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Insitu Stresses

The document discusses in situ stresses in saturated soils, including total stress, effective stress, pore water pressure, and factors affecting stresses such as seepage, capillary forces, and soil stratigraphy. Calculation examples are provided for stresses at different soil layers and depths considering soil unit weights, surcharges, and the water table level.

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82 views15 pages

Insitu Stresses

The document discusses in situ stresses in saturated soils, including total stress, effective stress, pore water pressure, and factors affecting stresses such as seepage, capillary forces, and soil stratigraphy. Calculation examples are provided for stresses at different soil layers and depths considering soil unit weights, surcharges, and the water table level.

Uploaded by

SiPp.T
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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In Situ Stresses

Chih Chih- -Ping Lin Ping Lin


National National Chiao Chiao Tung Tung Univ. Univ.
cplin@mail.nctu.edu.tw cplin@mail.nctu.edu.tw
Soil Mechanics
Outline
Stresses in Saturated Soil Stresses in Saturated Soil
Without seepage Without seepage
Upward seepage Upward seepage
Downward seepage Downward seepage
Seepage Force Seepage Force
Capillary Force Capillary Force
Stresses in Saturated Soil
sat A w
) H H ( H + =
The total stress at the
elevation of point A
= + u
=(H
A
-H)
Effective Stress
Stresses in Saturated Soil Stresses in Saturated Soil
Stress Components in Soils
Loading
Reference particle
( ) ' ' 1
'
R A a u
S ig
+ + =
For soil with low plasticity:
u
ig
= '
Stresses in Saturated Soil Stresses in Saturated Soil
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 3
d
1
d
2
d
3

bulk
=
1

bulk
=
2

bulk
=
3
Surcharge q

v
z
Calculation of Effective Stress
Stresses in Saturated Soil Stresses in Saturated Soil
d
1
d
2
q
z
A
Plan
Elevation
Calculation of Total Vertical Stress
z
Force on base =Force on top +Weight of soil
A
v
=A q + A
1
d
1
+A
2
d
2
+
A
3
( z - d
1
- d
2
)

v
= q +
1
d
1
+
2
d
2
+
3
( z - d
1
- d
2
)

v
Stresses in Saturated Soil Stresses in Saturated Soil
Water table
H
P
u P H
w w
( ) =
The water table is the level of the water surface in a borehole.
It is the level at which the pore water pressure u
w
=0
Calculation of pore water pressure
Stresses in Saturated Soil Stresses in Saturated Soil
Dry
Saturated
2 m
3m

bulk dry
=

bulk sat
=
Step 1: Draw ground profile showing soil stratigraphy
and water table
Example: determining the effective stress
Stresses in Saturated Soil Stresses in Saturated Soil
Distribution by
Volume
Solid
Voids
V
v
=e V
s
= 0.7m
3
Distribution by weight
for the dry soil
Distribution by weight
for the saturated soil
V
s
= 1m
3
W V kN
kN
kN
w v w
=
=
=

07 98
686
. .
.
W V G
kN
kN
s s s w
=
=
=

1 27 98
2646
. .
.
W V G
kN
kN
s s s w
=
=
=

1 27 98
2646
. .
.
W
w
=0


dry
s w
sat
w s
kN
m
kN m
G
e
kN
m
kN m
G e
e
= = =
+
=
+
= =
+
+
2646
170
1556
1
2646 686
170
1960
1
3
3
3
3
.
.
. /
( . . )
.
. /
( )
Step 2: Calculation of relevant bulk unit weights
Stresses in Saturated Soil Stresses in Saturated Soil
2 m
3m

v
kPa kN m = + = 1556 2 1960 3 8992
2
. . . ( / )
Step 3 Calculate total stress
u kPa
w
= = 3 98 2940 . .
Step 4 Calculate pore water pressure
Step 5 Calculate effective stress
= = =
v v w
u kPa 8992 2940 6052 . . .
Stresses in Saturated Soil Stresses in Saturated Soil
0 50 100 150
0m
2m
4m
6m
8m
kPa
pore water
pressure
Effective
stress
Total
Stress
(5m)
Depth
Vertical stress and pore pressure variation
Stresses in Saturated Soil Stresses in Saturated Soil
No seepage No seepage

2
0
0
1

B
r
o
o
k
s
/
C
o
l
e
,

a

d
i
v
i
s
i
o
n

o
f

T
h
o
m
s
o
n

L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,

I
n
c
.


T
h
o
m
s
o
n

L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g

i
s

a

t
r
a
d
e
m
a
r
k

u
s
e
d

h
e
r
e
i
n

u
n
d
e
r

l
i
c
e
n
s
e
.
Stresses in Saturated Soil Stresses in Saturated Soil

2
0
0
1

B
r
o
o
k
s
/
C
o
l
e
,

a

d
i
v
i
s
i
o
n

o
f

T
h
o
m
s
o
n

L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,

I
n
c
.


T
h
o
m
s
o
n

L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g

i
s

a

t
r
a
d
e
m
a
r
k

u
s
e
d

h
e
r
e
i
n

u
n
d
e
r

l
i
c
e
n
s
e
.
Upward seepage Upward seepage
Boiling/quick condition
Stresses in Saturated Soil Stresses in Saturated Soil

2
0
0
1

B
r
o
o
k
s
/
C
o
l
e
,

a

d
i
v
i
s
i
o
n

o
f

T
h
o
m
s
o
n

L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,

I
n
c
.


