Vehicle Components

Vehicle Components
Kinal, Technical Center
I n d e x
I n d e x
Definition . . .
Describing components . . .
Reading about different Diagrams . . .
Transmissions and Motors . . .
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The Vehicle Components The Vehicle Components
Definition Definition
Please read the definition for automobile that is a synonym of vehicle or car, and
then answer the questions.
Automobile Automobile
An automobile vehicle or mechanism is a self-propelled vehicle suitable for use
on a street or roadway. Automobiles are usually propelled by internal combustion
engines (using volatile inflammable liquids, as gasoline or petrol, alcohol, naphtha,
etc.), steam engines, or electric motors.
he power of the driving motor varies from about ! to "# $. P. for ordinary
vehicles, ranging from the run-about to the touring car, up to as high as %## $. P.
for specially built racing cars. Automobiles are also commonly and generally in
&ritish usage, called motor cars.

An automobile is a wheeled vehicle that carries its own motor. Different types of
automobiles include cars, buses, truc's, vans, and motorcycles, with cars being the
most popular. he term is derived from (ree' )autos) (self) and *atin )mov+re)
(move), referring to the fact that it )moves by itself). ,arlier terms for automobile
include )horseless carriage) and )motor car). An automobile has seats for the driver
and, almost without e-ception, one or more passengers. .t is the main source of
transportation across
the world. As of %##"
there were "## million
cars worldwide (#.#/!
per capita), of which
%%# million were
located in the 0nited
States (0.75 per
capita).
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Answer the following questions please.
1. 2hat is an automobile3
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%. $ow is an automobile propelled3
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5. 2hat 'ind of liquids do combustion engines use3
4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
!. 2hat is the $orse Power ordinary vehicles engine can have3
4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
". 6ame the different types of automobiles.
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7. $ow many cars were worldwide in the year %##"3
______________________________________________________________________________
/. 2here does the word automobile come from3
______________________________________________________________________________
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D DESCRIBING ESCRIBING C CM!NENTS M!NENTS
Instructions
As you can see, cars have many components. *oo' at the small numbers, and
then write in your noteboo' the numbers in correlative order and the component8s
name in ,nglish and in 9panish. 9tudy the components for a short test we are
going to have later. :rom number one to number thirteen we can learn the front
e-ternal components for this vehicle.
Antenna, tire, turn signal, headlight, hubcap, hood, bumper, windshield wipers, side
mirror, sunroof, par'ing light, windshield, luggage rac' or luggage carrier.
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6ow loo' at the picture below and write the bac' side components for a vehicle.
Please follow the above instructions to complete this tas'.
*icense plate, trun', tailpipe, rear defroster, muffler, bra'e light, gas tan', bac'up
light, flare, transmission, spare tire, taillight, ;ac', ;umper cables, rear windshield.
&ut, we also need to 'now the internal components a car has. <ne day we are
going to have a car and then we will need to fi- it when it brea's. *et8s ta'e a view
to those internal components in ne-t page, read the nameof the parts and learn
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them for the test we will have later. .t is very important for us to memori=e all the
parts of the car, at least the main ones. 6ow let>s go ne-t page.
Dipstic', spar' plugs, air filter, battery, radiator, engine, carburettor, fan belt,
radiator hose.

*et?s 'eep on our tour to the vehicle components. After you chec' the picture
in the other page, you will notice there are some components you already 'now but,
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the question is@ Do you 'now those components in ,nglish3 .f not or you are not
very sure, please go to dictionary and with it you may find the name for them and
write their meanings. Note: observe that numbers start from 46 to 75.
2arning lights, glove compartment, radio, air bag, horn, defroster, gearshift,
bra'e, odometer, visor, speedometer, cruise control, ignition, emergency bra'e,
turn signal, dashboardA instrument panel, air conditioning, vent, temperature
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gauge, tape dec'Acassette player, steering wheel, heater, automatic transmission,
steering column, rear-view mirror, gas gaugeAfuel gauge, stic' shift, clutch, manual
transmission, visor, seat, door loc', headrest, seat belt, armrest, shoulder harness,
door handle.
And at last, write the number and the 9panish meaning of the following vehicles,
if they have.
ruc', sedan, sports car, ;eep, tow truc', minivan, station wagon, limousine,
convertible, hatchbac', pic'-up-truc'.
