The problem of acupoint

contraindications in pregnancy
Stephen Birch PhD, LicAc (USA), MBAcC (UK), lid NVA (Holland)
Stichting (Fondation) !or the Std" o! #raditional $a%t A%ian Medicine
&'(' Plein ))*
+*,- S( A.%terda.
#he Netherland%
Introduction
#oda" /e !ind .an" .odern te0t1oo2% reco..ending the %e% o!
acpoint% !or certain condition% and contraindicating their %e% in other
condition% 34i +55)6' 7ne o! the 1e%t 2no/n e0a.ple% o! the
contraindication% i% the prohi1ition again%t needling L89- and SP9: dring
pregnanc" 34i +55)6' #here are ho/e;er <e%tion% a1ot the ;alidit" o!
the%e %tate.ent% 3Birch, Felt +5556' #hi% paper /ill di%c%% the point%
that are %all" %aid to 1e contraindicated !or treat.ent dring pregnanc"
and trace the hi%tor" o! the%e idea% and contradiction% in the literatre
a1ot the.' &hat re.ain% are %erio% <e%tion% concerning the ;alidit"
o! the clai.%'
#o do thi% 8 %hall !ir%t li%t the point% that are contraindicated dring
pregnanc", 1" e0a.ining thirt" !i;e hi%torical and .odern te0t% and all
the point contraindication% dring pregnanc" each .a2e%' #hi% allo/% a
contra%t o! %tate.ent% a1ot point contraindication% dring pregnanc"
1et/een .odern and hi%torical Chine%e %orce%, .odern and hi%torical
=apane%e %orce% and .odern /e%tern %orce%' #o nder%tand the%e
;ariation% and their contradiction% 8 %hall then e0a.ine change% in the
indication% o! needling depth !or acpnctre point%, co.paring !i;e
hi%torical te0t% /ith !or .odern Chine%e te0t%' 8t /ill 1eco.e apparent
that idea% a1ot the %e% o! acpnctre point% ha;e e;ol;ed o;er ti.e,
a% %hold 1e e0pected 3Birch, Felt, +5556' #here i% not a contino%
lineage o! idea%, 1t rather di%continit" o! idea%' 8 ha;e doc.ented
%ch ;ariation and di%continit" alread" !or the interpretation o! the %i0
po%ition% o! the pl%e in another paper 3Birch, +55>6' 8t %hold not 1e
%rpri%ing to !ind the %a.e proce%%e% at /or2 in relation to ho/
acpnctre point% are nder%tood and %ed' &e can %peclate on the
po%%i1le origin% o! thi% ;ariation' Principall" the ;ariation% that are
doc.ented are pro1a1l" de to di!!erence% in ho/ the techni<e% o!
treat.ent are applied' &e ha;e rea%ona1l" good e;idence !ro. .odern
re%earch that the application o! di!!erent techni<e% o! %ti.lation to
acpnctre point% can elicit di!!erent re%pon%e% throgh acti;ating
di!!erent ph"%iological path/a"% 3Birch, Felt, +555, Han, +55?, Mi@tani,
>**-, Po.eran@, +55A, #ana2a, +55:6' 8t i% th% <ite li2el" that there
ha;e 1een ;ariation% at all le;el% in acpnctre practice, !ro. te0tal
;ariation in the %e% o! acpnctre point% to .ethod% o! %ti.lation o!
the point%'
M" h"pothe%i% i% that the %e o! acpnctre point% ha% changed
%igni!icantl" !ro. hi%torical to .odern ti.e%' #hi% %hold not 1e %rpri%ing
gi;en hi%torical de;elop.ent% in and ot%ide o! $a%t A%ia /here;er
acpnctre ha% 1een practiced, 1t it doe% rai%e di!!iclt <e%tion% a1ot
ho/ practitioner% atte.pt to BathenticateC or D%ti!" /hat the" do' Mo%t
traditional !or.% o! acpnctre atte.pt to athenticate /hat the" do 1"
clai.ing an hi%torical lineage, !or e0a.ple 1" citing certain hi%torical te0t%
andEor 1" %tating that /hat the" do i% FtraditionalF or Fcla%%icalF' #he
e0pected ;ariation% in acpnctre point %e% do not eli.inate hi%torical
lineage% per %e, 1t the" do rai%e i.portant <e%tion% a1ot thi% rote o!
