EE 8001

IV/IV B.Tech DEGREE EXAMINATION,MARCH,2015

Eighth Semester
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL
Solutions & Scheme
Part-A is compulsory
PART-A

101=10M

a . Draw the Heat rate characteristic curve

b . Write the Transmission Loss Formula B-coefficients

General form
N

PL Bmn Pn
m 1 n 1

For 3 plants
PL = P12 B11 + P22 B22 + P32 B33 + 2P1P2 B12 + 2P2P3 B23 + 2P1P3 B13

c . Represent the speed governing system with a block diagram

d . How optimal control can be determined in case of LFC problem?

For a given load, the contribution from each unit and each plant is to be
determined so that the cost of power delivered is minimum

e . What is the reactive power control significance in synchrnous machine?

Q

V
E cos V
X

When ,E cos >V ,Then the machine is over excited, machine generates reactive
power i.e it acts as a capacitor
E cos <V ,Then the machine is under excited , machine consumes reactive power
i.e it acts as a shunt coil

f. What is the reactive power compensation of loads?

Shunt compensators are connected in shunt at load . This compensation is needed to control the
reactive power balance of the power system.It is also used for minimizing reactive power losses
and keeping a flat voltage profile in the network
g. What is the aim of PSCC?
A control center is set up at appropriate locations to perform both dispatch and control
functions to ensure quality and continuity of power supply to the consumer at affordable cost.
h. Draw the schematic diagram of Remote Terminal Unit

i .What facilities are going to provided in the control room?

Control desk

Mimic diagram

Instrument consoles

DC battery system

Harmonic-free stabilized AC supply

UPS with auto changeover facility

Diesel-generator set

Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems

j .What are the transmission line loss coefficients?

PART-B
UNIT-1
1. Consider a power system with two generating stations.The incremental production
cost characteristics for the two stations are
df1/dp1=(27.5+0.15P1) Rs/MWHr
df2/dp2=(19.5+0.26P2) Rs/MWHr
Given that the minimum and maximum powers are 10MW and 100MW at each
plant schedule the generation at each plant to supply a system load given by the load
curve, Determine economic generation schedule
df 1
27.5 0.15 P1
dp1
df 2
19.5 0.26 P
dp 2

i)

If load is 50MW
df 1
27.5 0.15 P1
dp1
df 2
19.5 0.26 P 2
dp 2
P1 P2 50 MW
P 2 50 P1
df 1 df 2

dp1 dp 2
27.5 0.15P1 19.5 0.26 P 2

P1=12.19MW and P2=37.81MW

ii)

If load is 100MW
df 1
27.5 0.15 P1
dp1
df 2
19.5 0.26 P 2
dp 2
P1 P2 100 MW
P 2 100 P1
df 1 df 2

dp1 dp 2
27.5 0.15P1 19.5 0.26 P 2
P1 43.9 MW
P 2 56.098MW

iii)

If load is 125MW
df 1
27.5 0.15 P1
dp1
df 2
19.5 0.26 P 2
dp 2
P1 P2 125MW
P 2 125 P1
df 1 df 2

dp1 dp 2
27.5 0.15P1 19.5 0.26 P 2
P1 59.75MW
P 2 65.25MW

IV) If load is 200MW

P1=100MW and P2=100MW
V) If load is 150MW
df 1
27.5 0.15 P1
dp1
df 2
19.5 0.26 P 2
dp 2
P1 P2 150 MW
P 2 150 P1
df 1 df 2

dp1 dp 2
27.5 0.15 P1 19.5 0.26 P 2
P1 75.6 MW
P 2 74.4 MW

2.a) Derive the conditions to be satisfied for economic operation of a lossless power system

2) b) 150MW, 220MW and 220MW are the ratings at three units

located in a thermal power station and their respective

incremental costs are dC1/dP1 = 0.11P1 + 12 Rs/MWhr, dC2/dP2 =
0.095P2 + 14 Rs/MWhr, dC3/dP3 = 0.1P3 + 13 Rs/MWhr. Where
P1, P2 and P3 are the loads in MW. Determine the economical
load allocation between the three units, when the total load on
station is i) 350MW ii) 500MW
i ) P1 P 2 P3 350 MW

12 14 13

350
0.11
0.095
0.1
24.8 Rs / MWh
P1 116 .36 MW
P 2 113 .6 MW
P3 118 MW
ii ) P1 P 2 P3 500 MW
12 14 13

500
0.11
0.095
0.1
29.93Rs / MWh
P1 163MW
P 2 167.68MW
P3 169.3MW

UNIT-II
3 a) a 100 MVA synchrnous generator operates on full load at a frequency of 50Hz .The
load is suddenly reduced to 50MW .Due to time lag in the governor system ,the steam valve
begins to close after 0.4sec .Determine the change in frequency that occurs in this
time.Given H=5KW-sec/kVA of generator capacity

b) With first order approximation explain the dynamic response of an isolated area for
load frequency control

