH the lun's it takes oFy'en &reathed *)-+HHHH ,
and *)/+HHH the di'estive or'ans it takes food su&stances and it carried these *)?+HHH all
parts *)@+HHH the &ody. It carried &ack waste products, chiefly car&on dioFide. It carries
disease9fi'htin' cells *)C+HHH all parts *,D+HHH the &ody. It carries necessary su&stances
*,%+HHH the liver and other 'lands and vital or'ans.
When &lood stops flowin' *,(+HHH the &ody, it dies. When &lood stops flowin'
*,)+HHH a part *,,+HHH the &ody, such as a hand or foot, that part diesJ it is said to &e
affected *,-+HHH 'an'rene. If the &rain#s supply *,/+HHH &lood is shut off even
momentarily, the person loses consciousness.
2hoices: to of throu'h from
In &y
5ource : Illustrated World 6ncyclopedia
?@
Answer Key
This Is Where Youre Heading To... If Your Sore Is...
9F to 9; EGcellentK Do" ma0 proceed to t+e neGt lesson&
3F to 3E Ver0 goodK Do" "nderstood t+e lesson ver0 .ell&
1lease taAe note of t+e items 0o" +ave missed&
,ove on to t+e neGt lesson&
?C
%. in (/. of
(. of (?. for
). of (@. of
,. of (C. to
-. into )D. of
/. with )%. of
?. of )(. throu'h
@. of )). in
C. of ),. from
%D. of )-. in
%%. for )/. from
%(. of )?. to
%). &eyond )@. of
%,. of )C. to
%-. of ,D. of
%/. of ,%. to
%?. upon ,(. throu'h
%@. of ,). to
%C. durin' ,,. of
(D. in ,-. &y
(%. in ,/. of
((. in
(). in
(,. of
(-. of
!hones"# is "he $es" %o&i#'
7F to 7E ood& Do" .ere a(le to grasp t+e lesson fairl0&
Do" ma0 revie. .+at 0o" +ave missed&
%F to %E 8air& @psK Do not move 0et to t+e neGt lesson&
Do"r patience to go over .ill +elp 0o" "nderstand
t+e lesson&
F to E 1oor& Sorr0* 0o" +ave diffic"lt0 ans.ering t+e
activit0& !ead again t+e s"(jects 0o" do not
f"ll0 "nderstand.

Activit0 3

"here are those which are dated. Knowin' these may &e useful in understandin'
literary pieces from previous centuries
a&aft *to the rear of+ &etwiFt *&etween+ o#er *over+
afore *&efore+ for&y *past, near+ or *&efore+
a'in *a'ainst+ mau're *in spite of+ sith, sitence,
amon'st *amon'+ mid *amid+ sithens *since+
asiant *in a slantin' midst *amid+ thorou'h *throu'h+
position+ mon'st *amon'+ thro *throu'h+
astraddle *astride neath *&eneath+ unto *to+
&atin' *eFceptin'+ ni'h *near+ withal *with+
&en *within+ o# *of+
It is interestin' to note that the openness of 6n'lish to loan words has even led to
the common use of the followin' 4rench and :atin prepositions.
a la *in the style or manner of+ cum *with+
apres *after+ eF *from, out of+
che$ *in the place or residence of+ pace *in opposition to a more commonly
circa *a&out or around a 'iven date+ accepted idea+
contra *a'ainst+ per *&y means of, for each, accordin'in' to+
re *with re'ard to+ vis9a9vis *in relation to+
sans *without+ via *&y means of, throu'h+
versus *a'ainst+ vice *in the place of+
@D
;elow is a listin' of common prepositions and their meanin's. :earn them &y
heart.