D%ti!ication' #hi% paper !oc%e% pri.aril" on the di%continit" o! idea%,
highlighting .aDor di!!erence% 1et/een hi%torical and .odern te0t%, and
di!!erence% 1et/een Ftradition%F' 8! the citing o! %!!icient hi%torical
doc.ent% i% in%!!icient a% a .ean% !or D%ti!"ing oneC% .odern idea%,
then one %hold cite other rele;ant %orce% e%peciall" .odern e;idence
!or tho%e idea%' 8n the a1%ence o! dependa1le .odern %orce% the idea in
<e%tion 1eco.e% di!!iclt to %1%tantiate'
Acupoint contraindications in pregnancy
#o e0a.ine point contraindication% in general and in pregnanc" in
particlar 8 co.piled all the acpnctre point contraindication% or
prohi1ition% in thirt" !i;e hi%torical and .odern %orce% (%ee ta1le +)'
7! the !ollo/ing ), %orce% that /ere co.piled in thi% %td" (%ee #a1le +),
+9>A /ere !ir%t co.piled 1" Sorei Ganagi"a in hi% te0t, Shin2" 8Dt% no
Mon 3Ganagi"a, +5-A6. +9>> are cla%%ical te0t% in Chine%e, =apane%e or
Korean, >)9>A are .odern =apane%e athor% in =apane%e' #e0t% >59),
/ere co.piled !ro. %e;en .odern $ngli%h langage %orce%, three o!
/hich are direct tran%lation% o! Chine%e te0t%, (>5, )*, )),) one o! /hich
i% a direct tran%lation o! a =apane%e te0t, (),)' #e0t% )+, )>, and )- are
co.piled !ro. Chine%e %orce%' 8n the !ollo/ing li%t FC9F indicate% a
Chine%e te0t, F=9F indicate% a =apane%e te0t, FK9F indicate% a Korean te0t,
F$9F indicate% an $ngli%h langage te0t'
TABLE 1 - Texts used in the compilation:
+ - Shinkyu Jyu Hoki; (= 9 +?>:)
> - Nei Jing; (C 9 circa 9)**)
) - Zhen Jiu Jia Yi Jing; (C 9 >A>)
- - Ming Tang Jing; (C 9 circa 9)**)
, 9 Zhen Jiu Ju Ying,(C - +,>5)
: - Tong Ren Shu Xue Zhen Jiu Tu Jing; (C 9 +*>:)
? - Yi Xue Ru Men; (C - 1575)
A - Xi ang Zi Ming Tang Jiu Jing; (C - +)++)
5 9 Zhen Jiu Zi Sheng Jing; (C 9 +>>*)
+* - !ei !e"#u $ !ai; (J - +A*?)
++ - %akan San#ai Zue; (= 9 +?+>)
+> - &ei Jing; (C 9 +:>-)
+) - %ai Tai 'i Yao ang; (C 9 ?,>)
+- - To $ Ho !a"i; (K 9 +:+))
15 - (ian Jin ang; (C - )5*)
+: - Su %en HhI (C 9 +,5-)
+? - Shinkyu Se"#uyaku; (J - 1+1*)
+A - Ryo,i no -ai .ai#hu; (J - 1++/)
+5 9 Zhen Jiu Yi Xue -a .ang; (C - (ing 0yna#"y)
>* - Shinkyu Yoho Shinan; (J - 17*/)
>+ - .o1ui Shinkyu 2a#ui; (J - nine"een"h 3en"u1y)
>> - Ni3hiyo !yuho; (J - nine"een"h 3en"u1y)
>) 9 Mr' Ga.o.oto (= 9 t/entieth centr")
>- 9 Mr' Mat%.oto (= 9 t/entieth centr")
>, 9 Mr' #at%i (= 9 t/entieth centr")
>: 9 Mr' #a.a.ori (= 9 t/entieth centr")
>? 9 Mr' Sa%aga/a (= 9 t/entieth centr")
>A 9 Mr' #o.inaga (= 9 t/entieth centr")
>5 - 4##en"ia5# o6 Chine#e 73u8un3"u1e,- (CE$ 9 +5A*)
)* - Chine#e 73u8un3"u1e an0 Mo9i:u#"ion,- (CE$ 9 +5A?)
)+ - 73u8un3"u1e a Co;81ehen#i<e Te9",- ($EC 9 +5A))
)> - un0a;en"a5# o6 Chine#e 73u8un3"u1e,- ($EC 9 +5AA)
)) - The 2ook o6 73u8un3"u1e 'oin"#,- (CE$ 9 +5A,)
)- - 73u8un3"u1e, Te9":ook an0 7"5a#; ($ 9 +5A?)
