NATIONAL ECONOMIC

ADVISORY COUNCIL (NEAC)

SUMMARY REPORT ON THE PROPOSED
ZAMBIA INTEGRATED YOUTH
EMPLOYMENT MODEL
LUSAKA OCTOBER 2012
1. SITUATION ANALYSIS
In this report, the youth labour force is defned as the sum of employed
and unemployed youths, where the term youth refers to persons aged
between 15 through 35 years old. According to our defnition of youths,
total Youth population according to the Labour force surey of !""# is
estimated at $.% million. &ut of this population of youths, only 5 million
constitute the total youth labour force implying that 1.% million youths
hae been demorali'ed and left the labour force. (oweer, the total
number of youths employed is estimated at ).$ million. *y defning
unemployment rate as a ratio of the sum of unemployed youths plus
those that hae left the labour force to the total labour force, then the
total youth unemployment rate in +ambia stands at )!.15, -.ee /able 5,
Appendi01. /his is a large statistic that needs goernment interentions as
recommended in this report.
Youth unemployment is an important labour policy issue around the globe.
.hort2term unemployment includes all persons who either did not hae
3obs, were aailable for wor4 or see4ing wor4 in the last seen days. Long2
term unemployment includes all persons who did not hae 3obs and were
aailable for wor4 or see4ing wor4 in the last twele months.
5nemployment tends to hae more seere e6ects the longer it lasts.
.hort2term 3oblessness can be dealt with through public wor4s
programmes, such as garbage collection, grass planting, road, rail and
airport construction, buildings rehabilitation, soft7hard s4ills training and
mentorship, access to credit by micro, small and medium scale
entrepreneurs. Long2term unemployment can cause substantial fnancial
hardship, when these short term programmes do not e0ist. Long2term
unemployment is not desirable for any society and must be corrected. /o
sustain this labour mar4et problem, the country re8uires regulatory and
superisory body to be in place.
(oweer, the following is a presentation of some of the labour mar4et
conditions in +ambia.
1.1. The !"#e# $% &$"'h "(e)*+$&)e(' ,( Z!)-,! ,(+".e -"'
($' +,),'e. '$ 'he %$++$/,(01
2 s4ills mismatch, where the s4ills o6ered by training institutions
are generally not releant to labour mar4et demands and
needs
2 Low education and s4ills among young women and men
2 Low leels of entrepreneurship
2 Limited access to appropriate fnance, technology and mar4ets,
2 Low absorptie capacity of the labour mar4et for new entrants and
the
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2 ;oncentration of growth in highly capital2intensie and urban2based
sectors li4e mining -3obless growth1
1.2. A2!,+!-+e e)*+$&)e(' O**$3'"(,',e# ,( 'he %$3)!+ #e'$3 ,(
Z!)-,!1
2 .ome employers hae internship programmes and others
participate in the /<=</ Learnership :rogramme
2 <mployers hire young people in di6erent sectors including
construction, manufacturing, serice, health, education, mining,
agriculture transport, general trade among others.
1.4. E5,#'e(e $% E)*+$&)e(' O**$3'"(,',e# ,( 'he I(%$3)!+
Se'$3 ,( Z!)-,!1
2 /he informal sector has self2employment and wage employment
opportunities in construction, manufacturing, serice, health,
education, mining, agriculture transport, general trade among
others.
1.6. Ch!++e(0e# e)*+$&e3# %!e /he( 3e3",',(0 &$"'h# (#7,++e.
!(. "(#7,++e.)1
2 s4ills mismatch, where the s4ills o6ered by training institutions
are generally not releant to labour mar4et demands and
needs.
1.8. E5,#'e(e $% ! !'e0$3& $% Y$"'h# /h$ .$ ($' /,#h '$ /$371
2 .ome students receie goernment fnancial support and do not see
the need to wor4 while they>re studying.
1.9. Z!)-,!:# ;"'"3e P+!(# ,( P3$)$',(0 Y$"'h E)*+$&)e('1
2 /he IL& is currently proiding fnancial and technical support to the
?inistry of Youth and .port with the reiew of the @ational Youth
:olicy and the @ational Action :lan on Youth Aeelopment.
