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146
BOOK REVIEW
Postmetropolis: Critical Studies of
Cities and Regions
reviewed by Carl Grodach
Postmetropolis: Critical Studies of Cities and Regions. Edward Soja.
Blackwell Publishers. Oxford. 2000. 440 pp. ISBN 157718003 (cloth),
ISBN 1577180011 (paper).
In Postmetropolis, Edward Soja foresees the day when tourists entering Los Angeles will be provided with a
visitors passbook to hundreds of cultural worlds, with rights to one meal in an appropriately ethnic restau-
rant, an authentic cultural encounter, a musical event, and a brief language lesson (342). Actually, the day may
already be here. The Los Angeles Visitors Bureau has produced a film geared toward the regional tourism
industry to call attention to the touristic potential of Los Angeles ethnic neighborhoods and businesses.
This simcity is one of six manifestations of what Soja characterizes as the postmetropolis. Six discourses
the postfordist industrial metropolis, cosmopolis, exopolis, the fractal city, the carceral archipelagoand the simcityrep-
resent the postmetropolis, and in particular, Los Angeles, as a multinodal urban agglomeration in which new
urbanization processes are emerging.
Following Postmodern Geographies and Thirdspace, which both influenced the recent spatial turn among a diverse
array of academic disciplines, Postmetropolis is the denouement of Sojas trilogy of critical urban and regional
studies. In addition to continuing his pioneering work on the spatiality of social life, Postmetropolis can also be
read as a conceptual framework for the new regionalism. In each of the three parts that comprise the book
(primarily in the first two) Soja constructs an explicitly spatial and historical narrative to justify and demon-
strate the theoretical power of a regional approach. Part 1 situates the urbanization of human thought and
behavior into 11,000 years of regional geohistory. Part 2 outlines the six representations of the
postmetropolis listed above to demonstrate the distinctive features of todays urban regionalism. Part 3 con-
sists primarily of quotations drawn from commentary that revolved around the 1992 Los Angeles uprisings
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following the trial of Rodney King. As such, while
the purpose of Postmetropolis is not to empirically
apply a total regional approach, it lays the theoretical
groundwork for new directions in regional planning.
In Part 1: RemappingtheGeohistory of Cityspace, Soja
establishes the new regional consciousness by con-
structing an alternative narrative of urbanization that
situates the region as an historical fact of social life
and human history. He embeds the terminology of
the new regionalism into the history of urbanization
to legitimate its vocabulary and to assert these con-
cepts as intrinsic to human development. As such,
regional thinking is essentially the culmination of
11,000 years of urban agglomerations. Soja arranges
his history of city development as a set of spatial
myths, that is, the reinterpretation of three urban
revolutions: pre-agricultural settlements of hunters,
gatherers and traders; the formation of the city-state;
and the industrial capitalist city.
In reinventing the origins and development of ur-
banization, Soja seeks to reveal alternative perspec-
tives on urban history. With each period, a synekism
produces an increasing need and desire for more in-
tense interdependencies and political and cultural
conventions necessary to the urban agglomerations
that have propelled social development since the
dawn of humankind. Synekisma term Soja disin-
ters to describe the stimulus of urban agglomera-
tionis an ancient Greek concept that refers to a
network of urban settlements within regional
boundaries, where innovation, growth and develop-
ment occur. It is through such competitive learning
that cities have evolved. I must stress, however, that
Sojas reconstitution of the historical roots of re-
gional planning is not simply to sanction these roots
as historical fact. More importantly, it is an attempt
to abolish the notion of cities and nations as
bounded and atomized entities where the flow of
people, goods and ideas remain contained within
isolated spaces.
Moreover, Soja continually makes the point that,
today, the postmetropolis attracts and participates in
the economies and cultures of the entire globe. In
todays urbanized areas, boundaries are porous and
ill-definedhence the growing attention to regional
thinking. This sentiment is made most cogently in
the core of the book, Part 2: Six Discourses on the
Postmetropolis, in which Soja examines how scholars
have attempted to make sense of contemporary pro-
cesses of urbanization.
What Soja characterizes as the postfordist industrial
metropolis is most closely associated with, and most
actively conceptualized by, the new regionalism.
Those who study the postmetropolis under this lens
examine the role of industrial production within the
processes of postfordist economic restructuring,
flexible accumulation and geographically uneven de-
velopment. In particular, this scholarship examines
the geographic intricacies of the deindustrialization
and de-territorialization of fordist economies, and
their reconstitution into more flexible, and often
regional, forms of production and location deci-
sions. Furthermore, the significance of the region
takes on increasing analytic power as the migration
of culture, labor and capital intensify at a global scale.
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No longer is the nation-state the unchallenged center
of economic, political and social life. As Soja points
out, new forms of economic organization, cultural
identity and citizenship have emerged at regional and
transnational levels amidst global restructuring.