), - $n"1o0u3"o1y 73u8un3"u1e,- (=E$ 9 +5??)
#a1le > li%t% all point% that are .entioned 1" an" o! the thirt" !i;e te0t% a%
1eing contraindicated dring pregnanc"
TABLE 2 - oints contraindicated in pregnancy by 1 or more of the
!" texts
L89- 9 > hi%torical Chine%e (+*, +5) J , .odern Chine%e (>59)))
SP9: 9 - hi%torical Chine%eE=apane%e (,, +>, +A, +5) J ) .odern Chine%e
(>5, )*, )))
CV9, 9 ) hi%torical Chine%eE=apane%e (++, +,, +5) J ) .odern
=apane%eEChine%e (>A, )>, )))
(B9>+ 9 > hi%torical Chine%e (+>, +5) J > .odern Chine%e ()>, )))
CV9: 9 + hi%torical =apane%e (++) J + .odern Chine%e ()+)
CV9 ) 9 > hi%torical Chine%eE=apane%e (5,++)
CV9- 9 > .odern Chine%e ()>, )))
CV9? 9 > hi%torical =apane%e (+*,++)
SP9+ 9 + hi%torical Chine%e ())
S#9+> 9 + hi%torical Chine%e (+5)
S#9>, 9 + .odern Chine%e ()))
BL9:* 9 + .odern Chine%e ()))
BL9:? 9 + .odern Chine%e ()))
K89>+ 9 + hi%torical =apane%e (++)
CV9+* 9 + .odern Chine%e ()>)
CV9++ 9 + .odern Chine%e ()))
#a1le > %ho/% % that there are no ni;er%all" accepted acpoint
contraindication% dring pregnanc"' Not onl" i% there general
incon%i%tenc" in the hi%torical literatre (+9>>), incon%i%tenc" in the
.odern literatre (>)9),) 1t there i% al%o con%idera1le incon%i%tenc"
1et/een the hi%torical and .odern literatre' So.e .odern Chine%e
1oo2% %tate general contraindication% o! needling the lo/er a1do.en or
lo/er 1ac2 dring pregnanc" /ithot %peci!"ing an" point%, 1t thi% too i%
not con%i%tent a.ong te0t%'
&ith regard% the !or .o%t co..onl" cited point% L89-, SP9:, CV9, and
(B9>+ /e !ind the !ollo/ing di%crepancie%K
hi%torical te0t% (>>) .odern Chine%e (:) .odern =apane%e (?)
L89- > , *
SP9: - ) *
CV9, ) ) *
(B9>+ > > *
&hat di!!erence% e0i%t 1et/een hi%torical, .odern Chine%e and .odern
=apane%e tradition% that .a" accont !or %ch ;ariationL &h" do none o!
the %e;en .odern =apane%e and .an" o! the %i0 .odern Chine%e te0t%
contraindicate needling o! the%e !or point% in pregnanc"L A% 8 ha;e
di%c%%ed el%e/here, there are .aDor di!!erence% in the needling
techni<e% 1et/een =apan and China 3Birch, Felt +5556, perhap% thi% i%
the rea%on' #o e0plore thi% <e%tion 8 e0a.ine the reco..ended needling
depth% !or acpoint% in the hi%torical and .odern period% and then
%peci!icall" !or the%e !or acpoint%'
#ecommended needling depths
A% the .odern %"%te. o! acpnctre %tarted to 1eco.e a;aila1le in the
&e%t, certain .odern Chine%e te0t% /ere tran%lated' #he $ngli%h langage
1oo2 Acpnctre a Co.prehen%i;e #e0t 37CConnor, Ben%2", +5A+6 /a%
one o! the earl" in!lential te0t% in the &e%t' 8t /a% al%o i.portant in
China' 8t i% a tran%lation o! te0t% /ritten in +5:> and +5?- 1" the
Shanghai College o! #CM 37p'cit p' 0;6' 8t re!lect% %o.e o! the pioneering
/or2 o! the Shanghai College !ro. the +5,*% and +5:*%' 7ne o! the .ore
%tri2ing change% in acpnctre de%cri1ed in thi% te0t i% the rather large
increa%e in the reco..ended depth o! needling !or the acpnctre
point%' #o e0plore thi% change %"%te.aticall" 8 e0a.ined the
reco..ended depth% o! in%ertion in FcnF !or all the .aDor acpnctre
point% in the !ollo/ing i.portant hi%torical acpnctre te0t%K Hhen =i =ia
Gi =ing 3Hang F9.i, >A>6, #ong Men Sh Ne Hhen =i # =ing 3&ang
&ei9"i, +*>?6, Hhen =i =i Sheng =ing 3&ang Hhi9@hong, +>>*6, Hhen =i
= Ging 3(ao &, +,>56, and the Hhen =i Da Cheng 3Gang =i9@ho,
+:*+6' Ba%ed pon the n.1er o! point% reco..ended !or each needle
depth, it /a% then po%%i1le to calclate the o;erall .ean depth o!
