CHAPTER 9

9.1. In Fig. 9.4, let B = 0.2 cos 120t T, and assume that the conductor joining the two ends of the
resistor is perfect. It may be assumed that the magnetic eld produced by I(t) is negligible.
Find:
a) V
ab
(t): Since B is constant over the loop area, the ux is = (0.15)
2
B = 1.41
10
2
cos 120t Wb. Now, emf = V
ba
(t) = d/dt = (120)(1.41 10
2
) sin120t.
Then V
ab
(t) = V
ba
(t) = 5.33 sin120t V.
b) I(t) = V
ba
(t)/R = 5.33 sin(120t)/250 = 21.3 sin(120t) mA
9.2. In the example described by Fig. 9.1, replace the constant magnetic ux density by the time-
varying quantity B = B
0
sint a
z
. Assume that v is constant and that the displacement y of
the bar is zero at t = 0. Find the emf at any time, t.
The magnetic ux through the loop area is

m
=
Z
s
B dS =
Z
vt
0
Z
d
0
B
0
sint (a
z
a
z
) dxdy = B
0
v t d sint
Then the emf is
emf =
I
E dL =
d
m
dt
= B
0
d v [sint + t cos t] V
9.3. Given H = 300 a
z
cos(3 10
8
t y) A/m in free space, nd the emf developed in the general
a

direction about the closed path having corners at

a) (0,0,0), (1,0,0), (1,1,0), and (0,1,0): The magnetic ux will be:
=
Z
1
0
Z
1
0
300
0
cos(3 10
8
t y) dxdy = 300
0
sin(3 10
8
t y)|
1
0
= 300
0

sin(3 10
8
t 1) sin(3 10
8
t)

Wb
Then
emf =
d
dt
= 300(3 10
8
)(4 10
7
)

cos(3 10
8
t 1) cos(3 10
8
t)

= 1.13 10
5

cos(3 10
8
t 1) cos(3 10
8
t)

V
b) corners at (0,0,0), (2,0,0), (2,2,0), (0,2,0): In this case, the ux is
= 2 300
0
sin(3 10
8
t y)|
2
0
= 0
The emf is therefore 0.
164
9.4. A rectangular loop of wire containing a high-resistance voltmeter has corners initially at
(a/2, b/2, 0), (a/2, b/2, 0), (a/2, b/2, 0), and (a/2, b/2, 0). The loop begins to rotate
about the x axis at constant angular velocity , with the rst-named corner moving in the
a
z
direction at t = 0. Assume a uniform magnetic ux density B = B
0
a
z
. Determine the
induced emf in the rotating loop and specify the direction of the current.
The magnetic ux though the loop is found (as usual) through

m
=
Z
s
B dS, where S = nda
Because the loop is rotating, the direction of the normal, n, changing, and is in this case
given by
n = cos t a
z
sint a
y
Therefore,

m
=
Z
b/2
b/2
Z
a/2
a/2
B
0
a
z
(cos t a
z
sint a
y
) dxdy = abB
0
cos t
The integral is taken over the entire loop area (regardless of its immediate orientation).
The important result is that the component of B that is normal to the loop area is varying
sinusoidally, and so it is ne to think of the B eld itself rotating about the x axis in the
opposite direction while the loop is stationary. Now the emf is
emf =
I
E dL =
d
m
dt
= ab B
0
sint V
The direction of the current is the same as the direction of E in the emf expression.
It is easiest to picture this by considering the B eld rotating and the loop xed. By
convention, dL will be counter-clockwise when looking down on the loop from the upper
half-space (in the opposite direction of the normal vector to the plane). The current will
be counter-clockwise whenever the emf is positive, and will be clockwise whenever the
emf is negative.
9.5. The location of the sliding bar in Fig. 9.5 is given by x = 5t + 2t
3
, and the separation of the
two rails is 20 cm. Let B = 0.8x
2
a
z
T. Find the voltmeter reading at:
a) t = 0.4 s: The ux through the loop will be
=
Z
0.2
0
Z
x
0
0.8(x
0
)
2
dx
0
dy =
0.16
3
x
3
=
0.16
3
(5t + 2t
3
)
3
Wb
Then
emf =
d
dt
=
0.16
3
(3)(5t +2t
3
)
2
(5+6t
2
) = (0.16)[5(.4)+2(.4)
3
]
2
[5+6(.4)
2
] = 4.32 V
b) x = 0.6 m: Have 0.6 = 5t + 2t
3
, from which we nd t = 0.1193. Thus
emf = (0.16)[5(.1193) + 2(.1193)
3
]
2
[5 + 6(.1193)
2
] = .293 V
165
9.6. Let the wire loop of Problem 9.4 be stationary in its t = 0 position and nd the induced emf
that results from a magnetic ux density given by B(y, t) = B
0
cos(t y) a
z
, where and
are constants.
We begin by nding the net magnetic ux through the loop:

m
=
Z
s
B dS =
Z
b/2
b/2
Z
a/2
a/2
B
0
cos(t y) a
z
a
z
dxdy
=
B
0
a

[sin(t + b/2) sin(t b/2)]

Now the emf is
emf =
I
E dL =
d
m
dt
=
B
0
a

[cos(t + b/2) cos(t b/2)]

Using the trig identity, cos(a b) = cos a cos b sina sinb, we may write the above result
as
emf = +2B
0
a

sin(t) sin(b/2) V
9.7. The rails in Fig. 9.7 each have a resistance of 2.2 /m. The bar moves to the right at a
constant speed of 9 m/s in a uniform magnetic eld of 0.8 T. Find I(t), 0 < t < 1 s, if the bar
is at x = 2 m at t = 0 and
a) a 0.3 resistor is present across the left end with the right end open-circuited: The ux
in the left-hand closed loop is

l
= B area = (0.8)(0.2)(2 + 9t)
Then, emf
l
= d
l
/dt = (0.16)(9) = 1.44 V. With the bar in motion, the loop
resistance is increasing with time, and is given by R
l
(t) = 0.3+2[2.2(2+9t)]. The current
is now
I
l
(t) =
emf
l
R
l
(t)
=
1.44
9.1 + 39.6t
A
Note that the sign of the current indicates that it is owing in the direction opposite that
shown in the gure.
b) Repeat part a, but with a resistor of 0.3 across each end: In this case, there will be
a contribution to the current from the right loop, which is now closed. The ux in the
right loop, whose area decreases with time, is

r
= (0.8)(0.2)[(16 2) 9t]
and emf
r
= d
r
/dt = (0.16)(9) = 1.44 V. The resistance of the right loop is R
r
(t) =
0.3 + 2[2.2(14 9t)], and so the contribution to the current from the right loop will be
I
r
(t) =
1.44
61.9 39.6t
A
The minus sign has been inserted because again the current must ow in the opposite
direction as that indicated in the gure, with the ux decreasing with time. The total
current is found by adding the part a result, or
I
T
(t) = 1.44

1
61.9 39.6t
+
1
9.1 + 39.6t

A
166
9.8. A perfectly-conducting lament is formed into a circular ring of radius a. At one point a
resistance R is inserted into the circuit, and at another a battery of voltage V
0
is inserted.
Assume that the loop current itself produces negligible magnetic eld.
a) Apply Faradays law, Eq. (4), evaluating each side of the equation carefully and inde-
pendently to show the equality: With no B eld present, and no time variation, the
right-hand side of Faradays law is zero, and so therefore
I
E dL = 0
This is just a statement of Kirchos voltage law around the loop, stating that the battery
voltage is equal and opposite to the resistor voltage.
b) Repeat part a, assuming the battery removed, the ring closed again, and a linearly-
increasing B eld applied in a direction normal to the loop surface: The situation now
becomes the same as that shown in Fig. 9.4, except the loop radius is now a, and the
resistor value is not specied. Consider the loop as in the x-y plane with the positive
z axis directed out of the page. The a

direction is thus counter-clockwise around the

loop. The B eld (out of the page as shown) can be written as B(t) = B
0
t a
z
. With the
normal to the loop specied as a
z
, the direction of dL is, by the right hand convention,
a