2 IL& is also conducting a Youth <mployment .urey that will proide
labour mar4et information on young women and men in +ambia.
2 :lanned actiities include engaging business deelopment serice
-*A.1 proiders to build their capacity in deeloping and proiding
*A. pac4ages tailored to suit the needs of young women and men
entrepreneurs.
2 &ther actiities include engaging fnancial institutions to e0plore
ways that they can deelop fnancial products tailored to suit the
needs of young women and men entrepreneurs.
1.<. E5,#'e(e $% I(%$3)!',$( %$3 =$- O**$3'"(,',e# ,( Z!)-,!1
2 ;urrently there is no central information system that is aailable to
young people. /he most common place to loo4 for opportunities is in
the newspaper and other print media.
2 <lectronic media has also become ery e6ectie in deliering
information through te0t messaging and social networ4s.
2 (oweer, access to these sources is not free and this can be a
ma3or diBculty for many young people.
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1.>. S'!'"# $% M,3$? S)!++ !(. Me.,") E('e3*3,#e# ,( #"**$3',(0
Y$"'h E)*+$&)e('1
2 G$2e3()e(' *3$03!))e#
o Cinance is proided through the Youth Aeelopment Cund,
business incubation through the ?inistry of Youth and .port,
and enterprise training through /<=</ institutions.
2 ILO *3$03!))e#
o IL& engages Doernment through the ?inistry of Labour and
the ?inistry of Youth and .port and the ?inistry of <ducation,
?inistry of ;ommerce /rade and Industry and other line
?inistries to e0plore ways of ensuring youth employment
integrated in the di6erent national deelopment plans,
policies and strategies.
o IL& proides business s4ills training to young people and
institutions using arious tools including .tart Your *usiness
-.Y*1, .tart and Improe Your *usiness -.IY*1, CA?&. ;hec4
/ool, D</ Ahead, <?:E</<; and Fnow About *usiness -FA*1
among many tools.
2 YA:YA trust proides mentoring and business fnance to young
people.
2 /he 5@I;<C7*arclays *an4 partnership has an enterprise promotion
and training programme that targets Youth Eesource ;entres.
2 /he ;ommonwealth Youth :rogramme also supports young women
and men entrepreneurs with coaching and lin4ing them to *A..
1.@. E5,#'e(e $% C$$*e3!',2e# !(. E5'e(#,$( Se32,e# %$3 'he
Y$"'h#1
2 /here is a networ4 of *A. proiders around the country that proide
business support to all ?.?<s including young people.
1.10. C"33e(' S'!'"# $% &$"'h *$+,& .e#,0( !(. $$3.,(!',$(1
2 ;urrently the @ational Youth :olicy designs and coordinates but has
not been e6ectie and assertie in its functions.
2 ;areer centres e0ist for career guidance for the youths in some
education and training institutions.
2 /he learner programme under /<=</A is engaged in proiding wor4
placement for youths while in formal education.
1.11. S"e##%"+ Y$"'h T3!,(,(0 P3$03!))e#1
2 +ambia @ational .erice -+@.1 proided training to young people to
e8uip them with s4ills and 4eep them o6 the streets
2 /he ?inistry of Youth and .port has a number of Youth Eesource
;entres around the country which o6er s4ills training including
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entrepreneurship s4ills to young people and many of them are 8uite
successful.
2 /here are a number of other s4ills training centres around the
country which are performing well, and include ;(&A&E/ in ;homa
and Youth .4ills /raining ;entre -Y;/;1 in Liingstone
YA:YA /rust also proides a number of business s4ills training
programmes and supports young people with access to fnance.
1.12. Re+!',$(#h,* -e'/ee( e('3e*3e(e"3#h,* !(. +e!.e3#h,*
'3!,(,(0 ,( &$"'h #7,++# .e2e+$*)e('1
2 :romotion of youth entrepreneurship can be an answer to stimulate
the demand side of the labour mar4et and to create employment
opportunities.
