Chicago Style Citations

[The examples below follow The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th edition.]
Notes [i.e. footnotes or endnotes] are numbered consecutively throughout the paper.
Authors' names are not inverted in notes. With two or more authors, use "and," not an
ampersand (&). In notes for works with four or more authors, use the first author's name
followed by "et al." Page numbers are not preceded by the abbreviation "p." or "pp."
If you use endnotes, begin typing them on a separate page after the text of your paper.
Type the title "Notes," centered, on the first endnote page. Number the endnote pages
consecutively with the rest of the paper.
TEXT
Governor John Andrew was not allowed to recruit black soldiers out of
state. "Ostensibly," writes Peter Burchard, "no recruiting was done
outside Massachusetts, but it was an open secret that Andrew's agents
were working far and wide."
1

NOTE
1. Peter Burchard, One Gallant Rush: Robert Gould Shaw and His Brave
Black Regiment (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1965), 85.

First reference to a source
The first time you cite a source, the note should include publication information for that
work as well as the page number on which the specific quotation, paraphrase, or
summary may be found. The following models are consistent with guidelines set forth in
The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th edition.

Books
1. BASIC FORMAT FOR A BOOK Begin with the author's name followed by the title.
Put the city, publisher, and date in parentheses, and conclude with the page(s) cited.
1. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New
York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 87.
2. TWO OR THREE AUTHORS List authors in the order in which their names appear
on the title page.
2. Rudolph O. de la Garza, Z. Anthony Kruszewski, and Toms A.
Arciniega, Chicanos and Native Americans: The Territorial Minorities
(Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973), 8.
3. FOUR OR MORE AUTHORS For books with four or more authors, use the Latin term
"et al." ("and others") after the first author.
3. Martin J. Medhurst et al., Cold War Rhetoric: Strategy, Metaphor,
and Ideology (New York: Greenwood, 1990), 88.
4. UNKNOWN AUTHOR If the author of a work is unknown, begin with the title.
4. The Men's League Handbook on Women's Suffrage (London, 1912), 23.
5. AUTHOR'S NAME IN TITLE When the author's name appears in the book title, begin
with the title.
5. Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela (Boston:
Little, Brown, 1995), 435.
6. EDITED WORK WITHOUT AN AUTHOR If an edited work does not list an author,
begin with the editor's name, followed by the abbreviation "ed." (or "eds.," for more than
one editor).
6. Marshall Sklare, ed., Understanding American Jewry (New Brunswick,
N.J.: Transaction Books, 1982), 49.
7. EDITED WORK WITH AN AUTHOR If an edited work also has an author, begin with
the author's name, and put the editor's name after the title.
7. William L. Riordan, Plunkitt of Tammany Hall, ed. Terrence J.
McDonald (Boston: Bedford Books, 1994), 33.
8. TRANSLATED WORK Begin with the author's name and put the name of the
translator, preceded by the abbreviation "trans.," after the title.
8. Shintaro Ishihara, The Japan That Can't Say No, trans. Frank Baldwin
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989), 65-83.
9. EDITION OTHER THAN THE FIRST For second and subsequent editions of a work,
provide the edition number after the title.
9. C. H. Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in
Western Europe in the Middle Ages, 2d ed. (London: Longman, 1989), 163-
64.
10. UNTITLED VOLUME IN A MULTIVOLUME WORK Include the volume number at
the end of the note, followed by the cited page(s).
10. New Cambridge Modern History (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1957), 1:52-53.
11. TITLED VOLUME IN A MULTIVOLUME WORK If a volume in a multivolume work
has its own title, you can give the volume title before or after the title of the whole work.
11. William Wood and Ralph Henry Gabriel, In Defense of Liberty, vol. 7
of The Pageant of America (New York: United States Publishers, 1928),
135-42.
or
11. William Wood and Ralph Henry Gabriel, The Pageant of America, vol.
7, In Defense of Liberty (New York: United States Publishers, 1928),
135-42.
12. WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY Include the author and title of the specific work you are
citing, followed by the title of the anthology, the name of the editor, and publication
information for the anthology.
12. Michelle T. Clinton, "For Strong Women," in Home Girls: A Black
Feminist Anthology, ed. Barbara Smith (New York: Kitchen Table, 1983),
325-27.
13. LETTER IN A PUBLISHED COLLECTION Include the sender, recipient, and date
of correspondence, followed by standard publication information.
13. James Thurber to Harold Ross, 27 December 1948, Selected Letters of
James Thurber, ed. Helen Thurber and Edward Weeks (Boston: Little,
Brown, 1981), 65-66.
14. WORK IN A SERIES Include the name of the series after the title.
14. Robert M. Laughlin, Of Cabbages and Kings: Tales from Zinacantn,
Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, vol. 23 (Washington, D.C.:
Smithsonian Institution Press, 1977), 14.
15. ENCYCLOPEDIA OR DICTIONARY Publication information and volume and page
numbers are not necessary in notes for entries from encyclopedias and dictionaries.
Specify the edition if it is not the first, and put the name of the entry in quotation marks,
preceded by the abbreviation "s.v." (for the Latin sub verbo, or "under the word").
15. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 15th ed., s.v. "evolution."
16. BIBLICAL REFERENCE Cite the book, chapter, and verse, and name the version
you are citing. You can abbreviate the name of the version in subsequent notes (in this
case, "RSV").
16. Matt. 20.4-9 Revised Standard Version.

