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Irodov 106-235 PDF

1. The document contains multiple physics problems involving calculations of torque, forces, and kinematics for systems involving pulleys, cylinders on inclined planes, spheres on an inclined plane connected by a string, and a particle moving in a circular path under the influence of a central force. 2. The problems apply concepts of torque, force equations, work-energy theorem, and kinematics to solve for variables like acceleration, tension forces, angular acceleration, work done, and time calculations. 3. Various methods are used to set up the relevant equations like torque equations, force equations, and kinematic equations which are then solved to obtain the unknown variables.

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John Thomas
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
368 views131 pages

Irodov 106-235 PDF

1. The document contains multiple physics problems involving calculations of torque, forces, and kinematics for systems involving pulleys, cylinders on inclined planes, spheres on an inclined plane connected by a string, and a particle moving in a circular path under the influence of a central force. 2. The problems apply concepts of torque, force equations, work-energy theorem, and kinematics to solve for variables like acceleration, tension forces, angular acceleration, work done, and time calculations. 3. Various methods are used to set up the relevant equations like torque equations, force equations, and kinematic equations which are then solved to obtain the unknown variables.

Uploaded by

John Thomas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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106

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

Q: 1.247: Method 1: Torque equation on whole system about centre

2
m R 2 m R 2 mR
m
g

km
g
R

2
1
1
of pulley

2
2

a1
m1

T2

T2

disc

T1
km2g
T1

g (m 2 km1 )

R (m 2 m1 m
) Acceleration of mass m1 :
2

a1

m2g

g (m 2 km1 )
1
1 R
S
a 1t 2
m displacement in time t :
2
m 2 m1
2

km1g 2 (m 2 km1 ) t 2
km g 2 (m km ) 1

2
1
2
1
t
Workdone of friction = km1gs
W m 2 (m m )
1
2
m m m
2

2
1
2

mR 2
Method 2: m2g - T1 = m2a1 -----(i) T1-km1g = m1a2 -----(ii) T2 T1 R
----(i) a2 =
2

R -----(iv) from (i) and (ii) and (iv) : 1


W ( km1g ) s

km1g 2 ( m 2 km1 ) t 2
m 2( m1 m 2 )

g ( m 2 km1 )
m
m 2 m1
2

1
a 1t 2
2

Ans.

Q: 1.248: F.B.D. of cylinder : Force equation : KN1 + N2 = mg ------(i) KN2 = N1 -----(ii)


Torque equation about centre of cylinder : KN1R KN 2 R

mg
-------(iii) from (i) and (ii) : N 2

1 k

2 and N1

: W W0 2 0 W0 2

mR 2
mR 2
KR [ N1 N 2 ]

2
2

2kg (1 K )

put
in
(iii)
:
. We know
R (1 K 2 )
1 k 2
kmg

w 0 2 R (1 K 2 )
w 2 R (1 K 2 )

no. of turn
0
4kg(1 K )
2
8kg(1 K )

N2
Cylinder

KN1

W0

KN2

N1

107
Q: 1.249 : Calculation of torque : Where df = friction force on differential region = This is scalar
m

2K mgx dx

2 xdx g
sum because are going to calculate torque. df = k [dN] k
2

R
R2

2 kmgx 2

The differential torques : d xdf

dx d

2 kmgx 2 dx
R

df
x

4 kg
3WR
tt
3 R
4kg

Q: 1.250: w

Ans

cw1/ 2 kw1/ 2 . Time calculation :


0

Angle calculation : wdw kw1/ 2d w


w
0

1/ 2

dx

0
1 / 2

t1

2
kmgR
3

mR 2
2
4 kg
kmgR
2
3
3 R

We know W = W0 + t 0 W

w0

dw
w1 / 2

dw kd 2 W0
0
3C

t1

1/ 2
kdt t 2 w 0
1
0
C

. Man angular velocity

2W0 2
w0

1
2W 2
3
0
3C
C

Ans

m
2 M
2
Q:1.251: Moment of inertial of chord : I (l x ) R xR
l
l

l-x
M

M
R

0
R

MR 2

mgx

mR 2
I = mR . Toque about 0 : = I l
2

2 mgx
R l ( M 2 m )

x
mgx
l

Ans.

Q:1.252: (a) Torque equation about ICOR : (mg Sin ) R

7
mR 2
5

5g sin
7R

fr

2
5gSin
10
mR
mg sin ----- (i). At slipping : fr = K mg
fr
5
7R
35

Torque

about

com:

Rfr

2
mR 2
5

m,R

fr
OR
IC mg

Sin
mg

acm

108

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

Cos ------- (ii) from (i) and (ii): kmgCos

(b)

KE

10
10
2
mg sin K
tan K tan
35
35
7

1 7
1
7
25g 2Sin 2 5mg 2Sin 2 2
2
2
MR 2 t 2

t
I ICOR W 2 KE MR t KE
2 5
10
14
2
7 x 7R 2

Q:1.253: (a) Torque equation of ICOR which is attached with point of

cylinder
T

3
2g
2
string. mgR mR
a cm R 2 g 3 . Force equation
2
3R
on cylinder : mg-2T = m2g/3 T = mg/6

(b)

2g
2
mg 2 t
P F.v mg[a cm t ] mg 3 t P
3

Ans.
mg

Q:1.254: F.B.D. of cylinder in frame of lift : Torque about ICOR = m (g w 0 ) R

3
mR 2
2

2
2
2(g w 0 )
1
1
W R ( g W0 ) . In terms of vector : w (g w 0 ) . Torque about
3
3
3R

m (g w 0 )
m (g w 0 )
mR 2 2

com : FR I
. In vector form :
Ans.
R g w0
3
3
2 3

F
w0
cylinder

m, R

ICOR

mg

mg + mw0

Q:1.255: Torque about ICOR point P : (mgsin) r = (I+mr2)


mgr sin

I mr 2

acm = R = r

mgsin
mgCos

a cm

mgr sin
I mr 2

Ans.

acm

109
Q:1.256: At time of slipping friction will act at maximum value KN then.
Force equation in y dirn : KN = macm K(mg+F) = macm -------(i). Torque
equation about I COR :
a cm R

2F
3m

FR mR 2
2

put in (i ) k ( mg F) ma cm

acm
x
KN
mg

a 2 kg
cm

2 3k

mR1
mR 2
1 2T1
- mR
2
1
2

mR 2
mR 2
----(i). Torque equation on sphere (B) : 2T1R
2 2T1
-2
2
---(ii). From (i) and (ii): 1 = 2 . Force equation on (B): mg-2T1 = maB ------(ii)

3mgR MgR
9 mR 2 I MR 2

aA = 3R a A

9mR 2 I MR 2

9 mR I MR

2 T1
2 T1
m1R

(B)

mg

M
P

. Hence acceleration of particle :

aA

(A)

gR ( M 3M )

3R 2 g ( M 3m )

acm

T2

Constraint : Acceleration of point P = R1 = aB-R2 . Then aB= R1 + Ra2 =


2Ra1 . Put in (iii): mg-2T1 = m2Ra1 = 2mR1 -----(ii) from (i) : mR1 = 4T1 put in
(iv) mg - 2T1 = 8T1 T1 = mg/10
Q:1.259: Troque about point P for system :

I = mR

F2 t 2 (Cos r / R ) 2
1
a cm t 2 W
2
2m(1 v)

Q:1.258: Torque equation on sphere (A): 2T1R

MgR mg ( 2 R R ) m ( 3R ) 2 ( I MR 2 )

Ans.

fr

F( RCos r )
mR ( 1)

W = (F Cos) displacement ( FCos )

a
Fr Rfr Ia mR 2 cm Fr Rfr mR a cm
R

------(ii) from (i) and (ii) : a cm

2F
3

kmg
3kmg
F

2 3kmg
2

a cm
2
kmg F k
2

3
k

k
3 2 3k
3

Q:1.257: (a) Force equation along x axis : F Cos


fr = m a cm -----(i) Torque equation about com:

(b)

2F
3mR

cylinder
m

3g ( M 3m )
I
M 9m
R2

Ans.

mg

m
mg

110

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

F
Q:1.260: (a) Cylinder Force equation on system : F = (m1 + m2) acm a cm m m . Torque
1
2
equation about frame attached with centre of sphere. FR

2F
m1R 2
m R . Acculeration of
1
2

F
2F
F(3m1 2m 2 )
point K : a k a cm R m m m a k m ( m m )
1
2
1
1 1
2
(b)

1 2 (3m1 2m 2 ) t 2
1

2
K
.
E
.

WF = Work done by F = Grain in K.E. K.E. F

2 akt
2
m1 ( m1 m 2 )

m1

m1
acm

m2

2macm

F
m2

Q:1.261: Acceleration of plank = acm - R. Then force equation on system : (Frm ground frame).
F = m2 acm + m1 (acm - R) ----(i) Torque equation with frame attached with centre of sphere :

2
F
m1a cm R FR m1R 2 m1R 2 ------(ii) from (i) and (ii) a 2
Ans.
cm
5
7

2
m1 m 2

And acceleration of blank : w1 = acm - R -----(iii) put acm in (i) and calculate and put in ----(iii) :
w1

F
2
m1 m 2
7

Ans.

sphere

m2

acm

x
m1

m2

m2acm

m1acm

m1

Q:1.262: (a) Torque about bottom point is zero. Hence angular momenton will be consermed about
bottom

point

then.



L L cm mR Vcm

1
L final mR 2 MR ( RW )
2

3
mR 2 w -------(ii)
2

1
3
mR 2 w 0 mR 2 w w w 0
from (i) and (ii) :
3
2
2

L initial mR 2 w 0 O
2

-------(i)

cylinder

R
m1

mg

Vcm

w0
k
Slipping

kmg

111
mR 2

Torque equation about com : kmgR


2

w0
2g
1 w 0R
w0
t t
3
kR
3 kg
Wfr

1
mw 0 2 R 2
6

(b)

2g


. We know : w = w0 - t

kR

Wfr k f ki

1
2

1
mR 2 w 2 m ( RW0 ) 2
2

Ans.

Q:1.263: Suppose at angle ball have the sphere then energy equation : Loss of P.E. = Gain of K.E.

1
1
mV 2cm I cm w 2
2
2

mg( R r ) (1 cos )
V 2 cm

mg Cos 0

Vcm

1
1
mV 2cm I cm w 2
2
2

10
g (R r ) (1 cos ) ------(i) force equation in direction of N
7

mg Cos N

mg( R r ) (1 cos )

mV 2cm
(R r)

m1 r
N

for

leave contact N =

m2

0 then.

mg

Vcm

V 2cm
mV 2 cm
Cos
. Put cos in (i) :
g (R r)
Rr

10
g (R r )
7

Q:1.264: Suppose at time t solid cylinder make angle with vertical


energy
eqaation
:

mg

1
2

3
V

mR 2 0 1 3 mR 2 w 2 mg( R RCos )
2
R

2 2

3
3
mV0 2 mR 2 w 2 mgR mgR Cos -----(i) Force equation in dir n of normal reaction : mg Cos
4
4
3
7
mV0 2 mR 2 w 2 mgR 4
4
-----(i). For stopping Bouncing N: will be minimum when W will be maximum and this condition will
be come when = . Hence we have to avoid bouncing at = then there will be no bouncing
3
4
2 2
2
before = . Now for minimum V0 put N = 0 and then R W Vo gR . Put = and R2w2
7
7

- N = mRw2 mg Cos = N + mRw2 put mgCos value in equation (i) : N

2
value in (i) : V0

4
7
gR gR Cos V0
7
3

gR
(7 Cos 4 )
3

Ans.

112

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

Q:1.265: Since angular velocity(w) is


y
w
w
continuously decreasing then there is chance
mg
cm
V
of minimum value of normal reaction at ground m
mg
R
x
when particle is at maximum height or top of
N
m
hoop. Then force equation in y direction on
system from reference attached with com of
hoop. 2 mg - N = mRW2 [Here w=final angualr velcoity]. Since N = 0 2mg = mRW2 w2 = 2g/
R ----(i). Now energy equation : (from ICOR):
0

2
1
1
2 V0
mg( 2R ) 2 mR 2 m ( 2R ) 2 w 2 2 mV0 2mgR 1 (6 mR 2 ) 2g
2 mR

2
2
R

2
2
R

V0 8gR

m/2

Q:1.266: Velocity of top point : VP = 2v. Hence kinetic energy of

1 m
2
crawler : k 2 2 ( 2 v) k = mv2 Ans.

Q:1.267: We know kinetic energy from fixed axis rotation is


1
1
1
2
2
2
given by: K I xx Wx I yy Wy I zz Wz . If
2
2
2
reference frame is not traslatory. And if reference frame is
translatory then we know to use kinetic energy of COM.

m
v
R

0
z

v
v
1
1
and Wy and Wz 0 . Then K I zz Wx 2 I yy Wy 2 0
r
R
2
2

1
2

Wx


mr 2 v 1 2 mr 2 MR 2 v
5
r
2 5

m/2

7
2 r2
2
K

mv
1

10
7 R2

Ans.

Q:1.268: (a) From this reference frame centrifugal force on particle of mass
(dm) is : dFcf ( dm) ri w 2 Fcf (dm ) ri w 2

( dm ) ri

Position of CoM

Fcf mw 2 R c


2dm [ v w ]

Corolis

Fcor 2 (dm) v w 2(dm)v w

Vc Velocity of CoM

force:

dFcor

dm
P

y
i
r

(dm ) ri
where R (dm ) ri
Fcf w 2 m
c

m
m

(b)

x
0

(dm) v

2m
w wher e Vc ( dm ) V
m
m

113
Q:1.269: Method : 1 dc = (dF) x Cos = w2x2sincos dm =

w sincosx

m
l

2
2 m

w
sin

cos

x 2 dx

c
dx
l
l

w (dm) xsin

1
l mw 2 sin 2
mw 2 l 2 sin 2
c
c
24
24

ml 2
dL ml 2
d
w sin

w sin
Method : 2 L
12
dt
12
dt
2

in
ws

ml
ml

( w sin ) w cos
w 2 sin 2
12
24

wcos

Ans.
Q:1.270: Torque of centrifuglal force

2
about 0: d (dm) x sinw x cos

l 2 mw 2

sin cos ------(i) Torque of


3
mg about 0 : mg mg

l/2

mg

l
sin -----(ii)
2

from (i) and (ii) : for equilibniom: mg

(dm) xsin w2
(centrifugal force)

dx

l 2 mw 2
sin cos mg
3

2 Sin

cos

3g
2 w 2l

Q:1.271: where k = coefficient of friction. x0 = Perpendicular distance b/w line of mg and N. Here
N = mg. Since body is in rotational equilibrium then Thorque about COM will be zero. Kmg a/2 =
NX0 = mgx x 0

ka
. Suppose at time t cube is displaced by x distance then Torque about origin
2

ka
mg a 2 mg a 2
is: 0 N ( x x 0 a / 2) mg( x a / 2) mg( x x 0 a 2 ) mgx mg a 2 mg
2
N

mgka
0
. Because of this torque angular
2
velocity of centre will be decreasing
continuously.

a
x
0
x
z

x0
a/2

kmg
x

mg

114

Compact ISC Physics (XII)


w0

Q:1.272: Method : 1 Suppose velocity of sleeve is Vr when its position from


axis is x and angular velocity of rod is w then Centrifugal force: mxw2 = max
Vr

v r dVr
2
2
V2 l
mx w m
Vr dVr w xdx r w 2 xdx -----(i).
dx
2
0
0
0
Vr 2

Vr lW0 1

3m
M

momentum conservation :

l
l

M 2 l 4 Wo 2 x dx
( 3mx 2 M l 2 ) 2

1 ml 2
1
Ml 2 2 1
2
W0 2 ml 2
w mVr -----(i). Using angular
2 3
2
3
2

Ml 2
Ml 2 ----(ii) put w in equation (i) :
W0 ml 2
w

3
3

Ml 2

w0

2 Ml
1 ml
2 1
3

w0
ml
2
2 3
3 2 Ml 2

ml
3

Q :1.273:

M
B

Ans.

Method : 2 Energy conservation :

Vr lw 0 1

Vr

Calculation of w : Using angular momentum conservation :

Ml 2
Ml 2
Ml 2 W0
W0 mx 2
w W
put in (i) :

3
3
3mx 2 Ml 2

1 mv 2
r
2

ml 2 w 0 2
M 2l 4 w 0 2

Ml 2
9 ml 2

mVr 2

3m
M

Linear

impluse

J MVcm Vcm J m .

equation

Angular

m, l

impluse
J

ml 2
6J
ww
equation about com : J l 2
.
12
ml
F.B.D. of half part of rod : Fx Centripital force

Vcm

l/2
CM

Just after impact

m l 36 j2
9J 2
2 2 Fx
2 4 m l
2ml 2

l/4

m
w

Just before impact

m l 2
w
2 4

l/2

Fx
, l 2
2

115

Q:1.274: (a) Top view : Angular momentum conservation about hinge : mv

---- (i) Equation of e : v

l
l ml 2
mv '
w
2
2
3

12mv
3m 4M
l
v'
V Ans
w v' ------ (ii) from (i) and (ii) : w
l
(
3
m

4
m
)
2
3m 4m

l
M

m
V

V
m

V'
M

Just before impact

(b)

F.B.D. of rod :

Just after impact

Fy

8MV2
Ml 2
Fy
W

2
2
4M
l 1

3m

Q:1.275: (a) Angular momentum conservation :

3mv 0
Ml 2
mv 0 l
w w
-----(i). Using energy
Ml
3
conservation
after
collision
:

w2

6g
(1 cos )
l

6g
(1 cos )
l

M
6g
(1 cos ) V0
l
m

m, V0

2
1 Ml 2 2
W Mg (l l cos ) lw g (1 cos )

2 3

m<<M

M, l

from (i) :

3mv 0

Ml

6g
(1 cos )
l

2
gl sin 2 2 Ans.
3

V0

Ml

3m

(b)

l
P (m M)Vcm mV0 (m M) w mV0 because = Hinge force put w and V 0 then
2

P M

1
gl Sin 2
6

Ans.

116

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

(c) For momentom of system constant, hinge force will be zero. And for
this hinge velocity just after collision will be zero. Angular momentum conservation W
x

Ml 2
w ------(i). Using linear momentum conservation M
about hinge. mV0 x
3
: mV0 M

V0

2l
l
w -----(ii) Divide both equation : x
Ans.
2
3

MR 2

MR 2

mR
w

w
Q:1.276: (a) Using angular momentum conservation : 2
0
2

2m
w 1
M

WF

1
2

w 0 (b) Work done by force F = Change in K.E.

MR 2

w0
m
R

2
w 2 1 MR MR 2 W 2

0
2 2

2
2

mR 2 w 0 2
1 MR 2 2m
2 1 MR
1
mR 2 w 0 2 WF
w0

2
2 2
M
2 2

1 2m

Ans.


Q:1.277: (a) Since initially L 0 and no torque on system about centre of disc then
d

L will be constant always. I1W1 cons tan t 0 I1 dt 0 I1 d 0 or


I11 + I22 = 0 (from ground frame) where 1 and 2 is angular displacement. Then

0
R

'
m1

m1'
2 m1 '

m 2R 2
2
m2
m 2 2 m1 Ans.
m1R (' )
m1
2
2

(b)

Using angular momentum conservation : 0

m 2R 2
w m1R v' (t ) RW
2

m R2

2 m1V ' ( t )
m1RV ' ( t ) w 2
m1R 2 W
2

( m 2 2 m1 ) R

m 2R 2
2

2 m1

R ( 2 m1 m 2 )

2 m1
dV ' ( t )
( m 2m ) R
=
dt
2
1

dV ' ( t )
m m R
1 2

2 m1 m 2
dt

dV ' ( t )

dt

Ans.

117
Q :1.278: (a)

Angular momentum conservation about centre of disc:

I1w1 I 2 w 2

I1W1 I 2 W2 I1 I 2 w w
I1 I 2

I1

w1

I2

w2

(b)

Workdone by friction : Work


Work

1
1
1
I1W12 I 2 W2 2 (I1 I 2 ) w 2
2
2
2


1
1
1
I1W12 I 2 W2 2 ( I1 I 2 ) w.w
2
2
2

1
1
1

I1W12 I 2 W2 2 ( I1 I 2 )
2
2
2
Work


I12 W12 I 2 2 W2 2 2 I1I 2 w1.w 2
( I1 I 2 ) 2

2
1
I1I 2
( w1 .w 2 )
2 ( I1 I 2 )

Ans.

Q:1.279: Linear momentom conservation : mV =


nm Vcm + mv' nVcm + v' = v ----(i). Equation

nm, l
A e=1

l
w v' -----(ii).
2
Angular momentum conservation about inertial

of restitution : V Vcm

A e=1

Vcm
w

A e=1

v'

m
Before collision

lw
ml 2
ml

point (A): 0 0 0 Lcm m r V cm 0 0


w
Vcm Vcm
-----(iii) from (i), (ii)
6
12
2
v(4 n )

and (iii) v ' 4 n ;

12 v
( 4 n )l for v' = 0 n = 4 and for reverse direction : v' = () ive

n>4. 1800 rotation : Angularmomentum conservation about 00 axis. 0 + I0w0 = IW - I0w0 w

2I0 w 0
.
I

1
1
1
1 2I w
2
2 1
2
Iw 2 I 0 0
Work done by motor : Work 2 Iw 2 I 0 w 0 2 I 0 w 0 Work
2
2
I

Work

(b)

2I 0 2 w 0 2
I

Ans.

dL

I0 w 0
dt

I w
I 0w 0 0 0
I I0

dk
dt

I0 w 0 w

I0 2w 0 2

I I0

Ans.

L I 0 w 0 k

x
z

118

Compact ISC Physics (XII)


0'

Q:1.280: (a) 900 rotation: Moment of inertia of


motor + platform = I. Angular velocity of shaft =
w0. Moment of inertia of sphere = I0 . Angular
momentum about 00 axis will be conserved.
Because torque about 00 is zero. Then

B'
M

I w
0 I 0 w 0 I I0 w w 0 0 . Work =
I I0

NA
B

final

initial

1
1
1
2 1
2
2
2
change in energy. 2 I 0 w 0 2 Iw 2 I 0 w 2 I 0 w 0

I 2W 2
1
1 I 0 2 W0 2
(I I0 ) 0 0
2
2 (I I0 )
(I I 0 ) 2

Q:1.281: F.B.D. of rod : Here Ny = mg

w0

1
(I I0 ) w 2
2

1 I 0 2 W0 2
Work done by motor =
2 I I0

Nx

m l0 2
l
w mg 0 . F.B.D. of hinge axis : Here
2
2

l0 2
F 2 = Ny = mg F1 N x m w . Torque about point A :
2
m

l0 2 l
mg l 0
2g
2
w
w

w
l
2
2
2

l0
2

F1
w

m,l
B

l
mg l0

2
2
F2

Ny

F1

2g
Ans.
l

w
l

Ans.

Nx

mg

mg

Nx
Ny

0'

ml 2
w sin Ans.
Q:1.282: (a) Resolved angular velocity : L
12

Lf

(c)

m12 w 2 sin 2
Ans.
24

m,l
y

x
C

in
ws

in
ws

os
wc

(b)

ml 2
m2
Li
w sin 2 j 1 w sin cos i
12
12
2
m12
2 m1

w sin j
w sin cos i
12
12
ml 2
m2
L
w sin 2 i L 1 w sin 2
12
12

dL
dL
m2

L
LW cos 1 w 2 sin cos
dt
dt
12

initial

final

119


Q:1.283: (a) Here w = Angular precession velocity. Then gyroscopic torque w ' x L
= w IW Sin ---(i). Torque of gravity about hinge : = mg l sin ----(ii). Since

w'

(b)

F.B.D. of rod : FH = centrifugal force. FH ml sin w ' 2

m
mg

FH

F.B.D. of rod :

m (l sin ) w'

Q:1.284: Moment of gyroscopic forces : w1 x L = 2n Iw

m(g+w) l -----(i) w

wl
nR 2

w
I

w' = 2
w
R

mR 2
2n
w nMR 2 w . Torque of psuedo force about origin: =
2

mgl
we know that gyroscopic torque is provided by gravity then mglsin = wIwsin w '
Iw
Ans.

m(g+w)

from (i) and (ii) : m(g+w) l = nmR2w

( g w )l
nR 2

Ans.

w
Q:1.285: tan g Fnet m 2 g 2 m 2 w 2 m g 2 w 2 . Now gyroscope motion : Torque
vertical axis
equilibrium


about fixed point C w ' L ----(i) and w ' Iw sin 1
w'

w'

ml g w
IW

-----(ii) from (i) and (ii) : w' Iw sin 1 m g 2 w 2 l sin 1

mw

mg

Ans.

w, I

Fnet
m g2 w 2

equilibrium axis

Q:1.286: w1 w1j w
wk . Moment of inertia about own axis : I 5 mR . Torque of gyro

2
2

2
2
scope : w ' L w ' mR w . Since bearing distance is l then Fl mR ww '
5
5
F

2mR 2 ww 1
5l

w1

Ans.
l

w m1R

120

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

Q:1.287: Here w is angular presession velocity and hence w '

w'

d
2
2t
m
Cos
.
dt
T
T

Torque

of

2
2 m cos 2t mr

w . And this is equal to

T 2
T

bearing torque. Fl

2 m
mr 2 w cos 2t
T

Fmax cos 2 t 1 then Fmax

2
2 t
m sin w ' t m sin
T
T

gyroscope


w ' L

w ' Iw

Radius of bearing = l
w'
m, r, w

mr 2
2

m mr 2 w
Tl

Ans.