2 /he IL& proides entrepreneurship s4ills training using a number of
tools including .tart Your *usiness -.Y*1, .tart and Improe Your
*usiness -.IY*1, <0pand Your *usiness -<Y*1, CA?&. ;hec4 /ool,
D</ Ahead, <?:E</<; and Fnow About *usiness -FA*1 among
many tools.
1.14. E5,#'e(e $% H!3. !(. S$%' S7,++# T3!,(,(0 P3$03!))e#1
2 /he IL& in partnership with 5@;/AA hae deeloped a training
programme on <0hibition .4ills for artists to teach them how they
can improe the performance and proftability by inesting in
e0hibition tools and techni8ues,
2 /he IL& has also supported Eoan Youth Aeelopment &rgani'ation
access training in ma4ing ceramic insulatorsG they later used these
s4ills to ma4e candle stic4 holders and ceramic plates and cups.
1.16. E5,#'e(e $% ;"(.# %$3 Y$"'h *3$03!))e#1
Youth empowerment funds are part of a Doernment programme
business fnancing programme called the Youth Aeelopment Cund
and other goernment funds includeG
/he ;<<; Cund
/he Corestry Aeelopment Cund and
/ourism Aeelopment fund
(oweer, these funds hae not achieed their intended goals.
?ode of funding towards youth empowerment programmesH /he arious
goernment agencies are inoled in disbursement s. /he following funds
are the ma3or onesH
Youth Aeelopment Cund2 loans and no collateral necessary
;<<; Cund I loans and no collateral necessary
Corestry Aeelopment Cund2loans and no collateral necessary
/ourism Aeelopment Cund2loans and no collateral necessary
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YA:YA /rust2 loans and no collateral necessary
1.18. S*e,!+,Ae. UN A0e(&:# R$+e ,( &$"'h e)*+$&)e('1
/he IL& is a speciali'ed agency of the 5@ that focuses proides technical
support to member countries, it does not proide funding but can facilitate
lin4s to fnancial institutions.
2. RECOMMENDATIONS ;OR AN ACCELERATED YOUTH
EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMME
1. :::s and other business lin4age programmes should be pursued with a
iew to fnding ways of incorporating youth run .?<s into the alue
chain and should include s4ills deelopment
!. Youth representation in the country should be strengthened
3. @YA; Act should be reiewed to ma4e it more releant and responsie
to current challenges
). /he 4nowledge base can be deeloped by building on e0isting facilities
such as the 3obs portal under the ?inistry of Labour and .ocial .ecurity.
Information on good practices in +ambia can be identifed and included
on this 4nowledge base, such good practices can be considered to be
scaled up in the model
5. /here should be social safety nets such as a mechanism that proides
re2s4illing opportunities to young people who will lose their 3obs.
$. /he goernment should consider deeloping more :ublic :riate
:artnerships -:::s1 as a way of encouraging priate companies to get
more inoled in deelopment programmes. /he goernment can
proide ris4 guarantee schemes to fnancial institutions in order to
allow ma4e loan facilities accessible for young people.
%. In order to ensure that the training remains releant, training
institutions should inole industry in the design and approal of
training curricular.
#. Doernment can also put in place policies that proide incenties to
companies to support training institutions through attachments and
internships as this promotes s4ills and technology transfer.
J. Interentions should ta4e into account the heterogeneity of
circumstances of young people from rural and urban centres and the
design of programmes should be conte0tual.
1". /he model being deeloped should hae a long term strategy and
will re8uire policy coherence and coordination at the top most leels of
decision ma4ing as employment is a cross cutting issue and will inole
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the reision of the curricular in order to hae the re8uired impact on
s4ills deelopment and productiity.
11. .ome best practices worth loo4ing into areG the Eoan Youth pro3ect
in Luanshya where young people are now s4illed in ma4ing ceramic
products, ;(&A&E/ in Aortmund which o6ers s4ills training and fts out
shipping container into state of the art mobile I;/ units, YA:YA which
proides business coaching and fnance to young people and :lan
International which has teamed up with *arclays *an4 to encourage
group lending and saings culture among young people. /he
Falingalinga Youth Eesource ;entre receied support under a 5@I;<C2
*arclays *an4 and IL& partnership through training in engineering,
tailoring, catering, I;/, and entrepreneurship. Last but not the least,
the IL& entrepreneurship pac4age called D</ Ahead should be
enhanced under the proposed model.
