RECIPROCATING AND ROTARY COMPRESSORS by Profawor VLADIMIR CHLUMSKY Head of the Depactment, Te(E801 a i i ‘rns Bg Ret Mae, 08 ‘oowTENTs ‘Recerca iy Lama enon tore Pa hcl meee Chango So at ed Ye Pitofane haa ets cng omar Chang eine She Rabe Ca ‘tno baer races Omg. ‘Vena bition Vmeies Ber korn ar Pw Ronan re Dict ‘Behn ih an oir Dig he Ten Poe ae{ni pa are ak Maan, tl nae se asin “Rona aap Coe he Lemp ngs (Ta $isan Roe input os Recpeaig Co GE Bone iclenteaet Gaui Yoni oc i SE Sitar roe Es 1. i A fig gras 2 Tr Sogsnen Gorge ta SX. Rireatg cnt o Ek ake ethos owe on _ aia Uae ens earns ie Sion, neo ee tg Se SE ii a ‘tie Wet Re ce an api an my ‘rae ni Fun Cn i Fi sn te Sm Sv te 22, Soe he ie ee no = ‘epg Compa Po Si amu Cita by Sorel Yate 1 ih Sy ic ate ae Yate.) Conta by Chango Tetting the Setin Line Eat {8 Sane Yeas by 2 Earn Fee 9 ont Aeon ‘in he Sn Bron Ve we 43, Platt! Eaton fr Coupe Cotes Conta Spot 21 nay cms om ‘Yee Compremom sod Vacuum Pompe Capac Rotin of Vane ‘Snprmar Contato Def ate Compan Pree owlng Eee "yp Cera Enea pete oo {pale Compe i Regan Swe eseseen ange Pn, ee mr peer ws Be a {hep Fig Sera foe toe Poe ven tee Fm pn ft See Gore fagtochngce Dacron Pg Ore pie ge 10 Haven Poe oe SECS Fi again i i ad compa Pt "5 spp toga uy eat us IE, Barr Pane Yo Sect ft ar ato Seng. ipa‘he origi Coaconorakian ven of hs ook ha ess fora number of eae aapdard art bon fora inthe Conpenoe Depart esto he Teche Univesity of Praga Not oni dn rv a tet ok Da it ao sta mu fl tforanton af ral tthe estan ‘Mot ofthe en ont with tala dg fete of opocting compres bat all of the bade forms of ave daplament acne ek reprocting and ory, ae eve, ning te frat de opel ofc hapa ae inlued on base thermedynain of gan, gus hmiity ‘st hot trace via plan and aed tba enonsarel a gato ge gu to iui hea exchange Thee a tly aed owas te “sition to comprar past peblens On noe ingore soto mae by th bok th foes tat ets sears be tama the wn f the compete pt inhding the blag neem "9. all forms of somponete aed eye of power oling that ree foe extemel ie pene operation, ‘The Brg language wrin now publ ls» pp i 2 eras ‘There are very fon boks pobladed dealing ith compre plant fom the design ners int of iw and thr apa to be one wit ex in Raga combi with tl frmolae and mania ata go in ete Wis hoped hat this one il Bosal a any soaiie ch thoe ‘in Ain which Brg nscenad language now nes mete nen AY he tn of triton ite Rags fter ain 6 en leto uy the text allo fr deveopnts tenia a matin “hich have reel squat to tn gal yet. ‘Aran indian ofthe cor ofthe bok of interest to woe that ie hn een pn Pond wo she USSR. an hat ration to Londo, 16 nw LST OF syMBOLS fer fmit be mane a ot nie Ie 1 fom the aia be otra nea fasted HE Sn58 +4 ‘th ter (nd ne 1) an (0, ini mi HUE FF PESUSERE MS fee Sollee "Thiel ey pc nd har Tepe occas psn, Tae soto i eb Cte ata) Br s FEF. ii ‘eis 'Stmuad ota i 1 com ale) fo fae ative natin Pie, i tie pr be Sema Fetal ieto mali the test tll for dle in tenga al seit ic have ote staan t te gal pt, ‘ea ini th sco of he Bk eH of ttre fo te tha ie ha ben patel Pond he USSR. nd Wh tration it ont, 164, RW, st oF syMBOLS peated Ps fei ang 2 estone ‘ “Finer nar dears (en) fen iter ‘ye ttf gt te mt es esa Sarge Secs bot Sisters Sy pe ed ‘See a cee er ‘bo ei iS emt ‘ai Se am Sade rng pre ants ‘eg maa ol eco Esters ener ry, sa paren oe eel e . Sn Wigg poner input 10 corpranae (1 Fe i 2 ott Sams: Pes, F =; [eel Bes ey al ae i: Seve =a a a a. , F eocoeeee PT edutae ngeeicn I fe Eat 5 PT te x , Son. ; e cen 1 : feu tare vue ep k ; SW f io £ Serre £ ater er ent “ Sts 7 ¢ eee rn gre Dae rere . Le ; bee ee week ig tates : ae 1 Seton rt to Era yee ot Seton oti pein . : Sh, olor sgram egftg] Sunt of omit Seaeee : i £ Bie =o. =a. a i Seer 4 iseri arn ns Se mney sto are ote) seme > mera Sri ren in 1 esaov:nion {1 Sigifeance of Compressed Gases and Vapours otal anda btn tr one a ingot nian a compre ge a apo sows ecg ted. Ca eet a al eas poetry he oe pt na ‘roe of machi Sorat inte cee, srami, shail eit gh [su power ongaring sed many aba atic Infact Te wld ranch of iadatey wore wleaion of ore ie ‘mitral ratinalanne of mamlacng presen “insuage of potmti wachion ton anther sgh el ‘peda combi! sh compartely lw weigh In copvaed iene Satosumalateaconsiecele amoant of ergy ad rele hin srry ‘hort tine, nor etampe in eatpa OF grew impance athe ar of ropes aro in refsprtng ats wich cable Osada ‘ring bya eon andi o poral ‘Compreued gues tia playa ery tat cle he hey semis lady fr nampa nares in pgp of oe cel ‘ish pura of abot 300 stm, ete anu af oysheue seni ‘he ese fut 00 aon mes ae ole for arysne sh ge reenact onentain Te fd eds, mprepration of cer se wed, a acai ‘Sing of ae rltng fn ail oferty proper). ‘Compre or rte utr auto study Icing ere edn wmeron or Gis of han seit, mech te agri, trys fring. edi, apart and pal earch, Deroy enor eto comperming ring gen ert knowie oth or ‘dpm and open of machina by hich Sagan gs roman ete 1 mente a1.2, Dainition of Compressors Dac repented erp of ue a tr mee sen ies oir. Sane nin of antl By thea, omer contre mechanical nk ia fata thee lng the cs of hoa machine, 1.3. Historical Review “Te we of compra thong genera cored a mod ‘em insoraton san be teneed bask ese 3000 par 500 BC. Ae “Sompin mallee! popes ae pobaby Koos ost 30 BC \e'ityloo, nee trae sxe sece to have be tnd. Brose ee | [ity nel abut 220. Cand, bea of thre, ae Yry ‘ier he manatctr f weapons. Ete caved bromides ‘ord were un Bayp, Ind ned Mewpotarsie 8 rg found {te tonbof Rachmar, Governor of Thebes and Varo Thome I King gyi the day showing satay working eons made of oat aad wed ttl sning The een bello herr dates orto 100 Bc “omer dries hi ithe te fan la in Hepat shea no Bre ‘he ek hope Pato (428 — 34 B.C) sortase mn le compe or sonstang fs tbe ag which mater Gemmell sl, [Sethe mua om to the op of he rule camared hea tre i ular shed prewar high enol to How whl whieh mn nod pei to hi ear, “ebue (264 322 B.C) to, a onside How of compre sir forbs Se at oss though «eta foo to met ner ‘ie coin hn to rin abe for ng te ee Grek we went 0 Aloandato ody under Ci ence fiat! phinephy i Alesana ate a ok bearing the tie "Pin ‘anti in whieh te denied ppiaion of sonra ar snd acu ‘ne eonterane deve, sie sompremd wt to open a etme ‘hos. It woe alent, witht uy han efer wl produe! spre, teste by Pal, ater ppl of Cai, thas teacher etl nui cpr inceumen ned Sr, whith the Gok wr Pane ‘igpued have bwn devin By Fan, the Gre ps "Pc isroment poly coma from piper of erin lengths to lon varon tons Orginal var ty by he ip, bu later compro sir wae suppl by