Ramifications of Radio Frequency Identification

(RFID) Technology for the Printing Industry

A Survey of the Industry

Dr. Mark Snyder

Jay Sperry
Beth Cook
CLEMSON UNIVERSITY

November 2005

This paper was made possible through a research grant provided by The Electronic Document Systems Foundation (EDSF) to Clemson University.

Copyright Notice
Copyright 2005 by The Electronic Document Systems Foundation
All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced in any form or by any means
without permission of EDSF. When reproduced, EDSF requests that credit to the Foundation be
given, the credit line should read Reprinted courtesy of EDSF.
This report is based on sources considered reliable. However, EDSF cannot guarantee its
accuracy, completeness, or reliability due to errors in fact or judgement.
EDSF provides this white paper at no charge, as a service to the documents communications
industry and to the public at large.

Table of Contents

I. Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

II. Research Objective and Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

III. Findings

1. The Recent Industry Buzz about RFID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2. Security is Not a Major Issue for RFID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3. RFID is Already Hereand it is Growing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4. Perceived Opportunity for Growth in the Next Five Years . . . . . . . . . . . 11

5. Digital Printing will Likely Predominate the Production of
RFID Tags and Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

IV. Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

V. Future Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

VI. Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
VII. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
VIII. About The Electronic Document Systems Foundation (EDSF)
About Clemson University
About the Research Team (Team Leader and Students) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
IX. Help EDSF Provide Research Grants to Colleges and Universities . . . . . 20

Table of Figures
Figure 1. What sparked interest in RFID? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Figure 2. RFID technology poses a security threat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Figure 3. Does your company have a requirement to implement RFID? . . . . . 10
Figure 4. RFID will be a new growth application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Figure 5. If equipment needs to be purchased solely for RFID
implementation, what printing process will be used? . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Executive Summary
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a relatively new technology with the stated promise of
substantially increasing the capability of tracking items well beyond the current limitations of bar
code technology. A majority of respondents from the field of graphic communication believe that
this will happen in five-to-ten years and digital printing technology will lead the way.

Objective
The purpose of this research is to define RFID and project a general time line for the adoption
of this technology as would be significant to the printing industry. It also seeks to identify issues
and potential areas for further development for companies interested in printing RFID antennae
and placing microchips in printed circuits.

Approach
A review of the literature provided a foundation for defining RFID technology and describing
the current status of its acceptance in industry. Primary research in the form of a survey served
to uncover potential new trends and expectations for the technology. A survey was designed
and distributed to printers, suppliers, retailers and others involved in the broad area of graphic
communication. Potential respondents were notified by e-mail and asked to complete an
anonymous online survey. The total number of respondents was 173.

Key Findings
1. Due to the recent industry buzz about the topic, the majority of respondents (68%) have
learned of RFID technology within the past three years and nearly the same number (62%)
either agree or strongly agree that the projected impact of RFID technology is justified.
2. There was no strong inclination in either direction regarding security issues due to the read/
write capabilities of RFID technology.
3. RFID is already hereand it is growing.
4. Fifty-nine percent of respondents say they understand the technology while eighty-three
percent believe RFID will continue as a new growth application during the next five years.
5. The consensus among respondents (71%) is that digital printing is the printing process that
will be most utilized for producing RFID tags and labels.

Major Implications of the Findings

RFID is a relatively new technology that is likely to reach fruition.
The question regarding security concerns related to the read/write capabilities of RFID
technology is not as big an issue as some might like to make it.
The production of printed RFID tags and labels is already underway.
While many do not yet fully understand how it works, it will likely be a growth area for most
companies.
Digital printing is the expected method of choice for imaging RFID tags and labels.

