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Ulangkaji

The document summarizes the uses and working principles of the cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO). It describes how CROs use thermionic emission to produce electron beams that are accelerated and deflected to display signals on fluorescent screens. CROs can be used to measure voltage, time intervals, and display waveforms. They allow observing transient signals by converting time variations of an electrical signal into corresponding height variations of the beam trace. Key components of CROs and how they function are also outlined.

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Nor Shuhada
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102 views7 pages

Ulangkaji

The document summarizes the uses and working principles of the cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO). It describes how CROs use thermionic emission to produce electron beams that are accelerated and deflected to display signals on fluorescent screens. CROs can be used to measure voltage, time intervals, and display waveforms. They allow observing transient signals by converting time variations of an electrical signal into corresponding height variations of the beam trace. Key components of CROs and how they function are also outlined.

Uploaded by

Nor Shuhada
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 9: ELECTRONICS

9. 1: USES OF THE CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE (C.R.O)


9.1.1: Thermionic Emission
1. What is Thermionic Emission?

2. (a) Label the figure of a vacuum tube:

Figure 9.1

(b) The figure shows emitted are accelerated .. the anode by the high
between the cathode and anode.
(c) A beam of electrons moving at high speed in a vacuum is known as a ..
3. Factors that influence the rate of thermionic emission
Factor
Effect on the rate of thermionic emission
Temperature of the cathode When the temperature of the cathode increases, the rate
of thermionic emission increases.
Surface area of the cathode A larger surface area of the cathode increases the rate of
thermionic emission.
Potential difference
The rate of thermionic emission is unchanged, when the
between the anode and
potential difference increases, but the emitted electrons
cathode.
accelerate faster towards the anode.
9.1.2 Properties of Cathode Rays
1. List the four characteristics of the cathode rays.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

They are ______________ charged particles.


They travel in ____________.
They possess momentum and ____________ energy.
They are deflected by ________________ and ____________________field.

Energy Change in A Cathode Ray

Figure 9.2

2eV
m

v = velocity of electron
V = Potential difference between Anode and
Cathode
e = Charge on 1 electron = 1.6 x 10 -19 C
m = mass of 1 electron = 9 x 10 -31 kg

In a cathode ray tube, an electron with kinetic energy of 1.32 10-14 J is accelerated.
Calculate the potential difference, V between the cathode and the accelerating anode.
[ e = 1.6 x 10 -19 C]
Solution:

In a vacuum tube, a cathode ray is produced and accelerated through a potential


difference of 2.5kV. Calculate
a The initial electric potential energy of the cathode ray.
b The maximum velocity of the electron.
[ e = 1.6 x 10 -19 C; m= 9 x 10 -31 kg]
Solution:

If the potential difference between the cathode and the anode in a CRO is 3.5 kV,
calculate the maximum speed of the electron which hit the screen of CRO.
[ e = 1.6 x 10 -19 C; m= 9 x 10 -31 kg]
Solution:

9.1.3 Structure of the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

Label all parts of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope below.

iii.
vi.

i.

iv.

ii.

vii.

v.

Components and its functions.


Main part

Electron
gun

Component
Filament

Function
When a current passes through the filament, the
filament becomes hot and heats up the cathode.

Cathode

Emits electrons when it is hot.

Control Grid

Control the number of electrons hitting the


fluorescent screen.
Control the brightness of the spot on the screen.
To focus the electrons onto the screen.

Focusing
Anode
Deflecting
system

Fluorescent
screen

Accelerating
Anode

To accelerate the electrons to high speed.

Y-Plates

To deflect the electron beam vertically.

X-Plates

To deflect the electron beam horizontally.

Glass surface
coated with a
fluorescent
material.

To convert the kinetic energy of the electrons to


heat and light energy when the electrons hit the
screen.

9.1.4 : The working Principle of the Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope.


1. Fill in the blank the structure of CRO.

9.1.5 Uses of the CRO.


1

The uses of cathode-ray oscilloscope are:


measure a ______or ______voltage
(a) To
..
measure a_________ intervals
(b) To
.
display the __________
(c) To
.
To measure a D.C voltage:
The unknown voltage, V = (Y-gain) h
To measure a A.C voltage:
Peak-to-peak voltage, Vpp = (Y-gains) h
1

2
Peak voltage, Vp = (Y-gains)
(h)
1

Vp
2
Effective voltage or root-mean-square voltage, Vr.m.s =
Short time intervals, t = no. of divisions between two pulses time-base value.
2

If the CRO in figure uses Y-gains of 1.5 Vcm-1, calculate the value of Vpp.
Solution:

The figure shows a trace on a CRO set at 5 Volt per division on the vertical axis.
a What is the maximum voltage (peak voltage)
indicated?
Solution:

Figure shows a trace on an oscilloscope for an a.c source.


If the Y-gain is set to 1.5 Vcm-1 and the time-base is 2 ms
cm-1.
a Calculate the peak voltage,Vp of the a.c source.
Solution:

b Calculate the frequency, f of the a.c source.


Solution:

Sketch the trace displayed on the screen if the settings are changed to 1 Vcm-1 and 1
ms cm-1.

The diagram shows the trace on the screen of a CRO when an


a.c voltage is connected to the Y-input. The Y-gain control is
set at 2 V/div and the time base is off.
Calculate the value of :
(a) Peak-to-peak voltage, Vpp
(b)Peak voltage, Vp.
(c)Root-mean-square voltage, Vr.m.s

Solution:

5 divs

When two claps are made close to a microphone which is connected to the Y-input and
earth terminals, both pulses will be displayed on the screen at a short interval apart as
shown in figure below. Measure the time lapse between the two claps.
Figure 9.9
Solution:

Figure shows the trace displayed on the screen of a


CRO with the time-base is set to 10 ms/div. What is the
frequency, f of the wave?
Solution:

10ms/div

Distance for two complete wave = 2 divs

Figure 9.10
8

An ultrasound signal is transmitted vertically down to the sea bed. Transmitted and
reflected signals are input into an oscilloscope with a time base setting of 50 ms cm-1. The

diagram shows the trace of the two signals on the screen of the oscilloscope. The speed
of sound in water is 1200 ms-1. What is the depth of the sea?
Solution:

Time taken for ultrasonic waves to travel through a distance of


2 d time between P and Q
5 cm 50 ms sm -1 250 ms 0.25 s
2d
Speed of ultrasonic waves, V
t
1200 0.25
Hence, d
150 m
2

Figure 9.11

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