nea of blows say wo add. Th i be ‘ow the wate af the moen ous The to ple set an Spree icv bck ito ith ater buck elecpd Teta fdasopee ulate vate von when tpowel ito snl eet Tis jenn eed pre ‘Pi oper that en 138 B.C. Cen ropa aero an compre weno inhi deaiion ft “tear Hye os epping wd Coppel Sa Viet 8 ‘hime tted thor mapa by mde the Mie ae wel encarta ins gatkin bellow, tough sepinderantpton typeof ower uta very aly pv, Tt oe ‘Set fs hllowed ot tank avs epinde nh wane Paton se nather ‘ashes Such lower, probly of Chines, wan forndin Barco, hers ‘sed rin sete “Facnt Roane, were fan wth awe any 63898, , “Kteut 1D. 2 Vivi mentored «bows with selina tallow Sind wit pton oad for-walel ap The dag hs below ows Pe 1 ‘ep Liny and Horn ll mention bgp Mowe with pos atta14. Glattieton of CompressorsWith patos omprenors mae oped Ayo compre wih the last othe piconet rater so fg he compe sn tate Pit ution for te slaieation of arnt i the auson 3 ivery paar The tof eles rere fo sc ree er the compro tai (oe rere rai) This be diane foe ‘ispecies ign of taro sobustn engine, whee {eee th vate o the ttl yn lame alain tara Vl ‘he olsraace son sone faci osatng with aston bl atria preurean compe log tn mmomiere or eligi he prsare are termed tact pe Inui marines aly termed ecu, Jo ype dvs okie Unde sade onions we eld or). ‘faite nhs everson ony th tance ik are in he ow ‘tus (opto LO mi of alr colunn) ar ered fn. Scie wih actin at Sponimaely atonpece pee a having ‘sump ati ln han 3 sy bo tte Awe Oly mahi for [eal yramuy of 1 0 atgare compress in th rower team Ue Word Shey be frien sobcved Ite) tn prem, 6) en pre, ‘Aoh peamrecompesrs Upio he pet tener thm ers arb mine sone orth eu, the mato i ppson ove ben rly wari! th a of hl lpenrod “Sw peace compro Sr oat per Of op 25a 1) Sem me smear for ou prema of an 25 100 ag 1} gh pene sempre fac Sal remure of fm 1004 590 ate {{chmaeton of comprar sng, aa ee easy ‘eae ered i a flo Sia yin comprare badlag up to 160 mh. 1 Madero nding 10 Lo 4.000 mh, 1) Large imprenreRanlng more ha 00 For comjemnrsbevings ih compra ato Sweep die Into to or ore stage Thee forte ued ca ab pode ‘ston te power apt Depending upon the Bid punpd sod the sie sntinete mazmen ree nr apes eneo =n Manage eirecating machines fr livery prosrs exci 50 ai acetal hypenompranrs They have spt 7 age, "or compaart with high mon prema (70st) a ow oa wun tore} the ar ean png clr harbewn apd “Ties stan of vomprome caieatin, taper roo he pont ‘iow ite ego hot be speed Tsay boo, Eyaogs,sisope, scion, ign gu, sod vpout ad gu ed ‘ingenton gee ssh ua ety clr, aren oris,thefroabors,snmonia, eT phyioland chemi popetn exe 9 conierble ‘Bttens wo te eng if omens Pura dietstn a pend pantry of ire, method of colin, sranpreat ender, ‘lth soe af Sorgen hat ons operation Sarceriatics we Ht i fen agpteaten. Table spre age lowes ae igalent, For thi eae ‘ise cmprorvare stabi for ln apes rn un hy emp | {fine tne raises In te se of pte daplacemest echo Ary Shana aster ow compresion railed alo im gat ‘Siem bl erating compre ud fr eim hih = ration nny apse Hf the flume be compres. Membrane co [rotor inhi er abc eas and of oman sre the mal iti aed sly fr smal ae of gu “et smo capa of cperatng at low prasad can bane leet lao au or gs 2 be om "Ths bok de ich pontine dpcemeat compomcce and thi ere FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYNAMICS OF GASES 2.4, Fundamental Conceptions “Te state of » gm may be ten by the lowing detersisng ‘ae: eager, pan spect volun "he donpestue is exroued in Gore Cetra ain gen a desig sic ao 1°. On gis Gontede the buniolth pst of the een ‘ecto towpath aig ot aod tbe esis pst of pare ‘Shcrat eemure 19s i Anglos cots he tempers [Spal he dee Foren, iw tual conenion of tt ne Ie oe te lan wenmr—m f em 1 is yey often enovsint for hese xeon to make un of he ‘le eer Th espe dees Kati, whith 9 on {lesen to dagen Cntr bet have thm pit 278.150 Tow te ecing ptt of pr mata Testomperstar in enero Dy the eral 7K, ree 40-4 a3, eo he graare ars ency the epee prensa tcl f pres) tae puntiaa ve wih hn as (huh my ben a id Sepa the snl whi tele. pce ge ‘uly nen intra aevapors ta gem anda Sete yp glen) Forename me osteo spre the peste (hi far tea spn ao hoyle en Mieway a. ‘Smal proare dens ae fen gen in millimeter clams (emf watt) ate stereo hime of erry enon (a Hy. {ithe nc osname She the pre marriage »sure of 4° in the cond na emprturof °C The ui of te php {rem crepndingto the byron pre of Ym Hg eerste Fo and toe nora grav katona ulation of 90 88 nie ered ore Te Anglo aso costa the preset aired po er a |e pi Mata oven of both was biel fo he aon ae Magometrssuly means the price above or teow atone ram When eng te iter thy mayb ald wate, Prine ‘Sore mir ere astm (peu stp) To sluhtiny, oat sncaraed with deen of pour, abate ewan a nr tothe fer inated bythe maou ase he Extmeii praio ad Tho abot peur In atone rer ‘ed the apn pats). Praesent aban abedate ‘Tn yetiple barre pemare neared by 2 ereary baat {In trdertolitaie th alm fhe herein of meer sad thot pu the ear the Dror eros ih emo bei, Rane of he baromet aman to "Cana tm Be made een a0 im? = 1060 of water = 788m Ke = 2 woot ol ea) Tew Ree sere eral ents, 1 Sine reared ab emertae contin finer exon fhe wale, (3 teticent of thal spun of ery. Fors ham wale « = 16410°, 9 = 1815.10° i a Within maw temper rages 4 maybe taken a cotta bras sane at operate of 0-0, 8 = 102-10" "Ts the rang cf higs vasa he compte vale ofthe abot pemre oat given init of eer) sl be thie og ao quiet, | tum valve expe an prrcageon the thr hl rege adi tal afrmation ufo the broetzeprae to whish le ‘The spsfe ne denser the volume of emg ofthe matril in postion em) 1 the ata volae Vth apse vane and the wei he eon 1h the tate mit psa th pee vol gve nebo mts pr eget To sti otro pss xed vapours toa rer large tent etn as pei Spe enh fhe gen mae wo the meh oan equ lune o ater Eh temperate of 70 tribe cone gran stem ee the ‘po fh pect ole, he tbo) it specie ae avai of weston pee “Berg Theale ae tera orate toes ps Eat or ciel obige a ir teroed nergy Ment erty od mechan wok are the ‘Sot teers cnsirtone 0 ‘tbe drain ih the theory Si compeomor By espera os Svan proved that mechani fro son be craved ose ‘he unt of meena wok lew thoklogmanneee (ge) = ewer efoeatthe gg} [20 Jos ‘rb act throughs Stan Grote, Tie ant teat = he ist practoe theirs 20 [> ‘asa Hoare (kl), ‘efined sa the ent equivalent a rr ct wah yobs "#2 nen tt earneit we in Ang Saroe Conti the amour et equ to rie he Stmpestre st ound af watery 1'Prt nea the Bel Thral Unit oe ™ eal = 4269 205; ‘Te expnaion = 57h alg ele he