4. a. Derive the model of a prime mover and speed governing system and represent it by a
block diagram

4. b . Two generators rated 200MW and 400MW are operating in parallel.The droop
characteristics of their governors are 4% and 5% respectively from no load to full load
.Assuming that the generators are operating at 50Ha at no load ,how would a load of
600MW be shared between them? What will be the system frequency at this load? Assume
free governor operation .Repeat the problem if both the governor have a droop of 4%

UNIT-III
5. a.Explain the different methods of voltage control of Distribution systems
i) Tap changing Transformers:

5.b Explain with neat sketch for the Reactor compensation methods

6.a Define Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS).Explain basic FACTS devices

FACT is a static equipment used for the AC transmission of electrical energy and is defined
as "a power electronic based system and other static equipment that provide control of one or
more AC transmission system parameters to enhance controllability and increase power transfer
capability
BASIC TYPES OF FACTS DEVICES
In general, FACTS controllers can be divided into four categories:

Series Connected Controllers

Shunt Connected Controllers

Combined Shunt and Series Controllers

Combined series and shunt controllers

1. Thyristor controlled series compensator(TCSC):

TCSC was the first generation of series compensation FACTS devices made of a
parallel connection of a capacitor and a thyristor-controlled reactor and giving higher
transferability. It is a static voltage controller in series with a transmission line which
contains the thyristor as its switching device.Although it is

capable to

continuously adjust
its reactance, it has
the

drawback

of

presenting a parallel
resonance b/w the
capacitor and the SCR controlled reactor at the fundamental frequency.
2.STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR (SVC):
A static VAr compensator is an electrical device for providing fast-acting reactive power
compensation on high voltage electricity transmission networks, based on thyristor controlled
reactors (TCR), thyristors controlled capacitors (TSC) and or fixed capacitor (FC) tuned
filters. . (SVC is a shunt connected Static Var Generator or absorber whose output is adjusted
to control capacitive or inductive current so as to maintain or control specific parameters of
the electric power system

Principle: SVC configuration employs a thyristor-controlled reactor with a bank of three

mechanically-switched capacitors in conjunction with a thyristor-controlled air- or iron-cored
reactor. By means of phase angle modulation switched by the thyristors, the reactor may be
variably switched into the circuit, & so provide a continuously variable MVAr injection to the
electrical network.
Few improvements obtained by use of SVC : Dynamic stability is increased due to
the increased damping provided,Steady state and temporary

over voltages can be

controlled,Load power factor is improved and hence system efficiency is improved.

3. Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

6. b) Explain the AVR block diagram with neat sketches.

The operation objectives of the LFC are to maintain reasonably uniform frequency to divide the
load between generators,and to control the tie line interchange schedules .The change in
frequency and tie-line real power are sensed,which is a measure of the change in rotor angle i.e
the error to be corrected .The error signal is amplified ,mixed and transformed into a real power
command signal ,which is sent to the prime mover to call for an increment in the torque

The prime mover ,therefore ,brings change in the generator output by an amount pg
which will change the values of f and p within the specified tolerance
The first step in the analysis and design of a control system is mathematical modeling of
the system.The two most common methods are the transfer function method and the state
variable approach .The state variable approach can be applied to portray linear as well as
nonlinear systems ,In order to use the transfer fuction and linear state equations ,the
system must be linearized. Proper assumptions and approximations are made to linearize
the mathematical equations describing the system

UNIT-IV
7.a Brief description about power system control centers about functions,planning
,monitoring ,setup ,data acquisition system .
b. Explain the following
i) Block diagram of smart and intelligent transmitter
ii) SCADA
i)
Block diagram of smart and intelligent transmitter
ii)

SCADA

SCADA is not a specific technology, but a type of application. SCADA stands for Supervisory
Control and Data Acquisition , any application that gets data about a system in order to control
that system is a SCADA application.
A SCADA application has two elements:
1.

The process/system/machinery you want to monitor a control this can be a power

plant, a water system, a network, a system of traffic lights, or anything else.

2.

A network of intelligent devices that interfaces with the first system through sensors and
control outputs. This network, which is the SCADA system, gives you the ability to
measure and control specific elements of the first system.

You can build a SCADA system using several different kinds of technologies and protocols. This
white paper will help you evaluate your options and decide what kind of SCADA system is best
for your needs.
SCADA is used in nearly every industry and public infrastructure project anywhere where
automation increases efficiency.
In every industry, managers need to control multiple factors and the interactions between those
factors. SCADA systems provide the sensing capabilities and the computational power to track
everything thats relevant to your operations.
A SCADA system gives you the power to fine-tune your knowledge of your systems. You can
place sensors and controls at every critical point in your managed process (and as SCADA
technology improves, you can put sensors in more and more places). As you monitor more
things, you have a more detailed view of your operations and most important, its all in real
time.