%. 8n
a. means upon
e.'. on the ta&le
&. means located at
e.'. shop on 1ain 5treet
c. in the act or state of
e.'. on a journeyJ on fire
d. with respect to
e.'. have pity on her
e. formin' part of
e.'. on the team
f. means a&out
e.'. a talk on peace
'. denotin' cause or &asis
e.'. on purposeJ on my honor
h. denotin' the instrument of an action
e.'. to play on the harp
(. At
a. is used to show where
e.'. at homeJ at the office
&. is sometimes used to show when
e.'. at nine o#clockJ at nineJ at noon
c. is sometimes used to show condition
e.'. at workJ at warJ at peace with the world
d. may mean the same as for
e.'. at a peso eachJ at the rate of ten pesos an hour
@%
). In
a. shows position with reference to a space
e.'. live in a cellJ pain in the stomach
&. shows position with reference to time
e.'. work in the mornin'J study in summer
c. used to mean into
e.'. <o in the houseJ ;rin' in the clean clothes.
d. used to mean from amon'J out of
e.'. one in a hundredJ twice in a century
e. used to mean &ecause ofJ for
e.'. in honor of =elsonJ in lieu of my parents
,. 8f
a. may mean a&out the same asJ &elon' to
e.'. 'uardian of the &oyJ cause of the feud
&. may mean a&out the same as from or away from
e.'. to &e &are of curtainsJ to &e cured of leukemia
c. may mean a&out the same as out of or owin' to
e.'. to come of a well9to9do familyJ to &e tired of livin'
d. may mean a&out the same as which *who+ has a quality
e.'. a word of sarcasmJ an act of charity
e. may mean a&out the same as from, which *who+ has, which *who+ is, or
which *who+ is the same as
e.'. trophies of woodJ the house of seven 'a&les
f. may mean the same as concernin' or in re'ard to
e.'. to think well of peopleJ to &e fond of daydreamin'
'. connects nouns or adjectives havin' ver&al sense with the noun, which is
the o&ject of the ver&
e.'. love of pleasureJ in search of the oly <rail
-. 8ff 9 from, away, far from
e.'. off the roadJ off the rackJ off my &ackJ off the mark
@(
/. Into
a. to the inside of, toward and inside
e.'. e dived into the deep &lue seaJ e du' into his pocket for a coin.
&. to the condition ofJ to the form of
e.'. Aivide the cake into ei'ht partsJ A dream turned the miserly
5croo'e into a kindhearted man.
?. ;eside
a. &y the side of, near, close to
e.'. beside the ta&leJ beside meJ beside mother
&. compared with
e.'. "ina#s work looks dra& beside Eessie#sJ <loria appears plain beside
Aurora.
c. away from
e.'. "hat question is beside the point.
@. "o
a. in the direction of
e.'. to the centerJ to the leftJ to the dean
&. as far as
e.'. to the utmostJ to the last wordJ to the last piece
c. for the purpose of
e.'. came to the rescueJ dedicated to the salvation of souls
d. compared with
e.'. "he dollar is to the Americans as to the pesos is to 4ilipinos.
e. on
e.'. 4asten it to the wall.J 2lip it to the holder.
f. alon' with, with
e.'. "he owl looked up to the stars a&ove and san' to his small 'uitar.
'. a&out, concernin'
e.'. Why did he say to that?J 2an you offer an eFplanation to that
complaint?
@)
h. in accordance to
e.'. er comin' home late is not to my likin'.
i. to show result
e.'. Aeath turns the &ody to dust.
j. to show addition
e.'. Add , to (D.
C. "hrou'h
a. from end to end ofJ from side to sideJ from &e'innin' to end
e.'. &etween the parts of stretches through =orthern :u$onJ will 'o
through the application formsJ &ored a hold throu'h the door.