ermal plat fran sel werk ep 7 = 4g ten nahn nt of et an tin we obtain te guatin expresig work intern of bat as = Are: Was 08) “thu he work doe oo by the working id ‘ren th enon ae died heaton fort tre Seige ‘ate of working htepowe (ep) al wat (RW): ip = 75 = EE koline = 07285 4W, (207) rw = 1020sgm ce = 12 eae Lato mp, (ta) 1 iphe =10.3 40 kgm = 210000 kgm = s82skea, (205) ‘The wrk dont oo by 8 gto apour daring sme shang fen te 0 ral sl, for esamp in welder Bt Sra pean ca be ssl lustratd by etl te cane of a wae PoP) Tian the curve (Pg 22) ay mnt anes rng wih the pt ‘Borer fot» potia a that the vlume (SF oapanton sek thatthe value Py ‘Tae love ning pon the Pino ie ah sia pion PEE aE Paha he Tg.22 gpm femap wham A i he ara of he piston int ee ‘Wf she plton by the action of this fore i ch he apoio pone ed the at ip eed coer ue nmrponne smo 0 Bs hon 2 ws thong an eeu de oft pth, tbe se setag pan the piston {he eto the slot of woe AW = Pade = PAY Wg ew 1. the an of he sip of ight ap wh on Fe eto "heft mek eto ring the maveme he ro yoiion Pee he inet Goa = ee IN US ecpengegalgnese R64 etn tema reas th work dane daring a nn woe (AF > 0) at. Ti reese ie lrand expansion ig 23) "The werk dow dig a deeue of rolame (AY oy henge, The ronan termed compennin 28) ‘Spee hat Toe oan of hat rue fo tae She temperatare foe llogon afte senpecive atral by ane dere Cie ee eps heat t that mate Iie yl nthe mops eget The aout (eat ernney feng te empty af wg © en tera ‘earner dfn eae AQ =e ean) “Tue eei rt oa ange with epoca fe materia Fool tempest range a cesounored fn som opraina we may Bes ‘he with tbe ele nase seine a fr conti "Fo hss mpd iin the rage of tment uy Oe = feat eet em)a the pens speci at betoae eterna Joon by sot in iin eve error can) i ng i pt at fp nei ul the wap swash tanned poy case saat be gen De ‘eodg won the rooms the specie et say hae an inte suber Of "Do apes ae a allows [a Te ame of the as rss contact and the prewar chang with epee 12) The par ens constant ad th ou shaagee With tmp Tee (Si. -s 23) interme he pf a oan ele ae le tegnd the spi aa cnt pret "Fan fe opto hen nafs gue and vapour ae pvan ‘The pei ont of el gata depends oat ely on te temperate but sap on the “htlezprenralerof Usps, fraita aus eerie a remus song to meant sated oot by Ronbock (ie. Yaar Eretmgen, oye, acmon anole gu nd ragour wer eter by duet 8) tna fond tha for iy gue hemi ha a aio pres may beatae by sna of Berl’ sguaton ow the lon conte + OTE kaleg easy ais ate or cluations many tn eto be und inthe ad yoton by Sos Fhe psc et ws const rare of mitre fg ving the sit om eeermined fom the eatin ~ Seem eas whe wy th night of componte, co, = aye cetatve wight of an indie component ofthe ms A es) 89 = ca = av.sate ny ee mt th ie fan eegy when the eta ine fom {o Rat omar lene Tor thealclestons the Sang of the inorsnegy nya ogre ee a totais abe. Fe thse Talore ton sponta show a ‘ata a 6 ‘estes wre fen ed). The total tral (Sey eeced by Uy th tral nergy SESE geo eer ntl oe 7 goed ay rope TASS AOPMNTAAE StsAM ater changes nthe state of te Sit Eeigrans = cep the hangs soe ee) ee in STR tem or quai Tf te inal energy reo cot lena cng nie the eatin a9 0 + 4a wear =A ar, en tye + AP a ene “Te eat splinting te temperature by A at comtant prose so = jan =a ean) "Tica the oange of ental "Te ing " ym = fear ese) eae be change of tly dasng the change of tenets fom te'rpocontune pam, valent in Fig 9 work do drag thi ‘hare giee by We = P (Va ¥) Thin th re oe the ea ie TSE wermeing te prose, An ny chong of aay ae ‘Slows epproprite datum tt tetngn oan ated ate The ent Snip of hy mei i ignated 22. The Laws of Boyle, Charles and Gay-Lussae taney voor pose her were te pad of pre dee coon cos empress mathemati expen ‘Engst eae the ats vere Pan deat he na al a praesent Ya Tyke ii ssa volar rps. Ie tener neg hn ‘he mapntde othe profit PF clnage. Lines rprsenting aration of {he doen shea shang foe Fue “iter operate are abown oF 26 ‘Char the otto terse y rwcnrenent te dependent ot iguanas ale PaPrer, (20 ohne F, Oe prem 1°C, Py the Yoeuce ae 0-0 andthe ene Cay Line wis the fi to ance by raremest the defence of vl ot ‘prs canta pre: Tea ey en ee det he volume at °C, Phe vl at °C, abd the coast ‘heh sme vl a in Carer ve Te alto at nefits Litwisom the sty of Moyles low- Appoint asi a al oe Inve tit th weight of te gas dor nox thane “Petree a spony fr al ues range of par td temperate arnt ton wat Tor he ga the state of cso, te cnr tebe confor the ne “sone to uate the sels of varius chal robles, cone eres aya often Th nh flows eat as ‘The ogi expan the laws of Char and Goy-Lame may ae sti fou ent 7, be assem ee he els = Piha oom. en) ‘eam,Hep emis en (emmy "Ro ute partons ie egos By 7 a tered abana eee ‘tr a broth lave may hea be expreed hy wtp proputione (a2) non HAE. cx she fit of te es ob gad by gat Ie dor ‘rom pit on Uv emperire Se soa aln distance of 713.167 met Sea EST Charly tam con be formulated lores At aman sles (he pao gata diraly proportional i lane pra Pg 27) ‘Stel, Gay Lar low ny be wien A con! pre he lame aga frly propria to hte port 23. Equation of State fora Parse Gas Tig. 2 Ssepets wo thermal prc a two feet te pen 7, and Ty Aumading to Chater ew ror PaaPa oat = B azn) 2 th 4 ead gat contort, eve rain that dio a my foreach india gue Varah [puss oerer, base wai gt ‘evant (Se Ta ros the ast equation we derive Poy AT, Pay RT, sd terete Pena, amy rar. the pei vate in wk "hs an pation of ate or Petit gu and hols fr 1g of gs. ore kgel tn gue Pv wrt, a2) 1 hin equation ww mut the nets prtre Pink’ te ime Vi tan the bolt temperate i depece Kat (07318, ‘Taegan ota expel in ga hg ‘eal goes do ob exally flow tha eqetion of tate, bt for pare sbi ae nt exami, {he devo om thie ‘uti ae peat alle The fer Turon, the lo ae {ie deviton fom thie ‘gut of at. ‘Tae ga conan steted in ring the eager of hg of peat comtaspew fare Py 1 Th pe ‘Sivvokae thinersce from sty an then Py = RE, Py aR iy maori the St ‘Stn rn hanson, sre at th falowiog (oe trt done yf a ee) from on poe when bing — i tos enero Ceram ‘on pee Pn ceaTbe pa apprcehe th tat of qofetin ea gh prea lo temprsina pater deviation rm the eos of tite ors eft {Solemn Borne gen tof ins th untae bet fr Pe KIT, 39) sh Ka unt 1 jonmae grate a cher pees than souk be ‘ted by Bork nw Wp evitent Eom Py tar With tb ‘hee mit he be Figur 10102 sccoiing t Fee {Sth prea the Wit of he psc ‘ote a, on freq ant yan F310 Detain a meses ig te apa cia men o re rage 0-900 ts, ns compared wth the wales elated om the 24 Entropy very sang of ergy i led wn gates, tematy aad exten Forte clement