1!. /he new model should seriously consider regulations and
superision laws in order to ensure that the proposed model has
perpetual e0istence and acceptability.
13. /he monitoring and ealuation programme under the proposed
model should be institutionali'ed under an independent umbrella
organi'ation.
1). ?K< should ensure eBciency in resource use down to constituency
leels. /hus, corruption proofng of programme shall be the centre
stage of planning, implementation, monitoring and ealuation.
15. /he frst e0ample of how to operationali'e the model for youth
employment creation in +ambia shall be ta4en from Fenya>s Youth
<mpowerment :ro3ect, @ational Youth .erice and the Youth <nterprise
Aeelopment Cund.
1$. /he second e0ample on how to improe access fnance for young
people can be ta4en from +imbabwe where di6erent fnancial
institutions including micro fnance institutions hae partnered with the
IL& .4ills for Youth :rogramme. /hey match the contributions of the IL&
and this helps to lower ris4 for the institutions and ma4e the loans
attractie for young entrepreneurs. &er time the fnancial institutions
ta4e on the entire loan portfolio once they hae gained confdence in
the iability of the system and the ban4ing culture of the young people
has been cultiated and has matured.
4. OUTLINE O; THE ZAMBIA INTEGRATED YOUTH EMPLOYMENT
(ZIYE) MODEL
/his technical proposal describes the model in form of three components
consisting of the following eight interentionsH
1.1. .econdary .chool2to25niersity .cholarship :rogramme
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1.!. Cinancial <ducation /raining and ?entorship :rogramme
1.3. .aings and ?icro2credit for Youths :rogramme
1.). ?.?<s .4ills /raining and <ntrepreneurship :rogramme
1.5. :riate .ector Internships and /raining :rogramme
1.$. :ro3ect ?erciful <ntrepreneurship :rogramme
1.%. +ambia Youth .erice :rogramme
1.#. Eegulatory and .uperision :rogramme
/hese interentions shall be implemented into three components
e0tracted in the form of specifc funding ob3ecties. /he three components
shall then form the basis for the +ambian Youth ?arshall plan. ;omponent
1 is 4nown as the <mployment Youth Cund -<YC1. ;omponent ! is the
?icro, .mall and ?edium <nterprises -?.?<1 Innoations .erice Cund.
;omponent 3 of the model is 4nown as the Eegulations and .uperision
Cramewor4 -E.C1 Cund which creates the +ambia Integrated Youth
<mployment .erice -+IY<.1.
/he frst two funds shall be administered through the microfnance
institutions, *an4s and non2ban4 fnancial institutions. /he third fund is
meant for setting up a regulator of the national youth employment
programmes. /hus, the three components establish the basis for the
creation of the +ambia Integrated Youth <mployment .erice -+IY<.1. /he
+IY<. is the umbrella organi'ation that shall be formed by an Act of
:arliament. /his umbrella organi'ation shall report directly to parliament
but will be created in the &Bce of the :resident.
4.1. C$)*$(e(' 11
C$)*$(e(' 1 shall aim at proiding immediate short2term solutions to
youth unemployment. ;omponent 1 is 4nown as the training, mentorship
and entrepreneurship programme. /his +ambia Youth /raining,
?entorship and <ntrepreneurship -+Y/?<1 programme shall initially be
allocated K900 billion in the frst year of implementation.
/he target group is the unemployed youth in ages 1$235 years old
brac4et. Actiities shall be engagement in short term employment
opportunities for at most eight hours per day and pay them the newly
reised minimum wage for days wor4ed.
/his component shall lead to a proision of employment opportunities to
at least 100?000 youths per year countrywide. :riority sectors include
water and soil conseration, a6orestation, road maintenance, garbage
collection and other enironmental conseration actiities, rural water
supply, small scale irrigation pro3ects and rehabilitation of educational and
training infrastructure such as lecture theatres, sanitation, libraries etc.
