TheSelfRegulationQuestionnaires

ScaleDescription
TheConceptsofSelfRegulation.SDTdifferentiatestypesofbehavioralregulationin

termsofthedegreetowhichtheyrepresentautonomousorselfdetermined(versuscontrolled)
functioning.Intrinsicmotivationistheprototypeofautonomousactivity;whenpeopleare
intrinsicallymotivated,theyarebydefinitionselfdetermined.Extrinsicallymotivatedactivity,
incontrast,isoftenmorecontrolled(i.e.,lessautonomous).However,SDTdifferentiatestypes
ofextrinsicmotivationintermsofthedegreetowhichithasbeeninternalized,suggestingthat
themorefullyitisinternalizedandintegratedwithonesself,themoreitwillbethebasisfor
autonomousbehavior.Therearefourdifferenttypesofbehavioralregulation,definedinterms
ofthedegreetowhichtheregulationofanextrinsicallymotivatedactivityhasbeeninternalized
andintegrated.Theyareexternalregulation,introjectedregulation,identifiedregulation,and
integratedregulation,inorderfromtheleasttothemostfullyinternalized(seeRyan&Deci,
2000,formoreonthis).Introjectionreferstotakinginaregulationbutnotacceptingitasones
own;identificationreferstoacceptingthevalueoftheactivityaspersonallyimportant,and
integrationreferstointegratingthatidentificationwithotheraspectsofonesself.Externaland
introjectedregulationareconsideredrelativelycontrolledformsofextrinsicmotivation,whereas
identifiedandintegratedregulationareconsideredrelativelyautonomous.Finally,withinSDT
thereisaconceptofAmotivation,whichmeanstobeneitherintrinsicallynorextrinsically
motivatedinotherwords,tobewithoutintentionormotivationforaparticularbehavior.

TheSelfRegulationQuestionnairesassessdomainspecificindividualdifferencesinthe
typesofmotivationorregulation.Thatis,thequestionsconcerntheregulationofaparticular
behavior(e.g.,exercisingregularly)orclassofbehaviors(e.g.,engaginginreligiousbehaviors).
Theregulatorystyles,whileconsideredindividualdifferences,arenottraitconcepts,forthey
arenotgeneralnoraretheyparticularlystable.Butneitheraretheystateconcepts,fortheyare
morestablethantypicalstateswhichfluctuateeasilyasafunctionoftimeandplace.Theformat
forthesequestionnaireswasintroducedbyRyanandConnell(1989).Eachquestionnaireasks
whytherespondentdoesabehavior(orclassofbehaviors)andthenprovidesseveralpossible
reasonsthathavebeenpreselectedtorepresentthedifferentstylesofregulationormotivation.
Thefirsttwoquestionnairesweredevelopedforlateelementaryandmiddleschoolchildren,and
concernschoolwork(SRQAcademic)andprosocialbehavior(SRQProsocial).Their
validationisdescribedintheRyanandConnell(1989)article.Sincethen,severalothershave
beendevelopedthatareintendedforadults.Thosetwo,andfiveotherSRQsaredisplayedin
thissectionofthewebsite.

Theyare:
*AcademicSelfRegulationQuestionnaire(SRQA)
*ProsocialSelfRegulationQuestionnaire(SRQP)
*TreatmentSelfRegulationQuestionnaire(TSRQ)
*LearningSelfRegulationQuestionnaire(SRQL)
*ExerciseSelfRegulationQuestionnaire(SRQE)
*ReligionSelfRegulationQuestionnaire(SRQR)
*FriendshipSelfRegulationQuestionnaire(SRQF)

ScoringtheQuestionnaires.Eachparticipantgetsascoreoneachsubscalebyaveraging

responsestoeachoftheitemsthatmakeupthatsubscaleforexample,theaverageofallitems
representingintrojectedregulationwouldrepresentthescoreforthatsubscale.However,
differentoftheselfregulationquestionnaireshavedifferentnumbersofsubscales,dependingon
thefollowingfourconsiderations.First,fullyintegratingabehavioralregulationisveryunlikely
tohaveoccurredduringchildhoodoradolescence.Thus,thescalesusedwithchildrendonot
haveanintegratedsubscale.Second,somebehaviorsarenotinterestingintheirownright,and
thuswouldnotbeintrinsicallymotivated.Thus,questionnairestoassessregulatorystylesfor
suchbehaviors(e.g.,stoppingsmoking)donothaveanintrinsicmotivationsubscale.Third,the
conceptofamotivationisrelevanttosomeresearchquestionsandnottoothers,sotheconceptis
includedinsomeofthescalesbutnotothers.Fourth,someofthequestionnaires,ratherthan
havingseparateregulatorystylesubscaleshaveonlytwosubscales:controlledregulationand
autonomousregulation.Thisisdonewhentheresearchquestionsbeingaddressedcanbe
adequatelyaddressedwithjustthetwosupercategoriesofregulation.Inthesescales,items
representingexternalandintrojectedregulationmakeupthecontrolledsubscale,anditems
representingidentified,integrated,and/orintrinsicmakeuptheautonomoussubscale.

RelativeAutonomyIndex.Finally,itisworthnotingthatthesubscalescoresontheSRQ,
regardlessofthenumberofsubscalesintheparticularscale,canbecombinedtoformaRelative
AutonomyIndex(RAI).Forexample,theSRQAcademichasfoursubscales:external,
introjected,identified,andintrinsic.ToformtheRAI,theexternalsubscaleisweighted2,the
introjectedsubscaleisweighted1,theidentifiedsubscaleisweighted+1,andtheintrinsic
subscaleisweighted+2.Inotherwords,thecontrolledsubscalesareweightednegatively,and
theautonomoussubscalesareweightedpositively.Themorecontrolledtheregulatorystyle

representedbyasubscale,thelargeritsnegativeweight;andthemoreautonomousthe
regulatorystylerepresentedbyasubscale,thelargeritspositiveweight.

SummaryoftheScoringProcedures.Wehaveusedtheselfregulatorystylevaluesin

threewaysindifferentanalyses.First,weuseeachsubscalescoreseparatelyintheanalysesso
thatparticipantshaveascoreforeachstyle.Second,wecomputeaRelativeAutonomyIndexby
weightingthesubscalescoresandcombiningthem(see,e.g.,Grolnick&Ryan,1989).Third,
weformascoreforcontrolledregulationbyaveragingacrossexternalandintrojecteditems,and
ascoreforautonomousregulationbyaveragingacrossidentified,integrated,and/orintrinsic
items(e.g.,Williams,Grow,Freedman,Ryan,&Deci,1996).
Itshouldbeclearthatnewresearchquestionsmayrequireslightadaptationsoftheexisting
questionnaire,orthatnewSRQsmayneedtobedevelopedfornewbehaviorsordomains.The
importantpointistoremaintruetotheconceptandtovalidatetheadaptationsfully.Wearein
agreementwithLoevinger(1957)thatpsychologicaltestsandsurveysshouldserveasanaidin
theoreticaldevelopment,soanyconstructisinneedofcontinualbootstrapping.Scalesmaybe
inneedofadaptationastheresearchquestionchanges.

Note:KennonM.Sheldon,UniversityofMissouri,Columbia(email:
sheldonk@missouri.edu)hasdevelopedacomparableapproachtoassessingselfregulationfor
personalstrivings.Contacthimforfurtherinformation.
References
Grolnick,W.S.,&Ryan,R.M.(1989).Parentstyleassociatedwithchildrensself
regulationandcompetenceinschool.JournalofEducationalPsychology,81,143154.
Loevinger,J.(1957).Objectivetestsasinstrumentsofpsychologicaltheory.
PsychologicalReports,MonographSupplement,9(1,SerialNo.3).
Ryan,R.M.,&Connell,J.P.(1989).Perceivedlocusofcausalityandinternalization:
Examiningreasonsforactingintwodomains.JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology,
57,749761.
Ryan,R.M.,&Deci,E.L.(2000).Selfdeterminationtheoryandthefacilitationof
intrinsicmotivation,socialdevelopment,andwellbeing.AmericanPsychologist,55,6878.
Williams,G.C.,Grow,V.M.,Freedman,Z.,Ryan,R.M.,&Deci,E.L.(1996).
Motivationalpredictorsofweightlossandweightlossmaintenance.JournalofPersonalityand
SocialPsychology,70,115126.