in%ertion and .edian depth o! in%ertion a% indicator% o! the relati;e
depth% o! in%ertion !or each te0t' #a1le ) li%t% the n.1er% o! point% in
each te0t reco..ended in the depth range% gi;en, the o;erall .ean
depth o! in%ertion, and .edian depth o! in%ertion !or the%e !i;e hi%torical
%orce% (!or point% that /ere gi;en a range o! depth o! in%ertion, the .id
point o! that range i% %ed in thi% ta1le)'
A% a co.pari%on the reco..ended depth% o! in%ertion !or all the .aDor
acpnctre point% in !or .odern Chine%e te0t1oo2% on acpnctreK
$%%ential% o! Chine%e Acpnctre, 3Anon, +5A+6, Chine%e Acpnctre
and Mo0i1%tion, 3Cheng' +5A?6, Acpnctre a Co.prehen%i;e #e0t,
37CConnor, Ben%2", +5A+6, Fnda.ental% o! Chine%e Acpnctre, 3$lli%,
&i%e.an, Bo%%, +5AA6 are ta1lated' #he o;erall .ean depth% o!
in%ertion, and .edian depth% o! in%ertion are al%o calclated' #a1le - li%t%
the n.1er% o! point% in each te0t reco..ended in the depth range%
gi;en, the o;erall .ean depth% o! in%ertion and .edian depth% o!
in%ertion !or the%e !or .odern %orce% (!or point% that /ere gi;en a
range o! depth o! in%ertion, the .id point o! that range i% %ed in thi%
ta1le)'
#ABL$ )
mean$
%media
n&
depths
numbe
r %'&
recom
mende
d at
()1-()!
cun
numbe
r %'&
recom
mende
d at
()!"-
()* cun
numbe
r %'&
recom
mende
d at
()*"-
1)( cun
numbe
r %'&
recom
mende
d at
1)1-1)"
cun
numbe
r %'&
recom
mende
d at
1)*-!)(
cun
=ia Gi
=ing
(>A>)
()+,
%()+&
+?+
(-5O)
++)
()>O)
,+
(+,O)
, (+O) 5 ()O)
#ong Men
Sh Ne
(+*>?)
()+2
%()!&
+A>
(,:O)
5-
(>5O)
-?
(+,O)
+ (*O) + (*O)
=i Sheng
=ing
(+>>*)
()+1
%()!&
+5:
(,AO)
A5
(>?O)
,*
(+,O)
* (*O) + (*O)
= Ging
(+,>5)
()+1
%()!&
+A:
(,:O)
55
()*O)
-,
(+-O)
+ (*O) > (*O)
Da
Cheng
(+:*+)
()+1
%()!&
+5+
(,?O)
5:
(>5O)
-A
(+-O)
+ (*O) + (*O)
Mean
(.edian)
()+!
%()!&
,,'>O
(,:O)
>5'-O
(>5O)
+-':O
(+,O)
*'>O
(*O)
*':O
(*O)

#ABL$ -
mean$
%media
n&
depths
numbe
r %'&
recom
mende
d at
()1-()!
cun
numbe
r %'&
recom
mende
d at
()!"-
()* cun
numbe
r %'&
recom
mende
d at
()*"-
1)( cun
numbe
r %'&
recom
mende
d at
1)1-1)"
cun
numbe
r %'&
recom
mende
d at
1)*-!)(
cun
$%%ential
% (+5A*)
()"-
%()"&
,A
(+:O)
+,+
(->O)
+):
()AO)
+>
()O)
+ (+O)
CAM
(+5A?)
()*(
%()*&
>,
(?O)
+:,
(-:O)
+,A
(--O)
A (>O) > (+O)
AC# 1)(! +A -+ +)A +>+ -+
(+5A+) %()."& (,O) (++O) ()AO) ()-O) (++O)
Fnda.e
ntal%
(+5AA)
()"+
%()+"&
?-
(>+O)
+,:
(--O)
++?