. Since the wire is perfectly-conducting, the only voltage appears across the resistor,
and is given as V
R
. Faradays law becomes
I
E dL = V
R
=
d
m
dt
=
d
dt
Z
s
B
0
t a
z
a
z
da = a
2
B
0
This indicates that the resistor voltage, V
R
= a
2
B
0
, has polarity such that the positive
terminal is at point a in the gure, while the negative terminal is at point b. Current
ows in the clockwise direction, and is given in magnitude by I = a
2
B
0
/R.
9.9. A square lamentary loop of wire is 25 cm on a side and has a resistance of 125 per meter
length. The loop lies in the z = 0 plane with its corners at (0, 0, 0), (0.25, 0, 0), (0.25, 0.25, 0),
and (0, 0.25, 0) at t = 0. The loop is moving with velocity v
y
= 50 m/s in the eld B
z
=
8 cos(1.510
8
t 0.5x) T. Develop a function of time which expresses the ohmic power being
delivered to the loop: First, since the eld does not vary with y, the loop motion in the y
direction does not produce any time-varying ux, and so this motion is immaterial. We can
evaluate the ux at the original loop position to obtain:
(t) =
Z
.25
0
Z
.25
0
8 10
6
cos(1.5 10
8
t 0.5x) dxdy
= (4 10
6
)

sin(1.5 10
8
t 0.13) sin(1.5 10
8
t)

Wb
Now, emf = V (t) = d/dt = 6.0 10
2

cos(1.5 10
8
t 0.13) cos(1.5 10
8
t)

, The total
loop resistance is R = 125(0.25 + 0.25 + 0.25 + 0.25) = 125 . Then the ohmic power is
P(t) =
V
2
(t)
R
= 2.9 10
3

cos(1.5 10
8
t 0.13) cos(1.5 10
8
t)

2
Watts
167
9.10 a) Show that the ratio of the amplitudes of the conduction current density and the displacement
current density is / for the applied eld E = E
m
cos t. Assume =
0
. First, D =
E = E
m
cos t. Then the displacement current density is D/t = E
m
sint. Second,
J
c
= E = E
m
cos t. Using these results we nd |J
c
|/|J
d
| = /.
b) What is the amplitude ratio if the applied eld is E = E
m
e
t/
, where is real? As before,
nd D = E = E
m
e
t/
, and so J
d
= D/t = (/)E
m
e
t/
. Also, J
c
= E
m
e
t/
.
Finally, |J
c
|/|J
d
| = /.
9.11. Let the internal dimension of a coaxial capacitor be a = 1.2 cm, b = 4 cm, and l = 40 cm.
The homogeneous material inside the capacitor has the parameters = 10
11
F/m, = 10
5
H/m, and = 10
5
S/m. If the electric eld intensity is E = (10
6
/) cos(10
5
t)a

V/m, nd:
a) J: Use
J = E =

10

cos(10
5
t)a

A/m
2
b) the total conduction current, I
c
, through the capacitor: Have
I
c
=
Z Z
J dS = 2lJ = 20l cos(10
5
t) = 8 cos(10
5
t) A
c) the total displacement current, I
d
, through the capacitor: First nd
J
d
=
D
t
=

t
(E) =
(10
5
)(10
11
)(10
6
)

sin(10
5
t)a

=
1

sin(10
5
t) A/m
Now
I
d
= 2lJ
d
= 2l sin(10
5
t) = 0.8 sin(10
5
t) A
d) the ratio of the amplitude of I
d
to that of I
c
, the quality factor of the capacitor: This will
be
|I
d
|
|I
c
|
=
0.8
8
= 0.1
168
9.12. Find the displacement current density associated with the magnetic eld (assume zero con-
duction current):
H = A
1
sin(4x) cos(t z) a
x
+ A
2
cos(4x) sin(t z) a
z
The displacement current density is given by
D
t
= H = (4A
2
+ A
1
) sin(4x) cos(t z) a
y
A/m
2
9.13. Consider the region dened by |x|, |y|, and |z| < 1. Let
r
= 5,
r
= 4, and = 0. If
J
d
= 20 cos(1.5 10
8
t bx)a
y
A/m
2
;
a) nd D and E: Since J
d
= D/t, we write
D =
Z
J
d
dt + C =
20 10
6
1.5 10
8
sin(1.5 10
8
bx)a
y
= 1.33 10
13
sin(1.5 10
8
t bx)a
y
C/m
2
where the integration constant is set to zero (assuming no dc elds are present). Then
E =
D

=
1.33 10
13
(5 8.85 10
12
)
sin(1.5 10
8
t bx)a
y
= 3.0 10
3
sin(1.5 10
8
t bx)a
y
V/m
b) use the point form of Faradays law and an integration with respect to time to nd B and
H: In this case,
E =
E
y
x
a
z
= b(3.0 10
3
) cos(1.5 10
8
t bx)a
z
=
B
t
Solve for B by integrating over time:
B =
b(3.0 10
3
)
1.5 10
8
sin(1.5 10
8
t bx)a
z
= (2.0)b 10
11
sin(1.5 10
8
t bx)a
z
T
Now
H =
B