I, w
v

Q:1.288: Hence w = 2 and velocity of angular presession is w


v

= v/R . Then Torque of gyroscope is : w ' L R Iw

v
2nIv
I 2 n

R
R

Ans.

w'

Q:1.289 : Here w = 2n and angular precession


velocity is w '

v
. Here dirn of w is in
R

negative y dirn while direction of w is in z


direction. We know Torque of gyro scope =

w' x L
v
v

(Iw )
I 2 n . Let gyroscopic force
R
R

is F then

Fl

2 nIv
2 nIv
F
R
Rl

y
l
v

w
I

R
z
w'

121

1.6

Elastic deformation of solid body

Q:1.290: If temperture is increased by T then increase in length

of rod : l = l T ----(i) . Since no increament of length hence for F should decrease its length
F/ A
E
stress
l F E l
E

in same amount. Using hooks law:


where E = youngs modules
A
strain
l
l
from (i) : F A E [T ]

Pressure =

E T

Ans

Q:1.291: (a) Top view = is very-2 small. Suppose

/2

internal pressure is P then. F = P(area) = P (R) l


And this force is balanced by tensile force T. Then
l

2T Sin /2 = F T = RPl T = PRl ---- (i).


If breaking strength is m then T = (lr) m
from (i) : m

r
PRl
R

Here R = r
T

(b) Take a cone of apex angle . F P r sin / 22

Pr
. And this force
4

2
T P r 2
Sin Pr
Pr
T

is balance by T :
T
---4
2
4
2

--(i). Now T m 2rSin 2 r m r r ----(ii) From (i) and (ii) :

m r r

Pr
2 m r
P
4
r

Ans

Q:1.292: rod ruptures where pressure is maximum and this point is P. To find force at point P :
F.B.D. of half of rod : Contrifugal force =

Stress

ml 2
l l 2
Al 2 w 2
w A w . Then F

2 4
2 4
8

2 2 m /
2 2 m /
F l 2 w 2

m w
2

l
l
A
8

2 m /
l

Ans. where m

= Braking strength of rod = Volume density of rod


w
P
A

A
l

l l 2
A w
2 4

122

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

Q:1.293: F.B.D. of arch making angle at centre. Here is very-2 small. m =


mass of differential element = volume = (A) (r) where A = area of cross
section of wire 2 TSin
T

Ar

mrw

2 T

( Ar ) w r T Ar w

1 T

r 2 A
T
2

1
r

1
2

where Breaking strength of wire 2n

2
2 r
r

2
2
2
T

Ans

Q:1.294: R d 2 where R = radius of wire. Here 2T Cos

P
A

A
l

= mg -----------(i) Again we know Stress/strain = young


moldules = E T

mg

Ed 2 2
(cos ec 1) =
4
2

mg
Ed 2
(cos ec 1) ----(ii) from (i) : T
---(iii) from
2
cos

(ii) and (iii)

mg

mg
Ed 2 1

1 -----(iv). Here

2 cos
4 sin

l
cot ----(v) from (iv) and (v) which calculation is difficult: h l 3
2

Q:1.295: Area of cross section = s young modules = E a

F0

m.

mg
2 d 2 E

Ans
S

l
m

F0

Since plank is accelerating and at each cross-section force will


be different. So stress will be different then. Now force
F
Stress
s
E
F0 x
m F0
d
(

x)
F

Strain

Now
F mxa x
l
l m
dx

d(x)

Fx
F
dx 0 dx
ES
lEs

F0

d(x) Els xdx


0

F0 l
2 ES

F
x
dx

Ans

123
w

Q:1.296: Area of cross section = s. F.B.D. of dr part : - df (dm)


F
r
m
dF dr rw 2

0
l l

rw 2

mw 2 r 2
l 1 2
l

r2
1 w 2l 3
1 dr

2
l
3 E

l
l

Also

l
l

r2

l
r

where

dr

m
sl

Ans

F = 1000N

Vold = Sl

Fl
l
F
Fl

l new l l l
SE
l
SE
SE

m 2
w
2l
F

Q:1.297: We know

S E
Now Stress Strain E

d ( r )
dr

l
2
F
l
dr mw
2
SE
SE
0

d(r)

m, l

Fl
l l

SE

Cross Section = S

D
D

Dl DF
D R

Now
l
SE
D
SE

2
D 2
(D D) 2
D 2 l D l
l
Vold
V

(
l

l
)

new
4
4
4
D l

D 2l
D l
1 2
1
4
D
l

2 D l
Vold 1

D
l

F
Sl F
l 2 D
V Vold Vnew Vold

(1 2) V Fl (1 2)
Vold (1 2)
D
SE SE
l
E

Ans

Q:1.298: (a) area of cross section = s. F.B.D. of part x : Now


T

T
Stress

Strain E

d (x )
dx

where d (x) is elongation

mxgdx
mgl 2 m gl 2

E
d
(

x
)

in part dx.
ls
2SEl SL 2E
0
l

dx

x
weight of part x

mx
g
l

mx
g
l

124

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

where

m
1 gl 2
then x
Sl
2 E

Vnew

(b)

This

part

is

same

as

Q:

Vold

1.297.

D 2
;
4

V
Vold
2 2D l V
l
(D D) 2
new
D l 1
1
(1 2)
(l l )
=
. Then
Vold
4
D
l Vold
l

take value

D
of using poissons ratio .
D

P
l1

l2

Q:1.299: (a) Here we have to find decreasement of


volume due to x dirn, y dirn and z dirn pressure and add
P

l3

all three which will be answer. where S is surface area

0
z

S = l 1l 2

l
P
P
E 3 l3 new l3 1
l3
l3
E
E Also
l
3
P

l1

l3

l1

l3

P
l1

l2

l1 P
P
P
new

l new l1 1
l2 1
l2
l1
E . Similary : 1
E
E

P P
1

Vnew l1l2l3 1
E
E

l3

P 2P

l1l 2 l3 1 1

E
E

Vnew
V
V
Vold
2P P
P
P
1
new 1
(2 1) new

(2 1)
Vold
E
E
Vold
E
Vold
E
Vold Vnew
V P
V P

(1 2)

(1 2) This is only due to force from x.


Vold
V
E
V
E

Similarly :

V P
V P

(1 2) This is only due to force from y

(1 2) This is only due


V
E
V
E

V
to force from z Total decreasement of forces are applied by all direction : V sum of all

net

(b)

3P
(1 2) Ans
E

Compresibility

dV 1

V dP

1 dV
V dP

dP

dV
3P
3P
Volume strain
(1 2) dP P
(1 2) . Then
dP
E
PE

Applied

pressure

3
(1 2) Ans
E

125
(c)

Compressibility can not zero if we applied forces from all direction. Then > 0

3
(1 2) 0
E

< 1/2
Q:1.300: This is a cantilever and bending moment of cantiliver is given by : M E I R (At point (x,y) where
radius is R). F.B.D. of cantiliver in dotted part b= width of cantiliver. Torque about point P :

mg

(1 x ) 1
bhg (l x ) 2 and I = Glometrical moment of inertia w.r.t. neurtal line See F.B.D. of cross
2
2
h

section of rod :

y 2 bdy

bh 3
Ebh 3
M

.
Then
. This moment must be equal to torque of mg for
12
12R

Eh2
Ebh3 1
2
R

bhg (l x ) at x 0
rotational equal
6l 2g
12R 2
y

dy

h/2

l-x
h

h/2

(x, y)

mg (l x ) bhg

Q:1.301: (a) N( x) EI

d2y

d 2h

d2 y

0
. F.B.D. of length of (l-x) : Now N(x) = No EI 2 N0 2
EI
dx 2
dx
dx

N x
dy
No
dy
dy

x C1 at x 0
0 as shown in figure. Then C = 0 Now
o
1
dx
EI
dx
dx
EI

N x2
N l2
No x 2
At x l y 0
C 2 . At x = 0 y = 0 C2 = 0 then y 0
from Q: 1.300:
2EI
2EI
2EI

3
a4
I bh 12 Here b h a I
12

N(x)

l-x
(x,y)
No

No
y

126

Compact ISC Physics (XII)


F1
P

(b)

l, x
l, x

(x,y)

F.B.D. of length (l-x): Here F1 = F


F

N(x) = F

N(x)
F

(l-x) EI

d 2y

F(l x)

dx 2

at x 0

d2 y
dx 2

2
F
F
dy
(l x ) dx dy Flx Fx C1
(l x) d

EI
EI
dx
dx
EI 2 EI

dy
dy Flx Fx 2
Flx 2 Fx3
0 C1 0

C1 at
y
dx
dx
EI 2EI
2EI 6EI

Flx 2 Fx3

. Put
2EI 6EI

C2 = 0 y

x = l

x=0 y=0

Flx3 Fl 3 Flx3
Flx3

y
2EI 6EI 2EI
3EI

Ans

Q:1.302: By symmetry F1 = F2 = F/2. F.B.D. of half of length : Then F3 must be equal to F1 F3 = F1 = F/2. Now
Fl 3
Fl 3
Fl 3
our question is as : Similar as Q: 1.301 : y 0 0 Here l0 l 2 F0 F 2 y
y
3 2EI 8
48EI
3EI
F1

F2
F1

F/2

F3

Q:1.303: (a) F.B.D. of (l-x): N(x )

dy
bhg (l x)3

C1x C2
dx
2EI 12

d 2 y bhg
d 2 y bhg
bhg (l x )2
(l x)2 2
(l x)2
EI 2
2
2EI
2
dx
dx
x 0

C1x C 2 at x = 0 y = 0 C2 =

dy
bhgl3
0 C1
. Again
dx
6EI

bhg (l x ) 4
2EI
12

bhgl4 bhgl4
bhgl4
bhgl 4

at x = l y = C1 l + C2
24EI
6EI
24EI
8EI

bh3
3 bhgl 4
y
12
2 8EI

( l x )

( l x )
2

l
l-x
(x,y)

N(x)
l

and I

l
l

(l x ) bhg

127

(b)

Here F1 = mg/2 F.B.D. of half of portions Similar as part (a)


F1

F1

F1

5 gl 4
Ans
2 Eh 2

l/2

Because F + F1 = 0

F = mg/2

mg

d 2h
1
Q:1.304: Torque about origin : N( x ) lh x 2dx lh (l 3 x 3 ) ----(i). Now we know N( x ) EI 2
3
dx
x
3 2
3
3 2
lh d y 1
lh
Elh d h
then N( x )
lh (l 3 x3 )
and I
------(ii) from (i) and (ii): E
12
12 dx 2
12 dx 2 3
l

4
3
4 l 3x 2 x 5
l x x C1 at x 0 dy 0 C 0
y

C2 at x = 0
. Now
1

4
20
dx
Eh 2 2

4 l 3 x 2 x 5
dx

x
put x = l 0
y = 0 C2 = 0 y
2 2

20
Eh

maes volume

dy
4
dx
Eh 2

9 l 5
Ans
5 Eh 2
dF = (dm) a ( lh dx) (x)

Q:1.305: (a) Here 1 = shear strain. Take a differential length (ds) on circumference. If we rotate this element
by a angle then will be shear strain like above figure. Then
dF 1 (r ) ds .

Then

F
Stress
1
Stress 1
(

r
) ds
1

d rdF 1 r rds Net

torque

then

2 r

N 1r r ds 21 r 2 r

also

we

know

l
r
r l1 1 1
r
l

r
2
N 2r r
l

2 r 3r = Torsion angle

(b)

2 x
Take differential ring at radius x. then dN 2 x dx
l

= = Torsion Angle
= Shear coefficient

r
ds

dF

from part(a)
x

2l
2
3
2 r 4

N
dN 2 x l x dx N

4

r
4
l

dx

128

Compact ISC Physics (XII)


d2

from Q.No. 1.305:

Q :1.306:

2
dN l

3
x dx

d1

G
2
d 24 d14 Here = G then N
d 24 d14
32l
4x8l
from

Q :1.307:

(Power ) max NW

Q.No.

1.305:

r 4
l

d 4 d 4
1
2

16

2
4l

G d 2 4 d14
Ans
32l

N. w

Power torque . w

r 4w
G r 4w
Here G (Power ) max
2l
2l

Q :1.308: dF on differential element of length dr : dF (dm) a t (dm) r

m(2rdr) r

d rdF

2m

3
r dr

r12

m r 4 r2 4

r 4 r12
. Note in integration
4r2 2 r12
2 r2 2 r12
2m

r2 2 r12 r2
range take from r2 to r1 because elastic torque will be equal to torque of Pseudo force in region (r2-r)
m

r2

Q:1.309: we know
elastic energy

r1
dF

elastic energy

volume 2 E (strain)

elastic energy

volume 2 stress x strain . Also we know stress = E strain

1
m
E 2
Ans
2
p

A
l

T
r 2

(l x)g we know

Stress

Stress

1 2 (l x ) 2 g 2
1 (stress) 2
r 2dx
x r 2 dx U
2
E
2
E

1 2g 2r 2 l
2 r 2 g 2
(l x)2 dx

2
2E
E
0

m
.
p

E Strain
volume 2 stress x strain Strain

dU elastic energy

E 2
2

1
1 2
2
E elastic energy E Al
2

Q:1.310:(a) T r 2 (l x)g Stress


elastic energy

dr

(l x ) 3
1 2 2 23

3 U 6E r g l Ans

r
l

T
dx

129
0

(b)

l
0
(l x ) dx
g (l x ) 2
(l x)g
d(dx)
Stress

d
(
dx
)

E
Strain

E
2
E
Strain
E
dx
0
l
l
2

r 2l l
2r 2
r 2l
l
gl 2
l
gl 2
El Ans.

gl 2
2E U

from (a) : U
6E
l
3
2E
l
2E
6E
l

Q:1.311: (a) Make F.B.D. of bending: If radius is R then 2r l R


+ x length of neutral surface = R2 strain

l
increase in length of AA = x
2

2 x x

Volume (R 2) (dx )
R 2 R

2
Eh 3
x
1
dU E (strain) 2 (R 2) (dx ) U E R R 2 dx 12R . Now : for complete circle : 2 =

2
2
dx

1 2 3
2 = = R = l/2 put then U h E / l
6
l

l
m

A'

Neutral Surface
Here is very-very small

S
h

Q:1.312: dE

1
Gr
(stress x strain) r 2l and Stress G
and this
2
l

stress will be constant in next d rotation then. dE

rd r
r
d d
l

d
l

1 Gr
r 2 d
2 l

4 2
Gr 2
1
r

Gr r 2 d E
d E Gr Ans
2
l
2
l

4l

Q:1.313: from Q: 1.312: E

Gr 4 2
Gr 42
dE 4Gr 42

dr

dE
4l
dr
4l
l
r

2 2

dE 1 G r
dE
Energy Gr 42 dr

dV 2
2
(2rdr)l volume
l (2rdr)
l

Ans

dr

130

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

Q:1.314: We know

pressure then. then

1 dV
. Here dP is pressure at depth x due to weight of water or hydrostatic
V dP

1
dV 1
dV
(stress ) strain when B= Bulk modulus =
[ xlg] . Also we know :

V
2
V
r

1 1
dE
1
1
( xg) 2

( xg ) 2 . If x = h

B (strain) 2
2
dV
2
2

l
Cross Section = S

dx

dE
1

(hg) 2 Ans
then
dV
2

1.7

Hydrodynamics

Q:1.315: Make F.B.D. of AA'BB'CC' :

F1

A'

F2

0
R

Centre .

Since system is in circular

motion, (F1-F2) will provide required centripital


0
force. And hence F1 F2 P1 P2 because F1
Centre
B
A
A'
B'
and F2 will only arised due to pressure difference.
'
A
Now, if we study motion of all particle in this differC
A
ential region then.
C'
With whatever mechanism, if particle at A go toward A its kinetic energy will be increased because of work

done F1 is greater than that of F2 Hence VA ' VA V2 V1 . Since velocity is increased, density of
stream line will be increased.
(3)

Streamline density variation analysics : Here P3 = P4 = P5 = P6 V3 = V4 =

(1)

V5 = V6 . And hence density of stream line (Distance b/w two streamline) at


line joining (3-4) and (5-6), at each point will be same. Now P1 > P2 V2 > V1.
And density of streamline will be increased if we are going from (1) to (2).

(2)

(4)

(6)

(5)

Using continutity equation at (1) and (3) V1 > V3 and continuty equation at (2)
and (4): V2 > V4. Now if we take force concept alongle 2-4 then P2 > P4 and P1
> P3
Q:1.316: Using bernaullis equation at S1 and S2 :

1
1
P1 V12 P2 V2 2 -------(i) Using continuity
2
2

x1
V1
S1
P1

S2 V2
equation : S1V1 = S2V2 V1 S . Put in (i)
1
2

1
1 S 2V 2
1
2 S
P1 2 22 P2 V2 2 V2 22 1 P2 P1
2
2
2
S1
S1

x1

V2 2

2P2 P1
S 2
2 1
S 2

V2
S2

P2

131
2gh
2gh

S 2
S 2
2 1
22 1
S

S 2

V2

rate

d
S2 V2 S1S1
dt

. P1 P0 gx1 P2 P0 g ( x1 h ) P2 P1 gh . Volume flow

d
d
Q
S2S1
Q
where

volume
/
s

dt
dt
S2 2 S12

2gh

2gh

S2 2 S12

Q:1.317: At point (1) point (2) pressure difference is only arised due
to dynamic pressure. Now bernaullis equation at (1) and (2) :

gas

S
x1 2

1
1
2
V1 2 P2 0 P2 P1 V1 ----(i). At line M-M pres2
2
sure
will
be
same.
Then

x2

P1

P1 g(x1 x 2 ) 0gh P2 g(x1 x 2 ) P2 P1 0gh .


Now put in (i) : 0 gh

Volume flow rate

1
V12
2

d
SV1 S
dt

V1

h
M

liquid

2 0 g h
.


2g 0 h Ans

Q:1.318: P0 = atmospheric pressure Bernaullis equation between (1) and


P
1
1
2
2
P

gh

0
(2):
. Here V 1 << V then
1
1 1
1 1
0
1

Kerosine
2
2
h
1
P1 1gh1 P0 1V 2 . Now static pressure equation between (1) and atmo- water (1)
h
2

1
2
(2)
sphere : P1 P0 h 2 2 g Put in (i) : P0 h 22 g 1gh1 P0 1V
2
2g (h 2 2 h11 )
V2
. Caution : even if we use bernaullis equation in two different liquid, give same result
1
but solution is wrong. Because bernaullis equation use in same liquid (P=const). In above equation a wrong
1
2
method give correct answer because of V1 is very-2 small which provide 1V 0 if V1 0 then answer
2
will be wrong.
0

Q:1.319: Velocity of efflux : Ve 2g ( h x ) . Time to reach at bottom :


x

1 2
gt t
2

2x
g . Now R = Ve t

2g ( h x )

2x
g . Now

Ve
x

132

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

R 2 4(hx x 2 ) for

R max R 2 max : Then

d(R 2 )
0 . Then
dt

h 2x 0 x h 2

h h2
R max 4 h
h 2 R
max h h= 50 cm
2
4

(2)

Q:1.320: Bernaullis equation at point (1) and (2) along stream line

P1

1
V 2 P0 O g(h h 0 x) -----(i) Here P1 P0 gx
2

h0
free water surface

V2
1 2
h0
in (i) P0 gx v P0 g(h ho) gx h
2g
2

V
(1)

Q :1.321: Bernaullis equation between (1) and (2) : P1

1
1
(0) 2 gh P V3 2
2
2

1
P P0 gh V32 ---(i) Now continutity equation between (3) and (2) A 2V2 = A 3V 3
2
2R1V2 2rV3

R 2
P P0 gh 1 12

Ans

V3

R1V2 R1 2gh

r
r

put

in (i) :

1 R 2 2gh
P P0 gh 1 2

2
r

(3)

(1)

R2
(3)

R1

(2)

= Thickness of orffice

R1

Q:1.322: Method 1: Here we know Wall forces = K.E. WF + Watmosphere = K.E. Here work done by atmosphere = 0 Because Power due to atomosphere : Power

dw
P0SV1 P0 sVe from continuity equation :
dt

S
F

V1
(1)

s
(2)

Ve

P0S

A
V1

P0s
Ve

133
SV1 = sVe Power of atmosphere = 0 then WF = K.E. Bernaullis equation between (1) and (2)
along

Ve

P1

streamline.

2P1 P0

1
1
(V1 ) 2 P0 Ve2
2
2

P1 P0 F / s

and

2
(F / s) Since F = constant Ve = Constant

in differential term : dWF

2P1 P0
Ve 2

2( F / s )
-----(i) . Now work done

1
1
1
2
2
2
(dm ) Ve 2 WF (dm)Ve MVe WF V Ve -------(ii)
2
2
2

Also, using volume conservation : V (Ve t) (s) Ve

3
V
. Put in (i) : WF 1 V
st
2 s2t 2

Method 2 : Work done by F : WF = F (displacement) = F (V1t)

Ve 2
V

in method (2) F S
2
2 st

WF

Ans

F
FV
(SV1t )
. Also from (i)
S
S

V2
1 V 2
V

2 s2t 2
2 s2t 2

Ans

Q:1.323: Suppose at time t, x length of water is inside tube then. Ve 2gx .


Now

using

continuity

Again
0

2 x 2

s
S

equation:

dx
s

2g dt
dt
S
0

2g 2 h

SV1 s Ve

V1

s
2gx
S

1
s
(dx ) x 2 S
0

V1
h

2g dt

s
S

s << S

Ve

s
s
2g
2g Ans
S
S

Q:1.324: Method : 1. Bernaullis equation w.r.t. rotatory axis :

0
W

1
1
P Vr 2 (rw ) 2 gz const . equation b/w point (1) and (2):
2
2
1
1
1
1
P0 V12 (l h ) 2 w 2 0 P0 V2 2 l 2 w 2 0
2
2
2
2

1
V12 0
2

1
1
1
V2 2 l 2 w 2 (l h) 2 w 2
2
2
2

then

(1)

(2)
V1

V2
B
h

here

0'

2 2 2l
2l
1 Ans
V2 2 w 2 l 2 (l h ) 2 w 2 (l 2 l 2 h 2 2lh ) = w h h 1 V2 wh
h

134

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

1
2

1
2

2
2
Method: 2 Bernaullis equation between (2) and (3): P2 (0) 0 P0 V3 0

1
P2 P0 V32 -------(i) Calculation P 2-P 0 : dF = (dm) xw2 (dP) S (S dx ) xw 2
2
P2

2
dP w xdx P2 P0 w l 2 (l h ) 2

P0

lh

w2h2 2l 1
2l
2
1 V3 V3 wh
1
2 n 2
h

w 2
(h 2 2lh )
2

put in (1)

Ans

(1)

(2)

(3)
h

dx

Q:1.325: At differential element :

dV
dP
gCos
vdv g (cos ) ds dP
dt
ds
(2)

g (ds ) cos dP
ds

dh

V2

z2

P2

vdv g dh dP

V1

z1

dh

P1

s
V1

V 2 V 2
2 1 gz 2 gz1 P2 P1
2
2

Then

F AV 2

F1 SV12 S2gh 2sgh

dv
P
dt

dv
dP

dt
ds

Z1

V1 2gh

F2 S(2g(h h )) 2sg(h h ) Fnet = F1F2 Fnet 2sgh Ans

(1)

1
1
2
2
P1 V1 gz1 P2 V2 gz 2 Ans
2
2

Q :1.326: We know force

V2
Z2

ds

F2

V2 2g ( h h )

F1

135
Q:1.327: Here V1 2gx Now force is : dV AV 2 (b dx ) 2gx
l

dF 2gh xdx F gbl (2h l ) Ans


h l

dx
l

V1

Q
Q:1.328: Using continuity equation : Q AV1 V1 . F.B.D. of tube : A = r2 = Area of crossA
section F1 AV 2

also F2 AV 2 . Then F1 F2

Q2l
Q 2 Q 2
2 Torque about O : 0
A
r
r 2

F2

l
0

F1

V1

V1

Q:1.329:

F.B.D. of water inside tube : where F = force due to change in momentum Fnet on tube

water : Fnet P0 gh S P0s P0 (S s) F Fnet ghs F -----(i) Calculation of F :


F

dP dm

V1 V2 Q V1 V2 ----(ii) where Q = volume flow in one second. Here


dt
dt

V2 2gh And V1

Q sV2 s 2gh

Fnet

S s gh(S s)
2
dP
Ss
s 2 2 gh
F Then Fnet ghS s 2gh sS
S

dt
sS

gh (S s)2
S
h

dP
Q Q
Ss
Q
Q 2
And
dt
s
s
sS

Q
Q
; V2
Put in (ii) :
S
s

P0 (S s )
( P0 gh ) s

S
V1

s
V2

P0 s

V1
dm
dm

V2

136

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

Q:1.330: Method : 1 (a) Dotted line express isobaric surface. Then F.B.D. of one of the dotted line.
Bernaullis equation between point (1) and (2) from rotatory reference frame.
w2 2
x2w 2
1
1

P0 0 0 P0 0 gh (xw ) 2 . Then gh x 2 w 2 . Here x = r then y


y 2g r
2g
2
2

(b)