of neg ble sire a i the 1 titans ‘hie inten are esa Forint, for Snteoitysoy te De pH nad thes Focthermal exe ste temperatedt exensy insu eon eopy For th revel ementry ‘Sage tebe wou of one of trl ie are p26) forthe sanatay change of nop 1 we mali Sr oy fom the equation y= 8 4 AP de FoF wwattin F ane 4+ atin Fe 2m) rom tie uation ‘iv oritct Othe hang fenton de fend onlyon po. ete of the g Er Rendon ett Sh wae, at enced iy he path tng wiih th an Su kos paces ie ‘er wor, ey Stam of ate "Tae shai lon tthe eropy eat ow oy at Sr cations setting oa change of tat ty at be ‘ow trainee knw te change of etoprdarmg the eben of Sent eropy ory suse to be ao a0 aed at rewue 1 ltoaghtataperelyattay nd ther datum pts nyo hon "ornate, Fh 9] amen be oan hierar sttnpertnest —38°Cu prowate (tata, Freier tee” ‘oatytaen ata tompemture of either 100°C or 40°C and wer ‘arte gu contin Congo of ae in wid no ame by friin, x dition sumoendinge sie orc aad wich my” ocd in sere ‘lon armed vere change er ntanc the wok expended in me ‘sng «gray be regaled daring ta reespamio sw ni prem Theta nica og ny none itn, rsa ‘Svealie revere change "The following prs an, nortan eunutaee, be ented a eer ile The they woh le use hat thse crematanes we met Insta pea the gan nol change P= tae 1) eto he volume of the gar dvs ot change — P= ect 1) Kesher the tompersie of hop dor et ange == cont), 1h Alot fecal witht ba exchange tates the gua ad songs “ad = 8 13 Paton ‘The fa of th hang ae nil ees of patie ane, he quton of wah Yr con em 1) Iuare henge. Prom the equation of tate PY = eh vin tat susan bare shane the rm of he gu properties m ‘hi egution expo ayaa aw a ie prin Tea pr cucned a yin fied witha patos inane at constant rors wie bing col from a temperature T, to tener 7 by UTuhdneing the quay of heat Qe the vse decent tre anAwe hae oly shown, he wok ding an ba change He vy Dds ip Pom hn capeion e floes ha who aga oan em the wt negative bene Vy = Te work at be nme 7 agposinatty iar shangs one in whic « on ne shaugh ene —T woe the mn see heat AE cant pes inthe temperate ting een Foy + wy OOF Mette gater ME wae dona son a Sochoceehanee aria ine ‘The exgonat of te parti are fran bari chinge 1 eer hag For an shore ange AM aw hie ia epremion of Cale om pons erplananes we aay know that i hie cae bo wok oot ius om the P= ing nF. Aegon tore hung he aap gen by Que he ei, th chang de ply any pat ne compraon of gee =f ora te ee ‘Teter change Phe material expen anther mage foes yr ps inven the egos B= Ply eam Ini goal sti hati AQ seat = AP Ar esa 0m 7 = nt, teers ays ar ‘hs mest a he het mpl alone lt work, a ha en seca the work nt omer at. etait Tectia ‘ A une 24h ern or one "the plop espinat fran bother ead 8 A} adil change ering the equation fr a aati o eno cur {ie sare eating un tate expen ot compeion oC Pyaar we aerume tht th gn erly nae he undinge Tan the fwing dees eqeatn apie 80 seed? + APAY 9. ean) ate nd woacting for iy Aion var spay ai into th dil gat of he heel re (2.1 we an wes (FaP + Pav) + AbWPAY =o 6Canning wae ananing oy + AR see a PAV evar mt ex) Invacing & = y and ving by PY ead to ay op rer Zeno eam) Inlagraon give ts Pty i T-=0, where O he integration content ‘Tg antgartine we olan PY ens, ces) “she ete eqution fr th anaes. ‘ro compar ofthe sour of th thermal ad saat ures on the PY dng en vee tat the ep ofthe ister tamper ‘he ano the wth eave (ig 210) ‘Sioa vlna for vss Br gn in Table ecmprenisn proces atintntialy, ith exchange of bet with ‘he nanos esa, afer String ver P Into he oto fhe aia ure Fr conryy = Fe (obtyy ~ cost fi oomnyy = Fe why vag te lowing lationship Letom temperature ail press ao + “tay om ron the ner qetin fr et ation los ht aati prom th ral agelnt oh ompreion wr eal the ile: ‘oe betwee the intron omg fe a ei sores AM g =U =, mee, —79- eam erter tins are n= oe eA tether After entiation we oe that th ork done ding ediabtn compeion gente oe LEP Sean oom "Thi expen forthe nod seo ob derived om the law Bye era rr wra- [rar enn fa 2% = PUR PS = PELE ion oe Dh gat (30 nd te er ne by il el ona pretty scope he rc slater ein nt ne. sng prdng ran ants (ede = =) tn rele te cag et ria aha ange y i tig eet he eto el SNES Eres ag cpl yon Tn Gusbonah, Garman an Soviet iteratre the tr aisha change snip iene ngs tsar gy Tite apace tar ding vn nic “Srp sn natn ro ping i tng fate ct nyu copes does fa er the math ai: SLEESEIE cee ing eT eh Ciicia e'eecs one dagen or papeope rag 2 Sele Brice af vpn my vary 0 Ser onteg mpc wane t'on pe cor ene ce bomen SSRs » sites Sabcton of the dient pation of tta var + pay ner rorea(e—npar ~ eran. boa 21} we ota teen = ear = ating ‘nhi th psie et ding he ylytopl hangs, a ote a = wear. 0) rigs contin tes the pec indo emoved daring the change i tng he pon he apr om Ste fio nts 3 given by Oates (eae) “The equation PY? sept = pte version of the genera pote sution PY con Teast expen for ork dane ring fartoplc ecmasin o opaatn carte obaed Uy ubtutng ie opin th gation (238). ama 28 sat of er rt ta ey 2.0, Datermination of the Plytopc Exponent 0 for a Given Curve rons Ox 1 cae droog of th oun of pyri care wal Joa fo esac sa anita dagran, 2 the ens exponent be {een wo pc and? reine, we tay poco! a bo wap he neil rondo conte of aking pete of tw equation of the pig ure raat rng the slong Py +o Vlog Py slog Vl by rtroge ‘Ste sive atthe Gare vale of he exponet. aan ithe graph ed pe pears and appropri. vole 0 lo ‘es wae Ibe pyro ure repent y 9 sgt ie the ‘ont m nan eoctat ring the ange, eae by ave, ‘Eecaponmtn stale Pig 2 10} Teeangeoto tang enw byte ‘rons low of he pine and and ha aang hen eal the ean xpos natin ean ‘From the irl qatin of the payee curve Bandas ean °‘cn eso tht te expnant of te pager arven = whe of ‘ste eth of se sbtangnt (oe i. 2.10) TP rouge ps fo tein the magne ofthe exponent wat nya fe pobtope corey raving tetangetonthe PF dna, 9 . fant | ! wa Loe i Sapo SS pape i ’ 22. Consruet ofthe Paytropio Cure ‘Win dngning comprewr te proar digas hat down the meth given by rater mpage the condi fhe plop {hove sf eamprsion ad expansion ‘} i £28 Hn iron af pa em soled in Fig. 20 ne et dr mst lin at a eit ange sth te sn and another craig line manga angle fit he Pras th hoe pos thug thes pol. The magne of baled at Leung <0 sea, ea) ean be ako at ar wed 1 stana = te bata ts 1 the equation ofthe olrtaps carve Hale, then the sane tb the nn th an ven quan fo the tanec e agen 11a nramlly conc fo it ah = 95 Te tha eer tae for tan BS Obs O30: oes a3 3H 08 aSrvenwooveawtes oF cnnessons 4. Rapesenatin ofthe Theoret yee ofa Pasitve Bip Captor ons FV Dagon For maton