=
(2.0)b 10
11
4 4 10
7
sin(1.5 10
8
t bx)a
z
= (4.0 10
6
)b sin(1.5 10
8
t bx)a
z
A/m
c) use H = J
d
+ J to nd J
d
: Since = 0, there is no conduction current, so in this
case
H =
H
z
x
a
y
= 4.0 10
6
b
2
cos(1.5 10
8
t bx)a
y
A/m
2
= J
d
d) What is the numerical value of b? We set the given expression for J
d
equal to the result
of part c to obtain:
20 10
6
= 4.0 10
6
b
2
b =

5.0 m
1
169
9.14. A voltage source, V
0
sint, is connected between two concentric conducting spheres, r = a
and r = b, b > a, where the region between them is a material for which =
r

0
, =
0
, and
= 0. Find the total displacement current through the dielectric and compare it with the
source current as determined from the capacitance (Sec. 6.3) and circuit analysis methods:
First, solving Laplaces equation, we nd the voltage between spheres (see Eq. 39, Chapter
6):
V (t) =
(1/r) (1/b)
(1/a) (1/b)
V
0
sint
Then
E = V =
V
0
sint
r
2
(1/a 1/b)
a
r
D =

r

0
V
0
sint
r
2
(1/a 1/b)
a
r
Now
J
d
=
D
t
=

r

0
V
0
cos t
r
2
(1/a 1/b)
a
r
The displacement current is then
I
d
= 4r
2
J
d
=
4
r

0
V
0
cos t
(1/a 1/b)
= C
dV
dt
where, from Eq. 6, Chapter 6,
C =
4
r

0
(1/a 1/b)
9.15. Let = 310
5
H/m, = 1.210
10
F/m, and = 0 everywhere. If H = 2 cos(10
10
tx)a
z
A/m, use Maxwells equations to obtain expressions for B, D, E, and : First, B = H =
6 10
5
cos(10
10
t x)a
z
T. Next we use
H =
H
x
a
y
= 2 sin(10
10
t x)a
y
=
D
t
from which
D =
Z
2 sin(10
10
t x) dt + C =
2
10
10
cos(10
10
t x)a
y
C/m
2
where the integration constant is set to zero, since no dc elds are presumed to exist. Next,
E =
D

=
2
(1.2 10
10
)(10
10
)
cos(10
10
t x)a
y
= 1.67 cos(10
10
t x)a
y
V/m
Now
E =
E
y
x
a
z
= 1.67
2
sin(10
10
t x)a
z
=
B
t
So
B =
Z
1.67
2
sin(10
10
t x)a
z
dt = (1.67 10
10
)
2
cos(10
10
t x)a
z
We require this result to be consistent with the expression for B originally found. So
(1.67 10
10
)
2
= 6 10
5
= 600 rad/m
170
9.16. Derive the continuity equation from Maxwells equations: First, take the divergence of both
sides of Amperes circuital law:
H
| {z }
0
= J +

t
D = J +

v
t
= 0
where we have used D =
v
, another Maxwell equation.
9.17. The electric eld intensity in the region 0 < x < 5, 0 < y < /12, 0 < z < 0.06 m in free
space is given by E = C sin(12y) sin(az) cos(2 10
10
t) a
x
V/m. Beginning with the E
relationship, use Maxwells equations to nd a numerical value for a, if it is known that a is
greater than zero: In this case we nd
E =
E
x
z
a
y

E
z
y
a
z
= C [a sin(12y) cos(az)a
y
12 cos(12y) sin(az)a
z
] cos(2 10
10
t) =
B
t
Then
H =
1

0
Z
E dt + C
1
=
C

0
(2 10
10
[a sin(12y) cos(az)a
y
12 cos(12y) sin(az)a
z
] sin(2 10
10
t) A/m
where the integration constant, C
1
= 0, since there are no initial conditions. Using this result,
we now nd
H =

H
z
y

H
y
z

a
x
=
C(144 + a
2
)

0
(2 10
10
)
sin(12y) sin(az) sin(2 10
10
t) a
x
=
D
t
Now
E =
D

0
=
Z
1

0
H dt + C
2
=
C(144 + a
2
)

0
(2 10
10
)
2
sin(12y) sin(az) cos(2 10
10
t) a
x
where C
2
= 0. This eld must be the same as the original eld as stated, and so we require
that
C(144 + a
2
)