Articles in periodicals
17. ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL PAGINATED BY VOLUME Include the author and title of
the work, in quotation marks, and underline or italicize the name of the journal. It is
necessary to specify the volume number (but not the issue number), followed by the
date and page(s) cited.
17. Laura E. Hein, "In Search of Peace and Democracy: Postwar Japanese
Economic Debate in Political Context," Journal of Asian Studies 53
(1994): 752.
18. ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL PAGINATED BY ISSUE When each issue of a journal
begins on page 1, you must include the issue number.
18. Robert Darnton, "The Pursuit of Happiness," Wilson Quarterly 19,
no. 4 (1995): 42.
19. ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE Include the author, title of the article, and title of the
publication, followed by the date. It is not necessary to specify a volume or issue.
19. Andrew Weil, "The New Politics of Coca," New Yorker, 15 May 1995,
70.
20. ARTICLE IN A NEWSPAPER Follow the format for magazine articles, but do not list
pages. Include a section letter, number, or name instead.
20. Lena H. Sun, "Chinese Feel the Strain of a New Society," Washington
Post, 13 June 1993, sec. A.
21. UNSIGNED ARTICLE Begin with the title of the article if there is no author.
21. "Radiation in Russia," U.S. News and World Report, 9 August 1993,
41.
22. BOOK REVIEW Begin with the reviewer's name followed by "review of," the name
of the work being reviewed, and its author's name. Conclude with publication
information for the journal containing the review.
22. Dauril Alden, review of Vanguard of Empire: Ships of Exploration in
the Age of Columbus, by Roger C. Smith, Journal of World History 6
(1995): 137.

Electronic sources
23. INFORMATION SERVICE In addition to standard publication information (including
city, publisher, and date), include the name of the information service and any other
details (such as document numbers) to help others access the material.
23. Paul D. Hightower, "Censorship," in Contemporary Education (Terre
Haute: Indiana State University, School of Education, winter 1995), 66,
Dialog, ERIC, ED 509251.
24. ONLINE DATABASE Include the name of the database and the designation
"database on line" (in brackets) as well as the publication date and date of access (also
in brackets). Conclude with other information, such as an Internet address, to help
others access the source.
24. "The Formation of Latin Christendom: The Roman Church," in
EuroDocs: Primary Historical Documents from Western Europe [database
online] (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University, 1996- [cited 10 April
1996]); available from
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook.html#romchurch.
25. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OR BULLETIN BOARD List standard publication
information (such as author, article title, and journal title) and include the designation
"electronic journal" (in brackets) if appropriate. Provide the publication date and date of
access (also in brackets), and conclude with file numbers, addresses, or any other
information to help others access the source.
25. Laura L. Howes, review of Women and Literature in Britain, 1150-
1500, ed. Carol M. Meale, in Bryn Mawr Medieval Review [electronic
journal] (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993- [cited 5 March
1996]), file no. 96.1.4; available from listserv@cc.brynmawr.edu;
Internet.
26. COMPUTER SOFTWARE After the name of the software, list the release number,
issuing company, and city.
26. Lotus 1-2-3 Rel. 4, Lotus Development Corporation, Cambridge, Mass.