fmt I it ivetgt the prea i gram of singing tagietnge enrol [rons wi nba dou nt, the pst ron nomad with the “hiner bea, there Big Mo (uo vapor rapped betes Sie Te auton ed, ‘Sider sac ih te tion ‘Ban und che every mae [NE eed by vate ‘effecnt few en ahown da ‘Famataly Hi 3 ‘ner th pon a the Jager ead cone pin (Poin 4) At ti isan te ‘Seton and deer rales ee ‘heed Wa the pion moves (etvac thaw bs ted Sopeede sree Boas [ithe pre drt cot {he cen rate thin poe ‘Bud thin ave open he ni, gu or raps i dears intotbnopiners conan prs P hoa bo main mal Ta Pg 8 {oto i parte fhe straight ine 4-1 Tn enter ie nc etc se pew othe ender anda nth ma wl i Pra dra fe omar he to he reane od 0 tht ld fw y the mito valve an vera th pear serena rue to praca the Bow wee ‘ihe tid When te ten eae the outer ead Ste poston ‘etion vale sr (Pott) ad th pon then retarted ‘Set pron Th the volun in whith he ied Bi noe’ i hcg na pene rue,‘ rviation of peur P wih ame [pepe yt ure FT prewar oe daring compen el Sepnty wi the ure Pin the ee seeds he pear nth dal emi aoa othe mestancen rang the pase (Tie td hog tha tery valve (Port). Toe deiery vabe ten Shera noel trey pt a ae lies The dapacmect ofthe Hd nde inthe ingame ira Iie? sve went ion eat le oa ete, wre the elery "Sct he ton atin died ane lt the eink comply he me fil inrtasaoemnly when the pion starts to more on a a6 ‘Sit atl she ucton valor ope andthe ent yl epi ‘42. Compressor Work and Work Done ‘turing Compression Comideran ideal compro berg flow eine aati x tv, whc nde a deve a anata pres a se ti ae “Te wok de on thn i ding the oye trmed tad Bow work oe coumpronnr work given by then ewok doe on he i during on recon (erned non fow wer) HW feproened Mig 31 by aes 770} and doing tchage Wea 230) mae the wk dane by te {test tung sation Ween 4 Repeat eager re the P= grain by the ten 1234, ant stale expr Ui td wrk don th fd take tobe pte al he vrk dane by thd piv) ee eestion wow mem aay the wrk done during comprein between Hates 1a 2 ten by he ‘sega w= fray. ‘Tis wrk mpatine boa JY <0.aml te poopie (PY — oth. The grr ‘het lhe ese he onal her Dome tte Total compre wrk ices tt be reas compro prowede motherly, whe the plyropie exponent eget ig 12) Then Pi ‘Tee mong tr in he eon fr he wrk dor Ang he 1h this man (anthem he total werk na othe sol works == 19000 9 2 kgm ay othe cope take pce ial the tt ger dang he oer compre wa ey How wrk) giv by th gral iy sich is reprvnid on the PF igri yearn 1234. 23) Tnodacng ie ere a ron socnaearastertgos FNC Ses == 10 hoe ea The rea adabtn mp work srk gin bythe equation (230, we repli he expnent of th iat curio eget (3.64) a (4) bythe payeopc xpooat nw etna te expen forthe art ‘Supreme wot allowing fr plop mre 1 me theater AeFr ot high sed le compremors xe aprosintey equal to 1:38 ‘The yee re intone he ene (208, (8H mad (3.8) site nin ba or 1000p hee pin ley evel int fate wep naan aur (0 = 27819, Te we vpn te el {tne F; Ay the see vlame sw tin te ttl wa ntl ea eda i. any and api detemsaton of th expemion oma le)" —] ute mde, by eof he gran Fig 3.4 and Fig. 5 | TT! TTD ued BBP Jn 34 siya tga Fg 3 Mag he ne na onling then free In) pong oh cian Ft pge fie gem egies vaie phe cae ape hy eae ac crane MR Serica Sita a Rett in ein 00) ret nm 881m acum 33, Compressor with Clearance Than stn! compre, ater easing the hse dead eteo between th eindr eed sete pte nan toa lee 0s 1b sm, where Li the soko the ten Th space toga ‘ial he ote space betes the con saved Paton esd Sent oema the nl dere lame The ratio ofthe learance volume Va fo the sume amept bythe pon epson the arnt ofthe valves in te elder tos the in ‘ion vel “Thier i mrmally 6 ye wl devon ad cnr compres having erate pon wove. In expres wi hh fat tes (eg mos), however, aa Ing the marton stoke fr tie delvery fee tothe maton free a os Bs part ofthe tie apace pro by the rowing piston (Vig. Henee the ‘elu ffi nduod by the compre teed bya comopnding aout Thi ‘duties sire ul ele, to E {he inne of he sare yl in nst = — foind incor pect eipreaingerteae ‘ny, in wet ras pumps, here the seat led with ter44, Volumetric Efficeney ‘the cao the won actualy pug to the volume swept ton {army dapnnent eed rlamet es) any “The xine i orl sok — sete by mena of «wate jacket st wmetnesBy tbe rounding af The nl vue of Budo Frag rm the State ole oats + lage eoing sete aden ‘Scene espn curve he eng er ta iba flive Wid ceotaning expansion, however, tbe tepertore of the od {ar tetow temperature pn nae sth evn wal neat ten Hom arse othe i, Hr th lows thatthe exponent ln reaxpsion cove varable However rexfansi at oes come Seto ima ey. be oie to appenimate to an wba Sot Trees th volume Peto wu the i expend drnga pee Sp from Pro Ph tine by elon nnn F o ane are 2P [i]. en nig 3.1 ma eh phishing asin etna ep ape oer Soe Saat tsp ea ani resp te oe woes Sle eas tegen eine nyt “pcp ped yh tan mw dee ‘SBevs'ctarh Chee enn Becta Capenan P= v6 ett le ogi don gone States bal i sept tte pg ep re sat re Megs as brs ren ns Sree rtd tc mtg spar wine ote seis ae peace Tee * fe the ar age mot for th ort tage mois feethe Athan father atage ay i tating empranrlower an of th plyropi exponen ae fot leakage pst he dlvery alee campru une et ay estan 14 32. gun emg me sny una ny aie etigeranta are, 4 le, i wth high member of atom in he mal ‘ale and ae eared bys lw value othe adie exponent. Fo ha ‘sao pei nthe majo om high emp {ow age tage compres wi ammonite compe up) tae ‘tal fr sample with a compeors, thew preaig exomely Bh temperature hw exponent he se-espanaon eur, however, fees ‘i volume cnn der ta impove th, demand i he or high spe compro eaing & 190 gpm and on) & lative deri vlome of 7, mayb come yrs alums etsney u improved foe fet tat wth igh send the resspunin expect sponses the etic eget Ts, whe eet ‘Semis eprom bats serpamionxjoney = 113-12 thal ‘an beeen mars highspeed mht =eyepiece urea at ‘ight fi athe tine dg poe "Fee infaroe ofthe spider wall vps oth expen and comprnion lemre protonsed in Susveston sxe, Aerding to RDB (7) vs Ierot mr 1g and 0908 recep fe exunson ao » = LOR te {oie eres romper mete od or omer rein 62 sl at2 apn accompa nth van the adalaicexpnene y= 1128. ‘Bec oft al alum fey He rt ade ated & compin mtn o 6 usrcbos spears sr ie, de ta th ger Bale un oer eof ih tcp icon “asap cope ooh ri heap et voce ot om at <1 ance 135, Volumetric Efieney allowing for Flow Resistances Conse men aos ny yee yang St ng ee ear ath gi Be ge sme» re’ ht catnip eae man cat Bitlet nh trey er STi Miata ttt ao tostam peep tee ot tiy wip tee ee one i th oS et at ran . sn a els ene ce Staaten se Satie ds othe “pte of wining tat . og np pe : he item t amd fon et es : i nin ne so yn he pen a med Teenie gigs tho emt in, SS ae tse gee ont dad ori, Vy = Fy the raced 0 The apart rlame ‘lend Thar sing olgtropis exmprenion vow ral “The rdutin in esti vole F tha gen by afta] neal C24] During thi sal sompronins th aerate ofthe i wi ver than hat tthe pln wall Het il Rw int he Bust wo the exponen wil te tgier On the sdatt xponet. To loite the alate Tt “Dhl eh ard in th taarass velar expan, th rare esate Tie th euntion ofthe ppt pan care, “The vlumstre ceey, aking in acon hotig a tion hen wasa( Bf eft ann ‘he ylumtric fiom wil noe fhe premre i the ede Fe tomacn tino fenton se Te peau th feta fo vo amet sey thon repre the pwr th oi atthe ed of “ating ot only ress vluneti fine bt lo oe eee in the wmrenor ore Th pear he nator dgrs 0 aes Havre teteormallavats) nde tee opeemetng th aa eet Sie par and aber th ie pwning be ley ie pre, “Tho qetyofGidndanod byte compre woli fred tothe temprtare and osm ath tion Flange a te comprea® orale compre wing ne sly om the stepice 90 Woe ae ecney feed to tong confitony ab fir hin on Sheahan pee ln rae ote indtrdingras “e'mutvage soaps soar ewe dactutions own in the suction ino thn hier nage sv be psd out ler Har reas {Re ole fine to he prea neh fovea the pind fe ‘eto, atthe bploning of eomrenIf the comprenor esi witha nog stetion ae and ston ster, sud erate the vot efoto tps I oto he ke, ‘tnd att fer costes aly we) om a ited 8 rena the ein ange hele ued te Baw aes of he [Bterand the ncn lin, which tay be Ate with top ale, ma the fir be ken ft scuntaeparely, bce they tow oie vari ‘ion depeiog phe arrangement of the ete torprenor pt lows ‘hat aay ene some may show varies funn taro range — : Lee ee dp Basse oes an length of the auction ine. In oat revere deitions {fom te rele of gurenes font the van cicny ma be ed {2 the onder thsi aie Ft opr Wish oti ne of appeoprit ogee ow mont ome opin sngle-yiader machi, to obtain »vlumetie eticnney = ‘iting 100 tying he Kner nergy he nduced i,Hatenig ‘he emnponin ure svar th prosure Py ahowsV, > FP 39) "Teoing a charge feta the plume elfenony but oly ay. th mata nen dlr coment Fremaze oy tg th aes ‘tay be hgh, tu hia decent the ord of the ke. The expan ‘at shoes by ely asa acu Pig 319) amp sg ibesceem nn ap 34th omy ha ‘a ae ais war found toe AP = 0.18 Canseqony the onion pean Niepsner wes wity Fy = wang hh ed oer etn scatronpaed to srs wy Hae ct be re sey. eg “Cowen 136, Overall Volumetric Eficeney “The weight of Bid dcharged rom the eompewrife ‘oat eke ng th pee aplaoomet in ood cmbiel with (Wit fisency an eter fom the otra There ae 2 ‘oa nun or diene “The Betis thatthe Eid ted rng the whol ofthe wt take ty The sreunding eine, psn and-avee Te fet of beating estado nae coed sapere wih hgh ompreson mts. hee ‘ec an balan by mean fan equation rch ahs Hy ab, £0 Me “shrug on the expansion curve eis B fers {oe penton he snpreion carve whe ech carve com he i Sttng th acon muni peace, Qi the het tare to he Aud, SPP thay etal of th athe ston mnt wn My ene a nit “he rondo hs there wl be some leakage pat the pion, valves and snug tone fed, Thi leakage oC, neal ng for re ‘Stnrtworn end sat oop (0.3 1% Forza mashes, howe, ‘inet pes torte “ae apronmation, the overall volemetsesecy, ty may be fie by ong te fowing exp an ‘Peover yoametsi elec canbe ded the taf he weight dint tcharge sng nerve th corp halt ha Fight tc hich eau Kine soeitone, wold ontapy a voce eg he {otal doplicemen dng Ue ave reveitin “heel en ey ay wha 6 oe te yuna ret cllcenny, Hower in eupraaes ith ahigh ems ‘Enein, thereto may be mach higher, oily do ote esperar te af the ined fi or segerting stmoia omgemnrs fall pat tee fo ht ih oun exceed 30% fn BETO, p70) "Punic mer stunt eeney svar mutitage compres Ge to prepa afar oo terse ne Copter 18.3). ng ot ‘Alor ovr vtec ina be aed ty ages ps tbe ancare ao von valve ows aod sing ene. Vave lage ooedu to unatctory grind of the vate orig ha var sab ‘tenn ofan smc dimeaoaed valve ob a oko aie ae. ‘Sow ling the vated to wan sl pings exer aire eds the unity af asd Gocharged. “Te arr volte nny aed by ag crac of te on Inthe ep even the pan ne with ule! ening sr toning, In singiotng sree in parts, Kaeking of te San nthe ‘nde may ean one an impa he seing uta of he ag Seka ‘rough allay bowels stale Inthe spoons fm fue andvapoun, ts iflenceeatnse tee io mga ae tthe Prev mesned cam However when toe ation rear fal ol ‘Smosh prewar (a eigerting compress), mnented pneeston ‘se though to eeeg Bex int the machi ay Alt operation auage ues dar Sho dato Unger tn apse ager an since snot of id pent sheng, doe oti ch gram ent be astro te entropy digas ich ets othe marie ty ot ig = eee ere eee Spas are SS aS Seca 34, Devaone of he total Inder iran ‘ram the Theareleal 1 compirin withthe them dig, the ta ingrase stows the incase a ead tthe ow anes fhe ding he tment ofthe sompremr, The automatic raves ne the xm of Smacterine ofan the dag at the nga ution andthe gang oF dave Fi. 3.1 “Te ematen ofteyrotberaots may be das thie fasts The rt cea font ofthe vale on wi th Bad penn tae ond race Ind the rate (eed it rear to tego tho th ae, ‘The dfrnce tate hs sno i the sa a ar th bn ‘netne Abo, wien the rae fen, th adhe ote valve pla ie isd hyo sing t th unig uc mut be vee, Moy ‘ovecting foe rege oe apn th lino he ning mesh fon ee. ach of thee theresa tna itn of pore fre oop the vale once dag oft rave casero hihapt compresses shi neronn tho if he toring The char shuld hase ‘Rue pole veal atequte teow ema wet Thy 8 te sctar recor abore te valves of poo pt cote ely ‘etnies the ppg cnnected wth prem nig 2 the bate yutamcesee ee eee ‘et aes repro the ineran of he diagram dae oh nen at ‘Gas panto the piping of smprwer wth eal ure samen ao front fs tho vale, caing toe ation lowed by race of {he ter or ate sera. "ht fhe ars of he nie nator dea a etn the Ices di hating an the len cate hy tae eae of pee ‘Reese nh einer to sorte he guar eon ote vv ‘Wilirighsedamnonia cooper thera har inet L34— 1.10 UGrlow ped machines aw as 1215), erly hh fr fre tarbonsnpresrs (1212) Th ras are sbvnar theses ge “Ty of Dichlvdorometne, Refrigerant 12 may tne tha of ‘monn and dynamic vue approximately 8 her or te ‘arn Jp th ow vl ot Refer 1 a ‘38. Influence of Clearanes Volume upon Compressor Work Ts expanding from the cars volume «psd: ‘he volume F, (Fig. 3.6). The total eompromor work a given by the dilloence 6evween the we oe for sami of gue valet VY, (ltene ‘punt a ho ware done by te gue when expanding fom the Yl 1 olor eporet 1} ae (On she atrption that th