0
(2 10
10
)
2
= 1
Using
0

0
= (3 10
8
)
2
, we nd
a =

(2 10
10
)
2
(3 10
8
)
2
144

1/2
= 66 m
1
171
9.18. The parallel plate transmission line shown in Fig. 9.7 has dimensions b = 4 cm and d = 8 mm,
while the medium between plates is characterized by
r
= 1,
r
= 20, and = 0. Neglect elds
outside the dielectric. Given the eld H = 5 cos(10
9
t z)a
y
A/m, use Maxwells equations
to help nd:
a) , if > 0: Take
H =
H
y
z
a
x
= 5 sin(10
9
t z)a
x
= 20
0
E
t
So
E =
Z
5
20
0
sin(10
9
t z)a
x
dt =

(4 10
9
)
0
cos(10
9
t z)a
x
Then
E =
E
x
z
a
y
=

2
(4 10
9
)
0
sin(10
9
t z)a
y
=
0
H
t
So that
H =
Z

2
(4 10
9
)
0

0
sin(10
9
t z)a
x
dt =

2
(4 10
18
)
0

0
cos(10
9
t z)
= 5 cos(10
9
t z)a
y
where the last equality is required to maintain consistency. Therefore

2
(4 10
18
)
0

0
= 5 = 14.9 m
1
b) the displacement current density at z = 0: Since = 0, we have
H = J
d
= 5 sin(10
9
t z) = 74.5 sin(10
9
t 14.9z)a
x
= 74.5 sin(10
9
t)a
x
A/m at z = 0
c) the total displacement current crossing the surface x = 0.5d, 0 < y < b, and 0 < z < 0.1
m in the a
x
direction. We evaluate the ux integral of J
d
over the given cross section:
I
d
= 74.5b
Z
0.1
0
sin(10
9
t 14.9z) a
x
a
x
dz = 0.20

cos(10
9
t 1.49) cos(10
9
t)

A
9.19. In the rst section of this chapter, Faradays law was used to show that the eld E =

1
2
kB
0
e
kt
a

results from the changing magnetic eld B = B

0
e
kt
a
z
.
a) Show that these elds do not satisfy Maxwells other curl equation: Note that B as stated
is constant with position, and so will have zero curl. The electric eld, however, varies
with time, and so H =
D
t
would have a zero left-hand side and a non-zero right-hand
side. The equation is thus not valid with these elds.
b) If we let B
0
= 1 T and k = 10
6
s
1
, we are establishing a fairly large magnetic ux
density in 1 s. Use the H equation to show that the rate at which B
z
should (but
does not) change with is only about 5 10
6
T/m in free space at t = 0: Assuming
that B varies with , we write
H =
H
z

=
1

0
dB
0
d
e
kt
=
0
E
t
=
1
2

0
k
2
B
0
e
kt
Thus
dB
0
d
=
1
2

0
k
2
B
0
=
10
12
(1)
2(3 10
8
)
2
= 5.6 10
6

which is near the stated value if is on the order of 1m.

172
9.20. Given Maxwells equations in point form, assume that all elds vary as e
st
and write the
equations without explicitly involving time: Write all elds in the general form A(r, t) =
A
0
(r)e
st
, where r is a position vector in any coordinate system. Maxwells equations become:
E
0
(r) e
st
=

B
0
(r) e
st

= sB
0
(r) e
st
H
0
(r) e
st
= J
0
(r)e
st
+

t

D
0
(r) e
st

= J
0
(r)e
st
+ sD
0
(r) e
st
D
0
(r) e
st
=
0
(r) e
st
B
0
(r) e
st
= 0
In all cases, the e
st
terms divide out, leaving:
E
0
(r) = sB
0
(r)
H
0
(r) = J
0
(r) + sD
0
(r)
D
0
(r) =
0
(r)
B
0
(r) = 0
9.21. a) Show that under static eld conditions, Eq. (55) reduces to Amperes circuital law. First
use the denition of the vector Laplacian:

2
A = A+( A) = J
which is Eq. (55) with the time derivative set to zero. We also note that A = 0 in steady
state (from Eq. (54)). Now, since B = A, (55) becomes
B = J H = J
b) Show that Eq. (51) becomes Faradays law when taking the curl: Doing this gives
E = V

t
A
The curl of the gradient is identially zero, and A = B. We are left with
E = B/t
173
9.22. In a sourceless medium, in which J = 0 and
v
= 0, assume a rectangular coordinate system in
which E and H are functions only of z and t. The medium has permittivity and permeability
.
a) If E = E
x
a
x
and H = H
y
a
y
, begin with Maxwells equations and determine the second
order partial dierential equation that E
x
must satisfy.
First use
E =
B
t

E
x
z
a
y
=
H
y
t
a
y
in which case, the curl has dictated the direction that H must lie in. Similarly, use the
other Maxwell curl equation to nd
H =
D
t

H
y
z
a
x
=
E
x
t
a
x
Now, dierentiate the rst equation with respect to z, and the second equation with
respect to t:

2
E
x
z
2
=

2
H
y
tz
and

2
H
y
zt
=

2
E
x
t
2
Combining these two, we nd

2
E
x
z
2
=

2
E
x
t
2
b) Show that E
x
= E
0
cos(t z) is a solution of that equation for a particular value of :
Substituting, we nd

2
E
x
z
2
=
2
E
0
cos(t z) and

2
E
x
t
2
=
2
E
0
cos(t z)
These two will be equal provided the constant multipliers of cos(t z) are equal.
c) Find as a function of given parameters. Equating the two constants in part b, we nd
=

.
174
9.23. In region 1, z < 0,
1
= 2 10
11
F/m,
1
= 2 10
6
H/m, and
1
= 4 10
3
S/m; in
region 2, z > 0,
2
=
1
/2,
2
= 2
1
, and
2
=
1
/4. It is known that E
1
= (30a
x
+ 20a
y
+
10a
z
) cos(10
9
t) V/m at P
1
(0, 0, 0

).
a) Find E
N1
, E
t1
, D
N1
, and D
t1
: These will be
E
N1
= 10 cos(10
9
t)a
z
V/m E
t1
= (30a
x
+ 20a
y
) cos(10
9
t) V/m
D
N1
=
1
E
N1
= (2 10
11
)(10) cos(10
9
t)a
z
C/m
2
= 200 cos(10
9
t)a
z
pC/m
2
D
t1
=
1
E
t1
= (2 10
11
)(30a
x
+ 20a
y
) cos(10
9
t) = (600a
x
+ 400a
y
) cos(10
9
t) pC/m
2
b) Find J
N1
and J
t1
at P
1
:
J
N1
=
1
E
N1
= (4 10
3
)(10 cos(10
9
t))a
z
= 40 cos(10
9
t)a
z
mA/m
2
J
t1
=
1
E
t1
= (4 10
3
)(30a
x
+ 20a
y
) cos(10
9
t) = (120a
x
+ 80a
y
) cos(10
9
t) mA/m
2
c) Find E
t2
, D
t2
, and J
t2
at P
1
: By continuity of tangential E,
E
t2
= E
t1
= (30a
x
+ 20a
y
) cos(10
9
t) V/m
Then
D
t2
=
2
E
t2
= (10
11
)(30a
x
+ 20a
y
) cos(10
9
t) = (300a
x
+ 200a
y
) cos(10
9
t) pC/m
2
J
t2
=
2
E
t2
= (10
3
)(30a
x
+ 20a
y
) cos(10
9
t) = (30a
x
+ 20a
y
) cos(10
9
t) mA/m
2
d) (Harder) Use the continuity equation to help show that J
N1
J
N2
= D
N2
/tD
N1
/t
and then determine E
N2
, D
N2
, and J
N2
: We assume the existence of a surface charge
layer at the boundary having density
s
C/m
2
. If we draw a cylindrical pillbox whose
top and bottom surfaces (each of area a) are on either side of the interface, we may use
the continuity condition to write
(J
N2
J
N1
)a =

s
t
a
where
s
= D
N2
D
N1
. Therefore,
J
N1
J
N2
=

t
(D
N2
D
N1
)
In terms of the normal electric eld components, this becomes

1
E
N1

2
E
N2
=

t
(
2
E
N2

1
E
N1
)
Now let E
N2
= Acos(10
9
t) + B sin(10
9
t), while from before, E
N1
= 10 cos(10
9
t).
175
9.23d (continued)
These, along with the permittivities and conductivities, are substituted to obtain
(4 10
3
)(10) cos(10
9
t) 10
3
[Acos(10
9
t) + B sin(10
9
t)]
=

t

10
11
[Acos(10
9
t) + B sin(10
9
t)] (2 10
11
)(10) cos(10
9
t)