&. &ecause ofJ &y reason of, &y means of
e.'. through my cousinJ through mass mediaJ through hard work
%D. With
a. in the company of
e.'. !ith meJ !ith the crowdJ !ith the &ank
&. havin'
e.'. coffee !ith milkJ !ith &eauty, &rain and &ank notesJ !ith pleasure
c. in proportion to
e.'. increases !ith each tick of the clockJ 'rows !ith the years
d. in re'ard toJ a&out
e.'. pleased !ith the arran'ementJ an'ry !ith the maid
e. usin'J showin'
e.'. !ith care' !ith finesseJ !ith love
f. &y means of
e.'. !ith a few pesosJ !ith a pill&oF
'. from
e.'. to part !ith my childrenJ to part !ith his lost peso
%%. ;y
a. near
e.'. by the lakeJ by the monument
@,
&. alon'J overJ throu'h
e.'. by the trailJ by the dirt road
c. of
e.'. by handJ by machineJ by air, land and sea
d. durin'
e.'. by dayJ by ni'ht
e. as soon asJ not later than
e.'. by siF o#clockJ by this time
f. to the amount or eFtent of
e.'. smaller by halfJ cheaper by the do$en
'. in relation to
e.'. competent by our standardJ did well by her children
%(. 8ver
a. a&ove
e.'. over the rooftopJ over our heads
&. across as to 'et &eyond or a&oveJ on or to the other side of
e.'. over my dead &odyJ looked over her shoulderJ spread over the
years.
c. on, at all or various placed on
e.'. all over the placeJ all over the world
d. a&out, concernin', in connection with
e.'. worried over the situationJ quarreled over their inheritance.
e. more than
e.'. over ten dollarsJ over the amount ordered
%(. A&ove
a. in a hi'her place
e.'. above the &ell' above my voiceJ above your head
&. too hi'h, superior
e.'. above reproachJ above suspicionJ above par
@-
%). A&out 9 in or at a hi'her place
e.'. about lan'ua'es, about personality development
%,. ;etween B is used to refer to two people or o&jects
e.'. bet!een two evilsJ bet!een two mirrorsJ bet!een two loves
%-. Amon' B is used to refer to more than two people or o&jects
e.'. among artistsJ among eldersJ among mem&ers of royalty
(ear "hese in )ind and &earn "he) $# hear".
%. On Dates
in a month *e.'. in Eanuary+
on a day *e.'. on 1onday or on 2hristmas Aay or on Eune %(+
in a year *e.'. in %CC,+
on your &irthday
in summer
durin' the rainy days
(. On time
from mornin' to evenin'
&ehind time
ahead of time
on>off>ahead>&ehind schedule
for a week, month, year
durin' the day, week, month, year
at sunset, midni'ht, noon, dawn sunrise
). On Transportation
&y car, &oat, ship, &us, plane, train, su&way
&y air, mail, airmail, messen'er
'et in the car, truck, taFi, jeepney, tricycle
'et on the &anca, &us, &oat, ship, train, plane, hydrofoil
,. On T+e 'eat+er
@/
in>under the rain
under the sun
in the air
on land
Self Test
Airections: Identify the preposition that correctly fills in the &lank. "he preposition
should approFimate the meanin' of the phrase in &racket. 2ircle the letter of your choice.
%. We saw two &oys dra''in' a &undle HHHT&ehindU them.
a. after &. off
(. As the lady 'ot off the taFi, a doorman came forward and held an um&rella HHHH
Tdirectly a&oveU her to protect her from the rain.
a. on &. over
). 5he poured the contents of the &ottle HHHH Tfrom hi'her to lower levelU the sink.
a. down &. towards
,. "he streets HHH Tin the vicinity ofU the pla$a are full of places of historical interest.
a. on &. a&out
-. "he do' is lyin' asleep HHH Tdenotin' possi&le positionU the swivel chair where
Aad is sittin'.
a. under &. &eside
/. "he children hid themselves HHH Tin the midst ofU the trees.
a. amon' &. a&out
?. "he little &oy stood cryin' HHH T&y the side ofU his mother.
a. &eside &. aside
@. We walked HHH Tany part of the len'th ofU the river &ank.
a. alon' &. in
C. 1anila is HHH Twithin a particular placeU the 3hilippines.
a. on &. in
%D. 5ome of the wrecka'e caused &y the eFplosion fell HHH Tin the midst ofU the
crowd of spectators.
a. amid &. into
@?