expnunts of bth rvs ar (8) dar subatuting Fy y-~ Ft compre werk spt ge Oy 2060) ae ith span of e-expanon neg te exponent compre sont tek nied hn bl he ene ‘en The Samper sk peta fo he volun of wi ot Bad. Scead Ve What opened Rovtrs a ange Coinr volee ‘are vm lee, ee dn, "She suena ert ine of oe working gle dere, The alin drag wich be nn oat wh th ead oof header St ott ures of pt nd avn sn eeu The has ae ‘Este compreion se ean tenes elie and bth pro re Sfpociay totale "Seth ea vet the comparaetywafrounble ca 0 stun we smc, aati datomse gut eexpnsion vag Tipe whe ave Gran sane toe 8 yt id rome 1 is ed fl pre 8 "Te tte rrorenor wore tended to compa and delves 1 of s aitonsyston Tateto 38a oratordng een 08) Tn acyl with 4 seep ras of Land cern of 0.08 the york min fr oomprntn os won nf 5 ny = tos (2] osu hom tae diplced 0.981 mi egg the work = s0040.0.2681 = 38 105 kgm, fom th cae ome of 0.48 meg reseyonde to he premze 1 atacting to he PC Doing his espa the mek oe omelet ‘sd he vote nein othe valor roan a eee = 16TH 3105 seen 2948 he volime of free ie diver egal to Vy ¥4~ 208 — 03456 = ‘07344 Fort m th work een wold be 2) Se in Aso rh he wrk in yee th adibtie ren aed expo hn we Tut by 7; = 28087 — 20405 ~ 482g keny 720 % ‘With dering afoot of the plrmpcreexpanton ure, the work gud tom te ge Upped i the ckaanes volume nora Hower, ‘Scary he lunes fen decree tht the ara of te ie {Fam sepemtting te work, ie poprtnal on ro want dee ‘Toe apeate work noon enratret the Fatn, beatae the gu by the ps lor tater, Inting bythe ender al. ie ezpanent of the palyeope re sspunaoe teveis ne ppb lira om fhe ada exponent Forehaan,17 my sider the fring example ater onuggectd and degat the Infunne of te rnc rene wo te wok putt hy ergo, Ln "ye enor to ie fst te derunevlune sal w ste pnt dee pnb tt carr le {Me one wave ate shld te amall Te held Dy compreming ‘lsd ieee pat ed oe 149, Theoretical Compressor Cyle on the Temperature Entropy, 7), Diagram *) ‘iene othe cmprsor ut ve at inate te aperture Sango 0a" 396 wih te anges fate ofthe The aang ampere 7, wd ‘Deite wsne ya wl a tn work ove dings change o re may Be ‘lowed us the Ts diagram (i 3.18) vat etn gr nll om peg in {Sty arte acan oi shoe npr ara Bh ves ‘posing, A dn en tng rato Hx of ‘Te lnatry amounts of bet ade 1g of gue constant Premre 0d coast volume epi a 09 BF dened Pode, dg ey? = Pd TR gr nr apt rom the tins tf that ara ae eos the boson tbe teper than he stare ig. 218 "Ts elomentary snout of sep = oa rps 08 the T+ tag, bythe apa gat 7 asd ‘iene 1" Son the == ingram epost the cure ofsome ange cf tote ten the oa oppo Sty ti change eo fru sane ote pinta and 2 eat removed hen ym win gai {Si te ant coped wl Be negate a. "ead beeen ta fort bs tu, tbe change mabe "Fee a thie main prove wi which wo ae onsen thermal change ida by Howe perpen to th Pa the compen or! sed the expan 3 (ig 3.13) pyro on ne tly ba ry posed in opp ition Th hes Mi drag ome cri ties by Oe expan ma) 4 an) rnd ata positive quate of et thie becomes g (4) wd i Iryramind by Serle fred by the bother inet # = 0 00, ‘elieordntn ob en ia dh ge the ai a be Rare eda change ace neat by nee prod 9 the si (ig 215), ico thn compotion proceeds without bet erebange ‘desntding (i= 0h the are ander the Py neers. Darng comte diatuticsompronor ye, te ttl compre wor, exam a Beat nits per kgeomprsd, ven by oe ade yi Salt —Mkealeg —te Ty > 7 he wk oe wil be eat. Thin ithe we ney the eninthe ordre tbedudy tecompeemorigieaby 4 = — 7) Sealy ‘The nee ses consctprewersw ohn Praga wot ‘epee of cot peure Thus she hat equal the {Stl adabatccompresir work a avn abe b epee In Fig. 35 brichihd eater wine 1 wher ete "Papago ape the agama curves, areal ying ‘ice seca nite aati ig 918) "Dr fen rrr reg ply opt ie bth an ihe "the lpi, teal Bow weck Age = ART us) ‘sequal othe heat widen dusngcomprein pl The hat whi tat be aabequeiy ered to lth an constant pee the ital empire Ph ermal eqivalet the orl sopra Wak ie ‘proce he re a2 "he empreaun ute a xpi eure eae ony in 0 Malcom “Rn locors ange ned oot onside, bavng tle noe wien ling ith comprare ‘etal eamreors. Wo have ste tat Tithe temperstare of tho ge rote enaant dig bth ston ant “ney: Daring sto, Poweve, tw gua ded od dag ney Ie ‘Sse by he ple allude pce compre, te polstups expe in comtant daring oth eompoaian ard ex ine, ‘Sg tiga of pt ad vals prs atbough re or ee suri pod rep, lm of 03 ~ mt eto sen nbs bee ‘acto © {Leto coar a comprener akg ly th lowing a 4. tempt a the Bgining of espa leq othe temp saccade ange ‘Xr ndigram an be sostzuted fom the nso dng oles an prewar at veins pt ‘nthe expansion an somproion eee ‘Sed peeling a flows. Commening | aeocre te | expan (Fg 7th eran Solan Fy the premare Pad th feature atthe every fangs Py rows, Usage arcs tu tn we the ebay the weit of ‘rpuning me serosa Pas ree aeinees Eth ite gr resents th ean ca oe de of give piston. 1Fthe wight of et ‘red per hur fm thi ie knw, hen the igh pomp pes sok wy = gD whee 2 the spend a rpm Th wight of gia th tyler a he eed af ation than ge. by ay = yan te A high promare the ut wl date fo the prt ga cose athe tenperatre mit thon b oan fom an top igre ot ie [iri by Lowe appends) The ptm th deems pest te tre Poteet ame» = £4 witininte theegualem prt te caso apr (sch a egret) he trp nb one ‘tom an entiogy gram it sar anes. The ie vou pe by (eetaes = Fal 4 pT tHe oF ve eae Hom te canon wine nb bund wher hs ben btn’ frm the point othe entony chet epreeting ‘aud Ty the tortie Ty ssid nat tin debe tomers ‘Ving thin mrthod of demining tosprtaes aden Rene eete dev on =e dag (Fg 219), Th ie this ped ar ot Sealine, proving tn pli eon ae ra ‘lec puts Dt hl fd ang eet te nde mal out lo tenpertat of te dna ha a turooeingy APP ii imant th proce esate Toho th rt fe expe ‘inom pn Co pi 0 Bad tc) leet awe a ome ed ‘ataowe fom hod that [0 Th bet fo pe hy fm the id ‘le oxaing fom 304 weal ren by thea oie tine 34 ‘Sty teat ow per to Ge Sh dig the ter pe of tee fio won be gn byt on Saris a Th woe ‘ened devnte ibe nyo ie ‘pmarting atte. lo Thrtbeatd of espn the tz ni ofthe Bi the ede ‘ger he hac thst Be thon te ton ao open te Baa nx Grin the tonto. ee tuemareet wtper, ne 3 te gage ule iheilbebatly epider ntpison ee ae ae eae St th emperatre 7, which has pre Monty be The hae Te ued oe 1 hy Sid So Ft Fold be ven y Un amet Glee ‘Daring he compemion sto, we agin hoe at inermage wth cpr ad ptr Frm pt 10 Foust a ows ot Bl, oe ‘in’ up? bss noo Sa, emf ew rr Sig ‘Ms frie ct nonin tha Bld efi IN pin Bike fs empiri ene Ha osodigs nd the pe orate a stato Tw oan heat quite amin ew Fetes undr she