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Doernment ministries shall wor4 closely with local communities to
identify priority sub2pro3ects, identify sites, prepare enironmental
management plans where necessary and compile annual reports of sub2
pro3ects under their mandate.
.pecifc interentions or sub2funds that shall be created and implemented
under component 1 includeG
i. .econdary .chool2to25niersity .cholarship :rogramme
ii. Cinancial <ducation /raining and ?entorship :rogramme
iii. ?.?<s .4ills /raining and <ntrepreneurship :rogramme
i. :riate .ector Internships and /raining :rogramme
. :ro3ect ?erciful <ntrepreneurship :rogramme2 @D&s :rogramme
i. +ambia Youth .erice -+Y.12 formerly +ambia @ational .erice
-focuses on Youth .erice1
;omponent 1 shall be implemented as followsH
5nemployed youths will be proided with information on the aailability of
training and entrepreneurship opportunities which hae been set up by
goernment, priate sector and @D&s. /hese unemployed youths shall
frst go through a two2stage 32month training and mentorship programme
namelyG
.tage 1>s immediate measure starts with the fnancial training and
mentorship in order for youths to understand and appreciate fnancial
information. /his training shall be for duration of ) wee4s. After
completion of this stage the youth proceeds to stage !, which is an eight
wee4 ?.?< s4ills training in garbage collection, construction, art, early
childhood education, agriculture, fnance, tailoring, mechanical, mining
and electrical engineering, information, communication and technology
-I;/1, road safety and driing, and manufacturing.
Implementing agencies shall be uniersities, colleges, local community
centres, @D& and Doernment resource centres, and the +ambia Youth
.erice.
+ambia @ational .erice -+@.1 should be transformed into +ambia Youth
.erice -+Y.1. /argeted youths under the +ambia Youth .erice are street
4ids, school drop2outs and other school leaers, but the youth serice
should not be compulsory. 5p to 10?000 youths shall be recruited eery
year. /he +ambia Youth .erice shall hae 3 s4ills training componentsH
i. Cirst $ months military training done by engaging +ambia Army
to instil discipline in the youthsG
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ii. .econd 121.5 years of @ational *uilding to do oluntary wor4s
and other important national duties, such as defence, disaster
management etc.G and
iii. /hird 123 years s4ills training in farming, engineering, I;/,
tailoring, pre2school teachers training, driing etc. /hese s4ills
training programmes shall attract certifcates and diplomas to
desering graduates.
/he unemployed youth has a frst option to either get into the fnancial
training and mentorship goernment programme, such as +ambia Youth
.erice or enter into a 32months duration priate sector internship training
and entrepreneurship programme.
/he second option is to get into a @on2Doernmental &rgani'ation -@D&1
managed 32month pro3ect merciful entrepreneurship programme. :ro3ect
merciful entrepreneurship programme proides training and seed money
for start2ups.
4.2. C$)*$(e(' 21
C$)*$(e(' 2 is called the ?.?< Innoations .erice and collects funds
for product and serice innoation and improement. /he second
component also proides credit and saings as fnancial products to micro,
small and medium enterprises. /hus, this component assists youths with
both no educational bac4ground and those with educational bac4grounds.
5nder this component, youths could hae ac8uired s4ills either informally
or formally but are informally employed producing lower 8uality products.
/he ob3ectie of the Innoation centre is to improe the 8uality of locally
produced products and to proide 20?000 youths with access to credit.
/hus, fnancial institutions shall be used as intermediaries to support
youth product innoations which shall not be restricted to any sector. Fey
sectors such as Agriculture, <ducation, (ealth, /ourism, Cinancial,
Infrastructure7;onstruction, ?anufacturing, ?ining and <nergy shall be
inoled in encouraging innoation.
/he +ambia Youth .erice, 5niersities and colleges shall operate the
innoation centres countrywide. /hese innoation centres shall e0ist for
alue addition to poorly manufactured goods and serices. :riate Youth
enterprises, wholesalers and supermar4ets will be encouraged to establish
innoation centres too. /he initial fund for innoation centres in the frst
year shall be K4 trillion. Innoation centres shall access these funds
through fnancial institutions. It is e0pected that +ambia will reduce on
imported goods and serices as the country will be capable of producing
high 8uality products. /he seed money shall be repaid oer a period of )
years with one year grace period.