1
1
2
2
Bernallis between (1) and (3): P0 0 0 P0 0 ( xw ) P P0 0 ( xw ) Ans
2
2
y
y

(2)

y
(1)
x

Method : 2 Pressure equation from rotatory

1
1
2
2
frame : P0 ( xw ) P1 P0 ( xw ) P2
2
2

P0

(2)

(1)

2
x

Ans (b)

1
P3 P1 ( xw ) 2
2

(1)

x1

1
2
(a) P2 P1 ( xw ) gy . Here P1 = P2 = P0
2
w2
y
2g

(2)

x2

(3)

1
P3 P0 ( xw ) 2
2

Q:1.331: Top view Viscous force at (dx) element at lower surface : dF A

dV
xw
(2x dx )
dz
h

Net viscous force at (dx) element from both lower and upper surface: dFnet 2dF

4w 2
x dx . Torque
h

due to this force : d xdFnet


(Power ) net

4wx 3
4wx 3
dx Power due to this torque dP wd
dx
h
h

4wx 2 R 3
wx 2 R 4
x dx (Power )

h
net
h
0

dF

w
x

R
x
dx

dx

137
dx

Q:1.332: Cross-sectional view viscous force on this differential

dr

R2

V0

dv
element: dF 2rdx
where 2rdr = curve cross-sectional area.
dr

Now

dF
dv
dF
2r
cons tan t C then
in laminor flow
dx
dr
dx

2r

dV
dr
C 2 dV c 2V C ln r C1 ----(i). Using
dr
r

R1

dr

dx

boundary condition : r R1 V V0 then 2V0 C ln R1 C1


------(ii) and r R 2 V 0 then C1 C ln R 2 from (ii) and (iii):

2V0

ln R1 R

and C1 C ln R 2 put in (i)

V0
R
ln 1

R2

ln

r
R2

dw
2rdx . Torque due to this force :
Q:1.333: (a) dF r
dr

dr
r

dx

d
dw
dw
d rdF r 2
2 r 3
2rdx
. For laminor
dx
dr
dr

R1

w2
R2

dr
r

d
dw
dr
C now C 2r 3
c
2 dw
flow this torque is constant then
dx
dr
r3

2w

C
r2

C1 ----(i). To find C, C use boundary condition: (i) r R w w


1
2
1

C
C
C1 ---(iii) from (ii) and (iii) find
(ii) r R 2 w 0 then 2 w 2
C1 -----(ii) 2 0
2
R 22
R1

R 2R 2
1 2
C1 and C2 and put in (i): w w 2 2 2
R R
1 1

1
1

2
Ans
r 2
R1

r 2

r 2
Q:1.334: (a) v v 0 1 2 dQ (2rdr) v (2rdr) V0 1

R2
R

R
R2 R4
r3
V R 2
dQ

V
r

dr
Q

Q 0

Ans
0
2
2
R
0
2
2 4R

138

Compact ISC Physics (XII)


l

d
dw
2 r 3

dx
dr

(b)

dw
dr

w R 2R 2
2 1 2

r R1
R 2 R 2
1
2

w w2

R12R 22

1
1

R 2 2 R12 R12 r 2

dr

dw w2 R12R22

dr
R 22 R12

2w R 2
d
3
2 2
. Then dx 2R1
2
2
R
R
R 12 R 2 2 R 12
1 2 R1
2w 2 R 2 2


R 3
1

2
3
r

2
2
d 4w 2 R 1 R 2

dx
R 2 2 R 12

(c) from option (a) : Q

R 4 P1 P2
1
V0 R 2 ---- (i) And from poiseuilles law : Q
. Comparing
2
8l

4lV0
R 4 P1 P2
1
V0 R 2
P1 P2
Ans
2
8l
R2

(i) and (ii) :

Q:1.335: If we see carefully, we get that heights are


different in pipe (1) and (2). While velocity of flow at
bottom of both pipes are same because cross-section
area of horizontal pipe is same at each point, then using
continuity equation, we can say that velocity of flow
is same at each cross-section of horizontal pipe. This
is because of friction loss and bent loss in pipes still
we can say that dotted line show isobaric surface. Height

3l

3h

pipe (1)

h3
B

above isobaric surface provide, velocity at efflux. Then

pipe (2)

Ve 2g (AC )

h2

h1

Vc

2g (h 3 h ) . Calculation

2
of h : Using similar tringle properties. h 2l h 2 2 x 20 30 cm h3-h = 35 cm - 30 cm
2

1
2
= 5 cm V 2 g 5 10 2 1 m / s dk (dm ) v
e
2

l V02

r2
1
2
2
r1 2 dr K l R V0
6
R
0

Ans


1
r 2

(2rdr ) l V0 1 2
2
R

139
Q:1.336: We know Reynolds no. for circular cross-section is

defined as Re

vl
where l = length of charactersitic and for

circular tube with full of water. D = 2R l = D Re

vD

Re1 V1D1
vR

1 1 ------(i) Also we know :


Re 2 V1D 2 v 2 R 2

Q V1R 12 V2 R 2 2

R 2

2
Re 2 R 2
1
Re1

put

in

(i)

R 22
V1

V2
R 12

R1

R2
v2

v1

R R
r e x
Re1
1 2 0
e x Ans
( 0) Re
R
R
r0e
2
1
2

x0

g
Q:1.337: Maximum on value of Reynolds no. for glycerin for laminor flow : R

Rg

VmaxD

1v12r1
w 2v2 2r1
. Reynold no. for water : R
1
2 We know : Reynolds no. for turbulent flow

> that of laminor

vr
r
2 v2 2r1 1v1 2r1
v2 1 1 2 2 v2 v1 1 2 2 Ans

2
1
2r21
2r21

Q:1.338: F.B.D. of sphere : = density of glycerin at maximum velocity, terminal velocity will be

4
3

4
3

3
3
attained then. Fnet 0 6rV R g R g Vmax

2
l gr2 Rynold no. :
9

VmaxD
1 x 2r 2
l P gr2 92 8r gr 2 ----(i). Put density of
0.5
l
2

l 1.26 103 10 6 m 3 1.26 103 kg / m 3 lead 11.3 103 kg / m 3 put in (i) : get r

D = 5 mm

4
R 3 g
3
6rVmax

mg

5
mm
2

140

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

4 3
R 0g 0 Because R 3 103 mm which is
3
2

Q:1.339: Where 0 = density of olive oil. Since


very-2

small

Fnet mg 6rv we

Then

Vmax 1 100
mdV (mg 6rv) dt

Vmax
m ln
(mg 6rV) 100 t1
6 r
0

1.8

4 3
R 0 g
3

6rV

mg

mg
mg 6rVmax 0 Vmax
6 r put in (i)

d2
ln n Ans
18

Relativistic Mechanics

Q :1.340: We kn ow

t1
mdV
dt
mg 6rV 0

dv
mg 6rv
dt

mg 6rVmax 100
m
ln
t1 .
6r
mg

Calculation of Vmax : At time of Fnet 0

Fnet m

kn ow

v 2 l
1
c 2 l0

1
1

v2 2
v2 2

1 1
l l0 1 v 2 l l0 l l0 1 1 2
c2
l0
c
c

v2
2l
2 l c 2
1 2 1
Here l l0
V2

,
----(i )

l0
c
l0
2

l
l 0.5
0.5 2
100 0.5

V2 2
c V = 0.1C
,
put
in
(i)
:
l0
l 100
100

Q:1.341: (a) Here l1 a sin 60

lapp

2
a 3
length l appeared from reference frame (x-y): lapp l1 1 v 2
c
2

a 2 3a 2

1 v2 c2
4
4

a
2
1 v 2 c 2 Now l0 l app
2

a 3
2

V
l0

a
v2
43
2
c2

y
a

l0

a
l1

l0
lapp

60

c
a/2

141

Perimeter

(P)

l0 l0 a a a 4 3 v

2
P a 1 4 3 v 2
c

Ans

for v c P a (1 2) 3a
Length AC : lAC a 1 v2 / c2 . There will no change of length of BD while there is change

(b)

in length of AD: lAD

a
2
1 v 2 . Now appeared length AB : l AD
c
2

l 2 AD a 2

3
a
2

4v 2
c
4
2

2
2
v2
v2
Now perimeler (P) : 2lAB AC a 4 v 2 a 4 v 2 P a 4 c2 1 c2 Ans
c
c

v << c

P = 3a Ans
B

lAB

a sm 60

a
0

60

60
a

60

a cos 60 a 2

a 3
2

lAD

0
Q:1.342: Here only length in x dir n is changed. Actual length of AC = l0 then l Cos 45 l0 1 v

l0

l
2

v2

2 l
=
. Then original length AB is : lAB l0
c2
2

l2
21 v

2
2
2 v2

1 v 2 sin2 450
1 v 2
2
l2
1
1
c
c
2c
l l
l
1

2
lAB l
2
2
2 1 v2 AB
2
v
v
1 v 2
1 2
1 2
c2

c
c
c
y
B

l Sin 45

2
A
l Cos 450

x
v

l0

3
2

c2

c2

l2
2 =

142

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

r0
Q:1.343: (a) BD = radius of cone = r 0 length of AD = height of cone = l0 tan l . Then
0
lateral surface area S0 r0l 0 sec from this reference frame length along x axis doest not appear
c

to change. Hence from this reference frame : BD = r 0 And length l0 will be appear as l : l l0 1 v 2
c

r0
tan'
l

r0
2

put value of and v in above function : 1 = 590

l0 1 v c

A'
y

450

l0

(b)

r0

'

S0 4 m 2

tan 1

4
v C
5

B'

r0

tan
1 v2 c2

C'
D'

A1B1 = l sec 1 Lateral surface area : r0l sec1 r0l0 1 v2 c2 1 tan2 1

r0l0 1 v

tan 2
1

2 2
1 v c

2
2 2
S0
2 2 Sec v c

1 v c
1

Sec
2 2 2
1 v c

Sec 2 v 2 c 2
S0
1 v2 c2


2 2
Sec

1 v c

v 2 cos 2 2
. Put value of v and and
S S0 1

c2

S0 S = 3.3 m2
Q:1.344: Time measured by moving dock : t; Actual time of moving clock : t- t
we

kn ow

v2 c2

t 2 ( t t ) 2
t

t t

1 v2 c2

( 2 t t ) t
t

t t t 1 v

t t
2 2

1 v c
t

t t

v c 2
v = 0.6 108 m/s
t t

l0

Q:1.345:

v
v1 = 0

l
l
------(i) v
Now . Proper length = l0 =
v
t

length of rod appeared by that frame from which rod will be appear to stationary. Then

143

t1

l2

1 2 2
c t

0
now t v
Then
v 1 v2 c 2
1 v2 c 2

l l0 1 v 2 c2 l0

l2
t
1 2 2
t '
c t

t 2
2
2
2 2

t
l

t
1

t
1

t '
t '

l0

v1 = 0
v

Q:1.346: Assume velocity of particle w.r.t laboratory frame is v then

1 v

t
c 0
t

v2

Q:1.347: (a) We know

(b)

1 v 2 c2

Ans

t 0
1 v2 c2

t 0 t

2 2 t 0
1 v c
t

1 v 2 c 2 t 0

y
v = 0.99c

l
1 v 2 c2
V

l
k
t

l
l

0.99c v

Actual distance travel is : distance = Actual velocity x proper time = vt 0 l 1 v2 c 2

Q :1.348:

t 0

t0
t
v ct 1 0 . Distance travel in laboratory
2 1

t
c
t

t
frame is : Dis tan ce Ct 1 0
t

t 0 2 t 2 1 v 2 c 2

3 / 4C t
1 v2 c2

3
C t
4

-----(i)

vt
1 v2 c2

l0

We

know

l l0 1 v2 c2

vt
1 v 2 c2

3/4 C

Ans

l0

Ans

l
1 v 2 c 2
T
A
R
G
E
T

3/4 C

Q:1.349: We know proper length of rod does not change w.r.t. reference frame then x l 1 v2 c2 2
1 0

144

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

-------(i) x l / 1 v
2 0
x
v c 1 1
x
2

x
x1
1
1 v 2 c 2 v 2 c 2 1 1
2 2 -------(ii) dividing both :
x
c
x 2
2

put in (i) :

l0 x1x 2

Ans

y
0

x2

y'

v
x1

x'

Vr 2
l0 l0 1 vr 2 c2
2
2

l
0
0 1 2
Q:1.350: Time to move from A to 0: t
r
c
Vr

l0

2l
Vr 0
t

l0

l 2
1 0
c2t 2

Vr

Ans
0

A
l0

l
Ct A Vt A l 2 t A
2(c v)

Q :1.351:

v 2
1 r
c2

l0

l
Ct B Vt B l 2 t B
Here t A < t B means later count occur first. t t B t A
2(c v)

l
l

2(c v) 2(c v)

l vc
l c v c v
lV

. Assume c / v
2 c2 v2
C(1 v2 c2 )
c 2 v2
v

l
C(1 2 )

Ans

A
l/2

Q:1.352: (a) Since rod is moving with speed V with respect


to this frame it length will be appear less than proper length
Then

xA

rest
0

Vt A

xB VtB
xA xB l V(tA t B)

l (xA xB) V(t A t B) now proper length :

l0

l/2

l
1 v

B
(0,0,0)

(l, 0, 0)
x

l0

x A x B Vt A t B
1 v 2 c2

Ans

145

(b)

Here

tA tB

xA xB l0 xA x B l0 xA x B l0 Then

l0

l0 Vt A t B
1 v3 c 2

l Vt A t B
l0
l0
2 2
l 0
2 2
1 1 v c or 0
t A t B 1 1 v c Ans
3 2
1 v c
V
V

Q:1.353: (a) Reading of clock at B: t ' ( B)

l
l
0 1 v2 c2
V V

l0

A'

l0

B'
V
A

l0

l0
1 v2 c2 . When B will be
(b) Appeanent length of AA from A: lAA ' l0 1 v 2 c 2 t(A)
V

at B then distance traul by point A in frame of rod AB will do Then

Q:1.354: Lorentz transformation of time

If take t =0 for k frame then

t'

t'

t(A')

l0
Ans
V

t xV c 2
1 v2 c2

xV c 2
1 v2 c2

. If x 0 t ' 0 If x 0 t ' 0

Q:1.355: Since both show zero reading at origin. If clock (k) reads time t and clock (k) reads time
t then. according to lorentz transformation.

t'

t xV c 2
1 v2 c2

Vx

t'

t Vx

differentiate w.r.f. time

t xV c 2
1 v2 c2

according to queation : t = t. Then

c2
c2 1
2 2
1 1 v c we know v c
Vx
2 2
V

1 v c
K'

c
2
1 1 Ans

Q:1.356: Suppose a shot is made and it hit the target after time
t then from k frame (mouing with V velocity)

t '

t '

K frame (stationary)
target

t x v c 2
1 v2 c2

x=0
t=0

x=d
t = t

t d V c 2
1 v2 c2

. If means target is hitted before shot is fired then. t ' 0 t ' dV c 2 0

146

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

d
2
t ' dV c 2 dV c 2 t V c

if

d
Vx . Then V V c 2 . It is possible only of
x
t

one of the Vx > C or V > c which is not possible. It prove that target will be after shot made.
12

'
'
Q:1.357: (a) We know in variant formula : c 2 t12
x12

at

same

point

then

'
x12
0

then

2
2 in frame k both events occure
c 2 t12
t12

ct 2 ct1 x 2 x1
(b)

16

2
c 2 t '12 c 2 t12
x 2 x1 2 c 2 t 2 t 1 2 x 2 x1 2

= 6 1 5 2 16

'
t12

t1
8 2 12

310

4
3 10

1.3 10 8 s 13ns

1
'
2
2
in frame k if both occure simultaneously then t112 0 t12
c 2 t12
x12
16 t12 4m

Q:1.358: We know

frame : Vnet

Vx'

Vx V

V V Vy '
1 x
c2

1 Vx

Then net velocity appear from k

c2

Vx V 2 Vy 2 1 V 2 c 2

V ' x V ' y 2 Vnet


y

Vy 1 v 2 c 2

1 Vx V c 2

Vy

Ans

y'

Vx

K'

x'
V

v2 = 0.75C

Q:1.359:

v 1 = 0.5C

Velocity of approach is taken from laboratory frame hence

v2

Velocity of approach = V1 + V2 = 0.5C + 0.75C = 1.25C Ans

K'

Relative velocity : (Vr) :

Q:1.360:

Vrel

V1

V (V )
1 (V )

( V)
c2

V2

2V
1 V

V' x

V1 V2
V1 V2
V1 V2 V' x
1
1 V1 V2 c 2
2
c

2V
1 2 now

l0

l0
V

147

apparent length is : l l0 1

1
1

V 2 rel
c2

l l0 1

2V 2

l l0

1 c

2 2 2

4 2

2 2

l l0

Ans

VAx V1
Q:1.361: V 0
Ay

VBx 0

V2
A

VBy V2 From reference frame A : velocity

V1

x
0

components are as shown :

'
VBx

0 V1

V1

1 o V1 c 2

'
VBy

Vnet V' 2Bx V' 2By V V 2 V 2 1 V 2 c 2


net
1
2
1

Q:1.362: To find velocity of particle in k frame assume


components of velocity in k frame is Vx and Vy
then
using
lorenz
transformation
:

V2 1 V12 c 2
1 0 V1 c 2

V V
V12 V22 1 2
c

Vnet

V'

Vx '

1 Vx V c 2

from k :

; Vy '

1 Vx V c 2

Vy ' V'

K
x

1 Vx V c 2

Th en

Vx V

V'

Vnet V 2 V' 2 (1 V 2 c 2 )

Ans

Vx ' 0

Vy 1 V 2 c 2

Vx V

V'

K'
x

Vx V

V2 1 V12 c 2 Then

V 2 V' 2

Vy 1 V 2 c 2
1 V V c

Vy V' 1 V 2 c 2 . Now

V 2 V' 2

. Hence we say that Vnet is velocity from k frame


c2
then. For proper time t0, we have to choose another frame k which is attached with particle. Then
Reference frame k will be appear to move with Vnet speed then time internal will be appear to increase
t 0

frame this frame (k) then.


. Distance travel in k frame :
1 V 2 net / c 2
y
K

K
x

Vnet

V 2 - V1

12

V V
C2

x
Vnet

148

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

Dist Vnet t Vnet

t 0

2
2

12
2 V1

2
v V V
c

1 V 2 net / c 2

t 0
2

V 2 v1 V 2 V1 / c 2
c2

t 0 V 2 V1 (1 v 2 / c 2 )

Distance =

(1 v 2 / c 2 ) (1 v 2 / c 2 )

Vy 1 v 2 / c 2
V cos V
V sin

1 v2 / c2
Q:1.363: V' x
----(i) Vy '
Vx V
( v cos ) V
Vx V
V
cos

V
1
1
1
c2
c2
c2
Vx V

tan '

Vy'
V sin

1 v2 / c2
Vx ' V cos V

Vy'

y'

Ans

K'

V'
V

'

x'

Q:1.364: Here in k frame length of rod will be contracted because

Vx'

y'
l

it is moving with V velocity then l l0 1 v2 / c2 Velocity of

(l,0,0,0)

(0,0,0,0)
K'

rod : V x = V Vy

Vy1 1 (V / c) 2
1 Vx1 V / c 2

v ' 1 ( v / c) 2
1 ov / c 2

t ' x v / c
1 v / c

t
2

V=Vx

l0v / c2

1 v / c

x'

O'

Vy v' 1 v 2 / c 2 . Time difference of measuring for A and B:


1

v'

y Vy Vyt l0V v' / c2

A
K

Vy

tan

y
l V v' / c
V v'
0
tan
Ans
l l 1 v2 / c2
2
c 1 v2 / c2
0

D
l

149
Vx '

Q:1.365: (a) We know

Vx V

y'
y

now differential

1 Vx V / c 2

k'

1 Vx V / c 2 dVx Vx V (dVx ) V / c 2

dVx '
equation :
1 Vx V / c 2

K
x'
w

dVx 1 Vx V / c 2 Vx V / c 2 V 2 / c 2 1 Vx V / c 2

dVx ' ( dVx )

(1 V 2 / c 2 ) (1 Vx V / c 2 ) 2 ------(i)
dt '
dt '

dt '

dt (dx) V / c 2

3 / 2
1 Vx V 2 / c2 3

w 1 V2 / c2

w '

we

t'

know

t xV / c 2
1 V2 / c2

dVx
2 2 3/ 2

1 V / c
dVx '
(dVx) 1 V / c (1 V / c )
dt


2
2 2
2
dt '
(dt V / c ) (1 Vx V / c )
VxV VxV
1
1

c2
c2

1 V2 / c2

Also

Vx v

Ans
y'

Q:1.366: Co-moving frame(k) is that frame in which particle is appear to


instanteously rest. But its accn of particle in this frame may or may not
zero. now we know : w '

w'

w 1 V2 c2

1 V 2 c

2 3/ 2

dv w ' 1 V 2 c 2

w'
Vx' = 0

2 3/ 2

from Q:1.365 Here Vx = V then

1 V 2 c

2 3/ 2

w 1 V2 c2

3 / 2

earth K

3 / 2 dt

w ' t dt

3 / 2

2 =0
w w ' 1 V 2 c Vx'

0 (1 V

2 3/ 2

c )

w ' dt
0

w' t

dv

2
c2

w' t
x
1
1

1
/
2
w'
c

0 1 ( w ' t / c) 2

dx
0

3 / 2

w 1 V

w' t
1

cv 1 c

c
2 w' t

An s

150

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

Q: 1.365 (b) we know Vx'

Vy 1 V 2 c 2

Vy'

dt '

1 Vx V c

dt (dx) V c 2
1 V 2 c2

Vx V
1 Vx V c

2 Vx'

Vy 1 V 2 c 2

0V
V
1 0

dVy ' dVy

1 V 2 c2
dt '
dt '

from

(dVy / dt )

option

k'

x'

(w) 2

w ' t 2
1 c c

dt

(w) 2

c2 (w ' t)2

dt

w' t
1

put in (i)

c2

dt

2
c
w'c
w'

ln
1

0
0
2

w
'
C
c

w' t
0

c
m0
m
m
Q:1.368: We know
Here v c
2
v
1
2

w' t

(1 V 2 c 2 )
w
1 V2 c2
2
dx
w ' w 1 V 2 c 2 . Here Vx = 0
1 V c 2 1 Vx V c
dt

0 1 (v / c) 2 dt -----(i) from Q: 1.366

(a) :

dVy'
dVy
1 V 2 c2
dt '
2
dt (dx) V c

Q:1.367:

1 Vx V c 2

y'

Vy 1 V 2 c 2

a x' 0 Vy'

c 2 w ' t 2

dt

2
c
w'
w'
ln
1

c
w'
c

m0

m0

1 2

(1 ) (1 )

Ans

0.01
C
C
v
100

c
C

m0

m
1 + = 2 m
2 (1 )
0

.01
m
100

Q:1.369: Density is defined as

1
2(1 )

70 Ans

m0
m0
m0
rest maes

-----(i) l ' l ' l '


l1l2l3
volume
volume
1 2 3
2

Here l 2 l 2 ' l3 l3 ' l1 ' l1 1 v 2


c

m0
l1l2l3 1 v

---- (ii) from (i)/(ii):

c2

151
y'

y'

l2
l3

l2

x'
V=0

0
2
1 v 2 Here
c

C
(1 )

0
1

(1 ) 0

Then

1
2
1 v 2
c
1

(2 ) Ans

Q:1.370: Assume mass of proton is m0 then P = mv where v = velocity of proton P


v

Squaring

both

side

P
m 20

P2

PC

m 02 C 2 P 2

C2

m 2C 2
CV
V
1
CV

1 1
1 1 0
2
C
C
C

P
m2C2

1 0
2
P

Q:1.371: We know Newtonium momentum : P


2P

m0
1 v

V ------(ii) (i)
(ii ) :

1 v

m 20 C 2
P

1 2

1 v

m0v

2
c2

Now

Ans

m 0V -----(i) Reletivistic momentum:

v2
3
1
v2

C v 3C

2
2
2
2
c
4
c
2
c

c2

m0
1
2 2 1
2 2
(.64 .36) c 2
Q:1.372: Classical mechanics : w Kf Ki = m 0 (0.8) c m 0 (0.6) c =
2
2
2
m0
x 0.28 c 2
w 0.14 m 0 c 2 . Relativistic mechanics :
w m f c f 2 m i c i 2
2
m0
m0

0.8 2 c 2
0.6 2 c 2 =
m0 0.42 c2 w = 0.42c2
2
1.082
1 0.6

Q:1.373: m0c2 = Rest mass energy mc2 = Total energy Kinetic energy = mc2 - m0c2 according
m0
2m 0
2
1
2
3
to question : m0c2 = mc2 - m0c2 m = 2m0 1 v 2
1 v 2
v 2
c
4
c
4
2
c
3
c
v
Ans
2

152

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

Q:1.374: Using classical mechanics : T

2T
T
2
2
m 0 . Relativistic mechanics : T = mc - m 0 c

Vc

2
1 v 2
2
c
m 0c

1 1

v2
2c 2

c2

3 T
1
4 m c2
0

T
m 0c 2

V Vc
Vc

(1 / 2) (1 / 2 1) v 4
1
2
c4
v2

v 2 3 v2
1
2 approxim ately
2c 2 4 c
v2

1
m v 2 where Vc = velocity calculated by chassical mechanics
2 0 c

2c 2

m 0c 2

T
m0c2

3 T
1

m 0 c 2 2 m 0 c 2
2T

T
2T
1 3
m0
4
m

m 0c 2
0

2T
m0

then

m 0c 2

m 0c 2
1 v

m 0c 2

v2
2c 2

3 v2
1
8 c4

v2 3 T
1

2c 2 2 m 0 c 2

T
4

2

3
m c
0

at max Ans

3 T
T

2
1

m

0
2 m c 2 Now

Q:1.375: We know E 2 m 20 c 4 P 2c 2 -----(i). Let us kinetic energy is T then. E m 0 c 2 T

c2

put

2
m c
in (i) m c 2 T m c 2 P 2 c 2 0 4 T 2 2m 0c 2 T m 02c 4 P 2c 2 P 2c 2 T T 2m 0c 2
0
0
c

1
c

T T 2m 0 c 2

Ans

Q:1.376: From question no. 1.375 : P


n then ne = I

1
c

T T 2m 0 c 2

of no. of particle collide per second is

I
dP
I
p
momentum transfer per second is : F
e
dt
Ce

T T 2m 0 c 2 . Power

= Energy radiate or absorb persecond Power = n (kinetic energy of one particle) = T Power

I
T
e

153

Q:1.377: Sphere Reference frame Velocity of gas particle in frame of sphere

Vx '

Vx = 0

in

Vx =

m ( v)

dP

1 v2 c2

-v

(mv)

v.