Research Objective
Background
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is defined as a technology similar in theory to bar code
identification. A primary difference is that RFID eliminates line-of-sight reading systems and
transmits across longer distances. RFID also enables read and write capabilities. With RFID,
an electrostatic coupling is used to transmit signals in the RF portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum. An RFID system consists of a transceiver, which reads the radio frequency and
transfers information to a processing device, and a transponder, which includes an antenna and
an integrated circuit containing RF information to be transmitted i.
It is important to understand that RFID has potential to be applied across a very broad range
of applications and will likely affect numerous industry segments at various levels. This study
focuses primarily on those segments that will have spin-off applications for the printing industry.
RFID technology is being applied in at least one category of what is generally referred to as
smart labels. RFID systems can be embedded in tags used to identify anything from pets,
missiles, and clothing or just about any item that requires a unique identification system.
Retailers are especially interested in this technology, as it will make supply chains more efficient
and serve customers better. A survey conducted by the National Retail Federation concluded
that 35 percent of retailers would deploy some type of RFID system in the next year ii. Also,
RFID is increasingly being used in the food industry as a means of ensuring traceability along
the supply-chain and achieving better counterfeit protection iii.
Recent mandates for the use of RFID technology by various companies and agencies have
caused quite a stir within the past two years. Companies such as Wal-Mart, Best Buy and
Target have required suppliers to start using RFID tagging systems when shipping cases and
pallets of products. Examples of supplier companies that have been quick to respond have
included Gillette, The Proctor and Gamble Company, SC Johnson and several companies
in Europe. Government agencies such as the Department of Defense, the Food and Drug
Administration and the Department of Homeland Security have also quickly become involved in
the implementation of RFID technologies iv.
The 2005 PIA/GATF Technology Forecast stated: As this year has progressed, mandates from
retail companies have increased and will continue to increase from pallets and cases to itemlevel packages. It has become more evident that the natural fit for RFID tag manufacturing
is with printers and packaging companies v. RFID tags and labels can be produced using a
number of printing processes. Research and development in press systems, conductive inks
and compatible substrates is well underway in the search to find the most cost-effective means
possible for producing RFID tags and labels. The EDSF Report recently published information
regarding companies that are exploring manufacturing processes that might employ organic
methods to replace silicon-based circuitry in RFID tags. It stated: Several leaps in technology
are still needed to get the technology to the point where it costs one cent per tag, or less, and
where it can be used on individual items for inventory tracking and management vi.

As item-level tags and labels evolve, from the printers viewpoint, a RFID tag, or label, will
most likely involve printing traditional types of sales and marketing imageswith the added
requirement of generating some sort of antenna to transmit the signal. If possible, the placement
of the requisite chip will also be desirable as a procedure to be done in-line with the printing of
images and antennae. A number of techniques to achieve this end are currently under research
and development within the industry.
Beyond, applications directly linked to the printing industry, the prospects for RFID to contribute
to entire business systems are overwhelming. Overall, the potential benefits of RFID appear to
include:

improved accuracy of data and shipments.

improved asset visibility.

faster turnaround of payment to suppliers.

improved demand forecasting.

more accurate production planning and forecasting.

stricter quality control resulting in improved product quality.

enhanced production agility through improved production visibility.

fast and accurate shipment reconciliation process.

higher customer satisfaction through timely and accurate fulfillment.

timeliness reduces working capital requirements.

improved vendor managed inventory and consignment management.

streamlined receiving and shipping.

track and trace capabilities starting with raw materials.

streamlined and accurate management of reverse logistics.

identifying gray market goods and counterfeits vii.
Among the primary issues for RFID development, as identified in the literature, are standards,
privacy and costs viii. Standards are already in place for some applications but the challenge is
to make them internationally universal. Also, as new applications for RFID technology emerge
new sets of standards will be required. Privacy has been addressed as a concern primarily from
the viewpoint of the consumer purchasing tagged items but also from the perspective that the
mishandling or abuse of data could become a liability issue for companies. Currently, however,
the biggest obstacle for developers of RFID technology is the ability to produce RFID tag and
label systems that are cost-effectiveespecially at the level of tagging and labeling individual
items. Quality control has also been an issue in the form of occasional unsuccessful readings
from tags. Nevertheless, there are companies that are already benefitting from RFID and
ultimately, one thing seems very likelyRFID is a technology that is here to stay.

Objective
This research project was designed to ascertain the level of awareness of, and interest in,
RFID technology within the general printing industry; the potential for its growth; and the market
segments that will be most affected. A projected time line for the adoption of RFID is also a
primary objective.

Approach
Primary research was conducted in the form of a survey distributed across various segments
of the printing industry. Potential respondents were contacted through internal e-mail lists and
lists representing a number of industry groups. These contacts were asked to complete a brief
online survey. The survey instrument was designed to elicit anonymous responses from industry
practitioners somehow involved in the process of producing printed products. The mailing
lists used to distribute the request to participate in the survey came from contact resources at
Clemson University, EDSF, and Xplor International. Appeals were made to members of various
professional organizations that represent different segments of the printing industry.
The total number of respondents was 173. The first question in the survey was designed to help
understand the background of respondents and yielded the following information: approximately
30% identified themselves as printers; 23% were suppliers; 2% were retailers; and 45%
responded using the other option. Unfortunately, the other category was fairly large and not
further distinguishable.
The implication of not further distinguishing respondents is that any knowledge of how strongly
one industry segment may have participated over another was very limited. However, control
over this type of knowledge was relinquished in the interest of increasing candor through
anonymity.