Other sources
27. GOVERNMENT DOCUMENT Include the name of the issuing body, followed by the
title of the document, publisher and date, and page(s) cited.
27. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States:
Diplomatic Papers, 1943 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office,
1965), 562.
28. UNPUBLISHED DISSERTATION After the author and title, include the academic
institution, date, and page(s) cited.
28. Cheryl D. Hoover, "East Germany's Revolution" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio
State University, 1994), 450-51.
29. PERSONAL COMMUNICATION Include the type of communication after the
source's name. Conclude with the date of the communication.
29. Sara Lehman, letter to author, 13 August 1996.
30. Hector LaForge, telephone interview by author, 4 April 1996.
31. Martha Carlin, e-mail to author, 18 June 1996.
30. INTERVIEW Include the name of the person interviewed, followed by the name of
the interviewer, the publication or show that printed or aired the interview, and the date
of publication or broadcast.
32. Jesse Jackson, interview by Marshall Frady, Frontline, Public
Broadcasting System, 30 April 1996.
31. FILM OR VIDEOTAPE List the title, the producer, the director, and the playing time,
followed by the production company and date. Include the designation "videocassette" if
appropriate.
33. North by Northwest, prod. and dir. Alfred Hitchcock, 2 hr. 17 min.,
MGM/UA, 1959, videocassette.
32. SOUND RECORDING Include the composer's name, the title of the work, and the
performer, followed by the recording company and number.
34. Gustav Holst, The Planets, Royal Philharmonic, Andr Previn, Telarc
compact disc 80133.
33. SOURCE QUOTED IN ANOTHER SOURCE Include publication information for the
original source, followed by "quoted in" and publication information for the source from
which you drew the information.
35. George Harmon Knoles, The Jazz Age Revisited: British Criticism of
American Civilization during the 1920s (Stanford: Stanford University
Press, 1955), 31, quoted in C. Vann Woodward, The Old World's New World
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), 46.


Subsequent references to a source
When citing a work that has already been cited, you may simply give the author's last
name, a shortened version of the title, followed by a comma and the page or pages
cited.
Book:
2. Patterson, Slavery, 31.
Article:
3. Patterson, "Affirmative Action," 10.
The Chicago Manual of Style allows but does not require the use of "ibid." to refer to the
work cited in the previous note. If you are citing the same page of the work, use "ibid."
alone. If you are citing a different page, use "ibid." followed by a comma and the page
number.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid., 64.
The Latin abbreviations "op. cit." and "loc. cit." are no longer used.

Bibliography

1. BASIC FORMAT FOR A BOOK
McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil
War Era. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
2. TWO OR THREE AUTHORS
Garza, Rudolph O. de la, Anthony Kruszewski, and
Toms A. Arciniega. Chicanos and Native
Americans: The Territorial Minorities. Englewood
Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973.
3. FOUR OR MORE AUTHORS
Medhurst, Martin J., et al. Cold War Rhetoric:
Strategy, Metaphor, and Ideology. New York:
Greenwood, 1990.
4. UNKNOWN AUTHOR
The Men's League Handbook on Women's Suffrage.
London, 1912.
5. AUTHOR'S NAME IN TITLE
Mandela, Nelson. Long Walk to Freedom: The
Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. Boston: Little,
Brown, 1995.
6. EDITED WORK WITHOUT AN AUTHOR
Sklare, Marshall, ed. Understanding American
Jewry. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books,
1982.
7. EDITED WORK WITH AN AUTHOR
Riordan, William L. Plunkitt of Tammany Hall.
Edited by Terrence J. McDonald. Boston: Bedford
Books, 1994.
8. TRANSLATED WORK
Ishihara, Shintaro. The Japan That Can't Say No.
Translated by Frank Baldwin. New York: Simon and
Schuster, 1989.
9. EDITION OTHER THAN THE FIRST
Lawrence, C. H. Medieval Monasticism: Forms of
Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle
Ages. 2d ed. London: Longman, 1989.
10. UNTITLED VOLUME IN A MULTIVOLUME WORK
New Cambridge Modern History. Vol. 1. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1957.
11. TITLED VOLUME IN A MULTIVOLUME WORK
Wood, William, and Ralph Henry Gabriel. In Defense
of Liberty. Vol. 7 of The Pageant of America.
New York: United States Publishers, 1928.
or
Wood, William, and Ralph Henry Gabriel. The Pageant
of America. Vol. 7, In Defense of Liberty.
New York: United States Publishers, 1928.
12. WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY
Clinton, Michelle T. "For Strong Women." In
Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology, edited
by Barbara Smith. New York: Kitchen Table, 1983.
13. LETTER IN A PUBLISHED COLLECTION
Thurber, James. Letter to Harold Ross, 27 December
1948. In Selected Letters of James Thurber,
edited by Helen Thurber and Edward Weeks, 65-66.
Boston: Little, Brown, 1981.
14. WORK IN A SERIES
Laughlin, Robert M. Of Cabbages and Kings: Tales
from Zinacantn. Smithsonian Contributions
to Anthropology, vol. 23. Washington, D.C.:
Smithsonian Institution Press, 1977.
15. ENCYCLOPEDIA OR DICTIONARY
Encyclopedias and dictionaries are usually not
included in the bibliography.
16. BIBLICAL REFERENCE
The Bible is usually not included in the
bibliography.