%%. 8ftentimes, I can only 'ive my own opinionJ I cannot speak HHH Ton &ehalf ofU
others
a. with &. for
%(. In countries with four seasons, people play foot&all HHH Tthrou'h the whole of a
specified periodU autumn.
a. durin' &. on
%). HHH Tnot takin' into accountU his salary as a 'overnment employee, my father has
no other income.
a. Apart from &. 8utside
%,. When we last saw the car, it was travelin' HHH Tin the direction ofU ;atan'as.
a. towards &. down
%-. "he cover HHHH Tpertainin' toU the &ook is &eautifully illustrated.
a. off &. of
%/. "he mem&ers of the cast came for the rehearsal at HHH TapproFimatelyU three
o#clock.
a. a&out &. durin'
%?. HHH Tup to a time specifiedU the death of his father last year, Aan had held a minor
position in the family &usiness.
a. .ntil &. 5ince
%@. 5ounds of music could &e heard HHH Tcomin' or 'oin' &y way ofU the open
windows of the conservatory.
a. off &. throu'h
%C. <eor'e wants all the privile'es of mem&ership HHH Tunaccompanied &yU the
responsi&ilities or o&li'ations that come with it.
a. &esides &. without
(D. 7aphael persisted in 'oin' his own way, HHH Tin spite ofU my warnin' that it
would not &e 'ood for him.
a. apart from &. despite
Ans*er +e#
@@
This Is Where Youre Heading To... If Your Sore Is...
%= to 7F EGcellentK Do" ma0 proceed to t+e neGt lesson&
%3 to %; Ver0 goodK Do" "nderstood t+e lesson ver0 .ell&
1lease taAe note of t+e items 0o" +ave missed&
,ove on to t+e neGt lesson&
E to %7 ood& Do" .ere a(le to grasp t+e lesson fairl0&
Do" ma0 revie. .+at 0o" +ave missed&
: to B 8air& @psK Do not move 0et to t+e neGt lesson&
Do"r patience to go over .ill +elp 0o" "nderstand
t+e lesson&
F to 9 1oor& Sorr0* 0o" +ave diffic"lt0 ans.ering t+e
activit0& !ead again t+e s"(jects 0o" do not
f"ll0 "nderstand&
@C
%. a %%. &
(. & %(. a
). a %). a
,. & %,. a
-. & %-. &
/. a %/. a
?. a %?. a
@. a %@. &.
C. & %C. &
%D. a (D. &
Lesson 7
376385I"I8=A: IAI815
An idiom is an eFpression peculiar to a lan'ua'e. "hey do not always conform to
formal rules of 'rammar, &ut are accepted in every lan'ua'e. In readin' &e conscious of
idioms as used in reputa&le pu&lications, especially in international news ma'a$ines.
I. Com(ination of 1repositions and Ver(s
;elow is a list of common prepositions com&ined with ver&s.
Ask out 9 ask someone to 'o on a date
;rin' a&out, &rin' on 9 cause
;rin' up 9 rear childrenJ mention or introduce a topic
2all &ack 9 return a telephone call
2all in 9 ask to come to an office place for a specific
purpose
2all off 9 cancel
2all on 9 ask to speak in classJ visit
2all up 9 call on the telephone
2atch up 9 reach the same position or level
2heck in, check into 9 re'ister at a hotel
2heck out 9 take a &ook from the li&raryJ investi'ate
2heck out *of+ 9 leave a hotel
2heer up 9 make *someone+ feel happier
2lean up 9 make clean and orderly
2ome across 9 meet &y chance
2ross out 9 draw a line throu'h
2ut out 9 stop an annoyin' activity
Ao over 9 do a'ain
Arop &y, drop in *on+ 9 visit informally
CD
LESSON O<JECTIVES
%& recogni)e prepositional p+rases "sed as idiomsJ
7& "nderstand t+e meanings of t+ese prepositional
idiomsJ and
3& "se t+ese prepositional idioms in oral and .ritten
eGercises&
9&
Arop off 9 leave somethin'>someone at a place
Arop out *of+ 9 stop 'oin' to school, to a class, to a clu&, etc.