Findings
1. The Recent Industry Buzz about RFID
The majority of respondents (68%) only learned of RFID technology during the past three years
but most agree that the buzz is justified. In item #3, respondents declared I heard about
RFID: less than a year ago (15%); 1-3 years ago (53%); 4-6 years ago (23%); 7-9 years
ago (9%). Item # 5 identifies that about 62% believe the projected impact of RFID is justified.
But how interested are these same respondents in pursuing the use of this technology in their
own business operations? Half of all respondents either agreed or strongly agreed, in item #2,
that they were interested in RFID technology and its potential benefits for (their) company. A
similar number (47%) verified, in item #4, that potential for new business was what sparked
(their) interest in RFID technology (see Fig.1).
This repeating theme stresses the fact that many perceive RFID as an opportunity worth
exploring for potential new business.

2. Security is Not a Major Issue for RFID

Typically, another part of the buzz surrounding the RFID initiative is the apparent concern
about invasion of privacy and security due to the read/write capabilities of the technology. The
following comment was published in a previous EDSF white paper: Though the technology will
improve marketing information through product tracing, it invades consumers confidence and
privacy ix. Keep in mind that the technology itself does not invade privacy. Thus, the question
truly should be whether those using the technology may find ways to abuse its capabilities.

Even so, according to this research (item #11), the majority (58%) of respondents to this survey
were ambivalent to the presupposed security issues while the remaining 42% were nearly
evenly split between whether it was or was not a threat (see Fig.2).

3. RFID is Already Here-and it is Growing

Thirty percent of the respondents were printers (item #1) and half of them have already
produced printed matter that employs RFID technology (item #9). Item #17 asks, how many
companies have a requirement to implement RFID technology? Surprisingly, about 18.5%
already have such requirements in place and another 20% will be required to utilize RFID
technology in the next two years (see Fig. 3). In the long-term, 69% believe that RFID will
replace bar codes (item #20) within the next ten years. Still, that leaves 31% who feel this will
never happen.

10

4. Perceived Opportunity for Growth in the Next Five Years

Nearly 40% of respondents do not agree that they understand RFID technology at this point
(item #7), yet the vast majority (83%) still believe, it will be a new growth application through
the next five years (item #18) (see item #4). Item #6 recognizes that 47% of respondents agree,
or strongly agree, that they have made an effort to research RFID technology.
Of the companies that are looking into the potential of RFID, the majority of them believe that
they understand what it is and how it works. This would suggest that continuing up-to-date
information on how the initiative is progressing through the supply chain would be welcome.

5. Digital Printing will Likely Predominate the Production of RFID Tags and Labels
The consensus (71%) among respondents to item #12 is that digital printing is the printing
process that will be most utilized for producing RFID tags and labels. Although several printing
processes are already being used to produce RFID systems, item # 22 reinforces this finding
by asking what equipment companies would purchase solely for RFID implementation. The
response was nearly identical (71%) that digital printing systems would be the equipment
purchased if needed (see item #5). Perhaps since more label printing is projected to transition to
digital printing processes in the next few years, respondents may have associated RFID, labels
and digital printing technologies as being connected.

11

Items #14 through #21 in this survey were designed to elicit a projected timeline for how the
technology will impact the printing industry. Of companies that had plans to apply RFID printing,
about 22% were already involved; 39% were planning to do so in the next two years; 29% within
five years and 10% more by the year 2015. The priority for tagging cases and pallets were
higher within two years while the trend towards item-level tag implementation was slightly higher
for the range from 5-10 years. Overall, only about 8% of respondents believed that RFID was
currently cost-effective, but the majority (over 70%) felt that RFID will be cost effective within 2-5
years. So, evidence shows that RFID is already here and is growing rapidly.
According to this data, it would seem that case and pallet tagging applications are well underway but still showing signs of significant development during the next two-to-five years.
However, perhaps the greatest opportunity for the printing industry is in the area of item-level
tagging, with projections for significant growth in the next five-to-ten years.