AcademicSelfRegulationQuestionnaire(SRQA)
Thisquestionnaireconcernsthereasonswhychildrendotheirschoolwork.Thescalewas
developedforstudentsinlateelementaryandmiddleschool.(ThecomparableSRQforadultsis
referredtoastheLearningSelfRegulationQuestionnaire.)Consequently,itsformatisslightly
differentfromtheformatoftheSelfRegulationQuestionnairesintendedforadults.First,the
repsonsestoeachitemareona4pointscaleratherthana7pointscalebecausewehavefound
thatmorethan4possibleresponsesisnotoptimalforthechildrenwhocompletethe
questionnarewhoareasyoungasabout8yearsofage.Second,wetypicallyhavethechildren
respondrightonthequestionnairebycirclingthecorrectresponseratherthanusinganasnwer
sheet.Again,thisiseasier,especiallywhendoingagroupadministrationtoaclassofstudents.
Ofcourseitismoreworkfortheresearchertogettheinformationoffthequestionnaires,butitis
worththetradeoff.Third,therearemoreitemsontheSRQsforchildrenthantheSRQsfor
adultsinordertoensuregoodreliability.Fourth,theverytrueresponsecomesfirstforeach
item,whereasontheadultquestionnaireitcomeslast.Toscorethescale:VeryTrueisscored4;
SortofTrueisscored3;NotVeryTrueisscored2;andNotatAllTrueisscored1.Thisway,
ahigherscorewillindicateahigherlevelofendorsementofthatregulatorystyle.TheSRQA
usesfoursubscales:externalregulation,introjectedregulation,identifiedregulation,and
intrinsicmotivation.
Twoversionsofthescale.TherearetwoversionsoftheSRQA.Thefirstversionistheone
thathasusedinmanystudiesofschoolchildren.Itasksfourquestionsaboutwhystudentsdo
variousschoolrelatedbehaviors.Eachquestionisfollowedbyseveralresponsesthatrepresent
the4regulatorystylesusedinthisscale.ValidationofthisscaleispresentedinRyanand
Connell(1989).ThesecondversionsoftheSRQA,whichisamodificationofthefirst,was
createdforstudentswithLearningDisabilities.InastudyofstudentswithLD(Deci,Hodges,
Pierson,&Tomassone,1992),wefoundthatthestandardformatwastoodifficult.So,rather
thanhavingonequestionwithseveralresponses,everyitemisformulatedasaseparatequestion.
Theitemsarestillrepresenttheresponsestothesame4questionsasinthestandardversionof
thescale,buttheyarewrittensothechildrenwillunderstandthemmoreeasily.Also,we
changedthewordingofthefourresponsestomakethemeasierforthechildren.Inthisversion,
Alwaysisscored4;MostoftheTimeisscored3;Sometimesisscored2;andNeverisscored1.
Scoringinformationforeachversionofthescaleisafterthatversion.Firstwepresentthe
standardversion;thenwepresenttheversionforstudentswithLD.

TheScale(standardversion)

WHYIDOTHINGS
Name:________________________________________

Age:___________

Grade:_____________

Teacher:________________

()BoyorGirl()

A.WhydoIdomyhomework?
1.

BecauseIwanttheteachertothinkImagoodstudent.

Verytrue
2.

Sortoftrue

Notverytrue

Notatalltrue

Sortoftrue

Notverytrue

Notatalltrue

Sortoftrue

Notverytrue

Notatalltrue

Sortoftrue

Notverytrue

Notatalltrue

BecauseIenjoydoingmyhomework.

Verytrue
8.

Notatalltrue

BecausethatswhatImsupposedtodo.

Verytrue
7.

Notverytrue

BecauseIwanttounderstandthesubject.

Verytrue
6.

Sortoftrue

BecauseIwillfeelbadaboutmyselfifIdontdoit.

Verytrue
5.

Notatalltrue

Becauseitsfun.

Verytrue
4.

Notverytrue

BecauseIllgetintroubleifIdont.

Verytrue
3.

Sortoftrue

Sortoftrue

Notverytrue

Becauseitsimportanttometodomyhomework.

Notatalltrue

Verytrue

Sortoftrue

Notverytrue

Notatalltrue

B.WhydoIworkonmyclasswork?
9.

Sothattheteacherwontyellatme.

Verytrue
10.

Sortoftrue

Notverytrue

Notatalltrue

Sortoftrue

Notverytrue

Notatalltrue

Sortoftrue

Notverytrue

Notatalltrue

Sortoftrue

Notverytrue

Notatalltrue

BecauseIenjoydoingmyclasswork.

Verytrue
16.

Notatalltrue

Becausethatstherule.

Verytrue
15.

Notverytrue

Becauseitsfun.

Verytrue
14.

Sortoftrue

BecauseIllbeashamedofmyselfifitdidntgetdone.

Verytrue
13.

Notatalltrue

BecauseIwanttolearnnewthings.

Verytrue
12.

Notverytrue

BecauseIwanttheteachertothinkImagoodstudent.

Verytrue
11.

Sortoftrue

Sortoftrue

Notverytrue

Notatalltrue

Becauseitsimportanttometoworkonmyclasswork.

Verytrue

Sortoftrue

Notverytrue

Notatalltrue

C.WhydoItrytoanswerhardquestionsinclass?
17.

BecauseIwanttheotherstudentstothinkImsmart.

Verytrue

Sortoftrue

Notverytrue

Notatalltrue

18.

BecauseIfeelashamedofmyselfwhenIdonttry.

Verytrue
19.

Notatalltrue

Sortoftrue

Notverytrue

Notatalltrue

Sortoftrue

Notverytrue

Notatalltrue

Sortoftrue

Notverytrue

Notatalltrue

Becauseitsimportanttometotrytoanswerhardquestionsinclass.

Verytrue
24.

Notverytrue

Becauseitsfuntoanswerhardquestions.

Verytrue
23.

Sortoftrue

TofindoutifImrightorwrong.

Verytrue
22.

Notatalltrue

BecausethatswhatImsupposedtodo.

Verytrue
21.

Notverytrue

BecauseIenjoyansweringhardquestions.

Verytrue
20.

Sortoftrue

Sortoftrue

Notverytrue

Notatalltrue

BecauseIwanttheteachertosaynicethingsaboutme.

Verytrue

Sortoftrue

Notverytrue

Notatalltrue

D.WhydoItrytodowellinschool?
25.

BecausethatswhatImsupposedtodo.

Verytrue
26.

Notatalltrue

Sortoftrue

Notverytrue

Notatalltrue

BecauseIenjoydoingmyschoolworkwell.

Verytrue
28.

Notverytrue

SomyteacherswillthinkImagoodstudent

Verytrue
27.

Sortoftrue

Sortoftrue

Notverytrue

BecauseIwillgetintroubleifIdontdowell.

Notatalltrue

Verytrue
29.

Sortoftrue

Notverytrue

Notatalltrue

Sortoftrue

Notverytrue

Notatalltrue

BecauseIwillfeelreallyproudofmyselfifIdowell.

Verytrue
32.

Notatalltrue

Becauseitsimportanttometotrytodowellinschool.

Verytrue
31.

Notverytrue

BecauseIllfeelreallybadaboutmyselfifIdontdowell.

Verytrue
30.

Sortoftrue

Sortoftrue

Notverytrue

Notatalltrue

BecauseImightgetarewardifIdowell.