())O)
A (>O) + (*O)
Mean ()*, +>')O ),'AO )A')O +*')O )',O

7ne can %ee that all the .odern Chine%e te0t% generall" reco..end
deeper needle in%ertion% than the hi%torical te0t%' 7ne can clearl" %ee a
%hi!t a/a" !ro. %e o! point% /ith %hallo/er needling to deeper needling,
/ith a .ore than ,*O increa%e in reco..ended needling depth o;erall'
&hile the actal .ea%re o! the FcnF can 1e ;aria1le a% it i% a relati;e
.ea%re !or di!!erent people and on di!!erent area% o! the 1od", it ha%
pro1a1l" not changed that %igni!icantl" o;er ti.e' 7ne .odern Chine%e
re%earcher ha% e%ti.ated that the FcnF i% appro0i.atel" >'>) c. 3Chen
et al, +5?56, /hile cla%%ical %cholar% ha;e e%ti.ated that the FcnF /a%
a1ot >')+c. 3Harper, +5A>6'
Acupoint comparisons
8! /e loo2 at the .o%t co..onl" contraindicated acpoint% in pregnanc"
L89-, SP9:, CV9, and (B9>+ /e !ind that the" are all needled di!!erentl" in
.odern China co.pared to hi%torical te0t%' #a1le , %ho/% the%e
;ariation%'
#ABL$ ,
H8S#7M8CAL
#$N#S
LI-+ /-* 01-" 2B-21
=ia Gi =ing
(>A>)
*') cn *') cn *', cn *', cn
#ong Men
Sh Ne
(+*>?)
*') cn *') cn no needle *', cn
=i Sheng =ing
(+>>*)
*') cn *') cn no needle *', cn
= Ging
(+,>5)
*') cn *') cn *'A cn *', cn
Da Cheng
(+:*+)
*') cn *') cn *'A cn *', cn
M7D$MN #$N#S
$%%ential% *',9*'A cn *',9+'* cn *',9+'* cn *', cn
(+5A*)
AC# (+5A+) *',9+'* cn +',9>'* cn +'*9+', cn *',9+'* cn
CAM (+5A?) *',9+'* cn *',9+'* cn *',9+'* cn *')9*', cn
Fnda.ental
% (+5AA)
*',9*'A cn *')9+'* cn *', 9*'A cn *')9*', cn

(enerall" L89- and SP9: are needled a1ot t/ice a% deep in the .odern
Chine%e te0t% co.pared to the hi%torical Chine%e te0t%' CV9, and (B9>+
appear to 1e needled arond the %a.e depth% co.paring hi%torical and
.odern te0t%, 1t the" 1oth appear to 1e needled di!!erentl", pro1a1l"
re!lecting greater anato.ical 2no/ledge in the .odern period' For
e0a.ple CV9, doe% not ca%e pro1le.% /ith !ertilit" th% the
contraindication o! needling it i% dropped in the .odern te0t%' 8.pro;ed
anato.ical 2no/ledge o! the lng% indicate% the need !or a generall"
%hallo/er approach to needling (B9>+'
/ummary
#he !act that there i% ;er" poor agree.ent 1et/een .odern and hi%torical
%orce% on the contraindication% o! SP9: and L89- in pregnanc" and that
there ha;e 1een change% in the /a" that the%e point% are needled in the
.odern Chine%e te0t% co.pared to the hi%torical te0t% %pport% the
interpretation that it i% not the acpoint% per %e that are contraindicated
1t rather the %e o! tho%e techni<e% on tho%e point% that .ight 1e
contraindicated' Bt e;en thi% interpretation .a" 1e %tretching the !act%'
#here i% con%idera1le incon%i%tenc" 1et/een hi%torical %orce%, 1et/een
hi%torical and .odern %orce% and 1et/een di!!erent .odern tradition%'
Frther, there i% no e;idence !ro. the .edical literatre o! actal
co.plication% dring pregnanc" !ro. doing acpnctre a% no ad;er%e
e!!ect% /ere !ond in an" o! the %r;e"% or literatre re;ie/% 3Birch et al'
>**-6' Man" patient% recei;e acpnctre !ro. % /hile pregnant and
1e!ore the" reali@e that the" are pregnant' #here are no report% o!
