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Experiment 6: Table 2. Computational Results

The document summarizes an experiment on the adsorption of acetic acid onto activated carbon. It describes the two types of adsorption - physisorption and chemisorption. It discusses activated carbon as a common adsorbent and adsorption isotherms. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations were applied to model the experimental adsorption data but both showed poor correlation, indicating the system did not obey either model. The results need to be re-examined with more precise measurements to characterize the adsorption behavior.

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Louise Ruth Paras
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65 views3 pages

Experiment 6: Table 2. Computational Results

The document summarizes an experiment on the adsorption of acetic acid onto activated carbon. It describes the two types of adsorption - physisorption and chemisorption. It discusses activated carbon as a common adsorbent and adsorption isotherms. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations were applied to model the experimental adsorption data but both showed poor correlation, indicating the system did not obey either model. The results need to be re-examined with more precise measurements to characterize the adsorption behavior.

Uploaded by

Louise Ruth Paras
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Experiment 6

Adsorption
Padrillan, Hazel Rose B.
Group 2, Chem 157.1 - FEJ
Paras, Louise Ruth F.
Mr. John Ephraim E. Torres
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I.

Table 2. Computational Results

Results and Discussion

The unbalanced molecular forces on the surface


of a solid or a liquid (adsorbent) result to the binding of
molecules in a process called adsorption. This
phenomenon depends on the natures and areas of the
surface as well as the particle to be adsorbed.
Temperature and pressure must also be considered
(Maron & Lando, 1976).
The molecule-surface degree of interaction can
be described in two: physisorption and chemisorption. In
physisorption, the interactions are weak and are only in
simple van der Waals, dispersion or dipole interaction.
Chemisorptions interactions are high enough to be
considered as covalent bonds (Ball, 2014).
Activated carbon is used most commonly as
adsorbent in the industry. It is produced by roasting
organic material to decompose it to granules of carbon.
It presents a wide surface area per unit weight and the
carbon-oxygen groups in its surface helps bind water
and other polar groups (Bansa & Goyal, 2005).
At constant temperature, adsorption isotherm is
the relation of the amount of substance adsorbed by the
adsorbent and the equilibrium pressure and
temperature. In the adsorption of solids, there are five
general observed isotherms.
Meanwhile, isotherm
equations are used to express the relationship between
the concentration of the adsorbate in the solution and its
amount that is adsorbed (Massel, 1996). When
adsorption equilibrium is reached, the rate of adsorption
is equal to the rate of desorption, so that there is zero
net change in the reaction (Cooney, 1999). According to
literatures, there are more than 100 types of isotherm
equations based on physical, mathematical and
experimental considerations. (Toth, 2002).

C1
(M)

C2
(M)

C1 C2
(M)

WHOAc
(g)

WAC
(g)

5.220896
3.03924
0.973028
0.770412
0.431148
0.171988
0.10013

4.730848
1.913072
0.935332
0.739784
0.20026
0.160208
0.080104

0.490048
1.126168
0.037696
0.030628
0.230888
0.01178
0.020026

0.147014
0.33785
0.045235
0.036754
0.277066
0.014136
0.024031

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

0.147014
0.33785
0.045235
0.036754
0.277066
0.014136
0.024031

C1 - C2 = 5.220896 M - 4.730848 M
C1 - C2 = 0.490048 M
wHOAc, adsorbed = [(C1 - C2) * MW HOAc * Vsoln] / wactivated carbon
wHOAc, adsorbed = [ 0.490048 mol/L * 60 g/mol * 0.005 L ] / 1g
wHOAc, adsorbed = 0.147014 g
y = wHOAc, adsorped / wactivated carbon
y = 0.147014 g / 1 g
y = 0.147014
An adsorption plateau represents the saturation
point of the system wherein adsorbate is fully covered
with the adsorbent (Hubbard, 2002). As for this
experiment, there is no saturation value for the HOAc Activated carbon adsorption system because the graph
does not approach a constant maximum.