Verytrue

Sortoftrue

Notverytrue

Notatalltrue

ScoringtheSRQA(standardversion).First,youcalculatethesubscalescoreforeach
ofthefoursubscalesbyaveragingtheitemsthatmakeupthatsubscale.Verytrueisscored4;
Sortoftrueisscored3;Notverytrueisscored2;andNotatalltrueisscored1.Thefour
subscalesare:externalregulation,introjectedregulation,identifiedregulation,andintrinsic
motivation.Listedbelowaretheitemnumbersassociatedwitheachofthefoursubscales.
ExternalRegulation: 2,6,9,14,20,24,25,28,32
IntrojectedRegulation:
1,4,10,12,17,18,26,29,31
IdentifiedRegulation: 5,8,11,16,21,23,30
IntrinsicMotivation: 3,7,13,15,19,22,27
Youcanusetheindividualsubscalescoresinyouranalyses,andyoucanalsousetheRelative
AutonomyIndex(RAI).ToformtheRAIforthisscale,usethefollowingformulatocombine
thesubscalescores:
2XIntrinsic+IdentifiedIntrojected2XExternal

***********

TheScale(versionforstudentswithLD)

WhyIDoThings
Name

Age

BoyorGirl(circleone)

Teacher

1.Idomyclassworksothattheteacherwontyellatme.
Always

Mostofthetime

Sometimes

Never

2.IdomyclassworkbecauseIwanttheteachertothinkImagoodstudent.
Always

Mostofthetime

Sometimes

Never

Sometimes

Never

3.IdomyclassworkbecauseIwanttolearnnewthings.
Always

Mostofthetime

4.IdomyclassworkbecauseIllfeelbadaboutmyselfifitdoesntgetdone.
Always

Mostofthetime

Sometimes

Never

Sometimes

Never

Mostofthetime

Sometimes

Never

Mostofthetime

Sometimes

Never

5.Idomyclassworkbecauseitsfun.
Always

Mostofthetime

6.Idomyclassworkbecausethatstherule.
Always
7.Ienjoydoingmyclasswork.
Always

8.ItrytoanswerhardquestionsinclassbecauseIwanttheotherkidstothinkImsmart.
Always

Mostofthetime

Sometimes

9.ItrytoanswerhardquestionsbecauseIllfeelbadaboutmyselfifIdonttry.

Never

Always

Mostofthetime

Sometimes

Never

10.Itrytoanswerhardquestionsbecauseitsfuntoanswerhardquestions.
Always

Mostofthetime

Sometimes

Never

11.ItrytoanswerhardquestionsbecausethatswhatIamsupposedtodo.
Always

Mostofthetime

Sometimes

Never

Sometimes

Never

12.ItrytoanswerhardquestionstofindoutifImrightorwrong.
Always

Mostofthetime

13.ItrytodowellinschoolbecausethatswhatIamsupposedtodo.
Always

Mostofthetime

Sometimes

Never

14.ItrytodowellinschoolsomyteacherswillthinkImagoodstudent.
Always

Mostofthetime

Sometimes

Never

15.ItrytodowellinschoolbecauseIlikedoingagoodjobonmyschoolwork.
Always

Mostofthetime

Sometimes

Never

16.ItrytodowellinschoolbecauseIwillgetintroubleifIdont.
Always

Mostofthetime

Sometimes

Never

17.ItrytodowellinschoolbecauseIllfellreallybadaboutmyselfifIdontdowell.
Always

Mostofthetime

Sometimes

Never

ScoringtheSRQA(versionforstudentswithLD).Aswiththestandardversionof

theSRQA,youfirstcalculatethesubscalescoreforeachofthefoursubscalesbyaveragingthe
itemsthatmakeupthatsubscale.Alwaysisscored4;Mostofthetimeisscored3;Sometimesis
scored2;andNeverisscored1.Thefoursubscalesare:externalregulation,introjected
regulation,identifiedregulation,andintrinsicmotivation.Therearefeweritemsonthisversion
thanonthestnadardversion,becausestudentswithLDtypicallyhaveashorterattentionspan.
Listedbelowaretheitemnumbersassociatedwitheachofthefoursubscales.
ExternalRegulation: 1,6,11,13,16
IntrojectedRegulation:
2,4,8,9,14,17
IdentifiedRegulation: 3,12,15
IntrinsicMotivation: 4,7,10
Youcanusetheindividualsubscalescoresinyouranalyses,andyoucanalsousetheRelative
AutonomyIndex(RAI).ToformtheRAIforthisscale,usethefollowingformulatocombine
thesubscalescores:
2XIntrinsic+IdentifiedIntrojected2XExternal

************
ReferencefororiginalSRQA(thestandardversion)
Ryan,R.M.,&Connell,J.P.(1989).Perceivedlocusofcausalityandinternalization:
Examiningreasonsforactingintwodomains.JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology,
57,749761.
ReferencefortheadaptedSRQA(theversionforstudentswithLD)

Deci,E.L.,Hodges,R.,Pierson,L.,&Tomassone,J.(1992).Autonomyand
competenceasmotivationalfactorsinstudentswithlearningdisabilitiesandemotional
handicaps.JournalofLearningDisabilities,25,457471.
OtherarticlesthathaveusedtheSRQA

Grolnick,W.S.,Ryan,R.M.,&Deci,E.L.(1991).Theinnerresourcesforschool
performance:Motivationalmediatorsofchildren'sperceptionsoftheirparents.Journalof
EducationalPsychology,83,508517.
Grolnick,W.S.,&Ryan,R.M.(1989).Parentstylesassociatedwithchildren'sself
regulationandcompetenceinschool.JournalofEducationalPsychology,81,143154.
Grolnick,W.S.,&Ryan,R.M.(1987).Autonomyinchildren'slearning:An
experimentalandindividualdifferenceinvestigation.JournalofPersonalityandSocial
Psychology,52,890898.
Miserandino,M.(1996).Childrenwhodowellinschool:Individualdifferencesin
perceivedcompetenceandautonomyinaboveaveragechildren.JournalofEducational
Psychology,88,203214.
Patrick,B.C.,Skinner,E.A.,&Connell,J.P.(1993).Whatmotivateschildrens
behaviorandemotion?Jointeffectsofperceivedcontrolandautonomyintheacademicdomain.
JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology,65,781791.

AvariantoftheSRQAhasbeenusedinJapan,asreportedinthefollowingarticles

Hayamizu,T.(1997).Betweenintrinsicandextrinsicmotivation:Examinationof
reasonsforacademicstudybasedonthetheoryofinternalization.JapanesePsychological
Research,39,98108.
Yamauchi,H.,&Tanaka,K.(1998).Relationsofautonomy,selfreferencedbeliefsand
selfregulatedlearningamongJapanesechildren.PsychologicalReports,82,803816.

ProsocialSelfRegulationQuestionnaire(SRQP)
Thisquestionnaireconcernsthereasonswhychildrenengageinvariousprosocialbehaviors.
Thescalewasdevelopedforchildreninlateelementaryandmiddleschoolandusesthesame
formatastheAcademicSelfRegulationQuestionnaire(SRQA),whichistheotherSRQ
developedforchildren.AswiththeSRQA,theresponsesonthisSRQPareona4pointscale
(ratherthanthe7pointscaleusedforadults),andtheverytrueresponsecomesfirstforeach
item,sothescaleisscoredasfollows:VeryTrueisscored4;SortofTrueisscored3;NotVery
Trueisscored2;andNotatAllTrueisscored1.Thisway,ahigherscorewillindicatea
higherlevelofendorsementofthatregulatorystyle.TheSRQPusesthreesubscales:external
regulation,introjectedregulation,andidentifiedregulation.Becausethesekindsofbehaviors
resultfrominternalizationratherthanbeingdonenaturally,thereisnotanintrinsicmotivation
subscaletothisquestionnaire.

TheScale
WhyIDoSomeBehaviors
Thesequestionsareaboutthereasonsyoudothings.Differentkidshavedifferentreasons.
Wewanttoknowhowtrueeachofthesereasonsisforyou.
Whydoyoukeepapromisetofriends?
1.

Somyfriendswilllikeme.
verytrue
sortoftrue

notverytrue

notatalltrue

2.

BecauseIdfeellikeabadpersonifIdidnt.
verytrue
sortoftrue
notverytrue

notatalltrue

3.

BecausemyfriendswillgetmadeatmeifIdont.
verytrue
sortoftrue
notverytrue

notatalltrue

4.

BecauseIthinkitsimportanttokeeppromises.
verytrue
sortoftrue
notverytrue

notatalltrue

5.

BecauseIdontlikebreakingpromises.
verytrue
sortoftrue
notverytrue

notatalltrue

Whydoyounotmakefunofanotherchildformakingamistake?
6.