V =

Momentum transfer

Vx V
1 Vx v 2
c

Here

one collision

2mv

1 v2 c2

1 v2 c2

. Since volume will be decreased by a factor of 1 v 2 c 2

But actually no. of particles of gas does not change but its occupied volume is decreased and hence

dA

Before collision

dA

After collision

V=v

apparent no. of particles per unit volume is increased

per second :

2
N app
(dA )
2
2
1 v c

dF
2mv2

dA 1 v 2 c2

Pr essure

Gas Refrence frame : We know Vx '


v

collision)

v 2 v' 2
c4

v V'
V'
1 v
c2

app

dF

1 v 2 c 2

. no. of particles collides

dP
2 mv

dt 1 v 2 c 2

(dA ) V .
2
2
1 v c

2mv2
1 v2 c2
Vx V'

Vx ' v (velocity of sphere w.r.t. gas frame after


1 Vx V' c 2

Vx v (velocity of sphere after collision which does not change)

2v 3
3
v4

V'
2 vv '
2
v
2
2

V v' 2 vv ' V'


1
2 v
v2
2
c4

1
c 2
c

c2

v
V=v

V=v
m

Before collision

mV'=

After collision

V'

154

Compact ISC Physics (XII)


m 2V

dF 2 mV
V
momentum transfer in one collision = 1 v 2
dA
1 v 2 c 2
2

2mv 2
1 v2 c2

Ans

Since in gas frame mass of gas particle and its density does not change

Q:1.378: At time t, letus velocity of sphere is V then F = ma

F
2 2
dt 1 v c dv
m0 0
0
s

ds
v

dt

Fct
m 20 c 2 F 2 t 2

ds FC

t dt

dx
c2 t

Q:1.379: Given x a 2 c 2 t 2 v
dt a 2 c 2 t 2
dV
a 2 c2 t 2

Momentum :
dt
a 2 c 2t 2

m 02c 2 F 2 t 2

2 2 22
0 m0 c F t

P = mv

Fct

m0

dV

2
2
1 v c dt

m02c2 F c2 t 2

Q:1.380: (a) and (b) : we know

c2

dv
dv
and
a t a. v Then
dt
dt

Ans

1 / 2

m d V
v2

0 dt

c2

1 / 2

2
dV 1 v 2 3 / 2 2 V dv
F m 1 v 2

We know
V 1

0
c
dt 2
c2

c 2 dt

1 v 2 m dV m v d 1 v 2

0 dt
dP
c 2 0 dt
c2

m0c2
F
put
value
of
dv/dt
:
F

2
dt
1 v

c2

dP d m 0 V
F

dt dt
2
1 v 2
c

m 0c 2

Ans

dV
c 2 t ( 2c 2 t )
(a 2 c 2 t 2 ) c 2

dt
a 2 c2t 2

m0
2
1 v

Al so

a
V

F m0

v2
c2
1

2
c

2
1 v 2 Va.v

155

a
V

F m0

a.v
If a || v a.v. av then
2 2
2
2 2 32
1

v
c
c
1

v
c

m 0a
m 0a v v
m 0a
m0 v2 c2 a

3
3
1 v2 c2
1 v2 c2 1 v2 c2 2
2 2 2
1

v
c

m0 a

v2 c2

1
2 2
1 v c
1 v2 c2

m 0a

3

1 v2 c2 2

Ans

Q:1.381: Assume velocity of particle in K frame is Vx then we know


m0

Px

and

Vx 2
c

m0c2
1

Vx 2
c

Px

m 0 c Vx

and

c 2 Vx 2

m 0c 2
c 2 Vx 2

Also we know from invarient theorem : (ds)2 = c2(dt)2 - (dx)2 = constant = c2(dt)2 - (Vxdt)2

(ds ) 2 c 2 Vx 2 (dt ) 2

Then

Px '

Px '

Px

c 2 Vx 2

m 0 c Vx
dt (i)
(ds )

ds
constant in any inertial frame of references
dt

dt
E m 0 c 3 (ii ) Vxdt = dx Also
ds

m 0 c Vx ' dt ' m 0 c

dx ' m 0c dx vdt
ds
ds
ds
2 2
1 v c

m 0 c dx m 0 cVdt
Px
V


1 2 ds
1 2 ds
1 2
1 2
v 2
c

m c3

0
P
'

x
2
2
2
1
1 c Vx 2
Px

E' m 0 c

3 dt '

ds

Px
1 2

m 0 c 3 dt (dx ) V c 2

ds

1 2

m0c

2
2
c Vx

c2

1 2

E'

Px E

Px '

c2
2

proved

m 0 c3

3
2
dt m 0c dx V c

ds
1 2 ds
1 2

156

E'

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

E
1 2

E
1

m 0 CV dx

1 2 ds

PxV

E
1 2

E'

m 0 CV Vxdt


1 2 ds

E
1 2

m 0 CVxdt V

ds
1 2

E PxV
1 2

Ans

Q:1.382: We know E 2 P 2 C 2 m 0 2 c 4 For photon. rest mass m0 = 0 then E 2 P 2 C 2 E =


C

EV

Px 2
c
'
PC From K frame : Px C Px / c form k frame = ' Px ' C

2
1

2
1

1
V 3
c (1 )
'
'

'
Ans For

Ans
2
2
1

2
1

c 5
1
1

Q:1.383: From Q 1.381 We know Px m 0 c


2
Then Px m 0 c

dx
ds

dt
dy
dz
E m 0 c 3 Py m 0 c
Pz m 0 c
ds
ds
ds

dz
2 dy
2 dz
-----(i) Py C m 0 c
-----(ii) Pz C m 0 c
-----(iii). Squaring and add
ds
ds
ds
2 4

((i)+(ii)+(iii))

Px 2 Py 2 Pz 2 c2 m(ds0c)2 dx 2 dy2 dz2


2

(dl) 2
dt
E 2 P 2 C 2 m 02 c 6 m 20 c 4
ds
(ds) 2

P 2 c 2

m 02c 4

(dl) 2

2
2 2
2
2 2
2 4 c dt dl
m 20 c 4 cour
E P C m 0 c

ds 2

(ds)

E 2 P 2 C 2 m 02 c 4 Ans

Q:1.384: We know P = mV

V PC

For
C
E

system :

C T (T 2 m 0 c 2 )
Vcm

C
T m 0c 2

mc2

V Also we know P
c2

Vcm PsystemC

c
E system
T


T wm 0 c 2

EV
c2

PC T (T 2m 0 c 2 ) Now

2
2
T (T 2 m 0 c ) 0 (0 2 m 0 c ) C
Vcm

2
2
c
(T m 0 c ) m 0 c

Vcm
T
C
C
T 2m 0c 2

Ans

157
(a) Since maes of both particles are same hence magnitude of momentum of both particles from com
frame will be same. Velocity of each particle from com frame = 0- Vcm = Vcm. Energy in com frame:
E

2m 0 c 2
1

~
T

2 m 0 c 2 (T 2 m 0 c 2 )

Vc m
c2

~ ~
. Using equation : E T 2m 0 c 2

~
T
2 m 0 c 2 T 2m 0 c 2 2m 0 c 2 T 2m 0 c 2 2m 0 c 2
1

2m 0 c 2

2
~
2m 0c
P
1 v2 c2

Vcm

m0

Q:1.385:
assume

1 Vcm 2 c 2

m0

energy

m 0c 2 C

m0

m0

does

2 m 0 2m 0 c 2 T

Vcm

not

losses.

m 0 C1

We know E 2 P 2 C 2 In var iant M 20 C 2 . We

m c T m c T T 2m c m C
2 m 2 m c T Ans. Also we know from Q: 1.384
2

2
2
EV
C T T 2m 0c 2
P 2 v PC (PC) v
c
E
E
T 2m 0 c 2

2 2

2 2
0

v C

Q:1.386: Use invariant equation : E 2 P 2 C 2 Invariant

T
Ans

T 2m 0c 2
T1

2m 0c 2 T1 2 T1 T1 2m 0c 2 2 2m 0c 2 T 2 0 . Because

m0

m0

momentum of system from com = 0.

Inertial K frame

m0

m0

COM frame

2
2
2
T12 4T1m 0 c 2 4 m 20 c 4 T12 2T1m 0 c 2 4T 2 8Tm 0 c 2 4 m 20 c 4 4T 8Tm 0 c 2T1m 0 c

T1

4T ( T 2m 0 c 2 )
2m 0 c

Q :1.387:

1
T

2T T 2m 0c 2

E1 E 2 E 3 m 0 c 2

2m 0c

Ans

P1 P2 P3 0 .

E 2 E 3 2 P1 P2 c 2 m 0c 2 E1

Take

P12 c 2 Invariant

system

of

(m 2 +

m 3)

m0 c 2 E1 2 P12c 2 m 2 m3 2 c 4 .

158

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

Because this invariant is same in all frame of reference hence from com frame of (m2 + m3). In
variant

m 2 m 3 2 c 4

Now

m 20 c 4 E12 2m 0 c 2 E1 P12 c 2 (m 2 m 3 ) 2 c 4

m 20 c 4 m12 c 4 2m 0 c 2 E1 (m 2 m 3 ) 2 c 4

E2

m0

m1
m2

2m 0 c 2 E1 m 02 m12 c 4 m 2 m 3 2 c 4

=0

v=0
m3
E1

m 2 m 2 m m 2
1
2
3
E1 max 0
c
2m 0

E3

Ans

Q:1.388: Suppose velocity of ejected mass is Vx from a frame having


u
Vx V
Vx '
v
zero
velocity then
we
know
1 Vx
2

dm
m

Vx V
Vu
u
Vx
v
uv . Change in momentum of (dm) mass : dP = -(dm) V + dm Vx
1 Vx
1
c2
c2

vu
dm
dm v
1 uv

c 2

u u v 2
uv
dP
(dm) u
c

Here 2 u then

Force on
uv
c
dt
dt 1 uv
1

c 2
c2

m dm
v
uv
u
dv
dm

1 2 dv
F

gas particle then force on rocket :

dt
c
dt 1 uv
m0 m
0
2
c

1 m m 0 2 u / c
v

2u
c
m C

1
m0

159

Part Two
Thermodynamics and Molecular Physics
2.1

Equation of gas state process

Q: 2.1: Suppose gas is at pressure P, volume V and tamp. T. Then we know PV=
m
nRT. Also PV RT where m = mass of total gas M = molar mass. Now V
M
= const. and T = const dP V

PV

P.V.T

(dm )RT
M (dP )
V ----(i). Calculation of M/RT : We Know
. Then dm
M
RT

M
P
m

RT PM RT
. Given at NTP (normal tempreature and pressure) : T0 =
RT

00C = 273 K P = 1 atm = P0 = 1105 N/m2. Then

P
P (dP ) V
PV
M
0 put in (i) dm 0
m 0 P
RT

Q: 2.2: Total no. of mole of gas is n and due to heating n mole


of gas goes in other chamber.

PV
P1V nRT1 n 1
RT1

P1
t1

Value

P=0

n
Initial
(A)

(B)

P V
P2 V (n n ) R T2 n n 2 ---(i) (P P) V nRT
2
2
RT2
n

P2

t2
P2

t2

n- n

P2- P
Final

1 1
P1 P
(P2 P)V
P1V (P0 P)V P2 V
P2


put
value
of
n
and
n
in
(i)
:

T1 T2
RT2
RT1
RT2
RT2
T2

PT
P1T2 P
P 1 P1T2
P2 P 1 2

P

.
Increase
of
pressure
of
Vessel
B
:
2T1
2
2 T1
2T1 T2

Q: 2.3:

H 2 ; He
P; t , m; V

Let mass of H2 gas is m1 and that of He is m2. no. of moles of H2 : n2 = m/

m1 m 2

Rt
2. no. of moles of He : n2 = m2/4. Also m1 + m2 = m ----(i). PV n1 n 2 Rt PV
4
2

PV

m1 m 2 PV
m 2 2 PV
m2
2PV

m
m1
----(ii) Now (i) - (ii) :
m 2 2 m 2
Rt
2
4
Rt
2
Rt
2
Rt

put in (i) :

PV
PV m PV m
4
m

m1
Rt m 2
Rt
PV

Rt 4
m1 m m 2 4
m m
m PV Ans
PV m PV

Rt
2 m 2

2
Rt
m
Rt
Rt

160

Compact ISC Physics (XII)


N 2 ( m1 )

Q: 2.4:

T; P0

CO 2 ( m 2 )

We know PM = RT----------(i) Where M = Molecular weight of mixture.

= Density of mixture. Calculation of M : no. of mole of N2 : (n1) = m1/M1 no. of mole of CO2
n M n 2M 2
m m2
: (n2) = m2/M2 where M1 and M2 molecular weight of N2 and CO2. Then M 1 1
1
m1 m 2
n1 n 2

1 M2

P
m

m
1
2

0
m1 m 2

m
m
P
RT
Put in (i) :
RT 1 2 Ans
m1 m 2
M

2
1

M1

Q: 2.5:

M2

(a) V, T1, v1, v2, v3. Suppose molar maes of O2, N2, CO2 are M1, M2 and M3. Then PV =

nRT PV = (v1 + v2 + v3) RT P v1 v2 v3

RT
V

Ans

Total mass
Total maes of mixture: M = v1M1 + v2M2 + v3M3 molar mass of mixuture = total no. of mole
v1M1 v2 M 2 v3 M 3
M
Ans
v1 v 2 v3

(b)

Q: 2.6: Here ('1) v' ( 1) v ----(i) F.B.D. of piston : P2-P1 = mg/A


now P1v RT0 P1

Since

RT0 1
RT 0
RT0
1
P2
P2 P1
V
v
V

P2 P1 P2 'P1 ' mg / A

Similar P21-P11 = mg/A

Similar : P2 ' P1 '

RT0 1
RT
1
1
1
V n
V' n '

then

n 2 1

n '
T
RT0 n 1
RT n '1
RT
( n '1) ( n '1)
T

V n
V' n ' ( 1) V
n'
n ' 1

n=1
T0

T
n=1

n' V'

T0
n=1

T
n=1

V'

Initial

RT 1
1
v '

Ans

P1A
P2 = P1 + mg/A

Final

P2A

mg

161
Q: 2.7: This question is based on operation of an engine. In this engine, first, piston pull right side
and during pulling piston, value is opened and gas is filled in vacent space. then value is closed and
gas between value and piston is removed. And piston moves left way. After that piston is again pull
right way and value is opened and gas comes with piston. This process continues.
First stroke right PV = P1 (V + V) P1

PV
------(i)
V V

First stroke left : P1, V


PV 2
PV 2
Second stroke right P1V P2 (V V ) V V P2 (V V) P2
-------(ii)
(V V) 2

In 3rd stroke : P3

PV 3
(V V) 3

In n

th

stroke : Pn

ln

PV n
( V V ) n

P
Vn
1

( V V )

ln

V
V V

V
ln
n ln
ln 1

ln
( V V)
V
V

Ans

P, V
V

Piston

Valve

Q: 2.8: Suppose at time t, pressure is P and in next dt time


dP pressure is released. Then PV = (P+dP) (V-Cdt) PV =
PV + VdP + CPdt + C(dP) (dt) -VdP = (CP + CdP) dt CP

Isothermal
V, P0

P0

dP
+ CdP = CP -VdP = CPdt V P C dt P + dP

< P because P is decreasing function hence dP = (-) ive.


ln P / P0

c
ct
t P P e v Ans
0
v

Value

piston

162

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

Q: 2.9: from Q: 2.8: P P0 e

ct

ct
P0
v
ct
P0 e v ln
t ln

v
c

Q: 2.10: Let assume pressure inside gas chamber is P F.B.D. of piston. Force

Ans
P0S
m0

equation : P0S+ P(S-S) + m0g + (m-m0) g = PS + P0(S-S) P P0 mg S

l1
P

----(i) . After increasing T of tempreature, final temp. is T + T. since from


(i) pressure is constant, process will be isobaric. Then

V
V V V
const
T
T T T

l2
m-m0

V
T T
V
V
1

T T
= Sl1 + (S - S) l2
initial
T T
V
V

P0

P0 S

Change in volume : Vinitial = Sl1 + (S -S) l2. If l2 increase, l2 decrease in


same amount. Then l2 l l2 -l Then Vinitial = Sl = V. Then T

T
Sl
V

S-S

PS

m0g

P (S- S)

mg

V RT Now
----(i) Also, PV = nRT . Here n =1 P0
S

T
1
mg
( S)l

P0
T

R
V
R
S put in (i)

Q: 2.11:

(i)

T ( mg P S) l

0
R

(a) P = P0-V2 -------(i) No. of mole of gas = 1. We know PV = nRT P

P0 (S- S )

Ans
RT
V

put in

3
2
RT
dT
P0 V 2 T P0 V V ------(iii). For T maximum,
0 0 P0 3V 0
V
dV
R
R
R
R

(b)

P0 mg

(m-m0) g

P0
P0
put in (ii): Tmax
R
R

P = P0 e-V

P0
2P0
Tmax
3
3

P0
3

Ans

RT
dT
P
P0 e V T 0 Ve V -----(i). Now
0 for maximum Temp. Calculate
V
dV
R

V and put in (i) Tmax


Q: 2.12:

P0
P
0
R
R 3

P0
eR

Ans

T. If v is increasing, T will increase and hence


T T0 V 2 ------(i) We know PV = nRT = RT

P will increase. Hence calculation of Pmin: T

PV
PV
T0 V 2 ------------(ii)
put in ----(i)
R
R

163
2

dP
P R T0 V 1 V To P
0 0 R T0 V V

min :
dV

P
R

P
T0
T
2 T0 P
T0 0 2T0
min 2R T0

= const
N2
dx

Q: 2.13: We know PM = RT (dP) M = R(dT) -(gdx) M


= R dT

dT gM
dT dT Mg

Ans
dx
R
dx dh
R

Q: 2.14: Here


const C P n P
C

P
n

Also PM =

dx

1
P n
1 1
RT
RT P n C n
Differentiate :
RT PM
M
C

1 1n P

n 1
(i) n

(dP) c

dT -----(i) Also we know dP = - gdh put in


M

1/ n 1
1 1
R
P
c 2 (gdh )
dT dT (n 1) P 2 c 2 Mg

M
dh
n

(n 1) 12 12
n

1
P

C
Mg n 1 P 2 Mg P
n
n
n

dT
(n 1)

Mg Ans
dh
n

Q: 2.15: We know dP gdz


dP

PM RT

gdz

P0

put in (ii)

Ans

T0

dP Mg
P
RT

h 5 10 3 m
g 9.8m / s 2

dP
Also PM = RT
gdz

In question dz = dh PM

dh
P P0 e
0

R 8. 3

P 0.5 10 5 N / m 2 0.5 Atm

RT
dP
gdh

Mgh
RT . Above earth surface :

T 27 0 C 300K
M 78 10 3 kg

n 1
Mg

n

. Put in above equation

T = const
M = const

dh

164

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

Below earthsurface :

h 5 10 3 m
g 9.8m / s 2

T 27 0 C 300K
n 78 10 3 kg

R 8. 3

put P 2 10 5 N / m 2 2 Atm

Q: 2.16: PM RT (dP) M (d) RT ----------(i) Also we know


: dP gdz ---------(ii) then from (i) and (ii):

Mg h
dz
RT 0

e
0

zh

Mgh
RT

Mgh
RT

RT
1
h1 Mg
e e
Mgh 1 RT

(b)

(1 )
0
0 (1 ) 0 e
0
h2

0e

T = const
g = const
M = const

dh

Mgh
RT

(a)

Then

dz dx

(d) RT
gdz
M

Mgh 2
RT

Ans

RT
RT
RT
ln (1 )
h2
Mg
Mg
Mg

Q: 2.17: Suppose pressure at height x is P then in (dx) volume


PV = nRT in differential volume Psdx = (dN) RT We Know

M, T, g

h
dx

dm
m
dm
Ps dx M RT -----(i) dN
. Also we known
M
M

dm dm

dP gdx
dV Sdx

dP g

P P0 e

dm
SdP
dm
s
g
x
Mg

-----(ii)
m

RT from (ii) :

when x = h

dm
0

P0

dm
g dx
dP
Sx

put

P0

(i)

PS dx

P
RT SdP
Mg x
dP


dx

P
M g
RT 0
P0

S
SdP
m
P P0
g
g

Mg
P0S
RT
m
1 e
Ans
g

Mg
P0S
RT
1 e

165
Q: 2.18: We know x cm
P P0 e Mgx RT And

dm

xdm
. Also we know from Q: 1.215
dm

P(sdx )

M
MS
PS dx
P0
RT
RT

dm
RT
M

x
P0

e Mgx RT dx

MSP0 x Mgx RT
RT e
x cm
MSP0 Mgx RT
RT e

xe

Mgx RT

dx

Mgx RT

dx

x cm

RT
Mg

Q: 2.19: (a) T = T0 (1-ah) Psdx

dm
RT -----(i)
M

And also

Ps dx

RT
M

P
Mgdx
dP
R T0 (1 ax) P
0
P0

dP
g

x
P = P0 at h = 0

Also T T0 (1 ax

P0
Similiar as above : P
(1 ah ) n

Mg
RT (a ) ln (1 ax)
0

Mg
ln (1 ax)
a RT0

ln P / P0
0

and x h P = P0 (1-ah)n

P = P0 (1-ax) Assume : Mg / aRT0 n


(b)

M, g

dx

s
dm
(dp) -------(i)
g dx g ( dm ) dm
dP g dx

g
sdx
s

M, T, g

dx

ln P / P0

Ans

Ans

dP dm 2
dm
2
rw .
Q: 2.20: Force equation of dr element dF (dm) rw 2 dP S S rw dP
S

s
dm
rw 2

PS(dr)

dm

RT
dP also we know P(Sdr )
M

RT
M

r
S

dP Mw 2 rdr
rw 2
0

RT dP

Mw 2 r 2
MW 2r 2
RT ln P P P P e 2RT Ans
0
0
2

P0

M, T
P0

r
dx

This end is
open in air

166

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

P ?
Q: 2.21: , T
M = (12+32) 103 kg = 44 103 kg. Idial gas equation :
We know PM = RT P

RT
M

2 a

P P
M2

M2

RT
2a

M b M2

(b)

kg
m3

b RT

Ans

RT
. Using vander wall
V

P a ( v b) RT P2 RT a . Here

V b V2
v 2

P1 P2 (1 )

500

2a

Q: 2.22: (a) Using idial gas equation : PV RT P1

equation :

10 3 m 3

RT
500 8.2 300

280 atm Vanderwall equation : (for one


M
44 10 3

P a (V b) RT M

V
V2

mole gas) :

500 3 kg

RT RT
a

(1 )
V V b V 2

(1 ) a / v 2
(1 ) a (V b)V
a (V b)(1 )

2
T
1 R R

V
R
(
nV

v
)

VR (nv b)
Vb V

P1 P2

P2

V
n=1

R (1 )R
a
(1 )
T
V
V

b
V2

Ans

RT
a
Put value of this temp in vanderwall equation. P2 V b 2 Ans
V

Q: 2.23:

n 1
V
T1, P2

a
a
P1 2 (V b) RT1 ----(i) P2 2 (V b) RT2 V
V

T2 , P2

2 T P T P
-----(ii) from (i) and (ii) : a V 1 2 2 1 T2 T1

T T
Ans b V R 2 1 P2 P1 Ans

167

dP
Q: 2.24: We know bulk modulus of a gas is given by : B dv . While compressibility is given
V

dv

by :

isothermal:

dP

a
1 dV

in vanderwall equation : P 2 ( v b) RT if process is


V dP
v

const.

differentiate

dP a

(V b) P
0

dV V 3

V 2

(i):

dP

dV

dP a dV (v b) P a (dV) 0

3
2
V
V

P a 2
PV 3 aV a (V b)
a
V


(V b)
V3
V 3 (V b)

1
V 3 ( V b)
V 2 ( V b)

V (PV 3 av) a (V b) (PV 3 aV) a (b V ) ----(ii) put value of P from (i) in (ii)

V 2 ( v b) 2
[ RTV 3 2a ( v b) 2 ]

Ans

Q: 2.25: Using ideal gas : PV = RT; V= RT P-1

2.24: x

2.2

1 RT
V
V

RT P 2 x1
from Q :
2
RT
VP
P

V 2 (V b) 2

V 2 (V b) 2
V
a

According
to
equation
:
x
>
x

T R
3
2
3
2
1
RT
b
RTV 2a (V v)
RTV 2a (V v)

The first law of thermodynamics, Heat capacity

Q: 2.26: We know that room is an open thermodynamic system, in which


no. of molecules may change suppose no. of mole of gas is n. Then PV

nRT PV

= nRT. Also we know Internal energy is given by: U nCVT


.
v 1 v 1
Here

Cp
cv

Windo
w

U
V
P

constant and room pressure and volume is also constant. The Internal energy also const.