= (10
2
Asin(10
9
t) + 10
2
B cos(10
9
t) + (2 10
1
) sin(10
9
t)
We now equate coecients of the sin and cos terms to obtain two equations:
4 10
2
10
3
A = 10
2
B
10
3
B = 10
2
A + 2 10
1
These are solved together to nd A = 20.2 and B = 2.0. Thus
E
N2
=

20.2 cos(10
9
t) + 2.0 sin(10
9
t)

a
z
= 20.3 cos(10
9
t + 5.6

)a
z
V/m
Then
D
N2
=
2
E
N2
= 203 cos(10
9
t + 5.6

)a
z
pC/m
2
and
J
N2
=
2
E
N2
= 20.3 cos(10
9
t + 5.6

)a
z
mA/m
2
176
9.24. A vector potential is given as A = A
0
cos(t kz) a
y
. a) Assuming as many components as
possible are zero, nd H, E, and V ;
With A y-directed only, and varying spatially only with z, we nd
H =
1

A =
1

A
y
z
a
x
=
kA
0

sin(t kz) a
x
A/m
Now, in a lossless medium we will have zero conductivity, so that the point form of
Amperes circuital law involves only the displacement current term:
H =
D
t
=
E
t
Using the magnetic eld as found above, we nd
H =
H
x
z
a
y
=
k
2
A
0

cos(t kz) a
y
=
E
t
E =
k
2
A
0

sin(t kz) a
y
V/m
Now,
E = V
A
t
V =

A
t
+E

or
V = A
0

1
k
2

sin(t kz) a
y
=
V
y
a
y
Integrating over y we nd
V = A
0
y

1
k
2

sin(t kz) + C
where C, the integration constant, can be taken as zero. In part b, it will be shown that
k =

, which means that V = 0.

b) Specify k in terms of A
0
, , and the constants of the lossless medium, and . Use the
other Maxwell curl equation:
E =
B
t
=
H
t
so that
H
t
=
1

E =
1

E
y
z
a
x
=
k
3
A
0

cos(t kz) a
x
Integrate over t (and set the integration constant to zero) and require the result to be
consistant with part a:
H =
k
3
A
0

sin(t kz) a
x
=
kA
0

sin(t kz) a
x
| {z }
from part a
We identify
k =

177
9.25. In a region where
r
=
r
= 1 and = 0, the retarded potentials are given by V = x(z ct)
V and A = x[(z/c) t]a
z
Wb/m, where c = 1/

0
.
a) Show that A = (V/t):
First,
A =
A
z
z
=
x
c
= x

0
Second,
V
t
= cx =
x

0
so we observe that A =
0

0
(V/t) in free space, implying that the given statement
would hold true in general media.
b) Find B, H, E, and D:
Use
B = A =
A
x
x
a
y
=

t
z
c

a
y
T
Then
H =
B

0
=
1

t
z
c

a
y
A/m
Now,
E = V
A
t
= (z ct)a
x
xa
z
+ xa
z
= (ct z)a
x
V/m
Then
D =
0
E =
0
(ct z)a
x
C/m
2
c) Show that these results satisfy Maxwells equations if J and
v
are zero:
i. D =
0
(ct z)a
x
= 0
ii. B = (t z/c)a
y
= 0
iii.
H =
H
y
z
a
x
=
1

0
c
a
x
=
r

0

0
a
x
which we require to equal D/t:
D
t
=
0
ca
x
=
r

0

0
a
x
iv.
E =
E
x
z
a
y
= a
y
which we require to equal B/t:
B
t
= a
y
So all four Maxwell equations are satised.
178
9.26. Write Maxwells equations in point form in terms of E and H as they apply to a sourceless
medium, where J and
v
are both zero. Replace by , by , E by H, and H by E,
and show that the equations are unchanged. This is a more general expression of the duality
principle in circuit theory.
Maxwells equations in sourceless media can be written as:
E =
H
t
(1)
H =
E
t
(2)
E = 0 (3)
H = 0 (4)
In making the above substitutions, we nd that (1) converts to (2), (2) converts to (1),
and (3) and (4) convert to each other.
179