crest he epropeteprosor er sogpesie, bat stn fw fr th Balt te ir sod pin rego very, ade tert al oy “tne 8 (Gly ond estan apron ones mr pre Tenge oe, the wih rare dating somprmio snd expansion and the ove ned ant bl t tare eno Sige foe Pe dingnn Th an of elas a at “anon sca gen coor, at eperting whan © xaprtion tompeatre of 20°C ads sndenaing tompertre of +90, ‘hw ig no petting at comprar ston. “Nherwlntesompremion the eer te dle ange wi have «tugertee of apromately 110°C Lakage put the clry ware aten donating, wl ult hrotng me of he retigent fom {i cdo peware othe maton prereset erate wl is 4 fou 10° co 97°C, a er eridet fom w tempers enepy dingo for ammain. Negeting vecations of cis hat wih temperate nt [rrwure, we can stern the emperatue i of he nde! rant dor Sag th eh in par ont inte ee dng ‘te fps i ill be Py — Ty = 117K = 117% ‘srg ase, 10% ofthe pac Md tak thrgh he dels ‘re ata ton el th the tompertare of haste he ener ‘ilberaid, ace be men fom th gram by 12°C to 8°C. The ope Tate of th charged pons wil wf 126°C whieh tan cna f= ‘her nem of hu tmpeatare of he mite. Toe eteperte il con ‘unio ss hot exshangy btmen refigea and wal reves ater “i yt cpr, cyc ha rr from al to the elindr wal cour gtng compressa theater commento tn Yai (Fike vo ofthe plop exponent il py Enrigaingsmprenas or aby vapor compar, he pete Fe athe pinder ny be tare, dow tosondeneton fom a th vant ‘Tino if the tpeatize of te einer mail oer tha tho coe ‘onding sarton tamper ofthe rapa, ad vapour eonenme on te ‘Tellin the frm ol dope De W Kenge yeove the potoeon expe Ietly wing alr nee compre. Conenmaton can roe ‘ihe pour in th einer aspera 1 do dots peated daring eogrion wer entra by the ourand thar dears fom i olin, th penmeeon wos be eon Sele "the comprenor wok in edbet te nator ding rela See, however, thn drops adheres the walled evaporate Surg expr Sm ibe ru rpemingmepanlon mould swing tho gt eda {he vlan effoweey. Tn els i nro a the dyes Paton of ‘ape union eee. Te anton ofthe ero rearption,e {Standation, was ovenigted by W. Feer wing Bor anon con reune it n pn uopt volute Vy = 81.7 mr aod lve eran ‘ume r= 26 The following tae sows the raat of he esata ‘poner f the poltropie ngaain srw with eapratin temperate 430%, ™ 3van | ow | ba S311, Maltistage Compression 1c ince al come nt sin i icy ote orc Soa Fr (2 sa) beomen et Boop tof P31 eh orn pti a pn ok aGteptanen dua teieen pepe ste wy on fa soups ee gn ee p's arose) ornare eo eng tanh, = S0°K = 24 Canta teat cmptin 2 = 8 te Sees ES Ieee ed San A a opens c “The maximum cmp ratio sol singe compre waliy Bend fr neg mucins 3 wo stage conse te go srs {eh ft sage, het patel into aol vba coke fo porosity thin ation temperate. Te otng ww approeiately ert pe he Th cle aren crpreae nthe wee tage ah Sal dene resire Inthe enue af mliatage competion the gu Invig the sea Eager agua cole nn second nternter beng poe oC he fea thie poo epeated wr he reqaed rer eek. Dy ‘Saige ar atren sar inthe wy, the compremtn a ade to ppronth the thermal procs Ths the al ecpertre speci owe so trv intostageoomoreine teeta hehe es Tobe Tein the ge, eps aingle stage compen, he ie 7 tating lake compen ad he Le ‘Spin nthe sage nna by the lgtop ine 12, The aes PCE ae apyosintay conan prone Py neal ner (i ie tem pvc teagan ta sofa eres 2 hat he te il og othe rato of abet tempera ‘ompreion inte ssond stage Lente by the ete 1,2, apn ply trope th compromor moti th fh sage rept by the ar 12,5, dane themed ag bythe raf, 23., Th oll wok the sn ‘diel poe work wd Ue high prone wor “Th oan forth ttl wok ow nian, eat wae fe ‘stent cotton foe exons inte rahe wth ops anrom thi egaton i fils tht the wrk doce two tage omen inte nhen te sore toe re se i oth wage. Acta | Seine te Sines of compremce, peu of al omer, hepsi uel sn asa» gh ihe om ‘on ron tent age than in he wd tage Theo ese ‘ect ite eel ot face a Sr eel compen rane {temperate aa compen she mond stage ah then be ae [hy higher tas afer womprnion she st sage “Phe mista os ign someon rato Yor Ut Ar stage ie farther jie th fst a the duos pa normally neta ean pees ‘evo mover (oy tot) whith ha ab pitted, te greater pt, ‘hing to pra o tee theagh tho tere, Cotman, the sep ‘ene the wing gh tbe amar han a exe ght he naps of mttare ‘sme monictares however, reve ht a wet lone companion at fort i ag, This i ard onthe oan that Us at ‘afte nro ines th dlvry presente St tage Prien ‘psn, far example some mie, ha shown tha the ated prewar of {he tompremar oy dt sn exe amie if neste al oly ated ‘irng ord of rind iting operation. Daring normal peation fe lot e ditery pute prtancsly Tower than thx hing 6 Tomer ‘Snrein tit won age a ep wi he mer compreion ‘Shanthi rage “we mblivia uc of ha mo aags ints after ages we thes cb tain owing cman, The otal tork of the Se ander age il ea mimes the compen ean ar th ae in bole, Thi ppm the thr! ned Sour tages Sow he corprenin aie in both ‘sent egal wo stag compen een th compen ratio SET fr stage wil be eqn. Taran now ete watt foursage Sepreies onthe Ps dng (8 3.1). Amuming pert trig ‘hor tefl conperion rpc ars al stag vl be equ Hens curpy dnngernlieapateaqualie (ya) (4-e) nln) say We may cna that the wrk ted for compre wih n 2 vile mis ithe entopy Todt in each stage, lg [Stole the pat of om oral nop dees ‘The pom angers popes Be iE oy cal por of ever uc asap are atnredhe dvinton ‘tom the Santon of tat er «peel gaa mut btn taco, 1 ‘ch wee aot pombe to woe the Fin 18) rth detrination 6 C the opiman comprstin rato pr ag Te fond fr th in idaltags tom an eatrpy dagram (Frash 31) The overall etoy? dite IDEAS Sve inton egal parts a at abe ten hon By inca the tbe tage, me epronch more let eat tuarualsomprentin, A thea tho, howeer, the lout rag the a ge af Sheu tough vaio at neces oes Fg. 832 a S ig, 228 Comins nia oe ‘Bepciteeg ie Cire ee en an ew Sinai be ihe th the reduction of wok obtained by dividing te compe ‘on. Wah ering amber of nviulsg, the cmpreor Deane ore ‘Smpliated end teenie. Hoot ied by © eget ort ser ‘Soumun teen, lek compet ao fat ewe 2971 for sy one tage 2 ide sora, te fl cpoin npn nd mt ‘ir compressor, wed for oxygen production, should not be operated with ‘seperate higher ta 165°C. Temperature higher th Sa Unble Joveue competion of theo orang Lorna hich re esl to Sparc te ir aed invave the ef spl ith ciation ‘sho Soe nano example cto bjt o dangerous deem tion at high ompertare and tin om be an ito wnat ibe iston chin ate of age, renaming oar Abeta betwen th node pr at te erapaor pee qeses tna 7, ww tora mot tse compra vain ery sal [Stalatone we mowerne. For parr pester tha 16 we eae