4i'ure out 9 find the answer &y reasonin'
4ill out 9 write the completions of a questionnaire or
official form
4ind out 9 discover information
<et alon' *with+ 9 eFist satisfactorily
<et &ack *from+ 9 return from a placeJ receive a'ain
<et in, 'et into 9 enter a carJ arrive
<et off 9 leave an airplane, a &us, a train, a su&way
<et on 9 enter an airplane, a &us, a train, a su&way
<et out of 9 leave a carJ avoid work or an unpleasant activity
<et over 9 recover from an illness
<et throu'h 9 finish
<et up 9 arise from &ed, a chair
<ive up 9 stop tryin'
<o over 9 review or check carefully
<row up *in+ 9 &ecome and adult
and in 9 su&mit an assi'nment
an' up 9 conclude a telephone conversationJ put clothes
on a han'er or a hook
ave on 9 wear
Keep out *of+ 9 not enter
Keep up *with+ 9 stay at the same position or level
Kick out *of+ 9 force *someone+ to leave
:ook after 9 take care of
:ook into 9 investi'ate
:ook out *for+ 9 &e careful
:ook over 9 review or check carefully
:ook up 9 look for information in a reference &ook
1ake up 9 inventJ do past work
=ame after, name for 9 'ive a &a&y a name of someone else
3ass away 9 die
3ass out 9 distri&uteJ lose consciousness
3ick out 9 select
3ick up 9 'o to 'et someoneJ take in one#s hand
3oint up 9 call attention to
3ut away 9 remove to a proper place
3ut &ack 9 return to ori'inal place
3ut off 9 postpone
3ut on 9 put clothes on one#s &ody
3ut out 9 eFtin'uish a ci'arette or ci'ar
3ut up with 9 tolerate
7un into, run across 9 meet &y chance
7un out *of+ 9 finish a supply of somethin'
5how up 9 appear, come
C%
5hut off 9 stop a machine, li'ht, faucet
"ake after 9 resem&le
"ake off 9 remove clothin'J leave on a trip
"ake over 9 take control
"ake up 9 &e'in a new activity or topic
"ear down 9 demolishJ reduce to nothin'
"ear up 9 tear into many little pieces
"hink over 9 consider carefully
"hrow away, throw out 9 discardJ 'et rid of
"hrow up 9 vomit, re'ur'itate food
"ry on 9 put on clothin' to see if it fits
"urn down 9 decrease volume or intensity
"urn in 9 su&mit an assi'nmentJ 'o to &ed
"urn off 9 stop a machine, li'ht, faucet
"urn on 9 &e'in a machine, li'ht, faucet
"urn out 9 eFtin'uish a li'ht
"urn up 9 increase volume or intensity
Activit0 7
II. 1repositions Com(ined .it+ No"n
:ook up the followin' prepositional idioms in a dictionary or an idiom &ook,
and their meanin's.
Affection for 6Fpert on In payment of
Affinity &etween 4old of the law As payment of
Affinity with 4ondness for With re'ard to
Aim of doin' 4reedom from As re'ards
Authority on <rud'e a'ainst In search of
Authority over identity with In search for
A view to Instructor in In spite of
Awareness of Investi'ation of>into In sympathy with
;eliever of Irritation with 8n a char'e of
2hance to do Key to 8n>in &ehalf of
2hance of doin' :ease on With a view to
2ompare to 8pinion on With assistance from
2ompare with 3assion for With the assistance of
2omplaint a&out 3rofessor of Aiscrepancy &etween
2ourse in "aste for Aiscrepancy amon'
Ae&ate with "aste in Aiscrepancy in
Ae'ree of "endency to
C(
Ae'ree in Work in
6nmity with Apropos of
6ntry into In appreciation of>for
6Fcess of In compliance with
Se&f,Tes"
Airections: Identify the option that correctly fills in the &lank in accordance with the
controllin' noun. 2ircle the letter of your answer.