co.plication% !ro. thi% e;en thogh %o.e o! the %a.e point% that are
contraindicated dring pregnanc" are %ed dring tho%e treat.ent%' 7;er
the la%t >, "ear% 8 ha;e al%o heard %o.e colleage% di%c%% e!!ort% to %e
acpnctre to trigger an a1ortionI in all ca%e% the%e /ere %inglarl"
n%cce%%!l
Additionall", it i% a rotine reco..ended treat.ent in =apan to %e SP9:
/ith .o0a in pregnanc" a!ter the !i!th .onth to help the .other and 1a1"
and in preparation !or la1or 3K/ahara, Bo%ton lectre +55*6' Shold /e
%ddenl" di%contine a %a!e and e!!ecti;e .ethod 1eca%e o! the !ear% o!
people that are n!a.iliar /ith the literatreL #hi% i% not a good idea, or
Ddge.ent% %hold 1e 1a%ed on an e0ten%i;e 2no/ledge o! the p1li%hed
literatre'
#ecommendations:
M" !eeling i% that it i% perhap% 1etter not to tr" to .a2e !ir. polic"
%tate.ent% a1ot contraindication% o! acpnctre dring pregnanc",
e%peciall" a% the" pertain to the %e o! %peci!ic acpnctre point%' #he
i%%e% in;ol;ed are co.ple0 and, .ore i.portantl", there are no reported
ad;er%e e!!ect% a%%ociated /ith acpnctre in relation to pregnanc"'

#eferences
9 Anon (+5A*)' $%%ential% o! Chine%e Acpnctre' BeiDingI Foreign
Langage% Pre%%'
9 Birch S' (+55>)' Na.ing the nna.ea1leK A hi%torical %td" o! radial
pl%e %i0 po%ition diagno%i%' #raditional Acpnctre Societ" =ornalI +>K
>9+)' Al%o inK =ornal o! the Acpnctre Societ" o! Ne/ Gor2I +55-, +,
)9-K +59)>'
9 Birch S, Felt M' (+555)' Under%tanding Acpnctre. London, Chrchill
Li;ing%tone'
9 Birch S, Keppel He%%elin2 =, =on2.an FAM, He22er #AM, Bo% A' (>**-)'
Clinical re%earch o! acpnctreK Part one 9 /hat ha;e re;ie/% o! the
e!!icac" and %a!et" o! acpnctre told % %o !arL = Alt Co.ple. Med'
9 Chen &C, et al' (+5?5)' #he deter.ination o! the depth o! pnctre !or
the de;elop.ent o! needling %en%ation' National S".po%ia o! Acpnctre
and Mo0i1%tion and Acpnctre Ane%the%ia' BeiDing, =ne +9,, +5?5,
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9 Cheng NN' (+5A?)' Chine%e Acpnctre and Mo0i1%tion' BeiDingI
Foreign Langage% Pre%%'
9 $lli% A, &i%e.an N, Bo%% K' (+5AA)' Fnda.ental% o! Chine%e
AcpnctreI Broo2line, Ma%%ach%ett%, Paradig. P1lication%'
9 (ao &' (+,>5)' Hhen =i = Ging, #aipei, Hong Ge Boo2%hop P1li%hing
Co.pan", +5A)'
9 Han =S' (+55?)' Ph"%iolog" o! acpnctreK a re;ie/ o! thirt" "ear%
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9 Harper D' (+5A>)' #he F& Shi $rh Ping FangFK #ran%lation and
Prolego.ena' Doctoral #he%i%, Uni;er%it" o! Cali!ornia, Ber2ele"'
9 Hang F9.i' (>A>)' Hhen =i =ia Gi =ing' Fro. Hhen =i =ia Gi =ing Sh
Ne Hhong =i' Shandong, Science and #echnolog" P1li%hing Co.pan",
+5A>'
- Mana2a G, 8ta"a K, Birch S' (+55,)' Cha%ing the DragonC% #ail, Broo2line,
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9 Mi@tani =' (>**-)' Practical .o0i1%tion therap" (>A). NA=7M, ++,
)*K)-9),'
9 7CConnor =, Ben%2" D' (+5A+)' Acpnctre a Co.prehen%i;e #e0tI
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9 Po.eran@ B' (+55A)' Scienti!ic 1a%i% o! acpnctre' 8nK ( St0, B
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9 4i ML' (+55))' Chine%e Acpnctre and Mo0i1%tion, $din1rgh,
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9 &ang Hhi9@hong' (+>>*)' Hhen =i =i Sheng =ing' 8n Hhen =i =i Sheng
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9 Ganagi"a S' (+5-A)' Shin2" 8Dt% no Mon; Go2o%2a, 8do no Nippon
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9 Gang =i9@ho' (+:*+)' Hhen =i Da Cheng' #aipei, Da Hhong (o # Sh
P1li%hing Co.pan", +5A>'