U = Const if P and V are const. And not depend on T because when T increase, no. of moles will
be decreased in room because PV = Const. Hence in room internal energy (U) = Const.

168

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

Q: 2.27: Suppose no. of moles of gas = n. Directional kinetic energy of

CP

CV

1
(nM) V 2 . When Vessel sudden stop, then after long time this directional
2
kinetic energy of gas is converted into randm kinetic energy when thermodynamic

gas =

equililnium will be achieved and then

(v 1)
1
MV2 (v 1)
MV2
(nM ) V 2 nC V T T
T
2R
2
2
R

Ans
Q: 2.28: Method 1: When value is opened and thermodynamics equilibrium is attained then. no.
P1V1 P2 V2 PV1 V2
P1V1 P2 V2 PV1 V2

of moles will be constant. Then RT RT

------(i). Also
RT
T1
T2
T
1
2

we know, in whole system : Q 0 U W Q 0 Because vessell is insulated. And also.


W 0 Because gas does not work on atmosphere. Because vessel closed. Then U System
= 0 then n1c v T1 n 2C v T2 n1T1 n 2 T2
T1T2 P2 V2 P1V1
T P V T P V T
1 1 2
2 2 1

P1V1
T T1 P2 V2 T T2 0 ------(ii)
T1
T2

Vessel (1)

put in (i) Ans

(2)
Value

V1 , P1 , T1

V2 , P2 , T2

P V P V
P 1 1 2 2 Ans
V1 V2

V1 , V2
P
T

Method : 2 From method : 1, we see that there


will be no change of internal inergy of system. Hence
Initial Internal Energy = final internal energy.
Also U

PV
P1V1 P2 V2 P V1 V2

then
v 1
v 1 v 1
v 1

P1V1 P2 V2

V1 V2
V V

1
2

V1 , P1 , T1

P1V1 P2 V2
P V V
.
1
2

Also we know PV = nRT


T

P1V1 P2 V2
P V P V T T

RT

T 1 1 2 2 1 2 Ans

RT

P1V1T2 P2 V2 T1
1 RT2

Q: 2.29: Method: 1: We know Suppose initial temp. is T1 and final is (T1-T) then.

PV
PV
V
Ui 1 ; Uf 2 U
P2 P1 ----(i).
v 1
r 1
r 1
also nR

P, T ,
V1 V2

V2 , P2 , T2

nRT1
P1V nRT1 P1
V

P1V
V T nRT2 nRT1
nRT2
nR
U


P2
T

T1
r 1 V
V
V
v 1

Sealed vessel
V

169

P1VT
T1(v 1)

P VT
Here P1 0 T = T U 0
1
0
T0 (v 1) Ans U = Increase in P.E. Q = U

P0 VT
+ w Since vessel is realed then w = 0 Q U T (v 1) Ans
0
Method : 2 U ncvT n

R
P V
T ----(i) Here P = P P V = nR T V = v nR 0
put
0
0
0
T0
(v 1)

P0VT
P0 VT
in (i) U T (v 1) Ans Also Q = U + w w = 0 then Q U T ( 1) Ans
0
0
PV
A . Also W = PU + A
v 1

Q: 2.30: We know : Q = U + W =

v
A

A Q A

v 1
v 1

Q: 2.31: Isobaric process: We know Q = U + W also we know

PV
PV
W PV = nRT = RT W Q
v 1
v 1

P = const

N2

PV RT

v 1 v 1

Q: 2.32: Initial

n=1

Ans Q

Ans

P0 ; T0 ; V isochoric P0

; T1 ; V isobaric P0 ; T0 ; V1 Here,

2RT0
P1 T1 '
PV = nRT P0V = 2RT0 V P . Isochoric process : P T '
0
2
2

n 2
T0

V const

P0

Pf P0

T0
P0
T
V1 ' T1 '
V
0 T1 T0
2 V 2V

.
Isobaric
process
:

. In whole system : from


P0
T1
1
2
V2 ' T2 '
V
T
1
0
2

initial

to

final

position.

Q U W

Here

P
P V P 2RT0
W 0 0 V 0 0
W = RT
T0 Q RT0
2
2
2 P0

final

temp.

is

zero.

170

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

Q: 2.33: Method : 1 v1 = 2 O2 (r1) v2 = 3 CO2 (r2). Assume adiabatic exponent of O2 and CO2
are r 1 and r 2 . Internal energy of system : U v1
r1
r11

v v
r2
1 2
r2 1
r 1

v1 r2 1 v 2 r1 1
v1 v2
r1 1 r1 1 r 1

r 1 r2 1 v1 v1 1 r v1 r1 r2 1
r 1

v1 r2 1 v2 r1 1
v1 r2 1
Method:2 C v (mixture)

v2 r2 r1 1
v2 r1 1

v1c1v v 2 c v2
n1c 2 n 2 c 2

n1 n 2
v1 v 2

R
R
RT
T v2
T v1 v2
r1 1
r2 1
r 1

r1 1 r2 1 v1 v2
r 1
v1 r2 1 v2 r1 1

Ans

Cp - Cv = R C p (mixture)

v1c1p v 2c p2
v1 v 2

R
R
v1 R
v 2 R

r1 1
r2 1
C p v1c1p v 2c p2

Cp - R = C v r

Ans
R
C v v1c v v 2c v
v

v
(
r

1
)
1
2
1
1
2
r1 1

Q: 2.34:

n1

5
R
2
7
C1P R
2

C1v

N2 :
7
14

3
R
2
5
C 2P R
2
20
n2
2
10

Ar : C 2v

C v( mix )

3
15
R 2
22
2 0.42 J
n C1 n 2C 2P
C P(mix ) 1 P
9 m.k.
C v(mix )
1
n1 n 2
2
2

n1C1v n 2C 2v
n1 n 2

Ans

5
17
R 2 R
22
2 0.65 J
C p(mix )
9 m.k .
1
2
2

Q: 2.35: Suppose at time t, piston moves by x distance and in next dt time, piston moves dx distance.
Since T = Const P1V1 = P2V2 P0 V = (P0 - P) (V+xs) Here P = loss of pressure

171
P0

P V
xsP0
P 0 P0
. Force applied by person on piston :
V xs
V xs

F PS

x xs 2 P dx
xs 2 P0
0
work done in dx distance : W dW
V

xs
v xs
0

= P0 s
0

air

(xs v v)
dx
v xs

P0Sx P0SV

n 1
T const
V

s
final volume = nv

V = Sl

v
P0s dx P0SV
dx
0
0 v xs

ln v xs x
v xs
W P0 sx P0 V ln
------(i) Final volume : nv = (l+x) s =
0
S
v

nv = v+xs sx = (n-1) v initial volume : v = sl. W P0 V (n 1) ln n RT (n 1) ln n


Ans
Q: 2.36: Suppose at time t, piston move by x distance, and in next dt time, piston move by dx, distance.
P0 V0
P0 V0
Since T = const. PV = const P0 V0 P1 V0 xs P0 V0 P2 V0 xs P1 V xs P2 V xs
0
0

1
1
2xs
P P2 P1 P0 V0 V xs V xs P0 V0 2
. Force applied by external agent:
V0 x 2s
0
0

F ( P) S 2P0 V0 x s 2 V0 2 x 2 s Work done : W Fdx

V1 V0 x f s

2 P0 V0 xs 2 dx
V0 2 x 2 s

(1 n ) V0
2V0
2V0
V V0
Sx f
V0 0
x f (1 n) S
1
1
1

(n 1) 2

W P0 V0 ln
4n

V1

--------(i) Here

Put in (i) and integrate

V1
P1

V0 , P0 , T0

V0 , P0 , T0

P2

V1 V1 2V0
V1

2V0
1

3RT0
and P0 V0 P1 5V0
Q: 2.37: Q = Total heat transfer Isothermal process : P0 V0 2RT0 V0 P
0

P1 P0

Q W nRT ln
5 1

Q
v2

v1

n 3; T0 ; P0 ; V0
A

T0 const

= 3RT
T0 ln5 -----(i) Isochoric process : Q2 = nCvT

n 3; T0 ; P1; 5V0
B

n 3; T; P0 ; 5V0

5V0 const

172

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

P0
P1 T1
5 T0 T 5 T

--------(i) Also P

0 T = 5T0-T0 = 4T0 from (i) : Q2 = 3CV4T0 = 12


T2
P0
T
2

C vT 0

v 1

Q1 Q 2 3R 0 ln 5 12C v T0 Q

Cv

Q 3RT0 ln 5
R

12T0
v 1

12RT0
12RT0
v
1 Ans
Q 3RT0 ln 5
Q 3RT0 ln 5

Q: 2.38: (a) Isochoric : V = const P & T Isobaric : All lines intersect at same point P = const.
Because of P, and T are same then V = same PV = nRT Isothermal T = const if n = const.
(b)

T = const
V

t
ns
co

T = const
isobaric
V = const

P = const

Isobaric P = const
V

Q: 2.39: (a) We know PVv = const. --------(i) V

vRT
put in (i)
P

O2
V1
T0 , P0

Adiabatically
P0 , v, T1

vRT
1 r 4
P
const P T const P01 r T0 4 P0 1 r T1r
P
1 r

1
T1

vR
r 1

r 1

T0 T0 n

r Ans (b) A = vC T (work done by gas) A1 = vC T (work on gas)


v
v

r 1

T0 r T0

A'

RT0
r 1

r 1 r
1

Q: 2.40: Adiabatic process : w a vC v T

Here v 1 Ans

vR
r
T PV const .
r 1

PV vRT

vRT
v

r 1

v
vRT
const . Tv r 1 const . T1 0
Then
v

vRT0 n r 1 1

------(i)
w a
r -1

P0 ; V0 ; T0

T0 V0 r 1 T1 T0 r 1 T T0 n r 1 1

N2

N2

P0 ; V0 ; T0

Adiabatically
P1;

V0
; T1

P2;

V0
; T1

Isothermally

173

Isothermally : w T vRT0 ln

w a
n r 1 1

w T (r - 1) ln

v2

vRT0 n r 1 1 RT0 n r 1 1

v1 vRT0 ln n -------(i)
w T (r - 1) vRT0 ln (r - 1) RT0 ln

Ans

Q: 2.41: Work done by gas on system is zero


here temp. is only increased because of work
done by external agent Wext = Usystem. Calculation

at

conducting piston
v2

T0 , V0 , P0

T0 , V0 , P0

R
T gas
r 1
t
:

of Usystem : U system (v1 v2 )


equation

v1

time

Initial

T
V

T;
V; P0

P2

Final
2V0
nV V 2V0 V
1

P0 V0 P1 V0 xs
P0 V0 T
P0 V0
V xs P P0 V0 T

P1
P2 0
2

. Force applied by
T0
T
T0 V0 xs
T0
T
T0 V0 xs

P0 V0T
ext agent: F P2 P1 S T
0

in (dx) displacement : dw

2P0 V0 TS2 x

dU

T0 V0 2 x 2 s 2

dx

1
P V TS
1

F 0 0

S
V xs V xs
T0
0
0

2xs

V0 2 x 2 s 2 . Work done

2 P0 V0 TS 2 x
dx dU v1 v 2 R dT On system : dW =
ext
2
2 2

r 1
T0 V0 x s

v1 v2 R dT
r 1
r 1

P0V0

RT0

P0 V0

RT0

x
xdx
1 T dT
2
RdT
s

2
r 1 T T
r 1
0 V0 xs
0

(V xs ) (V xs ) 2
4V0 2
2

0
0

(
V

xs
)
(
V

xs
)

V
.
v

0
0
T T0
-----(i)
put in (i)

(1 ) 2
V02

r1
2
( 1) 2

T T0

Ans

174

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

Q : 2.42: Bernaulis equation for gas particle at same level :


P

1
dU
dU
V 2
Const. Where V = directional velocity
2
dVolume
dVolume

= internal energy per unit volume and for gas

2Cp T
M

nC v T
1
0 V 2 0
Volume
2

v2 V

Q: 2.43:

2CpT
M

RT aR
P

V
V2

(2 r)
r 1

RT
m
1

C v T V 2
M
mVolume
2

2 TR
( 1)M

PV RT PV

RT C v T 1

V 2
M
M
2

a
. We know Q = dU + dW
V

R
T -----(i) dw PdV w PdV ------ (ii) PV = nRT = RT
T
r 1
v2

put

in

(ii)

w
v1

aR dV aR 1
V
v2

Q = U + w

v2

1
1
aR

v1 v 2
v1

RT
RT RT
r 1

1 r 1

r 1

Ans

Method : 2 We know heat capacity of gas :

V
(2)

Ans

a
v = 1 = no. of mole
T

a
a
w
R R[T ]
V1 V2
Q RT

Method: 1 V

dU C v T

(1)

dU
0 . Now bernaulis equation between (1) and (2):
dVolume

liquid :
P1 0

dU
0 while for
dVolume

Ra
V

R
R

. Here
r 1 x 1

a
a
T

T
V

PV 2 = aR = constant. Compare with PV x = const x = 2

R
R
R
R T (2 r)
R
(2 r ) Q nCT
(2 r ) T Q
r 1
r 1
r 1
r 1

Ans

175

Q: 2.44: dW dU v = no. of mole of gas. dW = KdU K = constant PdV = KvCvdT P

vRT
V

R dV
dT
R
vRT
PV
dV KvC v dT T
KC v T KC ln V ln T ln K1 K1 = constant
V
vR
v
v

1R

ln V R KC v ln K1 T
KCV

K1T V R KC v

K1

1 R
R KC v
PV
KC V
V
PV
const
vR

n const PVn = const Ans

Q: 2.45: PVn = const. -------(i) We know


n 1 = no. of mole of gas dQ = dV + dW n1CdT
= n1CvdT + PdV ------(ii) differentiate equation (i) : nPVn-1 dV + VndP = 0 nPdV + VdP= 0 ------n RdT
---(iii) Also : PV = n 1RT PdV + VdP = n1RdT from (iii): PdV-nPdV = n 1RdT PdV 1
1 n
n RdT
n R
R
R
R

put in (ii) : n1CdT n1C v dT 1


n1C n1C v 1 C C v
C
1 n
1 n
1 n
r 1
n 1
P
Q: 2.46: Argon : V0 V0 P0 0 . If this is Polytropic process then PV x = const

P0
x
V0 x
P0 V0

R
R

ln

r 1
1
ln

V0 x

V0 x

V0 x

ln
x
ln .

R (n r )
R
R
ln

Assume = n ln C
C (n 1) (r 1)
r 1 n 1

Q: 2.47: n = 1.50 C

T hen

Ans

(n r) R
R
R

(a) Q vCT Here v 1 = CT Q (n 1) (r 1) T


r 1 n 1

(b) Compare : C = CV + C0. Here C0 is constant which provide work done dW = vC0 dT Here v
= 1 dW = C0 dT C 0

R
1 n

Then W

R
T
1 n

Ans

Q: 2.48: Method : 1 P = V Pv-1 = . Compare with polytropic gas equation : PVn = const
n = -1

Then (c) Molar heat capacity of gas is given by : C

1
R
R
1
R 1 r

R
C

r 1 1 1
2 r 1
r 1 2

Ans (c)

R
R

-----(i)
r 1 n 1

176

(b)

Compact ISC Physics (XII)


vR
R
dT
dT w vR T -----(ii)
Work portion in equation (i) : dw v

2
1 1
2

Calculation

of

final : Pf V0 Tf

PV

P V
V02
initial : P0 V0 vRT0 T0 0 0

vR
vR
V2
V02
V0 0

put in (i )

vR
vR

vRT

V0 V0
vR

2 V 2 2 1 V 2
VR
0
0
w
2
vR
2
V2
vR 2
U
0
vR
r 1

Method

(a)

2 1 V0 2

Ans

V = vCVT U

(a)

P V
V0 2
T0 0 0
vR
vR

2 1 V0 2

r 1

Ans

V 2
T Tf Ti 2 1 0

vR

(b) dw =

dV

V0 2 2

vR

nV0
2 V0

VdV

2
V0
V0

(c) nCdT nC vdT PdV ------(i) Also PV = vRT


T V2 = vRT

vRdT
vRdT
2VdV = vRdT 2 dV vRdT nCdT nC v dT
PdV

2
2

C CV

vR
T
r 1

2 1 V02

r 1

U vC v T vR T
r -1
W

put in (i)

R
R
R
R (1 )

C
Ans
2 1 2
2( 1)

Q: 2.49: Method : 1 (a) d = - nCVdT Here molar heat capacity is C then nCdT = -nCVdT
C C v
v-1 x

TV

v 1
2

R
1

Ans

(b) Also we know C

v 1
Then PVx = const Put
2

R
R
R
2
1

2x-2 =
1 x 1 1
v 1 x 1

vRT
vRT x
Then
V const TV x-1 = const
V
V

const Ans (c) We know d = dU + dW Here d = -dU Then dW = -2(dU) 2

2vR
T
r 1

vR
dT
r 1

177

r 1

r 1

Calculation of T: T0 V0 2 T V0 2


T T0 1

v 1

2
2RT0
W
2vRT0
1


v 1

v=1
v 1

r 1
2

r 1

T T0
1

v 1

2
1 1
2RT0
W
v 1

Method : 2 (a) d = nCvdT nCdT = nCvdT C

R
r 1

v1

1 2

Ans (b) Also we know d =

nCvdT + PdV (nCvdT) = nCvdT + PdV PdV = 2nCvdT. Also we know P


nRT
R
dV 2 n
dT
V
r 1
r 1
TV 2

(r 1) dV
dT

2
V
T

r 1

ln V ln KT .
2

r 1

1
const TV 2 const
K

Ans (c) dW 2nCv dT

2
2RT0
r 1

)
calculate T as method : 1 and put.
r 1

Q: 2.50:

PV
PV
P = T -------(i) T
put -------(i) P

vR
vR

R
R
R
R
R
C

R (1 )

v 1
1 v 1
v 1 x 1
1
vR

T vR (1 ) T

Here v = 1

2nR
2nR
dT W
T
r 1
r 1

v R

x
P1 CV P C1V 1 PV 1 Const Compare with PV = Const

(b)

r 1
V 2

Ans

KT

nRT

PV

Ans

W R (1 ) T

(a) dW v
dT
x 1

Ans

178

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

Q: 2.51: U = aV. We know that U


Compare with PVx = const x = 1-

(a)

Given vCvT = U

PV vRT

Then
r 1 r 1

(b) C

PV
aV PV1- = a(r-1) = const.
r 1

R
R
R
R
R
R

C
r 1 1 1 r 1
r 1 x 1

Ans

R R r 1
vR
(r 1) U
T U T
vCT v r - 1 vR T
r -1
vR

1
r 1
1
( r 1) U
U 1

r 1 (r 1) U

Ans

r 1
W U U 1
U

U(r 1)

Ans

dT
Q: 2.52: (a) T T0 e V dT T0 V dV dV
We know dQ = dU + dW ------(i)
T0e V
PV = vRT PdV + VdP = vRdT ------(ii) Here T = T0eV
PdV

vRT0 e V
V

dT
vRdT


V from (1)
T0 e V

PV
T0 e V
vR

vCdT vC v dt

vRT0 V
e Now
V

vRdT
R
C Cv
V
V

Q: 2.53: P P0 V dP 2 dV (a) We know dQ = dU + PdV nCdT = nCvdT + pdV----(i)


V

dV

dV nRdT
nRdT PdV
We know PV = nRT PdV + VdP = nRdT PdV V
2
V
V
nR
PdV + (P 0P) dV = nRdT P0 dV nRdT dV P dT put in (i)
0

R
R
R

nRdT
C
P0
C
R 1
nCdT nC v dT P0

vP
r 1
V P0
r 1
V P0

rR
R
C

Ans (b) P P0 e V dP P0 e V dV dQ = dU + dW nCdT = nCvdT


r 1 VP0
V

+ pdV ----(i) PV = nRT PdV + vdP = nRdT PdV V P0 e dV nRdT

nRdT
PdV V P0 e V dV dV nRdT PdV + VPdV = nRdT PdV
put in (i)

1 V
nCdT nC v dT

nRdT
R
R
R

C Cv
C
1 V
1 V
r 1 1 V

179

(b)

PV = RT P0 V V RT

P0 V
T
R

P
R
U C v T
T U 0 V2 V1
r 1
r 1

V
W P0 V2 V1 ln 2 V1

P V V1 r
V
Q 0 2
ln 2
r 1
V1

C Cv

(b)

P0
P
V 0 V2 V1
R
R

P0
V2 V1 P0 V2 V1 ln V2
r 1
V1

Ans
dT
Also dQ = dU + dW vCdT = vCvdT + PdV

PdT
P
P RT
RT

C Cv
----(i) PV = vRT
T
C C v

v
v
V
V

RT0
RT0
RT
R
rR RT0
T0 V C

R C

C C p
V
r 1 V
r 1 V
V

V2

P0 dV
Ans dW = PdV
V
V1

Q U W

Q: 2.54: T = T0 + V (a) dT dV dV
vCdT = vCvdT +

Ans

RT0
T = T0 + V dT = dV dQ = vCdT Here v = 1 dQ = cdT C p V dT

V2
V2
RT0

RT0
dV Q C V V RT ln V2
dV Q C p dV
C p
p 2
1
0
V1
V

V1
V1 V

Ans

Q: 2.55: (a) C = Cv + T dQ vCdT v C v T dT dQ vCdT v TdT ----(i) Also dQ


= dU + PdV -----(ii) Compare (i) and (ii): PdV = v TdT P

vRT
vRT
dV vTdT
put
V
V

T
V
dV

e R Ve T R C const
dT ln V T ln C1
1
C1
V
R
R

(b)

C = CV + V dQ = vCdT dQ = vCvdT + vVdT Compare with dQ = vCvdT + PdV

PdV = vVdT
R

Ans

vRT
dV dT
vRT
1
dV vVdT
R
dV v VdT
R ln C1T
2
V
T
V
V
V
R

C T e V Te V const
1

Ans

180
(c)

Compact ISC Physics (XII)


C = Cv + ap PdV vapdT dV va dT r = vaT + C1 For 1 mole gas : v = 1

V = aT + C1 V-aT = C1 = const
T0

Q : 2.56: (a) from (i) :

W ln

R
T0 (n 1)
r 1

pdV C v dT PdV

RT
C v dT
dV
T
V

C v ln T

T0

dT C v dT
T0 T
T0

W PdV

(b) C

W ln C vT0 ( 1)

dQ vCdT v dT . Compare with dQ = vCvdT +


T
T

RT

dT -----(ii) P
V
T

(C v T) dT R

put i n (i) C v dT
dV
V

RT

dV dT
V
T

C v dT
dT
dV

R
2
T
V
T

C
R
R ln KV ln T v KV
T C v KV R e T T C v V R e T const

T
T

C v R
R
C

PV v R R
( r 1)
Cv
PVCv
PV

V
e

const

PV
e
Const

r PV const

PV
e
R

Ans

a
Q: 2.57: We know vandervall gas equation : P
(v b) RT ----- (i) W dW PdV from
V 2

V2
V2 b 1
1
RT
a
RT
a
a
Ans

dV W RT ln
(1) : P v b 2 Then W

V1 b
2
V
V2 V1
V1 v b V

Q: 2.58: (a) Internal energy of one mode: U C v T

temp. T U1 C v T

a
a
U 2 C vT
V1
V2

a
VM

where VM = volume of 1 mole gas at

1
a
a
1
U U 2 U1 V V a V V
1
2
2
1

Ans

a
RT
a
P n a (V nb) nRT
(b) We know
n 1 P 2 ( v b) RT P v b 2
2
V
V
V

v2
v2
1
v2 b
RT
a
1
W dW v b dv 2 dv RT ln v b a v v .
Now
Q dW U
2
1
1
v1
v1 v

RT ln

1
1
v2 b
1
1
v b
a a Q RT ln 2
Ans
v1 b
v1 v
v 2 v1
v1 v 2

181

a
a
a
Q: 2.59: (a) P 2 (v b) RT -----(i) U C v T ----------------(ii) dU C v dT 2 dV .
v
V
v

RT
For adiabatic process : dQ = 0 = dU + pdV -dU = PdV C v dT dV

V b
C dT
dV
C
v

v ln TK ln( V b) V b ( TK ) C v R V b T C v R K C v R
RT
Vb
R

V b T Cv

K C v R T ( V b ) R C v Const

Ans

dQp = CvdT +PdV CpdT = CvdT + PdV ------(i) P

a
a
differiate w.r.t. V: 0 3 dV (v b) P 2 dV RdT
V
V

(b)

adV

abdV
V

PdV

C p dT C v dT RdT

ab
V

dV

dV RdT

dV
ab
dV R
ab
R


3
dT
dT P V 3 P
V

Cp C v R

2abR
3

V P

PdV RdT

Cp C v R

ab dV
V 3 dT

Cp C v R

a
RT
a
(V b) RT P

2
V b v2
v
( v b)
a
adV PdV
dV RdT
3
V
V2

abdV
V3

put in (i) ---------(ii)

-------------(iii)

from

(ii)

ab R
ab
abR Rab

3P
3
V
V P
V 3P V 3P

2abR

R
C Cv
a p
1 2a ( V b ) 2

2
V

b
RTV 3
V

3 RT

Q: 2.60: We know : dQ = dU + dW Here dW = 0 dQ = 0 Then dU = 0 Ui = Uf


vC v T1

1
v2
v 2a
v 2a
vC v T2
C v T2 T1 va v v v C v T va v ( v v )
v1
v 2 v1
2
1
2
1
1 1

vav 2
vav 2 (r 1)
T C v (v v ) T Rv (v v )
v 1 1
2
1 1
2

Value

v1

v2

Ans
v

vaccum

v 2a
v2a
Q: 2.61: We know : Q = U + W Calculation of U : U1 vC v T
U 2 vC v T
V1
V2
1
2 1
U v a v v . Calculation of W : w PdV zero . Because work done against Vaccum
1
2

1
1
v 2 v1
is zero Q = U + W Q v a v v Ans Q v a v v
1 2
2
1
Ans

T const
v1 v 2

182

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

2.3 Kinetic theory of gases, Boltzmanns law and maxwells distribution


Q: 2.62: P = 4 10-15 atm at room temp. We know
: P = nKT. Where n = no. of gas particles/volume
P
4 10 15 1.01 10 5
n

/ m 3 110 5 / cm 3
8 .3
KT

300
23

P = 41015 atm at room temp.