BecauseifIdo,Illgetintrouble.
verytrue
sortoftrue

notverytrue

notatalltrue

7.

BecauseIthinkitsimportanttobenicetoothers.
verytrue
sortoftrue
notverytrue

notatalltrue

8.

BecauseIdfeelashamedofmyselfafterIdidit.
verytrue
sortoftrue
notverytrue

notatalltrue

9.

BecauseotherkidswontlikemeifIdothat.
verytrue
sortoftrue
notverytrue

notatalltrue

10.

BecauseIdontliketobemean.
verytrue
sortoftrue

notatalltrue

notverytrue

Whydontyouhitsomeonewhenyouremadatthem?
11.

BecauseIllgetintroubleifIdo.
verytrue
sortoftrue

notverytrue

notatalltrue

12.

BecauseIwantotherkidstolikeme.
verytrue
sortoftrue
notverytrue

notatalltrue

13.

BecauseIdontliketohitothers.
verytrue
sortoftrue

notverytrue

notatalltrue

14.

BecauseIwouldntwanttohurtsomeone.
verytrue
sortoftrue
notverytrue

notatalltrue

15.

BecauseIdfeelbadaboutmyselfifIdid.
verytrue
sortoftrue
notverytrue

notatalltrue

Whydoyoutrytobenicetootherkids?
16.

BecauseifIdont,otherkidswontlikeme.
verytrue
sortoftrue
notverytrue

17.

BecauseIllgetintroubleifIdont.

notatalltrue

verytrue

sortoftrue

notverytrue

notatalltrue

18.

BecauseIthinkitsimportanttobeaniceperson.
verytrue
sortoftrue
notverytrue

notatalltrue

19.

BecauseIwillfeelbadaboutmyselfifIdont.
verytrue
sortoftrue
notverytrue

notatalltrue

20.

BecauseIdontlikebeingmean.
verytrue
sortoftrue

notatalltrue

notverytrue

Whywouldyouhelpsomeonewhoisindistress?
21.

BecauseIthinkitsimportanttogivehelpwhenitsneeded.
verytrue
sortoftrue
notverytrue
notatalltrue

22.

BecauseIcouldgetintroubleifIdidnt.
verytrue
sortoftrue
notverytrue

notatalltrue

23.

BecauseIdfeelbadaboutmyselfifIdidnt.
verytrue
sortoftrue
notverytrue

notatalltrue

24.

BecauseIwantpeopletolikeme.
verytrue
sortoftrue

notverytrue

notatalltrue

25.

Becauseitissatisfyingtohelpothers.
verytrue
sortoftrue
notverytrue

notatalltrue

ScoringInformation.CalculatescoresforIntrojectedRegulationandIdentified
Regulationbyaveragingtheitemswithinthosesubscales.
ExternalRegulation:3,6,11,17,22
IntrojectedRegulation:1,2,8,9,12,15,16,19,23,24
IdentifiedRegulation:4,5,7,10,13,14,18,20,21,25

ValidationArticle
Ryan,R.M.,&Connell,J.P.(1989).Perceivedlocusofcausalityandinternalization:
Examiningreasonsforactingintwodomains.JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology,
57,749761.

TreatmentSelfRegulationQuestionnaire(TSRQ)
TheTSRQconcernswhypeopleengageinsomehealthybehavior,entertreatmentforamedical
condition,trytochangeanunhealthybehavior,followatreatmentregimen,orengageinsome
otherhealthrelevantbehavior.Eachversionofthequestionnaireassessesthedegreetowhicha
personsmotivationforthehealthbehaviorsisrelativelyautonomous,sothewordingvaries
somewhatdependingonwhatbehaviorsarebeinginvestigated.Additionalversionsofthe
TSRQcanbefoundintheHealthCare,SelfDeterminationTheorysectionoftheself
determinationtheorywebsite.TheversionsoftheTSRQpresentedhereoraspartoftheHealth
CareSDTpacketcanbeadaptedasneededforstudyingotherbehaviors.
InmostversionsoftheTSRQ,therearetwosubscales:AutonomousRegulationandControlled
Regulation.Insomecasesasubscaleforamotivationhasalsobeenincluded,butthe
Amotivationsubscalehasbeenusedinveryfewstudiessoisnotincludedintheversionofthe
TSRQpresentedhere.AversionthatdoesincludeAmotivationcanbefoundintheTSRQthat
appearsintheHealthCare,SelfDeterminationTheorysectionofthiswebsite.
TheTSRQwasfirstusedfor"behavinginahealthyway"inWilliams,Grow,Freedman,Ryan,
andDeci(1996),andhasbeenusedforcontrolmyglucoselevelinastudyofpatientswith
diabetes(Williams,Freedman,&Deci,1998),aswellasforvariousotherbehaviorssuchasnot
smoking(Williams,Cox,Kouides,&Deci,1999).
Therearethreeversionsofthescalepresentedhere.Firstistheversionconcerninghealth
behaviorsforpatientswithdiabetes.Ithastwostemsandatotalof19items.Secondisthe
versionconcerningparticipationinaverylowcalorie,medicallysupervisedweightlossprogram
bymorbidlyobesepatients.Ithasfourstemsandatotalof18items.Thirdisaversionthatwas
usedinthesamestudyoftheweightlossprogram,butwasgivenseveralmonthsintothe
program.Ithastwostemsandatotalof13items.Whereasthefirstofthetwoscalesconcerning
theweightlossprogramwasgivenatthebeginningoftheprogramtoassessmotivationfor
enteringtheprogram,thesecondversionwasgivenlatertoassessmotivationforcontinuingto
participateintheprogram.

GeneralScoringInformationfortheTSRQ.Typically,theresponsesonthe

autonomousitemsareaveragedtoformtheautonomousregulationscoreforthetargetbehavior
andtheresponsesonthecontrolleditemsareaveragedtoformthecontrolledregulationscorefor
thetargetbehavior.Thesetwosubscalescoresareoftenusedseparately,butattimestheyhave
beencombinedintoaRelativeAutonomyIndex(RAI)bysubtractingtheaverageforControlled
RegulationfromtheaverageforAutonomousRegulation.Followingeachofthethreeversions
ofthescalepresentedbelowisakeytowhichitemsareontheautonomysubscaleandwhichon
thecontrolledsubscale.Onewillnotethattherearetypicallymorecontrolleditemsthan
autonomousitems.Thisisbecausetherearemanydifferentkindsofcontrolledreasonsfor

doingabehavior,sotoobtainadequatereliabilityforthecontrolledsubscale,moreitemsare
typicallyneeded.

TheScale

TreatmentQuestionnaireConcerningDiabetes
Thereareavarietyofreasonswhypatientstaketheirmedications,checktheirglucose,follow
theirdiet,orexerciseregularly.Pleaseconsiderthefollowingbehaviorsandindicatehowtrue
eachofthesereasonisforyou.Thescaleis:
1
notatall
true

A.

B.

somewhat
true

very
true

Itakemymedicationsfordiabetesand/orcheckmyglucosebecause:

1.

OtherpeoplewouldbemadatmeifIdidn't.

2.

Ifinditapersonalchallengetodoso.

3.

Ipersonallybelievethatcontrollingmydiabeteswillimprovemyhealth.

4.

IwouldfeelguiltyifIdidn'tdowhatmydoctorsaid.

5.

IwantmydoctortothinkI'magoodpatient.

6.

IwouldfeelbadaboutmyselfifIdidn't.

7.

It'sexcitingtotrytokeepmyglucoseinahealthyrange.

8.

Idon'twantotherpeopletobedisappointedinme.

ThereasonIfollowmydietandexerciseregularlyisthat:
9.

OtherpeoplewouldbeupsetwithmeifIdidn't.

10.

Ipersonallybelievethattheseareimportantinremaininghealthy.

11.

IwouldbeashamedofmyselfifIdidn't.

12.

ItiseasiertodowhatI'mtoldthantothinkaboutit.

13.

I'vecarefullythoughtaboutmydietandexercisingandbelieveit'stherightthing
todo.

14.

IwantotherstoseethatIcanfollowmydietandstayfit.

15.

Ijustdoitbecausemydoctorsaidto.

16.

Ifeelpersonallythatwatchingmydietandexercisingarethebestthingsforme.