Contemporary theories of globalization, which Soja
summarizes under the heading Cosmopolis, engage in
a rethinking of this ubiquitous term. The most re-
cent theories attempt to break down the global/ local
dichotomy that characterized past scholarship on
uneven development to examine the vast flows of
international capital and culture entangled in the pro-
cesses of restructuring. Consequently, these writings
also point out that the nation-state, while still ex-
tremely powerful economically, politically and ideo-
logically, is no longer the only territorial delineation
of cultural identity and economic organization. Like-
wise, with the rise of flexible production, new forms
of government are necessary to support new forms
of capital accumulation and divisions of labor.
Cognitively, if not physically, territories are being
remapped and reconstituted. New coalitions and
professional and group affiliations are characterizing
local, regional and national spaces, and new forms of
regional power have emerged (for example, and
most prominently, the European Union).
Soja uses the terms exopolis and the fractal city to
identify some of the major social and geographic
outcomes of restructuring. Exopolis captures the
physical mass of postsuburban development. The
economic changes wrought under the postfordist
economy have generated vast new built environ-
ments and have intensified social stratification. Out
of exopolis come the fictional histories (249) of
the new urbanismits residents clinging to an imag-
ined pastas well as an inner city which increasingly
functions as a dormitory of transplanted, flexible,
third world labor. Simultaneously, young urban pro-
fessionals colonize downtown territory to set up a
mythical urban life, while ethnic minorities claim the
suburbs. Exopolis is indeed the city both turned
inside-out and outside-in, twisted and densely lay-
ered, for as demographics belie a simple urban-sub-
urban dichotomy, somehow the city still retains in-
tensified social and spatial polarization.
Likewise, the fractal city is meant to characterize in-
creasing social and spatial inequality and polarization
emerging within the geography of postfordism. The
restructured social mosaic (265) that distinguishes
many city-regions, however, is also marked by the
rise of new space-based social movements and a po-
litical consciousnesswhich Soja touches on in Part
3 as wellthat is slowly being defined at a regional
level by groups in LA such as the Los Angeles Bus
Riders Union (BRU) and the Los Angeles Alliance
for a New Economy (LAANE).
1
The carceral archipelagoand the simcity reflect different
ways that social control is instituted in cities and re-
gions. Out of the restructuring of public and private
space, the carceral archipelago fashions increasingly
balkanized private spaces and fosters the idea of a
diminishing classical public realm that separates social
groups both physically and psychologically. The
simcity describes a softer manipulation of social per-
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ception and the power of the urban imaginary to
influence not only popular taste but also civic con-
sciousness. Ultimately, both obscure the possibilities
for spatial coalitions and the perception of common
situations between socially disparate groups.
In Part 3, Lived Space: Rethinking1992 in Los Angeles,
the book concludes with a fascinating array of quota-
tions that reconstruct the multiple perspectives sur-
rounding the 1992 Los Angeles uprisings following
the Rodney King trial. While perhaps lengthier than
necessary, Sojas cut-and-paste approach succeeds in
transporting the reader to multiple spaces and experi-
ences around the city that a more analytic or objective
account could not possibly provide. From here, as in
Part 2, Soja touches on the current struggles toward
spatial justice and regional democracy within LA.
Postmetropolis reaches across disciplinary boundaries in
its conceptualization of the city-region and the mul-
tiple, colliding processes of urbanization. Sojas six
representation types demonstrate that urban and
regional change cannot be mapped or conceptualized
simply in economic terms, by studying demographic
movement or by mapping changes in urban mor-
phology. The major strength of Postmetropolis lies in
its ability to synthesize many of the major issues in
urban and regional studies that are often negotiated
separately. This comprehensiveness makes the book
an ideal text for an introductory course in urban and
regional studies. However, some might find this
strength the books primary flaw. Beyond the histori-
cal interpretations of Part 1, Postmetropolis does not
assert any radically new theoretical insights in and of
themselves. And, despite the books comprehensive-
ness, some large omissions occur. Some readers may
find the lack of non-western cases problematic, espe-
cially in the context of globalization. Others may
find discussion of environmental regionalism con-
spicuously absent.
Soja does, however, open many new and exciting
perspectives to the reader. He masterfully synthesizes
the scattered interpretative strategies typically em-
ployed to make sense of contemporary urbanization
and commands huge amounts of theoretical and
empirical material in the process. Postmetropolis is an
invitation to new explorations that will definitely
inform urban and regional planning studies in the
future. As Iain Chambers explains, the metropolis
is, above all, a myth, a tale, a telling that helps some
of us to locate our home in modernity, there to find
the new gods, the new myths.(71). Quite simply,
Sojas reinvention of the region is to postmodernity
as the metropolis was to modernity. In Postmetropolis,
the region is a new tool for grasping recent transfor-
mations in political, ideological and economic
spheres, and a framework for thought and action.
Endnotes
1
BRU works toward improving the availability and
affordability of mass transit for the working poor in
the Los Angeles region. LAANE seeks to mobilize
disenfranchised groups in Los Angeles through ac-
tions such as the Living Wage Campaign.
CARL GRODACH (cwg@ucla.edu) is a doctoral student in the Department of Urban Planning at UCLA.