%. Ar. 0u earned a de'ree HHH lan'ua'e teachin' from a university in Australia.
a. in &. on
(. 1rs. :im ensured herself freedom HHH anFieties a&out the future &y takin' out an
insurance policy.
a. with &. from
). "here were numerous discrepancies HHH the solutions su&mitted &y the
mathematics students in 1s. ;uenaventura#s class
a. &etween &. amon'
,. Amy#s enmity HHH Alfred stands in the way of their &usiness transactions.
a. with &. for
-. I &ou'ht a &ook that is considered an authority HHH 'rammar.
a. in &. on
/. Asians have a taste HHH various kinds of seaweeds.
a. in &. for
?. "he company accountant is worried &ecause there seems to &e a discrepancy HHH
the two sets of fi'ures.
a. in &. &etween
@. e issued a check in payment HHH the 'oods he ordered.
a. for &. of
C. In re'ard HHH reli'ion, the 7amos children are never considered proper 2atholics
&ecause their father is a 2atholic.
a. to &. of
%D. "he jud'e noted the discrepancy HHH the account made &y the witness.
a. in &. with
%%. "he former president#s opinion HHH state security was &rushed aside &y the
incum&ent.
a. a&out &. on
%(. 2ourses HHH computer 'raphics are now the ra'e in the .5, and will soon &e such
in the country.
a. in &. on
%). "he procedures for re'istration are in conformity HHH the instructions 'iven &y the
re'istrar.
a. with &. toward
%,. 1any say that they are &elievers HHH 2hristianity yet they do not even know the
&asic 2hristian tenets.
a. on &. in
C)
%-. "he increase in carnappin' case is a real cause HHH alarm.
a. for &. to
%/. "he university#s aim HHH one of the &est in re'ion is jeopardi$ed &y the
politickin' of the mediocre faculty.
a. of &ein' &. to &e
%?. 4or your peace of mind, it is 'ood not to &ear any 'rud'e HHH anyone.
a. a'ainst &. with
%@. Kickin' my ci'arette addiction is like havin' a new lease HHH life.
a. in &. on
%C. 5tudent leaders have critici$ed university authorities for showin' sympathy HHH
violators of the university code.
a. for &. with
(D. Althou'h the 4ilipinos were coloni$ed &y 5pain for three centuries, they do not
hold any 'rud'e HHH the 5paniards.
a. a'ainst &. for
This Is Where Youre Heading To... If Your Sore Is...
C,
Ans.er Ke0
%& a %%& (
7& ( %7& a
3& ( %3& a
9& a %9& (
:& ( %:& a
;& ( %;& a
=& ( %=& a
B& ( %B& (
E& a %E& a
%F& a 7F& a
9F to 9; EGcellentK Do" ma0 proceed to t+e neGt lesson&
3F to 3E Ver0 goodK Do" "nderstood t+e lesson ver0 .ell&
1lease taAe note of t+e items 0o" +ave missed&
,ove on to t+e neGt lesson&
7F to 7E ood& Do" .ere a(le to grasp t+e lesson fairl0&
Do" ma0 revie. .+at 0o" +ave missed&
%F to %E 8air& @psK !evie. 0o"r incorrect ans.ers&
Do"r patience to go over .ill +elp 0o" "nderstand
t+e lesson&
F to E 1oor& Sorr0* 0o" +ave diffic"lt0 ans.ering t+e
activit0& !ead again t+e s"(jects 0o" do not
f"ll0 "nderstand.