12

Concluding Remarks
Radio Frequency Identification systems are expected to have a significant impact on the way
business is conducted in the future. This new technology, with its capability to automate data
gathering and transmission without human interaction, has attracted a great deal of industry
attentionincluding mandates from large retail companies for suppliers to start using this
technology especially in case and pallet level packaging. As the technology develops, however,
the expectation is to integrate RFID technology into individual product packaging and labels.
Manufacturers who are being required to implement RFID are facing a struggle to meet
the demand. Companies of all sizes are quickly becoming aware that applications for
RFID technology are growing rapidly and they will likely need to adapt to some form of this
technologgy in the future. If not, they will find it difficult to compete with companies that learn
to comply with customer demands for this technology which is expected to improve efficiency,
lower costs, enhance the quality of service through manufacturing process and supply chains.
The printing industry is well aware of the RFID juggernaut, and has responded quickly by
pursuing research and development initiatives related to conductive inks for printing RFID
antennae; systems for placing chips into packages, tags and labels; and the most cost-effective
solutions for implementation. Printed matter that incorporates RFID technology is already in
production. The market of printed product employing RFID technology will continue to grow, and
become more sophisticated, very rapidly.
As far as a time line for RFID development, it would seem that the tagging of cases and pallets
is already occurring with mandates by major companies, such as Wal-Mart, being the driving
force. While some companies are acting as early adopters, others are waiting to gradually adapt
to the brave new world of RFID.
Overall, the future looks good for RFID and printers who learn how to incorporate the
technology into the package and label solutions that they produce. It also appears that digital
printing solutions are rapidly evolving in conjunction with the advancement of RFID. Finally,
despite the response to item #25 in this survey, current sources on RFID are beginning to reveal
an increasing need for people with RFID related skills and promising incentives for those with
experience in the field.

Future Research
1. It would be interesting to follow this technology to see how it develops according to the
projected time lines and the printing systems utilized.
2. It would be useful to explore what new equipment capabilities will be needed to support
the amounts of tagging expected at the retail item level in the future.
3. Perhaps information could be gathered relating to new business generated by RFID
technology within the printing industry.
4. Ongoing research regarding the security issues relating to RFID tags and labels should
be undertaken to monitor perceptions versus realities.

13

Appendix
Below is the entire survey (and the responses provided) that was conducted.
The percentages are based on a total response rate of 173.
1)

My company is...
a printer
a supplier
a retailer
other

2)

I am interested in RFID technology and its potential benefits for my company.

Strongly Disagree
8.14%
Disagree
8.72%
Neither Agree nor Disagree
31.98%
Agree
31.40%
Strongly Agree
19.77%

3)

I heard about RFID...

less than a year ago
1-3 years ago
4-6 years ago
7-9 years ago

4)

What sparked your interest in RFID technology?

customer request
12.99%
potential new business
46.75%
supplier
5.84%
trade show
34.42%

5)

To what extent do you believe the projected impact of RFID is justified?

Strongly Disagree
0.59%
Disagree
7.06%
Neither Agree nor Disagree
30.59%
Agree
47.65%
Strongly Agree
14.12%

6)

I have made an effort to research RFID technology.

Strongly Disagree
3.47%
Disagree
19.65%
Neither Agree nor Disagree
30.06%
Agree
31.79%
Strongly Agree
15.03%

30.06%
23.12%
2.31%
44.51%

15.29%
52.94%
22.94%
8.82%

14

7)

I understand RFID technology.

Strongly Disagree
Disagree
Neither Agree nor Disagree
Agree
Strongly Agree

8)

Presently, your business employs UPC/bar code technology.

True
77.33%
False
22.67%

9)

You have produced printed matter that employs RFID technology.

True
14.62%
False
85.38%

5.20%
12.72%
22.54%
52.60%
6.94%

10) You are developing RFID for item-level tagging.

True
20.59%

False
79.41%
11)

RFID technology poses a security threat due to its information

read/write capabilities.
Strongly Disagree
2.31%
Disagree
19.08%
Neither Agree nor Disagree
58.38%
Agree
16.76%
Strongly Agree
3.47%

12)

What printing process do you believe will influence the RFID market the most?
Digital Printing
70.97%
Flexography
16.77%
Lithography
10.32%
Gravure
1.94%

13)

Printing RFID using digital processes with a conductive component (ink, toner,
etc.) is feasible.
True
86.75%
False
13.25%

14)

Does your company have RFID printing applications in the business plan?
Present
11.32%
2 years
19.5%
5 years
14.47%
10 years
5.03%
never
49.69%

15

15)

Does your company have item-level tag implementation as a priority?

present
18.99%
2 years
19.62%
5 years
14.56%
10 years
5.7%
never
41.14%

16)

Does your company have case/pallet tag implementation as a priority?

present
22.5%
2 years
21.88%
5 years
8.13%
10 years
3.13%
never
44.38%

17)

Does your company have a requirement to implement RFID technology?

present
18.47%
2 years
20.38%
5 years
9.55%
10 years
6.37%
never
45.22%

18)

RFID will be a new growth application.

present
23.42%
2 years
39.87%
5 years
19.62%
10 years
4.43%
never
12.66%

19)

RFID will be cost effective.

present
7.69%
2 years
35.26%
5 years
36.54%
10 years
10.9%
never
9.62%

20)

RFID will replace bar codes.

present
1.88%
2 years
11.25%
5 years
31.25%
10 years
24.38%
never
31.25%
16

21)

RFID will positively affect business profit.

present
9.15%
2 years
25.49%
5 years
35.29%
10 years
16.34%
never
13.73%

22)






23)

If equipment needs to be purchased solely for RFID implementation,

what printing process will be used?
Digital Printing
70.55%
Flexography
19.18%
Lithography
8.22%
Gravure
2.05%

24)

RFID implementation will enable company building expansion.