17.

I'dfeelguiltyifIdidn'twatchmydietandexercise.

18.

ExercisingregularlyandfollowingmydietarechoicesIreallywanttomake.

19.

It'sachallengetolearnhowtolivewithdiabetes.

ScoringthisversionoftheTSRQ
Tocalculatethetwosubscalescores,averagetheitemsonthatsubscale.Theyare:
AutonomousRegulation:2,3,7,10,13,16,18,19
ControlledRegulation:1,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,14,15,17

************

TreatmentQuestionnaireConcerningEnteringtheWeightLossProgram
Thereareavarietyofreasonswhypatientsdecidetoenteraweightlossprogramsuchasthis
andfollowitsprocedures.Theitemsonthisquestionnairearebrokenintofourgroups.Please
readthestatementatthebeginningofeachgroupandthenconsiderthereasonsthatfollowitin
termsofhowtruethatreasonisforyou.Thescaleis:
1
notatall
true

A.

B.

C.

somewhat
true

Idecidedtoenterthisweightlossprogrambecause:
1.

Iwon'tlikemyselfverymuchuntilIloseweight.

2.

PeoplewilllikemebetterwhenI'mthin.

3.

Itfeelsimportanttomepersonallytobethinner.

4.

Ireallywanttomakesomechangesinmylife.

IfIremainintreatmentitwillprobablybebecause:
5.

I'llfeellikeafailureifIdon't.

6.

PeoplewillthinkI'maweakpersonifIdon't.

7.

I'llfeelverybadaboutmyselfifIdon't.

8.

OtherswillbeangryatmeifIdon't.

9.

Ifeellikeit'sthebestwaytohelpmyself.

Iplantoloseweightbecause:

very
true

D.

10.

I'llbeashamedofmyselfifIdon't.

11.

I'llhatemyselfifIcan'tgetmyweightundercontrol.

12.

Myfriends/familydon'tlikethewayIlook.

13.

Beingoverweightmakesithardtodomanythings.

Ihaveagreedtofollowtheproceduresoftheprogrambecause:
14.

IamworriedthatIwillgetintroublewiththestaffifIdon'tfollowallthe
guidelines.

15.

I'llfeelguiltyifIdon'tcomplywithalltheprocedures.

16.

IwantotherstoseethatIamreallytryingtoloseweight.

17.

Ibelievetheywillhelpmesolvemyproblem.

18.

It'simportanttomethatmyeffortssucceed.

ScoringthisversionoftheTSRQ
Tocalculatethetwosubscalescores,averagetheitemsonthatsubscale.Theyare:
AutonomousRegulation:3,4,9,13,17,18
ControlledRegulation:1,2,5,6,7,8,10,11,12,14,15,16

************

TreatmentQuestionnaireConcerningContinuedProgramParticipation
Thefollowingquestionsrelatetoyourreasonsforcontinuingtoparticipateintheweightloss
program.Differentpeoplehavedifferentreasonsforcontinuinginsuchaprogram,andwewant
toknowhowtrueeachofthesereasonsisforyou.Therearetwogroupsofquestions.The
questionsineachgrouppertaintothesentencethatbeginsthatgroup.
Pleaseindicatehowtrueeachreasonisforyou,usingthefollowingscale:
1
notatall
true

A.

B.

somewhat
true

very
true

Ihaveremainedintreatmentbecause:
1.

IwouldhavefeltbadaboutmyselfifIdidn't.

2.

OtherswouldhavebeenangryatmeifIdidn't.

3.

IwouldhavefeltlikeafailureifIdidn't.

4.

Ifeellikeit'sthebestwaytohelpmyself.

5.

PeoplewouldthinkI'maweakpersonifIdidn't.

6.

Ihavechosennottoleavetheprogram.

7.

Itisachallengetoaccomplishmygoal.

8.

Ihaveinvestedsomuchmoneyinthisprogram.

Ihavebeenfollowingtheproceduresoftheprogrambecause:
9.

Ibelievetheyhelpmesolvemyproblem.

10.

IhavebeenworriedthatIwouldgetintroublewiththestaffifIdidn'tfollowall
theguidelines.

11.

IwantotherstoseethatIamreallytryingtoloseweight.

12.

Itisimportanttomethatmyeffortssucceed.

13.

IfeelguiltyifIdon'tcomplywithalltheprocedures.

ScoringthisversionoftheTSRQ
Tocalculatethetwosubscalescores,averagetheitemsonthatsubscale.Theyare:
AutonomousRegulation:4,6,7,9,12
ControlledRegulation:1,2,3,5,8,10,11,13

************

RelatedScales
TreatmentMotivationQuestionnaire
Ryan,Plant,andO'Malley(1995)werethefirsttousetheSDTapproachtostudymotivationfor
"enteringtreatment."Intheirstudyofalcoholics,someparticipantshadbeenmandatedbythe
courtstoattendthetreatmentprogram.Thus,therewasanimportantsetofreasonsfor
participatingthatisnotpresentinmostsettingswherepeoplearetryingtobehaveinhealthier
waysorparticipatinginhealthrelatedtreatment.Thescaletheydevelopedwasreferredtoasthe
TreatmentMotivationQuestionnaire(TMQ),andtheTreatmentSelfRegulationQuestionnaire
(TSRQ)wassubsequentlyderivedfromit.TheoriginalTMQwasalsousedinoneotherstudy,
namelyastudyofpeopleattendingamethadoneclinic(Zeldman,Ryan,&Fiscella,1999).
TheTMQhastwomotivationfactors:(a)internalwhichincludesbothintrojectedand
identifieditems;and(b)externalwhichismerelyexternalitems.Thereasonforthisdifferent
alignmentisclearlythattheexternalreasonsweresomuchimposedfromtheoutsidewereso
coercivethatthetwotypesofinternalmotivationweremoresimilarthanintrojectionwasto
identification;whereasinthemoretypicalsettingsinwhichtheTSRQisused,theintrojection
itemsarecloserinpsychologicalmeaningtoexternalregulationthantheyaretoidentification.
Theoretically,thisisnotsurprisingbecauseexternalregulationisononesideofintrojected
regulationontheselfdeterminationcontinuumwhileidentifiedregulationisontheotherside.
Furthermore,theTMQhastwoothersubscales,formedfactoranalytically:aHelpSeeking
subscaleandaConfidenceinTreatmentsubscale.

TheTMQScale
Thisquestionnaireconcernspeople'sreasonsforenteringtreatmentandtheirfeelingsabout
treatment.Participationisvoluntary,soyoudonothavetofillitoutifyoudontwantto.
Differentpeoplehavedifferentreasonsforenteringtreatment,andwewanttoknowhowtrue
eachofthesereasonsisforyou.Pleaseindicatehowtrueeachreasonisforyou,usingthe
followingscale:
1
notatall
true

A.

B.

C.

somewhat
true

very
true

Icamefortreatmentattheclinicbecause:
1.

Ireallywanttomakesomechangesinmylife.

Iwon'tfeelgoodaboutmyselfifIdon'tgetsomehelp.

3.

Iwasreferredbythelegalsystem.

4.

IfeelsoguiltyaboutmyproblemthatIhavetodosomethingaboutit.

5.

Itisimportanttomepersonallytosolvemyproblems.

IfIremainintreatmentitwillprobablybebecause:
6.

IllgetintroubleifIdont.

7.

IllfeelverybadaboutmyselfifIdon't.

8.

IllfeellikeafailureifIdon't.

9.

Ifeellikeit'sthebestwaytohelpmyself.

10.

Idon'treallyfeellikeIhaveachoiceaboutstayingintreatment.

11.

Ifeelitisinmybestintereststocompletetreatment.

Rateeachofthefollowingintermsofhowtrueeachstatementisforyou.
12.

IcametotreatmentnowbecauseIwasunderpressuretocome.

13.

Iamnotsurethisprogramwillworkforme.

14.

Iamconfidentthisprogramwillworkforme.

15.

IdecidedtocometotreatmentbecauseIwasinterestedingettinghelp.

16.

I'mnotconvincedthatthisprogramwillhelpmestopdrinking.

17.

Iwanttoopenlyrelatewithothersintheprogram.