N2

6.02310

Since in 1 cm3 volume no. of molecules are = 105 one molecules occupied volume is = 10-5 cm3. This
volume will be like cube then side of cube is :
1

l v

10

5 3

1
l 10 106 cm 10 3 102 cm l = 2 10-2 cm = 0.2 mm Ans

Q: 2.63: Suppose initial no. of molecules of gas is v1 then PV = v1RT

10 5

cm ,

v1 = PV/RT. no. of (molecules + atoms) in gas finally : (1 )

PV
PV
2
.
RT
RT

Due to disassociation, no of particle is increase by 2 times. v f ( 1)

N2

PV
,
RT

V, m, T

( 1) PV
RT p ( 1) P -----(i). Calculation of initial pressure (P):
RT
mRT
( 1) mRT
RT P
Pf
put
in
(i)

Ans
MV
MV

p V V RT

m
PV
M

Q: 2.64: Suppose no. of molecules per unit volume of He is n 1 and that of N2 is n2. Also molar mass
of H1 and N2 are M1 and M2. Then We know density of mixture = Total mass/Total volume
m1 m 2
1 2 n1M1 n 2 M 2 ------(i) Also : P = nKT P = (n + n ) KT -------(ii) from
1
2
v

PM 2
P

KT
KT
M
M
KT

2
2
P

n
n
M1
(i) and (ii): n1M1 KT n1 M 2 1
1
Ans
M1
M1 M 2
1
1

M2
M2
Q: 2.65: momentum transfer is one callision = 2mvcos no.
v, n

of molecules collides per second = (VA)

dP
V (2 mv Cos ) A F = 2nmV2ACos F/A = P =
dt net
2nmv2Cos Ans

Q: 2.66: We know Vs Vsound

to contribute energy.

wall

P
v s2 P
2

1
where i = modes of degree of freedom

P
i

v 2
s 1
P

2
v s2
1
P

put value i = 5 Ans

183

Q : 2.67:
v
v rms

1 2i

RT
M

(2 i )
3i

vrms

3RT
M

v
r

vrms
3

Ans (a) Monoatomic : i = 3

Vibrational mode will be not active. i 5

vrms

Here

v
5

vrms
9

25

3x5

7
15

2
2
1
i
i

Ans (b) Rigid diatomic :


Ans

i
KT . i = no. of translational digree of freedom + no. of rotational
2
DoF +2 (no. of vibration DoF). Linear N-atomic molecules : i = 3+2+2 (3N-5) = 6N - 5

Q: 2.68: Kinetic energy (K.E.) =

6N 5
KT 3N 5 2 KT . Network (non linear atomic) i = 3 + 3 + 2 (3N - 6) = 6N + 6 KE
2

1
12 = 6N - 6 K.E. (6 N 5) KT = (3N-3) KT = 3(N-1) KT Ans
2
R
i
2
R 1
Q: 2.69: Molar heat capacity (C) at constant volume : C C v
r 1 2
i
2 9
7
r 1
(a) Diatomic gas : i = 3 + 2 +2 (3 x 2 - 5) = 7 C R Ans
Ans
7 7
2
2
6N 3
6N 5

R r 1
(b) Linear-N-atomic : i = 3 + 2 + 2 (3N - 5) = 6N - 9 C
6 N 5 6N 5
2
6N 5
R 3( N 1)
(c) Non linear-N-atomic : i = 3 + 3 + 2 (3N - 6) = 6N - 9 C
2

2
6 N 4 3N 2 N 2 / 3

6 N 6 6 N 6 3N 3
N 1

Q: 2.70: For isobaric process :

Ratio

dQ = nC pdT dW = nRdT

P const

dW R
6N 5

dQ C p C p R C v from Q 2.69: C v 2 R (linear )

Cp R

6N 5
R
2

Rx 2
2
1
(6 N 3)R 3

(2 N 1) R Ratio
3
(
2
N

1
)
R
3
(
2
N

1
)
(
3
N

3 / 2)
2
2

R
1
Ans For Cv = 3(N-1)R (For nonlinear) Cp = R + 3 (N - 1) R = (3N - 2) R Ratio (3N 2) 3N 2

Q : 2.71: C v = 0.65 C p = 0. 91

Cp
Cv

0.91
2
1
0.65
8

2 0.91
0.26

1
i
.65
0.65

0.65 2 x 65

5 . Calcalation of molar mass : We know R = 8.3 joule/mole K. C - C = 0.91 p


v
0.26
26
0.65 = 0.26 J/gK For 1 gm, value of Cp - Cv is 0.26 For 1 mole, value of Cp - Cv is 0.26
M where M is molar mass then 0.26 M = 8.3 M = 32 Ans
i 2

184

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

Q: 2.72: (a) Cp = R + Cv Cv = Cp - R =

Cp
V
i

R i 2 R 1 Ans (b) PT = const P nR const


2

Pv 2 const Pv x const x = 1/2 Also C 1 x 1 1 C x 1


1
C
1
C

1
1
C
1

2

R
x
1 i 2
1 1
R x 1 Ans
1 R x 1

i
3
5
v1 R v 2 R
2(v1 v2 )
3v1R 5v 2 R
R
2
v 1

Q: 2.73: C v (mix) 2
C v (mix)

3v1 5v2
2 (v1 v2 )
r 1
v1 v 2

2v1 2v2
5v1 7v2
v 3v 5v 1 v 3v 5v
1
2
1
2
P

Q: 2.74: We know

Ans

RT
R
1
T -----(i) Calculation of T:: C v T mv 2
P
M
M
2

1 mv2
P 1 mv2

put in (i): P
2 nC v
M 2 nCv

P
v2M
P
M v2

P
i RT
P
i RT

Q: 2.75: (a)

one drop

4 d
m
3 2

Q: 2.76: Adiabatic process V1

N2

K.E.

t 27 0 C 300K

1
KT (b) Vrms
2

4 d3
x
3
8

3RT

d 3
Vrms
6

3RT1
V1

V2
M

T1 T2 2 -----(i) Also we know PVv = const

vRT
V

3RT
M
3KT 6
d 3

v 1

V
n2 2
V1

2
1 1
i

V const

V2
V i
i
2 n 2 V n
1
V1

Where m = mass of

Ans

2KT

Vrms 3 d 3

3RT2
divide both equation :
M

v 1
v 1 from (i) :
T2 2 V1v 1 T2 V2v 1
TV v 1 const T1V1 T2 V2

V
2
V1

v 100 m / s

Ans

3RT
Ans
M

Vrms

1 R v2
v2

2 i / 2R
i

T1
T2

185

Q: 2.77:

3RT1
Vrms
M

Vrms

3RT2
M

m
Q C v T -----(ii) from (i) :
M
Q

1
Here T1 T

T1
2
T2 T2 T1 ------(i)

T2 T1 T 1 2 T1 2 1 T put in (ii) :

m
m i
C v 2 1 T Q
R 2 1 T
M

M 2

m, N 2 , T

Ans

1
1
2
2
I yy Wyy

I zz Wzz
2
2
= Wzz = Wsq Iyy = Izz = I.

Q: 2.78: Rotational kinetic energy : K.E.

By symmetry it is assumed that Wyy


1
1
2
2
2
K.E.
IWsq
I Wsq
IWsq
------(i). A/c to equipartition law of
2
2
energy : K.E.

1
KT
2

We know PVv = const

TV v 1 const

vRT v
V const
V

V
T0 V v 1 T

Diatomic

KT
I

Ans

Adiabatic

v 1

V, T0

V/, T

T T0 v 1 ----(i). Mean kinetic energy of rotational motion : K.E.

motion K.E.

(no. of degree of fredom) no. of degree of freedom of rotation motion of diatomic

1
2
KT (2) KT -----(i) from (1) and (2) : KE IWsq
Wsq
2

gas = 2 K.E.
Q: 2.79:

1
(i) KT i = 2 Rotational
2

2
1
1 1
(2) KT0v 1 Ans
K.E. KT0 2 / i
i
K
.
E
.

KT

2
0

Ans

1
nv
4
= const

Q: 2.80: We know no. of collision per second per unit area of wall : v
Where n = no. of molecules per unit volume. We know TVv-1
Ti V v 1 Tf (V )v 1

2
1 1
i

1
T Ti

1 N
8RT
v1 4 V
M

1
T Ti

diatomic gas

2/i

-----(i)

8RTi
N 8RTi
1 N

v2

M
4V M
4 V

8RT
M

1i

v2

v1

1

n

2/i

v2
1

v1

1/ i

1 i
v2
1

1
i
v1

Ans

v2
1
v
1

T
Ti

186

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

Q : 2.81: We know
1
3

2 3x 3
x 1
2

Ti V

2/3

T ( v)

1 N

4 V

2/3

R
R
R
R
5
1

R i
i 5 1
v 1 x 1
2
x 1
2
x 1

PV 5/3

1
T Ti

8RT
M

Now

V
Vi

const

vRT 5 / 3
V
const TV 2 / 3 const
V

2/3

Also

Tf
1

Ti

we

know

2/3

1/ 3

Vi

1N

4 V

4/3

8RTi
M

Vi

4/3

diatomic gas

( i 1)

i 2

51

5 2

1 3

T0

for diatomic gas

1 N
Q: 2.82: No. of collision per second per unit area : v 4 V

8RT
N
v

M
4

8RT 1 1 / 2
v T

1/ 2

1 PV
const P1 / 2 V 11 / 2 const PV-1 = const
Since v = const V T = const V

vR
R
R
R
R
Ri R R

(1 i)
Compare PVx = const C
x = -1 C i
C
v 1 x 1
2
1 1
2 2 2
-1

Q: 2.83: Vp

vp

1/2

1g
3
RT P
2RT

We know PM = RT
put P = 1.1 105 N/M 1 1 kg / m
M
M

2P
v

8RT
v
M

8P

Ans Vrms

2
v
dN
4
e u u 2 du Here u
Q: 2.84: d (( u )) N (u )
And
v

3RT
M

3P

Vrms

Ans

dN (u )
sum of fraction of gas
N

v
V Vp
V

1

molecules having ratio V between u to u + du (a) V
V
p
p
p

Then sum of fraction of molecules (u )

1 n 4

1n

e u u 2 du ( u )

e n

Ans

187

Here

(b)

V Vs
V
1
1 n Also Vs
Vs
Vs

Vs 3
3
Vs Vp
Vp 2
2

V
1 V
p

integration : (u ) 12

3 3 / 2
e

Q:

3 2

2KT
m

Vp

(a )

2.85:

T T

3
V
(1 n )

2
Vp

Vp

3
(1 n )
2

2RT
M

from (a)

Ans
3KT
m

Vrms

Vrms Vp V

3KT
2 KT

m
m

mV 2

K 3 2

Ans (b) F (u) will be maximum at maximum probable

2 KT
mv 2
T
Ans
m
2K

velocity. Hence Vp v

Q: 2.86: (a)

2
1
3

3RT
and
M

F(u)
2KT

We know

3/ 2

mv 2

2 KT 4v 2
. Let temp T at which for v1 and v2,

mv12

3/ 2

3/ 2

mv 2

2 KT 4v 2 m
2 KT 4 v 2 . Here range will be taken
e
e
1
2

2KT
mv12 mv 22
m v 22 v12
2

v
same for both e 2 KT 2 KT 2 2 T
Ans
v2
4K ln v
v

F(u) are same.


2 KT

(b)

2 KT

mv 22

3/ 2

Q: 2.87: v p

2RT

1
1

2K mN
m0

2T0K

4 v 2
2 KT
0

2KT
N
vp
m

v 2 m N

m N
2 K 1

m0

Ans

mv 2

3/ 2

2KT
o
v p
mN

v 2
2K

mN

2 T0K

4 v 2 v

3KT0 ln
m
1

2KT
v pN vpo v
m 0
m0
mN

v 2
2K

2KT

mN
m Nm0
0

mN

Ans

2 KT
m0

188

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

mH

2KT

Q: 2.88:

m
H
mHe

3/ 2

m Hv 2
2KT

3/ 2

3KT ln m 2 m
1

m 2 m1

T 1

3/ 2

m He 2
v
2 KT

m H m He
2 KT

2
H
2 ln m v
He

3/ 2

Here mH = m2 mHe = m1

m 2
v
2
KT
e
4 v 2 Here v = const but T is variable then for f(u) maximum

3/ 2

2
3 / 2 2 KT v
2
T
e

4v

mv 2 1
mv 2 1
2
T

T 3

mv

(1)T e 2K

T 5 / 2
e 2K

2K

mv 2
3
K

mv 2
3K

mVx 2

occupied this volume


3

2 kT

T 7 / 2

mv2 3 5 / 2
T

2K
2

dN
( Vx ) ( V ) (V ) dV dV 2V dV dVx
N

Probability distribution function


1

d ( u )
0
dT

Ans

2.90: Volume of differential region

m
f (Vx )

2 kT

4 v 2

(u )
2K

0T

3 / 2

m Hev 2
2KT

m He

4 v
2KT

Ans

Q: 2.89: f (u )
2KT

d ( u )
0
dT

mH 2
v
2 KT

ddV

fraction of molecules
Vx

dN
(Vx ) f (V ) f (V1) dV
N

dN m 2 mv 2 2 kT

2V1dV dVx
e
N 2kT

dVx

dN m 2 Vx 2 V y 2 V 2 z

dv
e
N 2kT
dV
V

dVx

189

VxdN
2.91: We know Mean velocity = Vx

N
m


2 kT

Vx N

m 2

V
m 1 / 2 e 2 kT x
2 kT

dx

m
2
KT 2 kT Vx

e
0 Mean speed = <|V |>
x
m

m 2 2kT Vx
1
2
2 Vx N
dVx
e
m 2 KT m Vx 2 kT
2

kT

2
e

0
m
0
| Vx |
2kT
N
| Vx | 2

m
k 2T 2

2 kT
m2

4 kT

2 m
1

m
| Vx | N 2kT

Note : | Vx |
N

m 2
Vx
2kT

dVx

Q : 2.92:

We

know

Vx
Met hod

N
:

V 2 x Vy 2 Vz 2

2 V x
2 kT
0
2

Vx 2

2 Vx
2 kT
0

Ans

2 V2 x dN

2 kT
m

| Vx |

3RT

m 2
Vx
2 kT
dVx

3KT
m

m 2
Vx
2 kT

dVx

2
Vx

Vx 2

KT
V2
2
V x
Ans
m
3

KT
m

3KT
m

Ans

Al so

Vx

dA
Q:2.93: no. of molecules/Volume = n. Fraction of molecules having velocity
dN
Vx to Vx + dVx is :
no. of molecules/volume having velocity Vx to
N
dN
no. of molecules approach per second toward wall with velocity Vx : =
Vx + dVx is = n
N

dN
dN
n
(volume travrse in one second with velocity Vx)= n
(VdA). Total no. of molecules
N
N

approach per second, per unit area of wall =

n
4

8kT n
V
m
4

Ans

dN
m

nVx N v nVx
2kT

mVx 2
e 2 kT dVx

190

Compact ISC Physics (XII)


Vx

Q:2.94: No. of molecules per unit volume = n


Momentum transfer in one collision due to one molecule = 2mVx Fraction
of molecules having velocity Vx is

dA

dN
no. of molecules per unit volume
N

dN
no. of molecules collide per second with velocity Vx
having velocity Vx to Vx + dVx = n
N
dN
dN
(volume travel in one second) = n
Vx dA Momentum transfer with Vx velocity
is : n
N

N
dN
Vx (dA ) ( 2m Vx ) Net moment transfer with walll per second
per second n
N

dF

dN
dF
m
2nmVx2

n N Vx (dA) (2mVx) p
dA

2kT

Q:2.95:

Q :2.96:

1

v

V1 (dN)

2m
4 v
KT

We know :

dN
V1 N

1 m

V 2 kT

e 2 kT

2 m v2

2 KT

Vx 2

dVx P = nKT Ans

4v 2 dv

Ans

dN m

N 2kT

2
d
d mvdv vdv
m
m

mv 2
e 2 KT 4v 2 dv

K.E.

dN m

N 2kT

32

1
mv 2 differentiate :
2

2 d
e KT 4
m m

3
dN
2 kT 2 e KT
N

d . For maximum proble value of K.E. at which no. of molecules will be

maximum f 2 kT 3 2 e KT
speed :

df
1
0 p r KT . K.E. corresponding to most probable
1
d
2

1 2KT
m
KT Ep1r
2 m

d
3
3
dN
Q:2.97: from Q. 2.96
d En . And KT
2 kT 2 e KT d ----- (1) n

2
N
32 3

3
2
2
dN
2
and KT
2
e
n

put in
(1)

KT 2
3
N
3

dN
2
2
N
3

32

32

dN
3 6 e
N

Ans

191

dN
3
KT
dN
2 KT 2 e
d where
= fraction of molecules which kinetic
N
N
energy lies between +d. Now we want sum of fraction of molecules whose kinetic energy

Q:2.98: from Q. 2.96

dN

> 0. Then N 2 KT
0

KT

dN
2

N KT 3 2

KT

Ans

2
Q:2.99: (a) F Av 3 e mv / 2 kT . Probable velocity is that velocity at which no. of molecules

will be maximum. And for maximum no. of molecules F will be maximum and hence.

1
3kT
2
(b) mv v
2
m

dN
2
A
N
m

kT

hole

dF
0
dv

2
dN
2
Av 3e mv / 2 kT dv
----(i). And d = mvdv -----(ii). Then
N
m

2
F' () A
2m
m

2me

2
e kT

For F'() maximum :

dF' ()
0 KT Ans
d

Q: 2.100:

no. of molecules making solid angle d on centre. dv' (dN)

d sin d(d) formula

d
formula and
4

no. of collision persecond at anlge on uni t area:

dN

d ( v cos )
dv (dv' ) ( volume) (dv' ) ( v cos ) 1 dv
4

1
m 2 mv2 / KT
N
4v 2 dv
v cos d =
e
2kT
4

2
m 2
mv 2 / KT 3
N
e
v
cos

(
dv
)
sin

d
2 kT v o
0
y

dv 2KT


N m

dA

sin cos d

dV

192

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

Q: 2.101: Smilar like Q:2.100 dv (dn )


0

(d )
v cos
4

2
2
m
1

mv / 2 KT
4v 2 dv
v cos sin d
e
dv N
2KT
4
0

dv m

N 2KT

mv 2 / 2 KT 3

/ 2

dv
m
v dv sin cos d

N
2KT
0

Q: 2.102: Suppose potential energy of level (1) is zero. then U0 = 0 and n0


= n

According to botlz manns formula n n e


0
( v v)
KT

2n n e

ln 2

KT
ln 2
h

level 1

2n

level 2

KT

U
U = KT ln2. Since filed is uniform hence force will be uniform
KT

and work done by force = - (Uf - U0)

(u u0 )

2
e mv / 2 KT v 3dv

KT
ln 2 Magnitude of force :
Fh U f U F
h

Ans
3

Q: 2.103: On droplet, force is arised due to mass changed and hence F mg

from Q.No. 2.102 F


n f n 0 e
ln n

Uf Ui

KT

4 d
d 3

g
3 2
6

6RT ln n
( d 3p) hg
R
KT
d3pg

ln n
K
N A 3
6T ln n
NA
d phg
h
6

Ans

Here Uf = mgh U f mgh Here n0 = n nf n f nn f e mgh / KT

mgh d 3 gh

KT
6

NA

RT

6RT ln n

N A
d 3gh

Q:2.104: Also n1 ' n1 e M1gh / KT n 2 ' n 2 e M 2 gh / KT

n1' n1 (M 2 M1 ) gh / KT
n

e ( M2 M1 ) gh / KT where
n2 ' n2
no
M1 is mass of H2 molecule M2 is mass of N2 molecule

N2

H2
n1
n1 '

n1
n0
n2

n2

n1'
n2 '

n 21

193
Q:2.105: Also n1 ' n1 e m1gh / KT n 2 ' n 2 e m 2gh / KT Here
n1 ' n 2 '

n1 e m1gh / KT n 2 e m 2gh / KT

Then

n1

n2

m1, m2

T, g

h
n2 > n 1

n2
n
KT ln n1
ln 1 (m1 m 2 ) gh / KT h KT ln
h
n2
g (m1 m 2 )
g(m 2 m1 )

Q:2.106: We know P = nKT

n1

n2

n = density of molecules

n f n 0 e mgh / KT

Pf
Pi mgh / KT

KT KT

Pf Pi e mgh / KT

At temp T = T0 Pf ' Pi e mgh / KT 0

At temp T = T0 Pf " Pi e
Pf "

m2 > m1

mgh / KnT 0

T
h

1
mgh / KTo 1
. At bottom h = 0 Pf'' = Pf' = not change Ans
Pf ' e

(dm )gx where m = mass of one molecule n = no.


Q:2.107: U
0
N
of molecules per unit volume. Where N = Total no. of molecules dm =
m 0 (Adx) n

P
m0A
dx
KT

dx

mgh

m0A

P0e KT Adx
KT

m gh / KT
dx
x e 0
moA

mgh
/
KT
P0 e
gxdx m g 0
e mgh / KT

o
P
KT
N nAdx 0
Adx Then U
m gh / KT
P
dx

mgh
/
KT
0
KT
x e 0
Adx
KT e
0
<U> = KT.
Constant and not depends on type of molecule.

nf
mwl / KT
1
Q:2.108: Here effective accleration will be : geff = w n f n 0 e mwl / KT n 1 e
0
n 1 e mwl / KT ln(n 1)

mwl
KT(ln(1 n ))
W
KT
ml

l
(1)

Ar
T

geff

(2)
w

KT ln(1 n)
KTn
Magnitude of acceleration : W
Also we know ln (1+x) x W
Ans
ml
ml

194

Compact ISC Physics (XII)


w

Q:2.109: Excess force on particle is arised due to change in


density. Then F = (dm) rw2 where

m
= Volume of particle

r2

r1

m
0 rw 2 m = mass of one molecules. Then po
2

tential energy U

M ( 0 ) r w
2

n n 0 e m ( 0 ) r

dr2

w / 2KT

dr1

n ( r2 )
ne
n ( r1 )

m ( 0 ) w 2 2 2
r2 r1
2KT

m( 0 ) w 2 r22 r12
2KT ln n
N A 2KT ln n

m
M NA m
ln n
2KT
( 0 ) w 2 r2 2 r12
( 0 ) w 2 r2 2 r12

2RT ln n

( 0 ) w 2 r2 2 r12

Q: 2.110: Centrifugal force on particle of mass m. Where m is mass of one molecule of

T, l

1 2
2
CO 2 . Then Potential energy: F mrw and P.E. mr / 2w Then
2
2

n n 0e mr

ln n

/ 2 w 2 / KT

m2w 2
w
2KT

nf
n0

n e ml

2(ln n ) KT
ml

/ 2 w / KT

= e ml 2 / 2 w 2 / KT

2KT ln n
ml

2KT ln n
Ml 2

2
Q:2.111: (a) n n 0 e ar / KT where n0 = no. of molecules/volume at

T
0
n0

centre. n = no. of molecules/volume at distance r from centre.