Strongly Disagree
3.03%
Disagree
16.97%
Neither Agree nor Disagree
52.73%
Agree
24.85%
Strongly Agree
2.42%

25)

My company will have to hire new employees with RFID background in order
to implement the process effectively.
Strongly Disagree
8.48%
Disagree
27.27%
Neither Agree nor Disagree
40.61%
Agree
21.21%
Strongly Agree
2.42%

Your company will require employees to have a technical knowledge of RFID.

True
55.35%
False
44.65%

17

References
_________________________
i

RFID, Webopedia, (2005). http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/R/RFID.html

ii

U.S. retailers to focus on technology growth Detroit Free Press, (Jan. 19, 2005).
http://www.freep.com/money/business/retail19e_20050119.htm

iii

Breaking news on food processing and packaging:Xink launches flexographic

RFID printing inks, Food Production Daily, (Jan. 3, 2005).
http://www.foodproductiondaily.com/news/printNewsBis.asp?id=58399

iv

RFID and Mandates, Label and Narrow Web, (March, 2005) Vol. X, No.2.

2005 Technology Forecast: What is RFID? GATF World, (February, 2005)

Vol. 17, No.1.

vi

Organic RFIDs, EDSF Report, (July-August 2005), Vol.4, Issue 4.

vii

viii

ix

Bearing Point. Beyond Compliance: The Future Promise of RFID. A white paper by
Bearing Point, 1676 International Drive, McLean, VA 22102. (2005).
Emigh, Jacqueline. Needs for Standards, Privacy Top RFID Concerns, Ziff Davis Internet.
http://www.eweek.com/article2/0,1759,1646921,00.asp?kc=EWRSS03119TX1K0000594
Pennsylvania College of Technology. Trends in the Flexographic Packaging Industry,
A white paper sponsored by The Electronic Document Systems Foundation.
(September, 2004), p.12.

18

About The Electronic Document Systems Foundation (EDSF)

EDSF, an international, charitable (501(c)(3)) foundation, supports and promotes educational opportunities and knowledge sharing that provide a common benefit to individuals and companies engaged in
document solutions. The Foundation serves vendors and users who design and implement document
solutions for business applications. The Foundation provides scholarship grants to high school and
college students, recognizes education programs and educators for innovation and excellence, provides
research grants to colleges and universities, and promotes careers within the document communication
industry. For more information about EDSF, please visit www.EDSF.org or phone (310) 265-5510.

About Clemson University

Clemson is classified by the Carnegie Foundation as a Doctoral/Research University-Extensive, a
category comprising less than 4 percent of all universities in America. Students can choose from more
than 80 undergraduate and 100 graduate degree programs in five colleges: Agriculture, Forestry and Life
Sciences; Architecture, Arts and Humanities; Business and Public Affairs; Engineering and Science; and
Health, Education and Human Development.

About the Research Team (Team Leader and Students)

Dr. Mark Snyder is a faculty member in the Department of Industry and Technology at Millersville
University in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. He has been teaching in post-secondary education since 1992
and has taught a wide range of college courses primarily in graphic communication. Some of the
subjects he is familiar with include flexography, lithography, photography, screen printing, digital printing,
inks and substrates, and management. Dr. Snyder received his Doctorate in Vocational & Technical
Education from Virginia Tech; a Master of Arts from Eastern Michigan University; and a Bachelor of
Science in Education from Millersville University.
Beth Cook is a 2005 graduate of Clemson University. Beth earned the Master of Science in Graphic
Communication and is currently a sales representative at Prestige Label Co., Inc. in Burgaw, NC while
residing in Wilmington, NC. Beth received her Bachelor of Science degree from Presbyterian College in
Mathematics and Computer Science.
Jay Sperry is pursuing the Master of Science in Graphic Communication at Clemson University while he
works as a lecturer in industry training. Jay earned the Bachelor of Science degree from Appalachian
State University. In 2004, Jay was awarded a Sun Fellowship to conduct research related to the
performance of conductive inks as would be utilized to print antennae for RFID circuits.

19

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