C-
POST TEST
Airections: Identify the option that correctly fills in the &lank. 2ircle the letter of your
answer
%. 1om told me that I should &e home HHHTearlier thanU siF o#clock.
a. around &. &efore
(. 5he made the juice HHHTusin' in the processU a food processor which her mother
'ave to her recently.
a. from &. &y means of
). We went to ;oracay durin' the weekend and had quite an enjoya&le holiday,
HHHTnotwithstandin'U the weather.
a. in spite of &. apart from
,. "he readin' for today is taken from the <ospel HHHTattri&uted toU 5t. Eohn.
a. of &. accordin' to
-. "he new software rejects unwanted data sent HHHT&y means ofU the internet.
a. via & &y
/. avin' removed its contents, the thief threw the &a' HHHTmotion towards and
entry inU the river.
a. upon &. into
?. "he &oys came &ack to school HHHTat the end of a specified periodU a few minutes.
a. after &. &ehind
@. 1r. 7eyes, a rich &usinessman, has lost everythin' HHHTapart fromU his 'ood
name.
a. &esides &. eFcept
C. "he work you assi'ned has &een carried out HHHTin conformity withU your
instructions.
a. accordin' to &. &y
%D. "he &us for ;a'uio leaves HHHTindicatin' a point or place of departureU the station
at five o#clock in the mornin'.
a. at &. from
%%. It is hard to know if a person is tellin' the truth or not if you do not know much
HHHHTwhere someone is concernedU him.
a. on &. a&out
%(. 6rnie pointed HHHTin the direction ofU an o&ject in the hori$on which we could
hardly see.
a. to &. throu'h
%). "he nouveau riche think that doin' some housework is HHHTlover thanU their new
social status.
a. &eneath &. under
%,. I have 'iven this information to no one HHHTeFceptU you.
a. than &. &ut
%-. "he money must remain in the hands of the trustees, HHHTuntilU a judicial rulin'
on the matter.
a. despite &. pendin'
C/
%/. 5tudent applicants have to re'ister their names HHH the office of the Aean.
a. to &. in
%?. "he university conferred an honorary de'ree HHH the statesman who tacked
critical postwar pro&lems.
a. on &. to
%@. "he employees# request HHH a crisis intervention pro'ram was i'nored.
a. of &. for
%C. "heir relatives and friends were stunned when they called the weddin' HHH and
returned the 'ifts.
a. off &. out
(D. "he money is in payment HHH the esta&lishment of a nuclear pro'ram.
a. for &. of
(%. "he con'ratulated the diplomat HHH his success in persuadin' the terrorist leader
to chan'e hostile stand.
a. on &. for
((. is stren'th as a leader consists HHH his a&ility to esta&lish peace in the war9
rava'ed re'ions.
a. in &. of
(). "he leather shoes made HHH 1eFico are dura&le.
a. in &. from
(,. 5ome athletes &elieves that their success in sports can compensate HHH their poor
academic performance.
a. for &. with
(-. "he 'overnor is eyein' HHH 7aul as pro&a&le successor.
a. on &. *no word+
(/. e was ready to fi'ht &ut his opponent &acked HHH.
a. off &. down
(?. istorians &elieve that they char'ed him HHH a crime he did not commit.
a. for &. with
(@. "he head of the economic reform pro'ram was replaced HHH a youn'er
technocrat.
a. &y &. with
(C. "hey called HHH the president to lead the movement a'ainst 'am&lin'.
a. on &. for
)D. "he pro'ram is in support HHH the smokin' &an.
a. of &. for
)%. 3lease re'ister the names of interested applicants HHH the office of administrative
services.
a. in &. to
)(. We will stay here in the 3hilippines HHH the meantime.
a. for &. in
)). 2816:62 has decided to transfer the canvassin' of A711 votes HHH 1anila.
a. to &. in
),. "he president said she and the cardinal are HHH 'ood terms.