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Answer the following questions@
1. 2hat8s the meaning of BheadlightC3 44444444444444444444444444
%. 2hat8s the meaning of Bwarning lightC3 44444444444444444444444444
5. 2here is the Bfan beltC3 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444
!. 2hat8s the meaning of B;umper cablesC3 44444444444444444444444444
". 2hat8s the meaning of Brear windshieldC3 44444444444444444444444444
7. 2hat8s the meaning of Bhatchbac'C3 4444444444444444444444444444444
/. 2hat8s the meaning of BodometerC3 4444444444444444444444444444444
D. 2hat8s the meaning of Bshoulder harnessC3 44444444444444444444444444
E. 2hat8s the meaning of BdefrosterC3 4444444444444444444444444444444
1#.2hat>s the meaning of BtaillightC3 4444444444444444444444444444444
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R RE"DING E"DING "B#T "B#T DI"GR"MS DI"GR"MS
A diagram is a simplified and structured visual representation of concepts,
ideas, constructions, relations, statistical data, anatomy, etc, used in all aspects of
human activities to visuali=e and clarify the topic.
o identify the components of a system, to trace a circuit, the troubleshoot
equipment or the repair equipment. 2hen you have completed this sub;ect, you
should be able to recogni=e the relationship between the various diagrams, their
distinguishing features, and the purpose of each type of diagram. A continuing
reference to the figures in the te-t should help you understand the sub;ect matter
more clearly. 2e will use a simplified drawing of the electrical system of an
automobile to e-plain the various electrical diagrams and how to FreadF them.
PICTORIAL DIAGRAM PICTORIAL DIAGRAM
he simplest of all diagrams is the pictorial diagram. .t shows a picture or s'etch
of the various components of a specific system and the wiring between these
components. his simplified diagram provides
the means to readily identify the components of
a system, even if you are not familiar with their
physical appearance. his type of diagram
shows the various components without regard
to their physical location, how the wiring is
mar'ed, or how the wiring is routed. .t does,
however, show you the sequence in which the
components are connected. $ere is a pictorial
diagram of an automobile starting and ignition
system. .f you are not already familiar with the
components of this system, study the diagram.
Gou should then be able to recogni=e the
physical appearance of each component and its
interconnections with the other components of
the system.
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ISOMETRI !I"#R"M
he purpose of an isometric diagram is to assist you in locating a component
within a system. .f you do not 'now where to loo' for a component, the isometric
diagram is of considerable value to you. his type of diagram shows you the outline
of a ship, airplane, or piece of equipment. 2ithin the outline are drawn the various
components of the system in their respective locations. he isometric diagram also
shows the interconnecting cable runs between these components. 6e-t :igure is an
isometric diagram of portions of the same automobile starting and lighting systems
discussed in the pictorial diagram. he battery, starter, and other components can
now be seen, each one in its actual location within the automobile.

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2$A .9 A :*<2 D.A(HAI3 (his is an e-ample) 2$A .9 A :*<2 D.A(HAI3 (his is an e-ample)
A flow diagram is a graphical means of presenting, describing, or analy=ing a
process. his is done by drawing small bo-es which represent steps or decisions in
a chain of steps or decisions. hese bo-es are connected to other bo-es by lines
and arrows which represent sequence and dependency relationships (J must be
done before G can be done).
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Answer the following quesltions@
1. 2hat is a diagram3
%. 2hat is a Pictorial diagram3
5. 2hat is an .sometric diagram3
!. 2hat is a :low diagram3
". 2hat>s the difference between a flow and a pictorial diagram3
7. 2hat does the isometric diagram show besides the parts of a system3
/. 2hat is the simplest of all diagrams3
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D. 2hat>s the difference between an isometric and a flow diagram3
E. 2hat>s the difference between an isometric and a pictorial diagram3
T TR"NSMISSINS R"NSMISSINS "ND "ND M MTRS TRS
,arly transmissions (gearbo-es) included right-angle drives and other gearing in
windmills, horse-powered devices, and steam engines, mainly in support of
pumping, milling, and hoisting. Iost modern gearbo-es will either reduce an
unsuitable high speed and low torque of the prime mover output shaft to a more
useable lower speed with higher torque, or do the opposite and provide a
mechanical advantage to allow higher forces to be generated.
$owever, some of the simplest gearbo-es merely change the physical direction in
which power is transmitted. Iany systems, such as typical automobile
transmissions, include the ability to select one of several different gear ratios. .n
this case, most of the gear ratios (simply called FgearsF) are used to slow down the
output speed of the engine and increase torque. $owever, the highest gear(s) may
be an FoverdriveF type that increases the output speed.
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he simplest transmissions, often called ! to reflect their simplicity (although
comple- systems are also called gearbo-es on occasion), provide gear reduction (or,
more rarely, an increase in speed), sometimes in con;unction with a right-angle
change in direction of the shaft. hese are often used on P<-powered agricultural
equipment, since the a-ial P< shaft is at odds with the usual need for the driven
shaft, which is either vertical (as with rotary mowers), or hori=ontally e-tending
from one side of the implement to another (as with manure spreaders, flail mowers,
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and forage wagons). Iore comple- equipment, such as silage choppers and snow
blowers, has drives with outputs in more than one direction.