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4.4. C$)*$(e(' 41
C$)*$(e(' 4 of the youth employment model deals with the design and
implementation of the regulation and superision framewor4. *ecause of
the fragmented nature of the current youth employment interentions,
there is need for establishing an umbrella serice organi'ation to regulate
and superise the business of youth employment. /he +ambia Integrated
Youth <mployment .erice -+IY<.1 shall be the umbrella organi'ation
under the :residency. /he 3ustifcation for placing this organi'ation under
the oBce of the :resident is to enhance strong coordination of
programmes.
@ew ActH <nactment of the +IY<. Act of !"1!2 /he superision and
regulatory framewor4 of the +ambia Integrated Youth <mployment model
shall be ested in a *oard established by an Act of :arliament and shall
fall under the &Bce of the :resident.
/he <mployment Act ;hapter !$# of the Laws of +ambia must be reised
to gie priority for employment of youths between ages of 15 through 35
years. /his Act should strengthen the Labour &Bce to act as an e6ectie
employment bureau and be able to proide labour force data in relation to
labour mar4et dynamics. ?ost importantly, this Act should be reiewed to
accommodate a !)2hour economy. /his measure is e0pected to reduce
unemployment by 5",.
/he /<=</ Act @o. 11 of !""5 should remodel curricula to recogni'e
informal sector demands.
/he +ambia Aeelopment Agency Act of !""$ should be strengthened as
principle legislation for micro, small and medium enterprises.
/he ;iti'ens <conomic <mpowerment Act @o. J of !""$ should be
strengthened to sti6en penal clause applicable in default. Curthermore,
funds disbursement criteria should include proision of data by recipient,
business support mechanism, mentoring and monthly inspection of
pro3ects.
/he ;ompanies Act ;hapter 3## of 1JJ) should be strengthened to
include mentor ?.?<s on statutory obligations and conse8uences of non2
compliance.
/he *an4ing and Cinancial .erices Act ;hapter !#% of the Laws of +ambia
should reiew the lending rates to within a narrow band of the *an4 of
+ambia determined rate. Curthermore, the Act should sti6en penalties to
ban4s who deny credit to eligible youths with a good credit record.
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/he Income /a0 Act ;hapter 3!3 of !"") should be reised to proide ta0
incenties to youth friendly businesses by allowing for e0penses for
running youth employment programmes.
/he ?inistry of Youth and .port should establish a .ports Act to regulate
and superise the sports business thereby attracting more inestment in
football, motorsport, water sport, and other sports where +ambia has
comparatie adantage.
/he initial seed money shall be K1 trillion, which shall coer
administration in form of regulation and superision functions. /he
superisory model shall be self2fnancing thereafter. /he seed money shall
hae a proision for a possible repayment to Doernment oer a ) year
duration.
4.6. ;,(!(,!+ C$)*$(e('1
/he ;,(!(,(0 )$.e+ will ta4e a hybrid priate2public partnership form.
/he central goernment shall fnance through its treasury securities such
as treasury bonds and bills. /he local goernments shall be allowed to
fnance these programmes through arious types of municipal bonds. /he
:riate sector shall do their fnancing through corporate bonds and loans.
/he total fnancing for the implementation of this model is K8.@ '3,++,$(
for the frst year. Cor this fnancing model to be sustainable in the long2
run, inLation should be 4ept under control below 5, and goernment
should ma4e additional measures aimed at strengthening the Fwacha and
reducing interest rates. Cor e0ample, this model would be supported by an
inLow of copper e0port reenue to be deposited at *an4 of +ambia. /his
will create a large fnancial base for both the interban4 mar4et and open
mar4et operations re8uired to fnance the +ambia Integrated Youth
<mployment model. Crom the interest rate stand point, goernment
through *an4 of +ambia will gie direction on the interest rate leels.