C?
a. in &. on
)-. Apply personally HHH you &est &usiness attire.
a. in &. at
)/. 2hen' said the 3hilippines needed to do more to promote itself HHH international
investors.
a. to &. amon'
)?. "o withdraw 3%D,DDD.DD HHH this machine, you#ll have to do two or more
withdrawal transactions.
a. from &. in
)@. Aomin'o, alias ;on' admitted to reporters that he was responsi&le HHH the
carna'e.
a. for &. in
)C. 5hell 6Fploration and 8ccidental 3etroleum have si'ned a memorandum of
understandin' for the sale of natural 'as HHH the =ational 3ower 2orporation.
a. to &. with
,D. Will you allow this thin' to ni&&le HHH your food?
a. on &. at
,%. After purchasin' forei'n currencies or travelers checks, you could eFchan'e
these HHH the currency of the destination country.
a. into &. for
,(. Arink &uko juiceJ it#s 'ood HHH your health.
a. to &. for
,). =ow HHH its tenth year of operations, 5u'i ranks amon' the top Eapanese
restaurants in the country.
a. in &. on
,,. 5he will have to clarify her forei'n economic policy, especially with HHH to the
new free trade a'reement.
a. re'ards &. re'ard
,-. 6ven the 'overnment has said it will not pursue the 5a&ah claim at the moment,
the propriety ri'hts of the /- heirs must &e taken HHHH of.
a. cared &. care
,/. "he 'overnment is slowly succeedin' in its 'oal HHH poverty in the 3hilippines.
a. of alleviatin' &. to alleviate
,?. "he accused, who used to drive for the victim, was picked HHH a this house
yesterday.
a. up &. out
,@. We shall a&ide HHH whatever the 3resident says. We are not 'oin' to court.
a. with &. &y
,C. 4or your pri$e, choose HHH amon' the items in the 1<1 <ift 2ollection.
a. *no word+ &. from
-D. "o preserve its natural state, the "u&&ataha 7eef may &e closed HHHH fishin'.
a. to &. for
C@
DO@! SCO!E
-D N %DD (- N ?-
,C N CC (, N ?,
,@ N C@ () N ?)
,? N C? (( N ?(
,/ N C/ (% N ?%
,- N C- (D N ?D
,, N C, %C N /C
,) N C) %@ N /@
,( N C( %? N /?
,% N C% %/ N //
,D N CD %- N /-
)C N @C %, N /,
)@ N @@ %) N /)
)? N @? %( N /(
)/ N @/ %% N /%
)- N @- %D N /D
), N @, C N -C
)) N @) @ N -@
)( N @( ? N -?
)% N @% / N -/
)D N @D - N --
(C N ?C , N -,
(@ N ?@ ) N -)
(? N ?? ( N -(
(/ N ?/ % N -%
(- N ?- D N -D
<I<LIO!A15D
CC
Answer Key
1. b 11. b 21. b 31. a 41. b
2. b 12. a 22. a 32. b 42. b
3. a 13. a 23. a 33. a 43. a
4. b 14. b 24. a 34. b 44. b
5. a 15. b 25. b 35. a 45. b
6. b 16. b 26. a 36. b 46. a
7. a 17. a 27. b 37. a 47. a
8. b 18. b 28. a 38. a 48. b
9. a 19. a 29. a 39. a 49. b
10. b 20. b 30. a 40. a 50. a
Amores, 2ora$on et al. . (andbook of )nglish *rammar !ith *raded )+ercises.
5an Euan, 1etro 1anila: =ational ;ook 5tore, Inc., %C@/.
A$ar , ;etty 5chrampfer.. #nderstanding and #sing )nglish *rammar. :ondon:
3rintice9all International, Inc., %C@%.
Kalaw, 6va G. et al. College Freshman )nglish &ook ,. 1anila: .5" 3u&lishin'
ouse, %CC?.
1aclin, Alice. -eference *uide to )nglish. A handbook of )nglish as a $econd
%anguage. Washin'ton A.2.: 2;5 2olle'e 3u&lishin', %CC/.
1alicsi, Eonathan. The )%/ )nglish 0anual. ,
th
6dition. Oue$on 2ity: "he
2lassics 4oundation, (DDD.
1alicsi, Eonathan. The )%/ )nglish Workbook. )
rd
6dition. Oue$on 2ity: "he
2lassics 4oundation, (DDD.
%DD