18.

Iwanttosharesomeofmyconcernsandfeelingswithothers.

19.

Itwillbeimportantformetoworkcloselywithothersinsolvingmyproblem.

20.

Iamresponsibleforthischoiceoftreatment.

21.

Idoubtthatthisprogramwillsolvemyproblems.

22.

Ilookforwardtorelatingtootherswhohavesimilarproblems.

23.

IchosethistreatmentbecauseIthinkitisanopportunityforchange.

24.

IamnotveryconfidentthatIwillgetresultsfromtreatmentthistime.

25.

Itwillbeareliefformetosharemyconcernswithotherprogramparticipants.

26.

IacceptthefactthatIneedsomehelpandsupportfromotherstobeatmy
problem.

ScoringtheTMQ.Calculatethefoursubscalescoresbyaveragingtheresponsesforitemin
thatsubscale.Theexternalreasonsandinternalizedreasonsarethesubscalesthatrelatemost
directlytoselfdeterminationtheory.
ExternalReasons:3,6,10,12
InternalizedReasons:1,2,4,5,7,8,9,11,15,20,23
HelpSeeking:17,18,19,22,25,26
Confidence:13(R),14,16(R),21(R),24(R)Note:An(R)afteritemsinthe
Confidencesubscalemeansthattheitemshouldbereversescoredbeforeaveragingit
withotheritemsinthesubscale.Todothat,subtractthepersonsresponsefrom8.Thus,

forexample,a3becomesa5.Thisway,ahigherscoremeansmoreconfidencein
treatment.

ReferencesconcerningtheTMQ
Ryan,R.M.,Plant,R.W.,&OMalley,S.(1995).Initialmotivationsforalcohol
treatment:Relationswithpatientcharacteristics,treatmentinvolvementanddropout.Addictive
Behaviors,20,279297.
Zeldman,A.,Ryan,R.M.,&Fiscella,K.(1999).Attitudes,beliefsandmotivesin
addictionrecovery.Unpublishedmanuscript,UniversityofRochester.

************

TheMotivationforTherapyScale
TheTSRQhasbeenadaptedbyPelletier,Tuson,andHaddad(1997)formotivationfor
psychotherapy.ContactLucG.Pelletier,UniversityofOttawa(email:social@uottawa.ca)for
furtherinformationaboutit.
Pelletier,L.G.,Tuson,K.M.,&Haddad,N.K.(1997).ClientMotivationforTherapy
Scale:Ameasureofintrinsicmotivation,extrinsicmotivation,andamotivationfortherapy.
JournalofPersonalityAssessment,68,414435.

LearningSelfRegulationQuestionnaire(SRQL)
Thisquestionnaireconcernsthereasonswhypeoplelearninparticularsettingssuchasacollege
ormedicalschoolcourse.WhereastheAcademicSelfRegulationQuestionnaireisforusewith
children,theLearningSelfRegulationQuestionnaireisforolderstudents.Itasksthree
questionsaboutwhypeopleengageinlearningrelatedbehaviors.Thisquestionnairewas
formedwithjusttwosubscales:ControlledRegulationandAutonomousRegulation.Thus,the
responsesthatareprovidedareeithercontrolled(i.e.,externalorintrojectedregulation)or
autonomous(identifiedregulationorintrinsicmotivation).Becausethescalewasdesignedto
havejustthetwosupercategoriesofregulation,therewasnoattempttohavethesamenumber
ofitemsfromeachregulatorystyle(e.g.,identifiedandintrinsic),andtherewasnopsychometric
workdoneontheindividualregulatorystyles.Thevalidationwasdoneonlyatthelevelofthe
twosupercategories.
Thescale,whichispresentedbelowintwoslightlydifferentversions,wasdevelopedforuseina
studyconductedinamedicalschoolcoursereferredtoasOrganSystems,inwhichstudentslearn
todomedicalinterviewing(Williams&Deci,1996).Itisthefirstofthetwoversionspresented.
Thescalewasadaptedslightlyforcollegestudentslearningorganicchemistry(Black&Deci,
2000),andthatversionispresentedsecond.Itisessentiallythesamescale,althoughtwoitems
weredroppedforthesakeofbrevity.Thequestionnairecanbeadaptedasneededtorefertothe
particularcourseorprogrambeingstudied.Followingeachversionofthescaleisinformation
aboutscoringit.

TheScale
LearningQuestionnaire
Thefollowingquestionsrelatetoyourreasonsforparticipatingintheinterviewingclass.
Differentpeoplehavedifferentreasonsforparticipatinginsuchaclass,andwewanttoknow
howtrueeachofthesereasonsisforyou.Therearethreegroupsofitems,andthoseineach
grouppertaintothesentencethatbeginsthatgroup.Pleaseindicatehowtrueeachreasonisfor
youusingthefollowingscale:
1
notatall
true

somewhat
true

very
true

A. Iwillparticipateactivelyintheorgansystemsclasses:

1. BecauseIfeellikeit'sagoodwaytoimprovemyskillsandmyunderstandingof
patients.
2.

BecauseotherswouldthinkbadlyofmeifIdidn't.

3.

Becauselearningtointerviewwellisanimportantpartofbecomingadoctor.

4.

BecauseIwouldfeelbadaboutmyselfifIdidntstudythisapproach.

B. Iamlikelytofollowmyinstructor'ssuggestionsforinterviewing:

5.

BecauseIwouldgetagoodgradeifIdowhathe/shesuggests.

6.

BecauseIbelievemyinstructor'ssuggestionswillhelpmeintervieweffectively.

7.

BecauseIwantotherstothinkthatIamagoodinterviewer.

8.

Becauseit'seasiertodowhatI'mtoldthantothinkaboutit.

9.

Becauseit'simportanttometodowellatthis.
10. BecauseIwouldprobablyfeelguiltyifIdidn'tcomplywithmyinstructor's
suggestions.

C. ThereasonthatIwillcontinuetobroadenmyinterviewingskillsis:

11.

Becauseit'sexcitingtotrynewwaystoworkinterpersonallywithmypatients.

12.

BecauseIwouldfeelproudifIdidcontinuedtoimproveatinterviewing.

13. Becauseit'sachallengetoreallyunderstandwhatthepatientisexperiencing.
14.

Becauseit'sinterestingtousetheinterviewtotrytoidentifywhatdiseasethepatient
has.

ScoringinformationforthisSRQL(interviewing).
Beginbycalculatingthetwosubscalescoresbyaveragingtheitemsonthatsubscale.Theyare:
AutonomousRegulation: 1,3,6,9,11,13,14
ControlledRegulation: 2,4,5,7,8,10,12
Inpaststudies,thealphareliabilitiesforthesetwosubscaleshavebeenapproximately0.75for
controlledregulationand0.80forautonomousregulation.Analysescanbedonewiththetwo
separatesubscales,oraRelativeAutonomyIndexcanbeformedbysubtractingthecontrolled
subscalescorefromtheautonomoussubscalescore.

************

ReasonsforLearningQuestionnaire
Thefollowingquestionsrelatetoyourreasonsforparticipatingactivelyinyourorganic
chemistryclass.Differentpeoplehavedifferentreasonsfortheirparticipationinsuchaclass,
andwewanttoknowhowtrueeachofthereasonsisforyou.Pleaseusethefollowingscaleto
indicatehowtrueeachreasonisforyou:
1
notatall
true

somewhat
true

very
true

A. Iwillparticipateactivelyinorganicchemistry:
1.

BecauseIfeellikeitsagoodwaytoimprovemyunderstandingofthematerial.

2.

BecauseothersmightthinkbadlyofmeifIdidnt.

3.

BecauseIwouldfeelproudofmyselfifIdidwellinthecourse.

4.

Becauseasolidunderstandingofchemistryisimportanttomyintellectualgrowth.

B. Iamlikelytofollowmyinstructorssuggestionsforstudyingchemistry:
5.

BecauseIwouldgetabadgradeifIdidntdowhathe/shesuggests.

6.

BecauseIamworriedthatIamnotgoingtoperformwellinthecourse.

7.

Becauseitseasiertofollowhis/hersuggestionsthancomeupwithmyownstudy
strategies.

8.