As part of the )!,(#'3e!),(0 )$.e+, the goernment should
)!,(#'3e!) these programme funds in each ministry>s budget
allocations and this would re8uire streamlining the yellow boo4 proisions
to be centred on youth employment programmes. /his year>s budget
should therefore be called an Integrated Youth <mpowerment *udget,
because it is a budget which is youth centred by putting the youth in the
centre of all goernment programmes. *udget streamlining and youth
employment programmes mainstreaming should be accompanied by
youth employment legislation streamlining under the +ambia Integrated
Youth <mployment .erice.
6. C$(+"#,$(
0ii 9 : a g e
/he youth employment model that describes our country shall ta4e an
integrated and well coordinated approach in its implementation. /he
youth 3obs shall be regulated and superised by the +IY<., to be
established by an act of parliament and shall fall under the &Bce of the
:resident for coordination.
/he immediate 3obs creating actiities that goernment should support
are described under ;omponent 1 and reinforced by those under
components ! and 3 and by the fnancial model. /he fnancial model
shields the goernment programme from corruption by design.
APPENDIB
STATISTICAL IN;ORMATION
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/able 12 :ercentage distribution of (ousehold heads by age group and se02!""#
Age Group Male Female % share of
Households
Total No. Of
Households
15-34 40% !.!% 3".#% #0$ 33%
35-%4 5% 5".4% 5.!% 1$5%$##0
%5& !% 13.!% #.3% 3$ 453
Total 100% 100% 100% $ 3!$ ""#
.ourceH ;entral .tatistical &Bce, Labour Corce .urey !""#
/able !2 /otal Labour Corce for persons aged 15 years and aboe2!""#
Age Group Total
15-34 4$ 3#%$ 03
35-%4 1$ ##5$ "44
%5& 34$ 55
Total %$ "1%$ 031
.ourceH ;entral .tatistical &Bce, Labour Corce .urey !""#
/able 32 Labour Corce by age group, rural and 5rban2!""#
Age Group 'ural (r)a* Total
15-34 $"14$!!% 1$%!1$14% 4$3#%$03
35-%4 1$1#5$#3 "00$451 1$!#5$"44
%5& %4$313 5#$#4 34$55
Total 4$"4$ 4# $ 441$ 53# %$"1%$031
.ourceH ;entral .tatistical &Bce, Labour Corce .urey !""#
/able )2:ercentage Aistribution of <mployed :ersons aged 15 years and aboe
by &ccupation and Age Droup
Occupation Age Group
15-34 35-64 65+ Total
Adm+*+strat+,e$
Ma*ager+al
35.% %1.#% 4.4% 100%
0i 9 : a g e
3$"4
-rofess+o*al$
Te.h*+.al /
'elated
50.#% 4!.1% 1.0% 100%
31$0"3
0ler+.al / 'elated %% 3".% 0.!% 100%
%0$!"#
1ales %3% 35.%% 1.4% 100%
333$03"
Agr+.$ Forestr2 /
F+sher+es
5#.1% 35.3% 5.%% 100%
3$!5$"!5
-rodu.t+o* /
'elated
51.#% 4%.0% .1% 100%
34!$111
1er,+.es 3or4ers %1.1% 3".!% 1.1% 100%
303$#51
Not 1tated 5.!% 54.3% 1.5% 100%
11$"3%
Total 4,606,846
.ourceH ;entral .tatistical &Bce, Labour Corce .urey !""#
/able 52 :ercentage .hare of the <mployed and 5nemployed :ersons in the
Labour Corce2!""#
Num)er %
No. Of u*emplo2ed perso*s 3#"$05 ".#
No. Of 5mplo2ed -erso*s 4$%0%$!4% #.1
No. of 6ouths *ot +* la)our
for.e
1$"1$1%0 34.
7a)our For.e 1+8e 5$003$!"1 100
.ourceH ;entral .tatistical &Bce, Labour Corce .urey !""#
5nemployment Eate
397, 025 1, 712,160
0.4215 42.15%
5, 003,871
Unemployed
U
Labourforce
+
= = = =
0 9 : a g e

0i 9 : a g e