T
h
o
m
s
o
n

L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g

i
s

a

t
r
a
d
e
m
a
r
k

u
s
e
d

h
e
r
e
i
n

u
n
d
e
r

l
i
c
e
n
s
e
.
Downward seepage Downward seepage
Stresses in Saturated Soil Stresses in Saturated Soil
Seepage Force

2
0
0
1

B
r
o
o
k
s
/
C
o
l
e
,

a

d
i
v
i
s
i
o
n

o
f

T
h
o
m
s
o
n

L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,

I
n
c
.


T
h
o
m
s
o
n

L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g

i
s

a

t
r
a
d
e
m
a
r
k

u
s
e
d

h
e
r
e
i
n

u
n
d
e
r

l
i
c
e
n
s
e
.
No seepage
Upward
seepage
Downward
seepage
Seepage Force Seepage Force
Heaving due to seepage

2
0
0
1

B
r
o
o
k
s
/
C
o
l
e
,

a

d
i
v
i
s
i
o
n

o
f

T
h
o
m
s
o
n

L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,

I
n
c
.


T
h
o
m
s
o
n

L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g

i
s

a

t
r
a
d
e
m
a
r
k

u
s
e
d

h
e
r
e
i
n

u
n
d
e
r

l
i
c
e
n
s
e
.
Seepage Force Seepage Force

2
0
0
1

B
r
o
o
k
s
/
C
o
l
e
,

a

d
i
v
i
s
i
o
n

o
f

T
h
o
m
s
o
n

L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,

I
n
c
.


T
h
o
m
s
o
n

L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g

i
s

a

t
r
a
d
e
m
a
r
k

u
s
e
d

h
e
r
e
i
n

u
n
d
e
r

l
i
c
e
n
s
e
.
Example
Seepage Force Seepage Force

2
0
0
1

B
r
o
o
k
s
/
C
o
l
e
,

a

d
i
v
i
s
i
o
n

o
f

T
h
o
m
s
o
n

L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,

I
n
c
.


T
h
o
m
s
o
n

L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g

i
s

a

t
r
a
d
e
m
a
r
k

u
s
e
d

h
e
r
e
i
n

u
n
d
e
r

l
i
c
e
n
s
e
.
Use of filters to increase FS against heave
Seepage Force Seepage Force
Surface Tension
Two forms of soil moisture
Absorbed
Free moisture
Polar nature of water
Molecular attraction
Water to water contract to least possible area
Waxed surface
Water to glass
Air water interface
Balancing forces
Surface tension
F
T
o
T
o
= -0.075 gm/cm
Demo: http://www.wtamu.edu/~crobinson/SoilWater/capact.html
Capillary Force Capillary Force
Capillary Tension
Capillary Tension
d
F
T
o

F T
o
d cos
( )

u
c
F
A
d T
o
cos
( )

d
2

u
c
4T
o
cos
( )

d
u
c
0.3
d
gm/cm
Negative sign denoted
Tension in the pore water
Capillary Force Capillary Force
Capillary Tension (cont.)
Capillary Tension (cont.)
F
W
y
F
v

F W
F W
T
o
d

4
d
2
h
c

w

At equilibrium h
c
is
at a maximum, therefore
Solving for h
cmax
yields
h
cmax
4T
o

d
w

0.3
d
w

h
c
Capillary Force Capillary Force
Capillary Tension (cont.)
Capillary Tension (cont.)
h
c1
h
c2
h
c3
h
c4
Height of capillary rise
is a function of diameter
of capillary tube
For soils d
D
10
5
Capillary Force Capillary Force
Height of the capillary rise and radius effects
Capillary Force Capillary Force
Capillary effect in sandy soil

2
0
0
1

B
r
o
o
k
s
/
C
o
l
e
,

a

d
i
v
i
s
i
o
n

o
f

T
h
o
m
s
o
n

L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,

I
n
c
.


T
h
o
m
s
o
n

L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g

i
s

a

t
r
a
d
e
m
a
r
k

u
s
e
d

h
e
r
e
i
n

u
n
d
e
r

l
i
c
e
n
s
e
.
Capillary Force Capillary Force
Capillary Rise in Soil
Capillary Rise in Soil
180 180 0.006 0.006 Silt Silt
Meters Meters < 2 mm < 2 mm Clay Clay
120 120 0.02 0.02 Medium Sand Medium Sand
68 68 0.06 0.06 Silty Gravel Silty Gravel
20 20 0.3 0.3 Fine Gravel Fine Gravel
6 6 0.82 0.82 Course Gravel Course Gravel
Capillary Capillary Head Head
(cm) (cm)
D D
10 10
Size Size Soil Type Soil Type
Capillary Force Capillary Force
Implication of capillarity
( )
w c w c
z z ' + = =
The pore water pressure due to capillarity
is negative (suction), so it will increase the effective stress.
Capillary Force Capillary Force
Capillary Rise in Soil (Stress Profile)
Capillary Rise in Soil (Stress Profile)
It is reasonable to assume that pore spaces between soil
particles of various diameters, behaves in much the same
manner as that of a capillary tubes
h
c
u
c
h
c

w
-h
c

w
Capillary Force Capillary Force
Capillary Rise in Soil
Capillary Rise in Soil
Surface Tension air/water surface Interface
u
S
r
Discontinuous Water
Capillary Fringe
Capillary Saturation
h
c
-h
c

w
Capillary Force Capillary Force
Effective Stresses Due to Capillarity
Effective Stresses Due to Capillarity
G.S.

T
u
-h
c

dry

sat

w

dry

wsat
-
w
Capillary Force Capillary Force

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