Becausehe/sheseemstohaveinsightabouthowbesttolearnthematerial.

C. ThereasonthatIwillworktoexpandmyknowledgeofchemistryis:
9.

Becauseitsinterestingtolearnmoreaboutthenatureofchemistry.

10.

Becauseitsachallengetoreallyunderstandhowtosolvechemistryproblems.

11.

Becauseagoodgradeinchemistrywilllookpositiveonmyrecord.

12.

BecauseIwantotherstoseethatIamintelligent.

ScoringinformationforthisSRQL(chemistry).
Beginbycalculatingthetwosubscalescoresbyaveragingtheitemsonthatsubscale.Theyare:
AutonomousRegulation: 1,4,8,9,10
ControlledRegulation: 2,3,5,6,7,11,12
Inpaststudies,thealphareliabilitiesforthesetwosubscaleshavebeenapproximately0.75for
controlledregulationand0.80forautonomousregulation.Analysescanbedonewiththetwo
separatesubscales,oraRelativeAutonomyIndexcanbeformedbysubtractingthecontrolled
subscalescorefromtheautonomoussubscalescore.

************
ReferencesconcerningtheSRQL
Black,A.E.,&Deci,E.L.(2000).Theeffectsofinstructorsautonomysupportand
studentsautonomousmotivationonlearningorganicchemistry:Aselfdeterminationtheory
perspective.ScienceEducation,84,740756.
Williams,G.C.,&Deci,E.L.(1996).Internalizationofbiopsychosocialvaluesbymedical
students:Atestofselfdeterminationtheory.JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology,70,
767779.

ExerciseSelfRegulationQuestionnaire(SRQE)
Thisquestionnaireconcernsthereasonswhyapersonexercisesregularly,doesgymnastics,
worksout,orengagesinothersuchphysicalactivities.Itisstructuredsothatitasksone
questionsandprovidesresponsesthatrepresentexternalregulation,introjectedregulation,
identifiedregulation,andintrinsicmotivation.Thebasicissueconcernsthedegreetowhichone
feelsautonomouswithrespecttoexercisingorengaginginphysicalactivity.Belowarethree
versionsofthescale,oneeachforworkingout,exercisingregularly,anddoinggymnastics.
Eachoneisfollowedbyinformationaboutscoringit.Thesequestionnaireareslightlydifferent
fromeachothernotonlyintermsofthequestionaskedbutalsointermsoftheitems.Theitems
are,ofcourse,verysimilarthatistheintrojecteditemsononescalearesimilartotheintrojected
itemsontheotherscales.However,thethreeversionsweredevelopedbydifferentresearchers,
anditseemsthattheyarewhollycomparablescales.Severalstudiesusingthesequestionnaires
haverecentlybeenconducted,butnonehasyetbeenwrittenforpublication.Thus,atthistime,
therearenopublishedresearchreportsthathaveusedthesescales.

TheScales
MotivationforWorkingOut
Thereareavarietyofreasonswhypeopleworkout.Pleaseindicatehowtrueeachofthese
reasonisforwhyyouworkout.Thescaleis:
1

notatall
true

somewhat
true

very
true

Whydoyouworkout?
1.

BecauseIsimplyenjoyworkingout.

2.

Becauseworkingoutisimportantand

3.

BecauseIwouldfeelbadaboutmyselfifIdidntdoit.

beneficialformyhealthandlifestyle.

4.

Becauseitisfunandinteresting.

5.

BecauseotherslikemebetterwhenIaminshape.

6.

BecauseIdbeafraidoffallingtoofaroutofshape.

7.

Becauseithelpsmyimage.

8.

Becauseitispersonallyimportanttometoworkout.

9.

BecauseIfeelpressuredtoworkout.

10. BecauseIhaveastrongvalueforbeingactiveandhealthy.
11. Forthepleasureofdiscoveringandmasteringnewtrainingtechniques.
12. BecauseIwantotherstoseemeasphysicallyfit.

ScoringtheSRQE.Toscorethisquestionnaire,firstcalculatethesubscalescoresforeach
ofthefoursubscales:externalregulation,introjectedregulation,identifiedregulation,and
intrinsicmotivation.Todothat,averagetheresponsestoeachofthesubscalesitems.Listed
belowaretheitemnumbersassociatedwitheachofthefoursubscales.
ExternalRegulation:
IntrojectedRegulation:
IdentifiedRegulation:
IntrinsicMotivation:

5,7,12
3,6,9
2,8,10
1,4,11

Youcanusetheindividualsubscalescoresinyouranalyses,andyoucanalsousetheRelative
AutonomyIndex(RAI).ToformtheRAIforthisscale,usethefollowingformulatocombine
thesubscalescores:
2XIntrinsic+IdentifiedIntrojected2XExternal
************

MotivationforGymnastics
Thereareavarietyofreasonswhypeopledogymnastics.Pleaseindicatehowtrueeachofthese
reasonisforwhyyoudogymnastics.Thescaleis:
1
notatall
true

somewhat
true

very
true

Whydoyoupracticegymnastics?
1.

ForthepleasureIfeelwhenIpracticegymnastics.

2.

Iusedtohavegoodreasonsfordoinggymnastics,butnowIamaskingmyselfifIshould
continuedoingit.

3.

IwouldfeelbadaboutmyselfifIwasnottakingtimetodogymnastics.

4.

Itisagoodwaytogetexercise.

5.

MyparentsorotherfamilymembersgivememoneyorotherrewardswhenIdoit.

6.

FortheexcitementIfeelwhenIamreallyinvolvedingymnastics.

7.

Ilearnvaluablelessonsfromgymnastics.

8.

Itisabsolutelynecessaryformetodogymnasticstofeelgoodaboutmyself.

9.

Itisnotcleartomeanymore;Idon'treallythinkgymnasticsismysport.

10. Myparents,otherfamilymembers,orfriendstellmetodoit.
11. Forthepleasureofdiscoveringnewtechniques.
12. I'mnotsurewhyIstillpracticegymnastics,Idon'tseemtobegoinganywhereinit.
13. Ithinkgymnasticsisausefulwaytostayhealthy.
14. Myparents,family,orfriendswouldbemadifIdidn'tpracticegymnasticsanymore.
15. IwouldfeelawfulifIdidn'tdogymnasticsanymore.

ScoringtheSRQE.Toscorethisquestionnaire,firstcalculatethesubscalescoresforeach
ofthefoursubscales:amotivation,externalregulation,introjectedregulation,identified
regulation,andintrinsicmotivation.Todothat,averagetheresponsestoeachofthesubscales
items.Listedbelowaretheitemnumbersassociatedwitheachofthefoursubscales.
Amotivation:
ExternalRegulation:
IntrojectedRegulation:
IdentifiedRegulation:
IntrinsicMotivation:

2,9,12
5,10,14
3,8,15
4,7,13
1,6,11

Youcanusetheindividualsubscalescoresinyouranalyses,andyoucanalsousetheRelative
AutonomyIndex(RAI).AmotivationisnotusedintheRAI,becausetheRAIconcernsthe
degreetowhichonesmotivationisselfdetermined,andtheamotivationsubscaleassessesnot
beingmotivated.ToformtheRAIforthisscale,usethefollowingformulatocombinesubscale
scores:
2XIntrinsic+IdentifiedIntrojected2XExternal

************

MotivationforExercise
Thereareavarietyofreasonswhypeopleexerciseregularly.Pleaseindicatehowtrueeachof
thesereasonisforwhyyouexerciseregularly.Thescaleis:
1

notatall
true

somewhat
true

very
true

Itrytoexerciseonaregularbasis:
1.

BecauseIwouldfeelbadaboutmyselfifIdidnot.

2.

BecauseotherswouldbeangryatmeifIdidnot.

3.

BecauseIenjoyexercising.

4.

BecauseIwouldfeellikeafailureifIdidnot.

5.

BecauseIfeellikeit'sthebestwaytohelpmyself.

6.

BecausepeoplewouldthinkI'maweakpersonifIdidnot.

7.

BecauseIfeellikeIhavenochoiceaboutexercising;othersmakemedoit.

8.

Becauseitisachallengetoaccomplishmygoal.

9.

BecauseIbelieveexercisehelpsmefeelbetter.

