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12.0 Dynamometers

This document discusses different types of dynamometers used to measure engine output power. It describes absorption dynamometers like the Prony brake, rope brake, hydraulic dynamometer, and eddy current dynamometer. The Prony brake uses wood blocks and weights on a drum attached to the engine shaft to absorb power. The rope brake uses friction between ropes and a pulley connected to the shaft. The hydraulic dynamometer uses vanes in water to change water momentum and absorb power. The eddy current dynamometer induces eddy currents in a rotor from electromagnets to load the engine. It also describes a chassis dynamometer which allows testing of a vehicle's full powertrain and systems by driving it onto a platform connected to

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32 views7 pages

12.0 Dynamometers

This document discusses different types of dynamometers used to measure engine output power. It describes absorption dynamometers like the Prony brake, rope brake, hydraulic dynamometer, and eddy current dynamometer. The Prony brake uses wood blocks and weights on a drum attached to the engine shaft to absorb power. The rope brake uses friction between ropes and a pulley connected to the shaft. The hydraulic dynamometer uses vanes in water to change water momentum and absorb power. The eddy current dynamometer induces eddy currents in a rotor from electromagnets to load the engine. It also describes a chassis dynamometer which allows testing of a vehicle's full powertrain and systems by driving it onto a platform connected to

Uploaded by

msaqibraza93
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LAB SESSION # 12

12.0 DYNAMOMETERS
Brake power is the measured output of the engine or the
power available at the crank shaft. Determination of brake power
requires to find torque and angular speed of the engine output
shaft. Torque measuring device is called dynamometer and speed
measuring is known as tachometer.
Dynamometer consists of absorption unit or driver, which
contains rotor housing and connected to engines output shaft.

12.1 TYPES
Dynamometers are of basically two types,

Absorption type
It converts the work done by the engine on dynamometer into
heat.

Transmission type
In this type, torque transmitted by driving shaft is measured
directly without absorbing any of engines work.
The important types of Absorption Dynamometers are described
as,
12.1.1

PRONY BRAKE

It consists of frame, with shoe brakes, often made up of wood,


each of which embraces less than one half of the rotating drum.
The drum is attached to the rotating shaft. Two blocks are drawn
together by nut and bolt, cushioned by springs, to increase on
drum. A load bar extends from top of the brake and a weight is
hanged to the end of a load bar. The weight W is adjusted so as
to maintain the load arm horizontal.

The torque is given by,


T =Wr

Knowing the speed of the wheel, we can find brake power


BP=

2 NT 2 NWr
=
60
60

This type of dynamometer must be cooled because power


absorbed is converted into heat.

Limitations
This is not suitable for absorption of a large amount of power as
wear of the blocks requires continuous tightening of the bolts.
12.1.2

ROPE BRAKE

It is directly connected to engines shaft. Two or more ropes rest


on the pulley. The ropes are evenly spaced around the width of
the pulley. The total pull on slack side is registered on spring
balance, while total pull on slack side will be noted by dead
weights. The power absorbed is due to friction between the rope

and the pulley. Friction torque on the pulley may be increased by


increasing the dead weight.

Brake power is found by the following formula,


BP=

2 N (W S ) R
60

W =dead weight
S=spring balance reading

R=effective radius of pulley =

N=engine speed
D=diameter of pulley

d=diameter of rope

D+ d
2

Limitations
This dynamometer is easy to fabricate by is not very accurate due
to changes in friction coefficient of the rope with temperature.
12.1.3

HYDRAULIC DYNAMOMETER

It consists of a shaft carrying rotor which revolves inside water


tight casing. The rotor has a number of radial vanes set obliquely
to its axis, and the space between these rotor vanes form cups of
semi-elliptical section. The casing is also provided with stator
vanes forming a similar set of cups. The rotor vanes face forward
in the direction of rotation, where the stator vanes face in
opposite direction. The rotor vanes direct the water outwards by
centrifugal force towards the stator vans which redirect it back
into the rotor. This highly turbulent process repeats itself again
and again. The change in momentum experienced by the water
as it changes direction exerts a reaction force on the casing. The
power absorption results in rise of temperature of the circulating

water. The heat thus generated is disposed off by arranging a


continuous flow of water through dynamometer.

12.1.4

EDDY CURRENT DYNAMOMETER

It consists of a stator, on which number of electromagnets are


fixed, and a rotor disc made of copper or steel and coupled to
output shaft of the engine. When the rotor rotates, eddy current
are produced in the stator due to magnetic flux setup by the
passage of field current in the electromagnets. These eddy
currents oppose the rotor motion, thus loading the engine. The
eddy currents are dissipated in producing heat so this type of
dynamometer also requires cooling arrangement. The torque is
measured exactly as in other absorption dynamometers. The load
is controlled by regulating the current in electromagnets.

Advantages of eddy current dynamometer are,


Capable of measuring high power per unit weight of the
dynamometer.
Development of eddy currents is smooth hence torque is
also smooth and continuous under almost all conditions.

Precise Control
rare Maintenance

12.1.5

DYNAMOMETER

CHAS
IS

A chassis dynamometer is a
service tool that allows the
operator to safely place a
controlled load on a vehicle. With
the use of a dynamometer, a
vehicles primary power train
components,
including
the
engine,
transmission,
and
differential as well as vehicle
components such as the braking,
cooling, and electrical systems,
can
be
properly
operated
throughout a vehicles power and
speed
range.
Assembly
deficiencies may be detected
before the vehicle is driven and
an actual evaluation of an engines operating condition may be
performed. The dynamometer is the final quality test before a
vehicle
is
put
into
service.
A vehicle or chassis is driven onto a chassis
dynamometer and the vehicle is secured using straps or chains
typically provided with the dynamometer system. The vehicle
then performs a series of tests that mimic the operating
conditions the vehicle would face during its intended use. These
tests can be performed by an operator either inside or outside of
the vehicle, or through an automated test depending on the
control system supplied with the chassis dynamometer.

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