So even for very complex manufacturing processes, large electrical plants, etc., you can have an
eagle-eye view of every event while its happening and that means you have a knowledge
base from which to correct errors and improve efficiency. With SCADA, you can do more, at less
cost, providing a direct increase in profitability.
How SCADA systems work?
A SCADA system performs four functions:
1.

Data acquisition

2.

Networked data communication

3.

Data presentation

4.

Control

These functions are performed by four kinds of SCADA components:

1.

Sensors (either digital or analog) and control relays that directly interface with the
managed system.

2.

Remote telemetry units (RTUs). These are small computerized units deployed in the
field at specific sites and locations. RTUs serve as local collection points for gathering
reports from sensors and delivering commands to control relays.

3.

SCADAmaster units. These are larger computer consoles that serve as the central
processor for the SCADA system. Master units provide a human interface to the system and
automatically regulate the managed system in response to sensor inputs.

4.

The communications network that connects the SCADA master unit to the RTUs in the
field.

8 . Explain
i)
PLCC
ii)
Facilities in control room
iii)
Flow diagram for man machine power system interface
i) PLCC :
Telephonic and data communication system hardware operate at low dc voltage, it cannot be
connected to EHV or HV power line.
Radio frequency data, voice are prevented from entering the substation bus and are directed
towards the carrier equipment. On the other hand, power frequency voltage or current is

allowed to the substation bus while they are prevented from entering the carrier equipment.
Wave trap and coupling capacitor are employed to achieve this.

50 Hz voltage signal
Wave
Trap

50 Hz voltage signal
PLCC Signal

Receiving
End

Coupling
Capacito
r

PLCC Signal

Sending
End

Meterin
g
Element
PLCC
Equipmen
t

Fig: PLCC Scheme

In PLCC communication, the carrier wave is generally transmitted with two side bands. This
enables the use of very simple equipment and offers broadband transmission facility.
ii) Facilities in Control Room :
Control desk
Mimic diagram
Instrument consoles
Control desk should be equipped with CRT displays, meters, recorders, annunciation panels
and intercom facility. It is used by the operator to monitor and/or control system frequency
and voltage, load level, generation level and inter-system load transfer. The annunciation
panels provide the state of equipment. In emergency annunciating window blinks with alarm
sound or gives a red-coloured indication.
Mimic diagram is basically an indicator of the power network in the form of single line
diagram. Alpha-numeric display units (VDU) for indication, metering and alarm display.
Mimic board gives overall pictorial view of entire system with breaker status. It also
indicates system frequency, system demand at strategic locations, voltage levels at different

buses and lines, system demand, inter system MW transfer etc. Lamp indicators are provided
to indicate circuit breaker status. Luminous load indicators are provided to give the quantum
and direction of power flow in the network. Special types of signals/lights will be used to
identify overloads. This mimic board is also used in emergency.
The control room consists of a computer system. The computer system usually is duplex
system. The first one is master computer while the second one is a standby. Incoming data is
entered in both computers simultaneously. The computer also helps in the display of entire
network and the telemetered data at strategic points of the network.
Other facilities: auxiliary and backup power supply and air-conditioning system. The
following equipment is also needed for proper functioning of control centre.
DC battery system
Harmonic-free stabilized AC supply
UPS with auto changeover facility
Diesel-generator set
Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems
iii ) Flow diagram for man machine power system interface
Man Machine Interface (MMI)
The MMI is supported by the auto-generation of one-line diagrams and GUI displays. As the
power system becomes more and more complex, the one-line diagram layout is becoming
increasingly complex and, in turn, is placing even higher demands on one-line diagram
autogeneration tools. Automated layout consists of two primary functions:
- Determining the positions of the modules (substation or its components), called placement
- Interconnecting the modules whit wiring, called routing
VLSI placement and routing algorithms have been used for the substation one-line
diagram autogeneration. As shown in Figure 4, the autogeneration of the one-line diagram
contains stream input data, placement, routing, and dynamic data linkage.
1) Stream input data: the stream input data contain the connectivity

information of the

network. They include the components names, their start and end nodes, component ratings and
modeling
parameters.

2) Placement and routing: when the data is read by the autogeneration module, a
substation topology is created according to the connectivity of the components. The topology is
accessed by
the placement and routing modules. Components placement determines the location of the
component within the one-line diagram. It determines the minimum length of interconnection
and minimizes line crossovers. It distributes the nodes of components evenly in the frame.
Placement is crucial in the overall design cycle, as its output must be routable. The overall
quality of the layout is determined in this stage. Milestone methods of the VLSI design such
as the force-directed method [2-8] is used for the power components placement. After
placement, the diagram is ready for line routing. It only stores line information.
3) Dynamic data linkage: After routing, the SCADA system data will be dynamically linked
to the static one-line diagram. The real and reactive power (MW/MVAR), voltage,
current, and running status of the power system components will be linked to the database and
displayed at the position close to the respective

component. When the display is refreshed

each time, their values will be retrieved automatically from the database and updated on the oneline diagrams.

Figure 4. Process involved in one-line diagram generation