Hegardless of where they are used, these simple transmissions all share an
important feature@ the gear ratio cannot be changed during use. .t is fi-ed at the
time the transmission is constructed.
<ther 'inds of transmissions are@
Ianual transmission
Automatic transmission
9emi-automatic transmission
,lectric transmission, etc
,6(.6,
.n original usage, an engine was any sort of mechanical device. Practically every
device from the industrial revolution was referred to as an engine, and this is where
the steam engine gained its name. his form of the term has recently come into
use once again in computer science, where terms li'e search engine, F5-D graphics
rendering engineF and Fte-t-to-speech engineF are common. he earliest
mechanical computing device was called the difference engineK Iilitary devices such
as catapults are referred to as siege engines. .n more recent usage, the term is
typically used to describe devices that perform mechanical wor', follow-ons to the
original steam engine. .n most cases the wor' is supplied by e-erting a torque,
which is used to operate other machinery, generate electricity, pump water or
compress gas. .n the conte-t of propulsion systems, an air breathing engine is one
that uses atmospheric air to o-idise the fuel carried, rather than carrying an
o-idiser, as in a roc'et. heoretically, this should result in a better specific impulse
than for roc'et engines. 9ome 'inds of engines are the following@
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Aircraft engine
Air engine
Lar engine
,lectric motor
Iotorcycle engine
,-ternal-combustion engine
o 9team engine or turbine
o 9tirling engine
.nternal-combustion engine
o (as turbine
o Met engine
o Hoc'et
o Diesel engine
o (asoline engine
o <rbital engine
urbine
2ater turbine
E$e%tri% motor
An e$e%tri% motor converts electrical energy into
mechanical motion. he reverse tas', of converting
mechanical motion into electrical energy, is accomplished
by a generator or dynamo. .n many cases the two
devices differ only in their application and minor
construction details, and some applications use a single
device to fill both roles. :or e-ample, traction motors
used on locomotives often perform both tas's if the
locomotive is equipped with dynamic bra'es.
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E$e%tri%a$ generator
An e$e%tri%a$ generator is a device that produces electrical energy from a
mechanical energy source. he process is 'nown as electricity generation.
,ngine-generator
An engine-generator is the combination of an
electrical generator and an engine mounted
together to form a single piece of equipment.
his combination is also called an engine-
generator set or a genset. .n many conte-ts, the
engine is ta'en for granted and the combined unit
is simply called a generator.
.n addition to the engine and generator, engine-generators generally include a
fuel tan', an engine speed regulator and a generator voltage regulator. Iany units
are equipped with a battery and electric starter. 9tandby power generating units
often include an automatic starting system and a transfer switch to disconnect the
load from the utility power source and connect it to the generator.
,ngine-generators produce alternating current power that is used as a substitute
for the power that might otherwise be purchased from a utility power station. he
generator voltage (volts), frequency ($=) and power (watts) ratings are selected to
suit the load that will be connected. &oth single-phase and three-phase models are
available.
,ngine-generators are available in a wide range of power ratings. hese include
small, hand-portable units that can supply several hundred watts of power, hand-
cart mounted units, as pictured above, that can supply several thousand watts and
stationary or trailer-mounted units that can supply over a million watts. he smaller
units tend to use gasoline (petrol) as a fuel, and the larger ones have various fuel
types, including diesel, natural gas and propane (liquid or gas).
,ngine-generators are often used to supply electrical power in places where
utility power is not available and in situations where power is needed only
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temporarily. 9mall generators are sometimes used to supply power tools at
construction sites. railer-mounted generators supply power for lighting,
amusement rides etc. for traveling carnivals.
9tandby power generators are permanently installed and 'ept ready to supply
power to critical loads during temporary interruptions of the utility power supply.
$ospitals, communications service installations, sewerage pumping stations and
many other important facilities are equipped with standby power generators.
9mall and medium generators are especially popular in third world countries to
supplement grid power, which is often unreliable. railer-mounted generators can be
towed to disaster areas where grid power has been temporarily disrupted.
Answer the following questions@
1. 2hat does the electric motor do3 4444444444444444444444444444444
%. 2hat is a transmission3 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444
5. 2hat types of transmission are there3 44444444444444444444444444
!. 2hat is an engine-generator3 444444444444444444444444444444444444
". 2hat is an electrical generator34444444444444444444444444444444
7. 2hat is an engine3 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444
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/. 2hat do ,ngine-generators produce3 4444444444444444444444444444444
D. 2rite down " 'inds of engines@ 444444444444444444444444444444444444
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