10.

Becauseit'sfun.

11.

BecauseIworrythatIwouldgetintroublewithothersifIdidnot.

12.

Becauseitfeelsimportanttomepersonallytoaccomplishthisgoal.

13.

BecauseIfeelguiltyifIdonotexerciseregularly.

14.

BecauseIwantotherstoacknowledgethatIamdoingwhatIhavebeentoldIshould
do.

15.

Becauseitisinterestingtoseemyownimprovement.

16.

Becausefeelinghealthierisanimportantvalueforme.

ScoringtheSRQE.Toscorethisquestionnaire,firstcalculatethesubscalescoresforeach

ofthefoursubscales:externalregulation,introjectedregulation,identifiedregulation,and
intrinsicmotivationbyaveragingtheresponsestoeachofthesubscalesitems.Listedbeloware
theitemnumbersassociatedwitheachofthefoursubscales.
ExternalRegulation: 2,7,11,14
IntrojectedRegulation:
1,4,6,13
IdentifiedRegulation: 5,9,12,16
IntrinsicMotivation: 3,8,10,15
Youcanusetheindividualsubscalescoresinyouranalyses,andyoucanalsousetheRelative
AutonomyIndex(RAI).ToformtheRAIforthisscale,usethefollowingformulatocombine
thesubscalescores:
2XIntrinsic+IdentifiedIntrojected2XExternal

ReligiousSelfRegulationQuestionnaire(SRQR)
AlsocalledChristianReligiousInternalizationScale(CRIS)
Thisquestionnaireconcernsthereasonswhyapersonengagesinreligiousbehaviors.The
questionswerewrittenforresearchwithaChristianpopulation,butcouldbeeasilyadaptedfor
otherreligions.Thequestionnaireaskswhypeopleengageinfourreligiousbehaviors,eachof
whichisfollowedbythreereasons.Inall,thereare12itemsontheSRQR.Thequestionnaire
wasdevelopedandvalidatedbyRyan,Rigby,andKing,(1993).Thereisalongformofthe
questionnairewith48items,butanalysesrevealedthatthecurrent12itemversionisas
psychometricallysoundasthelongerversionandisfarmoreeconomical.Thescalehasonly
twosubscales:IntrojectedRegulationandIdentifiedRegulation.Workwiththelongerscale
revealedthatthesetwosubscalesrepresentedthedynamicallymeaningfulreasonswhypeople
engageinreligiousbehaviorsandthattheexternalregulationandintrinsicmotivationsubscales
didnotaddtothevalidityofthescale.Belowistheactualscale,followedbyinformationabout
scoring.

TheScale
ReligiousBehaviors
Thisquestionnairehasfourstatements,eachofwhichisfollowedbythreepossibleresponses.
Pleasereadthefirststatement,andthenconsidereachresponse.Indicatehowtrueeachresponse
isforyou,usingthefollowingscale.
1
notatall
true

somewhat
true

very
true

A. OnereasonIthinkitsimportanttoactivelysharemyfaithwithothersis:
1.

BecauseGodisimportanttomeandIdlikeotherpeopletoknowaboutHimtoo.

2.

BecauseIwouldfeelbadaboutmyselfifIdidnt.

3.

BecauseIwantotherChristianstoapproveofme.

B. WhenIturntoGod,Imostoftendoitbecause:
4.

IenjoyspendingtimewithHim.

5.

IwouldfeelguiltyifIdidnt.

6.

Ifinditissatisfyingtome.

C. AreasonIthinkprayingbymyselfisimportantis:
7.

BecauseifIdont,Godwilldisapproveofme.

8.

BecauseIenjoypraying.

9.

BecauseIfindprayersatisfying.

D. AnimportantreasonwhyIattendchurchis:
10.

Becauseoneissupposedtogotochurch.

11.

BygoingtochurchIlearnnewthings.

12.

BecauseotherswoulddisapproveofmeifIdidnt.

Scoringinformation.CalculatescoresforIntrojectedRegulationandIdentifiedRegulation
byaveragingtheitemswithinthosesubscales.
IdentifiedRegulation:1,4,6,8,9,11
IntrojectedRegulation:2,3,5,7,10,12
Validationarticle
Ryan,R.M.,Rigby,S.,&King,K.(1993).Twotypesofreligiousinternalizationandtheir
relationstoreligiousorientationsandmentalhealth.JournalofPersonalityandSocial
Psychology,65,586596.
TheSRQRisreviewedandreproducedin
Hill,P.C.,&Hood,R.W.,Jr.(Eds.)(1999).Measuresofreligiosity(pp.124127).
Birmingham,AL:ReligiousEducationPress.

FriendshipSelfRegulationQuestionnaire(SRQF)
Thisquestionnaireconcernsthereasonswhyapersonisinaparticularfriendship.Itasksfour
questionsaboutbeingfriendswithaparticularperson,andprovidesresponsesthatrepresent
externalregulation,introjectedregulation,identifiedregulation,andintrinsicmotivation.The
basicissue,ofcourse,concernsthedegreetowhichonefeelsautonomouswithrespectto
participatinginthefriendship.Belowistheactualscale,followedbyinformationaboutscoring.

TheScale
BeingFriends
Thisquestionnairehasfourquestions,andeachquestionsisfollowedbyasetofpossible
answers.Pleasereadthefirstquestion,andthenconsidereachresponse.Indicatehowtrueeach
responseisforyouintheparticularfriendshipyouhaveselectedusingthefollowingscale.
1
notatall
true

somewhat
true

very
true

A. WhyamIclosefriendswiththispersonnow?
1.

Becausebeingfriendswithhim/herhelpsmefeelimportant.

2.

BecauseIenjoythenumerouscrazyandamusingmomentsthatweshare.

3.

BecausemyfriendwouldbeupsetifIendedtherelationship.

4.

BecauseIfeelalotoffreedomandpersonalsatisfactioninourfriendship.

5.

BecauseIwouldfeelguiltyifIwithdrewfromthefriendship.

6.

Becausehe/sheissomeoneIreallyenjoysharingemotionsandspecialeventswith.

7.

Becausethispersonreallywantsmetobeaclosefriend.

8.

Becausemycommitmenttohim/herispersonallyveryimportanttome.

B. WhydoIspendtimewithmyfriend?
9.

BecausemyfriendwouldgetmadatmeifIdidnt.

10.

Becauseitisfunspendingtimewithhim/her.

11.

BecauseIthinkitiswhatfriendsaresupposedtodo.

12.

BecauseIreallyvaluespendingtimewithmyfriend.

C. WhydoIlistentomyfriendsproblems,ortowhatmyfriendhastosay?
13.

Becauseitsinterestingandsatisfyingtobeabletosharelikethat.

14.

BecauseIwouldfeelguiltyifIdidnot.

15.

BecausemyfriendpraisesmeandmakesmefeelgoodwhenIdo.

16.

BecauseIreallyvaluegettingtoknowmyfriendbetter.

D. WhydoIkeeppromisestomyfriend?
17.

BecauseIbelieveitisanimportantpersonalattributetoliveuptomypromisestoa
friend.

18.

BecauseIwouldfeelbadaboutmyselfifIdidnt.

19.

BecauseIreallyenjoyfollowingthroughonmypromises.

20.

BecauseitwouldthreatenourfriendshipifIwerenottrustworthy.
************

ScoringtheSRQF.Toscorethisquestionnaire,firstcalculatethesubscalescoresforeach
ofthefoursubscales:externalregulation,introjectedregulation,identifiedregulation,and

intrinsicmotivation.Todothat,averagetheresponsestoeachofthesubscalesitems.Listed
belowaretheitemnumbersassociatedwitheachofthefoursubscales.
ExternalRegulation:
IntrojectedRegulation:
IdentifiedRegulation:
IntrinsicMotivation:

3,7,9,15,20
1,5,11,14,18
4,8,12,16,17
2,6,10,13,19

Youcanusetheindividualsubscalescoresinyouranalyses,andyoucanalsousetheRelative
AutonomyIndex(RAI).ToformtheRAIforthisscale,usethefollowingformulatocombine
thesubscalescores:
2XIntrinsic+IdentifiedIntrojected2XExternal