2
dN n 0 e ar / KT 4r 2 dr

r2

r1

U = ar

Then dN n (4r 2dr)

(b) At most probable distance, temp = const. then for maximum dN.

df
2
f e ar / KT r 2 will be maximum then dr 0 r

KT
(c) Fraction of molecules in region r r+dr..
a

2
n e ar / KT 4r 2 dr
dN
3
0
dN a 2
N
2 ar 2 / KT
2
2 ar / KT

dr Ans (d) Compare Ans (a) and


4r e

n
4

r
e
dr
0

N KT

Ans (c) n 0 N
KT

by n 3 / 2 Ans

Tin
If Temp decreases n times T
Then concentration increases

195

dU = 2ardr r

Q:2.112: (a) U = ar2


dN 2 n 0 a
3

2.4

U 2 e

U1 / 2 e

KT

KT du

Ans

will be maximum then

U
a

dr

U dU
dU
e U / KT
then dN n 0 4
2ar
a 2 aU

(b) For most probably value of U at constant temp.


df
1
0 U KT Ans
dU
2

The second law of thermodynamics, entropy

T2
T2
Q:2.113: n 1
If T1 increased by T then new efficiency. n 1
=
T1
T1 T
T2 T2
T2 T
T (1 T) 1
1 2
= 1 T 2 T If T 2 by T then n" 1 T
=
T1
T1
1 T1
1
1

T1

T2 T
T2 T T
T2

---(ii) from (i) and (ii) : T T T 1 because T2 T1


T1 T1
1
1
1

T2

Then efficiency of second case will be more than that of first n > n Ans
nRT r
V const T V r-1 =
Q:2.114: (a) We know PV r = const.
V
T1
n r 1 efficiency ()
const T1V0 r 1 T2 ( nv 0 ) r 1
T2
r
T
1
RT
1 2 1
1 n 1 r (b)
r
P
PV const p = const
T1
r 1

1 r

P01 r

T1

P
0
2

efficiency () 1

T2

T2
P1 r T r const
T1

1 r
T2
1 2 r

T1

T1

4
T2
v0

T1

1 r

T
21 r 2 2 r
T1

1 2 (1 / r 1)

nv0

P0

T2

P0 /2

Ans
P

Q2

Q1 Q 2
Q
T
T
1 1 1 1 1 1
Q:2.115: (a) Engine : Q
Q
T
T
2
2
2
2

T2

Q1

Refrigerater : n R

nR

Q1
W

1
1 n
1
1 n R n
1 n

Q1
1
nR

Q
Q 2 Q1
2 1
Q

Ans

nR

T1

1
T1
1
T2

V
P

Q2
T2

T1
Q1
V

196

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

Q:2.116: Let initial pressure, volume and temp is P0, V0, T1 Process 1-2 : Q
= U + W U = 0 (Isothermal process) Q1 2
Here

P
T1

P0

V
W nRT1 ln 2
V1

2
T2

4
6

V2
x Q
12 nRT1 ln x V2 xV1
V1

T3

V0

Process 3-4 : Q12 nRT1 ln x Calculation of P1V1T :


P V
P
P
P2 V2 P0 V0 V2 0 0 x 0 P2 0 P V r P V r TV r 1 const.
x
2 2
3 3
P2
P2

1
T1 r 1
T
r 1
r 1
T1V2
T2 V3 V3 V2
xV0 1
T2
T2

T
V5 V4 2
T3

1
r 1

T
x 2 V0 1
T2

1
r 1

T2

T
3

1
r 1

1
r 1

V4 xV3 x 2 V0 T1
T
2

T
x 2 V0 1
T3

V
Process 5-6 : Q 56 nRT3 ln 6 V nRT3 ln
5

1
r 1

1
r 1

T1V0 r 1 T3 V6 r 1 V6 V0 T1

V0 T1 T
3

1
r 1

T3

1
r 1

x 2 V0 T1 T
3

1
r 1

Q 56 URT3 ln x That

given to system : AQgiven Q12 Q 34 = (nR lnx) (T1 + T2)


Work Done : W= Qnet = nR lnx (T1 + T2 - 2T3) efficiency (n)
1

W
Q given

T1 T2 T3
T1 T2

2T3
Ans
T1 T2

Q:2.117: Suppose initial pressure, volume and temp. are P0, V0, T0 Process 1-2: Q1 2 vC v T2 T0 Here T2 > T0
Process 3-4:

Q 3 4 vC v (T4 T3 )

W Q1 2 Q 3 4 vC v (T2 T0 T4 T3 )

Heat given : Q1 2 Q given vC v T2 T9

P
2

Process 2-3 Q = 0
Here T 3 > T 4
.

3
P0

T0
1
4

T T
w
efficiency ()
1 4 3
Q given
T2 T0

V0

nV0

197
Process -1: T0 V0 r 1 T4 (V0 ) r 1 T3 T2 1 r

Process 2-3:

T0 V0 r 1 T3 (V0 ) r 1 T3 T2 1r put in (i) : 1

T0 T2 1r 1 1r
T2 T0

1 1 r Ans
P

Q:2.118: Process 1-2 : Q = 0 Here (T3 > T2)


Process 2-3 : Q 2 3 vC p T3 T1
Process 4-1 : Q 4 1

nP2

vrR
T3 T2 Process 3-4 : Q = 0
r 1

P0

vrR
T0 T4
vC p T1 T4
r 1

w Q 2 3 Q 4 1

1 T0

V0

vrR
T3 T2 T0 T4 Heat given : Q given vrR T3 T2
r 1
r 1

T T2 T0 T4
T T4
efficiency () 3
1 0
----------(i)
T3 T2
T3 T4
T3 r nP0 1 r Tr 4 P0 1 r

Calculation of T 3 and T 2 :

1r

Again T4 P0

T4 P01 r T2 T0 n

1 r
1
1
r
T4 T3 n
T3 n r

1
T T3 n
1 0
r put in (i) :

T3 T3 n
1
1
1 n r

Ans

1
1
r
1
1
r

Q:2.119: Process 1-2: Q1 2 vC v (nT0 T0 ) vC v (n 1)T0


Process 2-3: Q 23 vC p (n 2T0 nT0 ) vC v n (n 1)T0
Process 3-4: Q 3 4 vC v (T4 n 2 T0 )

n T0
3

T0
P0

1
V0

V3

2
Q C v (n 1)T0 C v n( n 1) T0 C v (T4 n T0 ) C p (T0 T4 )

--(i)
W
C v ( n 1)T0 C v n ( n 1) T0

P4
T4
Relation b/w T4 and T0 : P 2
----(ii)
n T0
3
(n r )
1 rn

(1)

Q 41 vC v (T0 T4 ) Work done (w) Q1 2 Q 23 Q 34 Q 41 Heat given

(Q) Q12 Q 23 efficiency ()

1
1
r

P
nT0

Process-1:

Ans

P4
nT

----(iii) from (ii) and (iii) T4 = n3 T0 put in (i)


P3
T0

198

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

Q :2.120: (a) T2 nT0 (Higher temp) T1 T3 T0 (isothermal process)


Q12 vC v (nT0 T0 ) vC v T0 (n 1)

Process 1-2:
Q13 vRT0 ln

v0

Process

P
2

3-1:
1

v 3 Work done (w) = Q12 + Q13 Heat Given (w) = Q12

Q
w Q12 Q13

1 13
Q
Q12
Q12

R ln v 0 v

V0

----------(i)

C v (n 1)

3
T0 = const

v
r 1
T0 V3 r 1 n 3
Using adiabatic process : T2 r0 r 1 T3 V3 r 1 nT2 r0
v0

r 1

v0
1
v r 1 put in
n
3

1
( r 1)
1
R (r 1)
1
ln n 1 r
ln n Ans
(i) 1
1
ln 1 n r 1
( n 1)
n 1
R (n 1)

v
(b) Process 1-2: Q12 vRT0 ln 2 v1

Q 23 vC p (T3 T2 )

Process 2-3 :

vC p (nT0 T0 )

Q23

nT0

vC p T0 (n 1) . Work done (w) = Q12 + Q23 Heat given (Q) = Q23

T1 T2 T0

R ln v 2 v
w Q12 Q 23
Q
1
1 12 1
effficienc y () Q Q
Q 23
C p (n 1)
23

R (r 1) ln

= 1

v2

v1

vR (n 1)

v2

(r 1) ln

v1

r (n 1)

T0

isothermal

T3 nT0

----- (i)

Calculation of v2/v1 : Take help of adiabtic process : Trr-1 = const (nT0 ) ( v 3 ) r 1 T0 (V1 ) r 1
1

T3 T2
n
1
1 r 1
1 r 1
V3 v1
Also V V (isobanic) v v nV2 V3 Then nV2 V1

3
2
3
2
n

n
r

V2 1 1 r 1
(r 1)
ln n
ln n
1 r 1
1
ln
1
1
Ans
V1 n n
r (n 1) n
n 1
n 1

Q:2.121: (a) Process 2-3: Q23 vRnT0 ln

V3

V2

Process 3-1: Q 31 vC v (T1 T3 ) vC v (T0 nT0 )


Work

done

(Q) Q 23 Q 31

(Q) Q 23 efficiency ()
1

C v T0 (1 n )
RnTo ln

V3

V2

Heat

(1 n )
V3

isot
herm
al

Q 31
w
1
Q
Q 23

n(r 1) ln

given

T2 T3 nT0
T1 T0

1
V

V2

----(i)

199
V3

Calculation of
1

r 1
T1V1r 1 nT2 V2 r 1 T0 V3 r 1
V2 : using adiabatic process: T2 V2

V3
n r 1
V2

V2 n r 1 V3

put in (i) 1

(1 n )
1 n
(1 n )
nn r 1 1
1
n ln n
n (r 1) ln
n ln n
P

(b) T2 T3 nT0 T1 T0

V
Process 2-3: Q23 vRnT0 ln 3 V2

isothermal

T2 T3 nT0
T1 T0

Q 31 vC v (T1 T3 ) vC v (T0 nT0 )

Process 3-1:
Work

done

(w ) Q 23 Q 31

Heat

given

C (1 n )
r (1 n )
Q 31
w
1 v
1
V3
(Q) Q 23 efficiency () Q 1 Q
Rn ln V
(r 1) ln V3 V ---------(i)
23
2
2
T0
V1
1
V3
V
Calculation of 3 V2 : using is isobaric process: V nT n V1 n using adiabatic process:
3
0
T1 V1

r 1

T2 V2

r 1

V3

T0
V2

r 1

V
nT0 V2 r 1 3
V2

n.n r 1 n r

r(1 n ) r
(1 n )
(1 n )
1 (r 1) n ln n r 1 1 n ln n 1
n ln n

Q :2.122:

Process

2-3:

Q23 vRnT0 ln

V3

r 1

V3
n r 1
V2

put in (i)

Ans
P
2

V2

isothermal

R
Process 3-1: Q 31 v C v x 1 T0 nT0 Work done

adiabatic

V3

V2

T3 T2 nT0

1
V

(w ) Q 23 Q31 Heat given (Q) Q 23 Q 23


Rn ln
Q 23 Q1
w

Q given
Q 23

T1 T0
Polytropic

Cv
Cv
(1 n )
(1 n )
x
1
x

1
---(i)
Rn ln V3 V
Rn ln V3 V

Process: T1V1r 1 T2 V2 r 1 T V r 1 nT V r 1 V n r 1 V ----(ii) TV x 1 const


0 1
0 2
1
2
1

nT0 V3

x 1

T0 V1

x 1

(n x 1 ) V3 n x 1 V2

V3
n 1
n x 1 x 1 put in (i) : 1
n ln n
V2

200

Compact ISC Physics (XII)


P

Q: 2.123: (a) Process 2-3: Q 23 vC p (T3 T2 )

nP0

Process 3-1: Q 31 vC v (T1 T3 ) Work done


(w ) Q 23 Q31 Heat given (Q given ) Q 23
Q 31
Q 31
w
efficiency ()

1
Q given Q 23
Q 23

adiabatic

P0

1
V

C p ( T3 T2 )
C v (T1 T2 )

adiabatic process:

nP0 T3
process: P T
0
1

---(i). Calculation of T1 and T3 : Using

P11 r T1r P21T2 r

P01 r T1r =

1 r

(nP2 )

T2

1

n

1 r
r

T1 T2 --(ii) Using isochoric

1 r

1 r
r nT1 T1
n

n T3 nT1 --(iii) put in (i)

1 r ( n c)
1
T1 nT1
n r 1
P

(b) Process 2-3: Q 23 vC p (T3 T2 ) Process 1-2:

P0

Q1 2 vC v (T2 T1 ) . Work done (w ) Q 23 Q1 2 Heat

Q1 2
w
1
given (Q given ) Q 23 efficiency () Q
Q 23
given
C p (T2 T1 )
1 C (T T ) ----(i) Calculation of T2 and T3 : Adiabatic
v 3
2

P0/n

1 r
1 r
P
1

r
1

r
r
r
process: P31 r T3 r P21r T1r P0
T3 n 0
T1 T3 T1
--(ii) isochonic
n
n


1 r

r
P3 T3
T3
T

T
n
3
process: P T n T2 n --(iii) put value of T2 and T1 in (i) 1 r 3 / n
2
2
T3 T3 / n

n 1
1
r 1 Ans
r (n 1)n

Q: 2.124: (a) Process 2-3: Q 23 vC p (T3 T2 )


Here T3 T2 (Q 23 ive) Process 1:

Q31 vR T3 ln

V1

V2 Here V1 V2 (Q 31 ive)

T3 T1 isothermal
2

V0

nV0

201
Process 2: Q1 2 vC p (T2 T1 ) Here T2 T1 (Q1 2 ive) Work done
(w ) Q 23 Q 31 Q12 Heat given (Q given ) Q 23 Q 31

efficiency ()

C p (T1 T1 )
Q12
w
1
1
C v (T3 T2 ) RT3 ln V1 V
Q given
Q 23 Q 31

C p (T2 T1 )
C v (T1 T2 ) RT2 ln V1 V

Here T1 = T3

---------(i)

Calculation T1, T2:


V
T2 and 1 in (i ) :
V2

Process 1-2 :
CP

nV0 T1

T2 T1 n
V0
T2

CV

T1 T1 n R Cv Tn1 ln n

(b) Process 1-2: w Q12 vR To ln

V0

---(ii)

V1
n -----(iii) put value of
V2

r (n 1)
1 n 1 (r 1)n ln n Ans

V0

vRT0 ln n ---- (iv)


P

Process 2-3:

Q 23 v C p (T3 T2 )

(ive be cause T3 T2 )

Process 3-1:

Q 31 v C p (T0 T3 ) (ine, T3 T0 ) . Work done


(w ) Q1 2 Q 23 Q 31

T1 T1 T0

T0

P0

1
V
V0/n

V0

w vRT0 ln n vC p (T3 T2 ) vC v (T0 T3 )


C (T T ) RT0 ln n
w
1 v 0 1
Heat given (Qgiven ) Q23 Q31 efficiency () Q

C p (T3 T2 )
given
Cv

R
C p ( T0 T3 ) Cp ln n

T3 T2

Calculation of T0, T3 : isochoric


1

T3 P3
T
P

3 2 (ii) (P2 P3 ) T = n To put in (i)


3
T0 P1
T0 P1

(n 1) (r 1) ln n
(n 1) (r 1) ln n
1
Ans
r (1 n)
r (n 1)

202

Compact ISC Physics (XII)


P

Q: 2.125: Process 1-2:

Q1 2 vRT0 ln V0 nv vRT0 ln n ive .


0

4 T0

Process 2-3: Q 23 vR (T3 T2 ) ive


2

Process 3-4: Q 34

nV
vRT0 ln 0 vRT0 ln n ive .
v0

1
T0

Process 4-1: Q 41 vC v (T0 T0 ) vC v T0 ( 1) ive

V0

nV0

Work done (w ) Q1 2 Q 23 Q 3 4 Q 41
w vRT0 ln n vR ln n vC v T0 ( 1) vC v (T3 T2 ) Heat given

( 1) ln n
RT0 ln n C v T0 ( 1)

(Q given ) vC v (T3 T2 ) vR ln n 1

C v (T3 T2 ) R ln n
ln v ( 1) r 1

Ans

Q: 2.126:

nP0

Process 1-2:

Q12 vC p (T0 T0 )

Process 2-3: Q 2 3 vR T0 ln

V3

4
2

ive
T0

V2

ive

P0

Process 3-4: Q 3 4 vC p (T0 T0 ) ive


Process

Heat given

Q 41 vR T0 ln

4-1:

V1

V4

Work

done

(w ) Q1 2 Q 3 4 Q 41

Q1 2 Q 23
w
1
(Q given ) Q 34 Q 41 efficiency () Q
Q 3 4 Q 41
given

C p T0 (1 ) RT0 ln V3 V
2

T4 V4
V
---- (i) Calculation 3 V2 and V1 V 4 : T V V4 V3
C p (T0 T0 ) RT0 ln V1 V
3
3
4

Isobaric process :

T1 V1

V1 V2
T2 V2

P0 V2 nP0 V4 V1 V1 n -----(iii) put in (i)

V
Isothermal process : P0 V2 nP0 V3 3 V 2

( 1) ln n ln v ( 1)

Q:.2.127 Process 1-2: This is process in which

( 1)

Ans
P
2

x
P V PV 1 const compare with PV = const x = -1

R
T0 ( 1)
Q 1 2 vC ( T0 T0 ) v C v
x 1

R
R
v ( r 1) R
Q 1 2 v
T0 ( 1)
T0 ( 1) ive
r

1
2
2 ( r 1)

1
---(ii)
n

1
T0

T0

203
Process 2-3: Q 23 vC v T3 T0 (()ive) T3 T0
Process 3-1: Q 31 vC p T0 T3 (()ive) T0 T3 Work done (w ) Q1 2 Q 23 Q 31
Heat given (w given ) Q12 efficiency ()

Q12 Q 23 Q31
Q 2 3 Q 31
1
=
Q1 2
Q1 2

C v (T3 T0 ) C v (T0 T3 )
V3 V3
(r 1)R

---(i) Calculation of T3 and T0 : isobaric process :


----(ii)
T0 ( 1)
V1 T1
2(r 1)

Polytropic process (Pv-1=const) : TV 1 const T1V1 2 T0 xV3 2


1
1

C T0 2 T0 C p T0 T0 2
r
V3
T
T

1 2
2 3 3 T3 T0 2 put in (i) : 1
( r 1) R
(
1

r )(1 )
V1
T1 T0
T0 ( 1)
2(r 1)

2
Q:.2.128 Carnot Cylce: 1 Usinng clausis inequality :
1

dQ

T 0 (irreversible cylce)

Q1
Q
Q
T
Q '
2 2 min -----(1) Irreversible cycle : ' 1 2 For irrewrshile cycle :
Tmax Tmin
Q1 Tmax
Q1 '

dA
0
T

Q1 '
Q '
Q '
Q '
Q ' T
Q ' Q
2 0 1 2 2 min ----(2) from (i) and (ii) : 2 2 therefore
T
T
T
T
Q
'
T
Q1 ' Q1
max
min
max
min
1
max

n > n Ans
Tmax

Tmax
Q1'

Q1

Control = Reversible cycle

Q2'

Q2
Tmin

= Irreversible cycle

Tmin

204

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

dA d1 d 2

2.129: Efficiency () =
d 1
d1
1

A
2
1

=
1
1

d1

4 T+ dT
2

1
d2

P
T
T
T
(dT) V from

.... (i) A = ( P) ( V) =
T T
T T
T
T V

A
A
T Also we know : = U + PdV
T = U + P dV T P = V =
(i) : 1 =
34
34

T V

U
P
P
U
+P V = T P
U + pdV T T =

V
V

V T V
2.130 : v = 1 C O2 (a)
T0

ds C
T0

Ans.

Iso choric Process : Tin = T0 ; Tf = T0 We know : ds =

d
d = Cv dT
T

dT
S C V nn S = C nn = R
nn Ans. (b) Isobaric Process : d
T
V
1

= Cp dT

ds C

2.131 : S =

R
dT
S = CP nn S =
nn Ans.
1
T

(isothermal process) S = T S .... (i). Also we know S = S + w TS = 0 +

S
Vf
S
Vf
Vf
e R Ans.
R T n V Here U = 0 , because T = const R n V
Vi
i
i

d
2.132 : Process 1 2 : S12 T

Process 2 3 : S2 3
T

T1

T2

T2

T1

dT
T
C V n 2
T1
T

dT
T
C V n 1
Net entropy change : S =
T2
T

T
T
T
CV n 2 T CP n 2 T = n 2 T1 (CV CP) .... (i)
1
1

Calculation of T1 and T2 :

P0
P0
n

(i) S = ( nn) (CP CV) Ans.

T0
T
T2
1
1
T2
T2 T1 n put in

P0

T0

=2

P2 = P0 n
P2

3 T0
V

205
2.133 : Process 1 2 : Adiabatic process : d = 0 alwalys S12 =

Process 2 3 : Isobaric process : S23 =


n

T3

T2

Calculation of

T3

T2

d
S23 =
T

: Process 2 3:

T3

T2

T
T2
3
n V0
V0

= S12 + S23 Snet = Cp n n Ans. Snet =

d
=0
T

adiabatic
3

C P dT
= CP
T

2
V

nV0

V0

T3
1
S = C n n S
23
P
net
T2
n

m rR
nn
M r 1

Ans.

2.134 : Since entropy is state function hence entropy change can be found by another process
joining (1) and (2) : Now take a random process as :
P
Process 1 3:

dT
T
C v n 3
T1
T

S1 3 C v

T1
T2

Process 3 2:

S 3 2 C P

T3

Calculation of
Process 1 3:

T3

P0/

dT
T
C P n 2
T3
T

V0

V0

P
P0

T1 :

P0
T
1
P0
T3

V0
T3
Process 3-2: V T
0
2

Snet

P0

T3

T3

T1

T2
Then
T3

P0/
V0

V0

S net C V n 1 C P n

R
R
R
R
n
n
( n n ) Snet
( n n ) Ans.
1
1
1
1

T1
2.135 : V2 = V3 T ;
2
T3

Process 1-3 :

S1 3 C P

T1

Calculation of

T3

T1 and

T2

V2
. For entropy change S S take a other process 1 3 2
2
1
V1
dT
T
C P n 3
S 3 2 C V
T1 Process 3-2 :
T

T3 :

T3
V1 T1
V1 T1 1
Process 1-3 : V T V T T (ii)
3
3
2
3
1

T2

T3

dT
T
C V n 2
T
T3
P
2

3
V

206

Compact ISC Physics (XII)


P

T3
T2
1
put in (ii) T T (iii)
2
3

Process 3-2 : T1 = T 2

put in (i) S net C P n C V n

2 T0

R
R
n
(n n )
1
1

T0

1
V

n
Ans.
S net R n
1

2.136 : We know

ds

d
T

d
d = C dT S =
T

R
R (n r)
R
R
R

n S =
S =
(r 1) (n 1)
r 1 1 n
r 1 n 1

C=

T0

T0

dT
S = C n
T

Ans.

2.137 : P V P = C1 V P V 1 = C1 Compare with PVx = Const. x = 1 Vf = Vi


Tf

S =

Ti

(Given)

C dT
R
R
1 R (r 1)
T
1
C n f (i). Hence C =

R

Ti
T
r 1 11
r

1
2 2 (r 1)

Tf

Calculation of
T V
f f
Ti Vi

1
Ti : PV = Const.

2.138: We know S =

R T V 1
= Const. T V 1 = Const. Tf (Vf) 2 = Ti (Vi) 2
V

R (V 1)
R (V 1)
2
n
put in (i) S = 2 (V 1) n S =
(V 1)

d
. For S maximum, dq must be (+)ive and when d willPbe negative S will be
T

decreasing. Then we know d = du + dw d = du + P dV 0 du P dV


CV dT P dV CV

Ans.

dT
P
dV

(Since dV = (+) ive) CV

P0

P = P0 V

dT
P
dV

dT
P

(i) Also
dV C V

P0

tan =

P
RT
dT
dT
dT
2V
0
= P0 V v R T
= P0 V V2 v R
= P0 2 V
V
dV
dV
dV R
R

(i)

put in

P0 2 V
P
PR
R
R P0 R V

P0 2 V
=
(P0 V) P0 2 V
P0
R
R
CV
CV
CV
CV
CV

207
V

R
R
1

C 2 C V
CV
V
V

Vmax =

P0 r
1 r

P0 (R C V )
P0 r
2 CV R

V 1 r Maximum Value of Volume


CV

Ans.

2.139 : S = a T + CV n T ds = a dT +

CV
dT Also we know d = dU = dW
T

And d = T ds T
T

dV
CV

RT
RT
a dT R
dT = C dT +
ds = dU + P dV T a dT
dV
T
a
dT
=
dV

V
V
T
V
V

T0
V0
R
n V
a (T T0) = R n V V T = T0 +
V0
0
a

2.140 :

dS

d
1
T S = T

V2

V2

P dV V

V1

V1

RT n

2.141 : S =

b)

RT
a

VM b V 2
M

T1

(i)

a
V

dV

1
And =
T

V b
a
dV U = RT n 2

V1 b VM

V2

U =
V1

a
Calculation of U : U = CV T V U =
M

Ans.

a
a
dU pdV
.... (i) dU = CV dT + 2 dV Vander wall equation : P 2 (V
T
V
V

RT
a
2
Vb V

RT dV
a

dV
V b V2

T2

(Because isothermal process) S =

V2 b
V b

R n 2
put in (i) = RT n V b S =
T
1

V1 b

= RT P =

C V dT

CV n

1
(V2 b)
1
U
a

(V1 b)
V2 V1

a
a

V
V
1
2

Ans.

V b

R n 2

V1 b

p d V =

RT dV
a
2
Vb
V
T2

S =

T1

Ans.