Articles in periodicals
17. ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL PAGINATED BY VOLUME
Hein, Laura E. "In Search of Peace and
Democracy: Postwar Japanese Economic Debate in
Political Context." Journal of Asian Studies 53
(1994): 752-78.
18. ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL PAGINATED BY ISSUE
Darnton, Robert. "The Pursuit of Happiness."
Wilson Quarterly 19, no. 4 (1995): 42-52.
19. ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE
Weil, Andrew. "The New Politics of Coca."
New Yorker, 15 May 1995, 70.
20. ARTICLE IN A NEWSPAPER
Sun, Lena H. "Chinese Feel the Strain of a New
Society." Washington Post, 13 June 1993, sec. A.
21. UNSIGNED ARTICLE
"Radiation in Russia." U.S. News and World Report,
9 August 1993, 40-42.
22. BOOK REVIEW
Alden, Dauril. Review of Vanguard of Empire:
Ships of Exploration in the Age of Columbus,
by Roger C. Smith. Journal of World History
6 (1995): 137-39.

Electronic sources
23. INFORMATION SERVICE
Hightower, Paul D. "Censorship." In Contemporary
Education. Terre Haute: Indiana State University,
School of Education, winter 1995. 66, Dialog, ERIC,
ED 509251.
24. ONLINE DATABASE
"The Formation of Latin Christendom: The Roman
Church." In EuroDocs: Primary Historical Documents
from Western Europe [database online]. Provo,
Utah: Brigham Young University, 1996- [cited 10
April 1996]. Available from http://www.fordham.edu/
halsall/sbook.html#romchurch.
25. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OR BULLETIN BOARD
Howes, Laura L. Review of Women and Literature
in Britain, 1150-1500, edited by Carol M. Meale.
In Bryn Mawr Medieval Review [electronic journal].
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993-
[cited 5 March 1996]. File no. 96.1.4. Available
from listserv@cc.brynmawr.edu; Internet.
26. COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Lotus 1-2-3 Rel. 4. Lotus Development Corporation,
Cambridge, Mass.

Other sources
27. GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTATION
U.S. Department of State. Foreign Relations
of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1943.
Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office,
1965.
28. UNPUBLISHED DISSERTATION
Hoover, Cheryl D. "East Germany's Revolution."
Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 1994.
29. PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Personal communications are not included in the
bibliography.
30. INTERVIEW
Jackson, Jesse. Interview by Marshall Frady.
Frontline. Public Broadcasting System,
30 April 1996.
31. FILM OR VIDEOTAPE
North by Northwest. Produced and
directed by Alfred Hitchcock. 2 hr. 17 min.
MGM/UA, 1959. Videocassette.
32. SOUND RECORDING
Holst, Gustav. The Planets. Royal Philharmonic.
Andr Previn. Telarc compact disc 80133.
33. SOURCE QUOTED IN ANOTHER SOURCE
Knoles, George Harmon. The Jazz Age Revisited:
British Criticism of American Civilization during
the 1920s, 31. Stanford: Stanford University
Press, 1955. Quoted in C. Vann Woodward, The Old
World's New World (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1991), 46.


This information [is adapted from] from Bedford Books: Research and Documentation in
the Electronic Age--by Diane Hacker
Copyright 1997 Bedford Books
Copyright (C)2000 by Millikin University. All rights reserved.
This document may be distributed as long as it is done entirely with all attributions to
organizations and authors. Commercial distribution is strictly prohibited. Portions of this
document may be copyrighted by other organizations.