Table 1. Experimental Results from Titration


[HOAc]dilution Vsoln [NaOH]standard VNaOH,initial [HOAc]initial VNaOH,final [HOAc]final
(M)
(mL)
(M)
(mL)
(M)
(mL)
(M)
5.0
3.0
1.0
0.8
0.5
0.2
0.1

5
5
20
20
20
20
20

0.4712
0.4712
0.4712
0.4712
0.4712
0.4712
0.4712

55.4
32.25
41.3
32.7
18.3
7.30
4.25

5.220896
3.03924
0.973028
0.770412
0.431148
0.171988
0.10013

50.2
20.3
39.7
31.4
8.50
6.80
3.40

4.730848
1.913072
0.935332
0.739784
0.20026
0.160208
0.080104

[HOAc]initial = (MNaOH * VNaOH) / Vsoln


[HOAc]initial = (0.4712 M * 54.4 mL) / 5 mL
[HOAc]initial = 5.220896 M
[HOAc]final = (MNaOH x VNaOH) / Vsoln
[HOAc]final = (0.4712 M * 50.2 mL) / 5 mL
[HOAc]final = 4.730848 M

Graph 1. Saturation plot for the adsorption

Langmuir isotherm equation is one of the first


mathematical form of isotherms. It was derived using
the following assumptions: adsorbed species do not
interact; the adsorption occurs at definite localized sites;
each site only can only bind one molecule of the
adsorbed species; and that the energy of adsorption is
equal in all the reaction sites (Cooney, 1999). Langmuir
suggests that in a homogenous surface, a monolayer
adsorption occurs (Ruthven, 1984).
The following equations below is a simple
derivation of the linear form of Langmuir equation.
Where theta is the fraction of the adsorbate covered; k,
k, b are constants; C is the concentration of solute in the
solution and q is the amount of solute adsorbed per unit
weight of the solid at equilibrium (Cooney, 1999). .

By plotting C vs C/q, a linear graph is obtained.


From the equation of the line, the different constants in
the equation are determined. As for this experiment, q is
in the form of y = wHOAc/wactivated carbon and C is the initial
concentration of HOAc. Graph 2 below interprets the
experimental data.

Graph 2. Langmuir isotherm equation plot

slope = 1/q
1/q = 4.2317
q = 0.2363
y-intercept = 1/bq
1/bq = 8.5089
1/(b*0.2363) = 8.5089
b = 0.4974
The graph can be readily determined to be nonlinear. In addition, the correlation is very much far from
1. Thus, it can be assumed that the HOAc - Activated
Carbon adsorption does not obey the Langmuir isotherm
equation. This is indicative that the surface might not be
homogeneous and smooth and or the adsorption does
not form monolayer.
Freundlich isotherm equation is just a modified
Langmuir equation where K is a constant that indicates
the extent of the adsorption and n determines the
intensity of the adsorption (Cooney, 1999). Freundlich
assumed that as C increases, the adsorption continues
and does not form a plateau reaction unlike that of
Langmuirs. Another assumption was, the adsorption
energies at different sites were not equal but differs
exponentially (Deutsch, 1997). Also, as the temperature
increases, much higher pressure is needed to saturate
the solution. This equation is a model for rough surface
adsorption layers (Massel, 1996). Freundlich equation
was also rearranged to form a linear equation for better
interpretation.

A linear graph must be obtained from plotting


logC vs logq or logy. After an equation of the line is
generated, n can be determined from the slope and K
from the y-intercept. A higher K means a higher
adsorption capacity and when n<1 or (1/n) > 1, the more
favorable the reaction would be (Massel, 1996).

Hubbard, A. (2002). Encyclopedia of surface and colloid


science. New York: Marcel Dekker.
Masel, R. (1996). Principles of adsorption and reaction
on solid surfaces. New York: Wiley.
Ruthven, D. (1984). Principles of adsorption and
adsorption processes. New York: Wiley.
Toth, J. (2002). Adsorption. CRC Press. Retrieved from
books.google.com

Graph 3. Freundlich isotherm equation plot

slope = 1/n
1/n = 0.59
n = 1.6949
y-intercept = -1.0697
logK = -1.0697
K = 0.08517
Just like in the Langmuir equation, there is a
very poor correlation, r2 = 0.4638, in the experimental
data for the Freundlich plot. The obtained constants, K
and n, cannot be used because of this. Thus, the
adsorption system also does not obey Freundlich
equation.
The results from the two isotherm equations
cannot be compared and used to characterize the
adsorption system because of their poor correlation. The
experiment must be done again, with strict observance
of protocols and precise measurements of reagents
because these might account for the high error
deviations.
II.

References

Bansal, R.C. & Goyal, M. (2005). Activated carbon


adsorption. CRC Press. Retrieved from
books.google.com
Cooney, D. (1999). Adsorption design for wastewater
treatment. Boca Raton, Fl.: Lewis.
Deutsch, W. (1997). Groundwater geochemistry:
Fundamentals
and
applications
to
contamination. Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis.

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