C V dT

put in (i) S =

V2

V1

R dV
vb

208

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

a T3
a T 3 dT
S =
3
T
T2
d
cdT

m
b d T S = m d dT
2.143 : d= m C dT = m (a + b T) dT ds =

T
T

T T
1
T

S = m a n 2 T b (T2 T1 )
Ans.
1

2.142 : d = C d T

ds =

d
cdT

T
T

ds

dT
=
T

T
2.144 : T = a s s =
a
n

T
C =
na

1 1
n

d
ds =
T

1 T

=
n a

1
ds =
na

a Sn

1
C=
n

1 1
n

C=

1
dT Then
na

2.145 : P V = const

SS

T
T
C

e
S = S0 + C n

T0
T0

2.146 : (a)

S=

dS =

T2

(b)

T2

d C dT
T1
T2

U =

CV dT

T10

T = T0

dT =

T
T2

b dT

T1

T2

1 1
n

C dT
T

dT

S
C < 0 if n < 0
n

R
R

and C =
Then ds
r 1
x 1
S0

Ans.

C dT

T T
T0

C>0

S S0

e C

dT d =

C<0
S

dT = C dT C =
T
T

T
T
dT n 1
T2 n 1 T Ans.
T
2

Ans.

(c) = U + W

T
= CV (T2 T1) W = U W = n 1 T CV (T2 T1)
2

Ans.

T1

2.147 : (a) We know d = T ds net =

d T ds = Area under T VS

T
n T0

curve net = (T2 T3) (S2 S1) = (n 1) (S2 S1) T0 . Also = U + w.

One complete cycle : U = 0 net = w given =

T ds if ds = the

through proces and this in 1 2 process given =

T ds = n T


1
net
w
n 1


1

n
given
given
2n

Ans.

T0
S

(S2 S1) Efficiency () =

209

(b) net =
(n T0 T0) (S3 S1) given = Area under process 1 2 =
(T

net
n 1

given
n 1

n T0) (S3 S1) efficieng () =

T
2 n T0

Ans.

T0

2.148 : Thermally Insulated ressel Initial volume = V0 Final Volume =

final
P2, 3V0, Tf

3 V0 Since value open suddenly, hence process is not slow hence we can
not use PV = R T for intermediate process. But we know entropy can find

Initial
P1, V0, T0

from intial and final state hence we take another slow process in which change
in volume occure very slowly. Here final temp (Tf) : Change in internal energy

of system = 0 Ui = Uf CV T0 = CV Tf Tf = T0 . Take on imaginary


process
final

in
and

which

heat

may

be

exchange

statges are same.


vC v dT
d
dT
p dV
vRT dV
v Cv

T
T
T
T
VT
T0

initial

dT

nV0

but

Valve

ds

v1= v

v2= 0

V0

2V0

dV

ds v Cv T v R V S = R nn
T0
V0

Ans.

2.149 : Internal energy calculation : Process 1

2 : Ui = Uf because

= 0 And w = 0 0 = U + 0 Ti = Tf = T2 Process

adiabatic process V2 = 2V0 ; V1 = V0 U = Uf Ui = v CV Tf v CV Ti = v

=1

CV (Tf Ti) Ti = T0 = T2 PV = const T V = const T0 (2 V0) = Tf V0


Tf = 21 T0 U = CV (T0 21 T0) = CV T0 (21 1) Unit = 0 + CV T0
R T0
R T0
(21 1) Unet =
(11 1) Put = 1 Unet =
(21 1)
1
1

, T0
V0

Vaccum
V0

Fext

2.150 : (a)

adiabatic chamber

If process is made sudden in first part while slow in

second part then. Fext in case (a) will be more than part (b) Hence W(a) > W(b) (on
gas) Here U(a) > U(b) (of gas) Tfinal of process (a) > Tfinal of process (b) Vfinal
R Tf
= Vfinal (b) P =

(a)
Vf

Pfinal (a) > Pfinal (b)


P

P f, V0, Tf Final

Entropy Calculation : Here we are seing that initial and final volume is same. Then
d
take a imaginary process with constant volume. ds T

Tf

T0

P0, V0, T0 Initial

dT
Cv
T S =
V

210

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

S
=

n 21 S = R n2 Ans. Put = 1
T0
1
S = R n2 Ans.

CV n

Tf

S N 2 ds
T0
T0

i C V 2 CV
= CV put in (1) Tf = T0 N2 Gas :
1 2

T0
n V0
n V0 V0
i C V dT
1 R
pdV
d

N
2
T
V = 1 R n (n + 1) U2 Gas :
T
T0
V0 T
T0

2 C V dT

S02

nV0

V0

2.151 : Cv = 5/2 R N2 as well as O2 At final equalibrium Ui = Uf i CV T0


mix
+ 2 CV T0 = (1 + 2) CVmix Tf .. (i) C V

2, T0

1, T0

n V0 V0

nV0

pdV
T =0+

(n 1)V0

nT0

2 R dV
n 1
2 R n
S
= S N 2
system
V
n

n 1
S
S 0 2 1 R n (n + 1) + 2 R n
= 1 R n (n + 1) + 2 R n 1 n
system
n

2.152 : m1 = 300 gm t1 = 97 C m2 = 100 gm t2 = 7C . Let us final temp is Tr . Then Heat given by (m1)
= Heat taken by (m2) m1 c1 (t1 tf) = m2 c2 (tf t2) tf =

For m1 :

ds

d
Sm =
1
T

For m2 : Sm 2 = m2 c2 n

tf

tf

t1

m1 c1 t1 m 2 c 2 t 2
.... (i)
m1 c1 m 2 c 2

m1 c1 dT
t
= m1 c1 n f t
1
T

t 2 Ssystem = m1 c1 n

tf

t1 + m2 c2 n

tf

t 2 . Where c1 and c2 are heat

capacit is of coper and water


Case 1 : 2.153 : If value is opend : Let us final temp is Tf Ui = Uf (For system) 1 = 2 = 1 1 CV
T1 + 2 CV T2 = (1 + 2) CV Tf Tf =
d

Tf

ds T
T1

C V dT
+
T

2 V0

T1

R dV
V

T1 T2
2

For chanber (A) :

SA = CV n

n2 For Chamber B : Similiar SB = CV n

tf

A
1= 1

tf

t1 + R

T1
CV

Same ideal gas B


2= 1

V0

T2
CV

V0

t 2 + R n2 System = SA + SB System = CV

Tf
T
(T T2 ) 2
n f + 2 R n2 = C n 1
n
+ 2R n2 (T1 + T2)2 > 4 T1 T2 (Using AM GM)
V
T1
T2
T1 T2

S O

211

Case 2 : If value is conducting Tf =

T1 T2
For changer A : S =

Tf

T1

C V dT
+
T

dV Here V =

(T1 T2 ) 2
Tf
T
S >
0 SA = CV n f For chanber B : SB = CV n
Snet = CV n
net

T
T
T
2
1 2
1

0 from above log function.


2.154 : Cubic vessel (a) Probability to find a molecule in one half part of vessel = 1/2. Probability to find N
1 1 1

molecules on one half part : N time P =


N (b) Velocity of gass molecules is : v = 105
2 2 2

= 105 s. no of time to cross the vessel = t where t = 1010


t
1
year. Then there will be a certainty to occopis this half valume will be 1. N 1 2N t

2
cm/s Time to cross the vessel

N=

n t/
n2

105

Ans.

N!
n
2.155 : We know statical wright of n molecules among N molecules : C N n! (N n)! . Since in half part N/
N!
2 molecules will be occupied then. Statical weight of n = N/2 molecules. C N/2

N
N N
!
!

2
2
N! 1
1

Probility (P) = C N 2
Ans.
N P= N
N
N
N ! 2
2
!

2
2

2.156 : There is N molecules, and all are free from each other. Suppose probality to one molecule to enter
successfully in one part is P Then probability of unsuccesful attempt is 1 P. Then probality of n
n

mole celes to enter in one part :

Pnet =

C P n (1 P) N n

Here P =

N!
1
Pnet =
n ! (N n)! 2 N
2

Put N = 5. and n = 0, 1, 2, 3 and get different result


N!
2.157 : Like Q : 2.156 Pnet = n ! (N n)! pn (1 P)Nn. Where P = Probability to find one molecule in

certain part.

R3 n0 Where no = Loschmidts const = no of

1
d3 n 0
n0 N =
. We know relative fluctvation is
= n Then
N
6

2.158 : No of molecules in sphere of diameter d N =


molecules /volume. N =

d

2

212

Compact ISC Physics (XII)


1

1
1
2 N
Then
N
2

d3 n 0
n =
6

d 3 n 0 . Also are know. Avrage no of

molecules inside sphere : < n > =

Ans.
d

T0 T

2.159 : = 1 monoatomic gas T0, V0 Tf = T0 + T Vf = V0 We know ds T

T0

C V dT
T

T0 T
T T

S = CV n 0
Also we know S = K n 2 K n 1 = K n 2 . Then CV n
=
T0
1
T0
iR

T 2 K
T
i
iR
= n
n 1

k n . Here CV = R where i = Degree of free dom


= 1

2K
T0
2

T0

T 2 A

= 1
NA = Avogadro no

T0

2.5

Liquids, Capillary Effects

2.160 : (a)

Mercury drop : P =

2T
Hence T = = Sorface tension R =
R

2
1

2
4
2
d/2. P =
P =
(b) Soap bubble : P1 P2 =
P2 P3 =
d/2
d
R

R
R+
dR

2
2
4
8
4

P1 P3 = P =
=
P =
R dR
R
d/2
d
R

2.161 : Force applied by surface tension : F = ( R2) h g =


h

2
4
2

R2 h =

h
=
pdd
R
g d2

d = diameter

2.162 : Pinitial inside bubble : Pin = P0 +

bubble : Pf =
isothermal

P0
8
+

df
:

PV

8
4
= P0 +
.... (i) Pressure final insider
d
R1

And df = d Pf =
=

1.

Const

P0
8
+
.... (ii) Since process is

d
(Inside

soap

bubble)

P
8 4
8 4

( R 1 ) 3 P d (1 /n)
R 13 0
P0

0
d
3

nd

Ans.

P0
R1

R1=d/2

213
P0

4
2
2.163 : Pinside = P0 + h g +
Pinside = P0 + h g +
d
R
h

4
2
4
2.164 : Pboltom = P0 + h g +
= P0 + h g +
Psurface = P0 +
. Hence if
d
R1
d
4
4
R 13 = P
(n R 1 ) 3
process is isothermal then P bottom
surface
3
3

P0 h g 4

1=

P0

P0 4 n3 h = [P (n 3 1) 4 (n 2 1)/d]
0

nd

2.165 : Method: 1 (Force Method) F.B.D. of liquid coloum 2 R cos = (h g)


A 2 R cos = h g R2 2 cos ( = h g R h =

Hence d = 2R h =

2 cos
g R
2 R

4 cos
. First coloumn : h1 =
gd

138=

4 cos
g d1

R
r

Second column : h2 =

4 cos
4

h
=
h

h
=
cos
1
2
g d2
g

(h g)A

1
1
4 | cos | d 1 d 2

d d h =
g
d 1 d 2
1
2

Method : 2 (Pressure) Pa = Atmospheric pressure. Pressure at point C : (Using


excess pressure equation) Pc Pa =

Pc = Pa +
R
sec
r

.... (i). Pressure at

point c : (using hydrostatic equation) Pc = Pa h g .... (ii) From (i) and (ii) : h g =
h=

cos
4 cos
4 cos d 2 d 1

h
=
d1 d 2
1
2
g
Rg
dg

R
d

r
2r
2 cos
4 cos
(a 2p R) cos q = (h r g) A = h r g pR2 R = h g d = h g

2.166 :

Method : 1 (Force Method) r cos q = R cos q =

cos

2
hgd
hgd
d
.... (i)
=
r hg
4
4

2r

R C

cos Similar
R
2 R
r
R

(h g)A

Ans.

214

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

Method : 2 (Excess pressure equation) P =

2
2
= h g r = h g
r

Ans.

2.167 : Pressure at point (1) : since surface are coincide we assume

4
0 cos = 1 P1 = P0 +
Using PV = const (T = cosnt)
d

P0

( x) A x =
P0 A = P0
P0 d
d

2.168 : Pressure at point (1), Calculated by Boyles law : P0 A = P1 ( h)A

P0
P1 =
.... (i) Also
h

From (i) and (ii) :

4
P1 = P0 hg +
cos .... (ii)
d

P0
4
= P0 hg +
cos P0
h
d

hg


h g
4
1

h
P
d

cos P0 h P d cos

2.169 : F. B. D : At equilibrium : (d1 + d2) =

[ g h P0 h] d
4 cos

d1
d2

g h
(d1 + d2)
4

d2

d1

(d2 d1) h = g (d d )
2
1

gh

d2
4

d1
4

2.170 : Fy = (cos ) dx Fnet = 2 Fy = 2 cos dx. Since


y

every differential elements are free from each other. Then Fnet = weight of liquid
column of differential length dx. 2 cos dx = g [y x d dx] y =

(2 cos o)
g x d

Fy

Fy

Ans.

x
dx

2.171 : Pressure at point (1) and (2) are : P1 = P0

4
4
P2 = P0 +
= P0 +
d
d/n

V1

V2
4
d2
d2
V1
V
Continuity equation at (1) and (2) :
2 2 V1 = n 2 ...
d
4
4n
(i)
Bernaullis equation between point (1) and (2) :

d/n

P0 4 g 1 V12 P0 4 n 0 1 V 22 .... (ii) V d ....

1
d
2
d
2

(iii) from (i) and (ii) calculate V1 and put in (iii).

d2
4

2gl 4 (n 1) / d
n4 1

.1

V2

Ans.

.2

215
2.172 : R1 R2 h/2. Pressure difference between point (1) and (2) : P1 = P0 +
2
P2 = P0 +
P = 2
R2

= h g R =

h3 g
8

.2

Ans.

1 1
P = r1 cos = h/2 r1
r1 r2

r1

cos 1
=
Henc
P =
R
h/2 cos R
h

h
and r2 = R Then
2 cos

P =

.1

1
1
R R
2 R
1
2

= h g
R R = h g 2

h h
1
R
R
2
1 2

2 2

2.173 : Method : 1 We know

R1

r2

h/2

r1

1
1

R
h

2 cos
2 cos
R2. Also V = R2 h
. Normal force due to surface tension : N = (P) R2 =
h

2 cos
2 cos

R = V/h N =
V = m1g m1 = mass of plate. N =
V = (m1 + m) g mg
2
12
h

= (2 cos ) V

1
1

2
12
h
h

Also h h n 2 m =

(2 cos ) R 2 (n 2 1)
gh

Method : 2 Surface energy = U = (sa + se) R2 U = ( cos ) (2 R2). Also sa


we know volume will be constant while R will be changed if surface area in-
creases. Then V = R2 h R2 = V/h. U = ( cos ) 2V/h Normal force N
dU
2 V cos

Then N = 2 V cos
dh
h2

n2 1

R h) cos h 2 = mg

m=

1
1

h 2 h 2 = mg 2 (

2 R 2 cos 2
(n 1)
h

2.174 : Normal rxn at surface from question no Q.2.73 : N =


is complete cos = 1 N =

2 V
h

Hence V = m/ N =

2 m
h2

s sa = cos

Ans.

2 V cos
h2

Ans.

. If wetting
h

Ans.

216

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

2.175 : Normal force


V
h2

N=

2 ( R h)

h2

N=

2 V cos
h2
2 R
h

. For complete wetting cos = 1 N =

Ans.
d

2.176 : ho = height of liquid 2 = (d ) ho g h0 = d g . Pressure

change at x height : P = x g Force on dx thickness : dF = (x g) dx F


h0

= g

g 2
x dx F = 2 d g

dx

F=

g d2

Ans.

2.177 : Suppose at time t, radius of bubble is x. Then pressure at point (1) : P1


4

4 r
d
d
( P) r 4
4

= P0 +
Also we know
dt x 8
dt
8
x

2
r

r 4
r 4
dt. Suppose in dt time dx radius is decreased than d = (4 x2) dx =
x3 dx =
8 x
8 x
R

4
4
2

r4
3
r4
x
dx

dt 16 R r t t = 2 R
dt

x
4 2

r4
0
0

Ans.
F (Fore due to surface tension)

2.178 : Calculation of energy due to rise of coloumn:


r

h
r2 g 2
E = (r h g) (2 r h) =
h 2 r
2
2
2

Also we know

h =

2
gr

mg

E=0

E=?

4 g 2 4 r 2
r 2g
4 2
2
2 2 4 2
2 2


=
=
. This show that
2
2 2 2
gr
2
gr
2g
g
g
g
g r

2 2
energy is decreased and hence heat will be released. =
g
d

2.179 : (a) U = 4 2 = d2

Ans.

(b) U = 4 2 2 = 2 d2

217

4 d
4
d


new
2.180 : A = 4 d = 2 d2. Since volume is conserved then 2

3 2
3
2
2

1/3

dnew = 2

d new
= 22/3 d2 U = Anew A
d Anew = 4
2
2/3

dnew

2/3

= (Anew A) U = (2 d 2 d ) U = d (2 2)
U = 2d2 (21/3 1)

Ans.

2.181 : P = P0 + 2 R V =

4
R3 PV = n RT. Work done by
3

external agent : W = Work done against increase pressure from P0 to

Final

Initial

( 4 R 2 ) 2

2
R
0

P0 2 R + Work done against increase surface energy W = n RT n P

P0+2/R ;n

P0, n

P0

V
P
W = PV n 0 + 8 R2 . Work done by gas = n R T n 2 V = (Work done by external agent).
1
P

Note : Here W is net work done by (external agent + outside atomosphere)


2.182 : We know inside pressure is : P = P0 +

4
. Also we know that no of molecules inside
r

4 4
4

r3 = RT differentiate equations P0
4
bubble is not change then P0
r 3
r

r2 dr +

4
4

8
8

r 3
dr = v R dT P0
4 r dr = R dT P0
dV = R dT dV =
2
2
3
3
r
3r

R
R dT

. Also we know d = C d T = CV dT + p d V C = CV + (P0 + r ) P 8 C Cp


8
0
3r

P0
3r
4
8

R
P0 r P0 3r
= C C V R = (P 0 + r ) P 8
R = R
C Cp =
8
0
3r

P0
3r

3r

8
P0
3r

R R/2

P0

Ans.

218

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

2.183 : We know

A
T dT
1
Where A = work done

in cycle Where a = area of soap bubble = Given energy


in cycle

T dT

a + da

d
d
(da) (d)
T

dT
d
T
da

d
Proved.
dT

d
Heat given = (q ) 2
dT
d

entropy change : S =
= 2 ()
. Also we know
dT
T
d
+ 2 U = 2 T
W = 2T
dT

2.184 : We know q = T

2.6

d
a

A
T

.... (i). Also we know A = work

done due to given heat A = ( d d da = (da) (d)


q= T

There is two surfaces in bubble = 2T

d
dT

U + W Here W = 2 6 U =
d

dT

Ans.

Phase Transformations

2.185 : T = 100 C = 373 K = t m = 0.70 gm . We know vapour will be condensed in


liquid at constant temperature and pressure. Then work done on gas = P V = W = A.

Piston

Where V = decrease in volume also PV = n R T P V = n R T (Here P and T are const)


W = n R T W =

m
RT . Put values in S.I. unit W = 1.2 J Ans.
M

2.186 : Suppose volume of vapoar and liquid are VV amd V V = VV + V m = mV +


1 and 1 m =
m . Also suppose specific volume of vapour and liquid are VV
V
V

VV
1
VV

V
1 m =
1
1
1
VV = mV VV
V1 V m V . Then V = mV VV + m V V = mV VV +
(m mV)

V1 V = mV

1 +m 1
VV
V

mV V1 mV

V mV1
1
VV
V1

1 =
. Put V = 6 It : m = 5kg ; V1 = 1 it/kg ; VV

50 l/kg mV 20 gm. Volume (VV) = 20 103 50 = 1 lt . Ans.


2.187 : Hene PV = Const. Means if we compressed then pressure increased and according to phase diagram
curve vapour will be condensed to get saturation equalibrium. Since temperature is 100C and pressure will

219
be equal to atomospheric pressure p0. Now volume of vapour
freeze = V0 V and equivalent mass will be equal to mass of liquid.

V =5 V0=5
t = 100C
t = 100C

m
P (V V) M
P0 (V0 V) =
RT m = 0 0
Put P0 = 1.1 105
M
RT
n/m2 T = 373 K R = 8.3 V0 = 5 103 m3 V = 1.6 103 m3
m = 20 gm Ans.

2.188 : Given

Vf=V = 1.6 lt

Final

Initial

V
Vv1
= N Suppose V = initial volume of vapour then initial Mass (m) = 1 assume mass of
V
Vv

liquid and vapour finally is mx and mv. Then

V
Vv1

= m + mV

V
N V1

= m + mV V = m N V1 + mV

V
V
V
V
N V1 .... (i) Also
= V + VV
= m V1 + mV Vv1 = m V1 + mV N V1
= m V1

1
V
n 1
m V1
n 1

Ans.
+ N mV V1 .... (ii) (i) - (ii): V = m V1 (N 1)

V/n
N 1

V/n
N 1

(1 N)
1

Hine final volume :


n
=
2/1+N
put
Ans

2
N 1

2.189 : We know UW At at atomospheric temp and pressusre = mq where q = latent heat


of vapourisation W = P (V) = n RT W =

RT

q
and S =
M

T . Since T = Const S =

m
m
RT
T Then U = mq
RT
T U = m
M
M

mq

Ans.
S =
T
T

2.190 : Heat required to increase temp. by T = 100C, up to pointing

P0

point = m C T where C = specific heat of water Remaining heat


= m C T. Also we know UW Here W = P0 (Sh)
where h = height rise by piston U = (m) q (Increase internal energy
P V M

RT

of gas) U = q

qM
h=
= POSH
RT

U = q

P0 Sh M
Then mC T
RT

mC T
qM
P0S 1

RT

m = 20 gm (water)
2
S = 410 cm

220

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

2.191 : Temp of Vapour is T = 373 K Heat required to increase temp t0 to


T : m C (T t0). This heat will be transfer from gas to liquid. = mV q

t0=22C

mC
Then mV = q (T t0) = mass of Vapour. Work done : P V = n RT w

mC (T t 0 ) RT
mV
RT = work done on gas. w = q
M
M

2.192 : We know P =
=

m = 1 gm = mw
mV = 1 gm

RT
V
M

d=

P =

4 M
put
RT

V 4

pvapour

dN

mass of condense unit area in unit second = m n

put values

d 0.2 m
1

2.193 : no of molecules condense unit are a in unit second : dt 4 n v

2.194 : From Q. 2. 193 : = P0

m RT
M
V
vapour

dN
1

n
dt
4

KT

2 m m = mass of one molecule = P0

M
Here = 1 be cause other part in vacuum Then P0 =
2 RT

8 KT
m
M
n
2 RT

2RT
M

P0 = 0.9 n pa

n 2 a
RT
a

2
2.195 : We know vander walls equation : P V 2 (V nb) nRT Assume n = 1 P =
V

b
V

Here a is arised due to molecules attractions. Then change in pressure due to molecules attractions vanish.

P =

a
V2

Ans.

2.196 : We know internal pressure Pi =


VV

dw

VV

P dV

(For one mole liquid) Work done by internal pressure :


V2
a
a
a
a
dV

w
=
But
we
know
V
>
>
V

w
=
= qM
V
V

V VV
V

(M = mass of 1 mole of liquid) Pi =

a
V2

qM
Pi = eq Ans.
V

RT
a
2 .... (iii) Also we know in P V diagram critical point act
Vb V
P
P
RT
2a
= 0 Then O =
=0
as inflection point. Then
as wall as

T
(V b)
V3
V T
RT
2a
2 RT
6a
RT
3a

.... (i) Again differential w. r. d. V :


=0
.... (ii)
(V b) 2
V3
(V b) 3
V4
(V b) 3
V4
2.197 : We know for one mole gas. P =

221
Solving (1) and (ii) : V = 3b = VM.Cr put V in (ii) : TCr =

8a
put in (iii) :
27 Rb

P Cr =

a
27 b 2

Also

PCr VMcr
3
8
TCr

Tcr
8a
0.082 304
....
(i)
T
=
....
(ii)
dividing
(i)
(ii)
:
b
=
R
b =
2
cr
8
P
27
b
R
8
27 b
cr
2 2
R Tcr
R 2 Tcr2
8a
8 Pcr a =
= 0.043 lit / mole put value of b in (ii) : Tcr =

a
=

Pcr
Pcr
27 R 2T

2.198 : We know Pcr =

cr

1
2.199 : Specific volume : Vcr

3 R Tcr
1
in (i) Vcr 8 M P
cr

Ans.

a
2.200 : We know p 2
V

P
a V
b


P V P V V
2 cr cr
cr
cr
2

27 b

V2

3

v2

3 R Tcr
Vcr
V
cr .... (i) Also we know Pcr Vcr = R Tcr Vcr =
put

8 M Pcr
M
M

(V b) = RT .... (i) P V = 3 T .... (ii) dividing (i) and (ii)


cr
cr
8 cr
8 T
V
T
P

; v
;
Here

T
Pcr
3
V
T
cr
cr

cr

1 8

v
3
3 Also b

V cr /3

27 Vcr

g V2


v 1 8
3

3

v 1 8 3 2 (3v 1) = 8 put = 12 ; v = = 3
3
3
2
v

2.201 : We know at critical temp = V and after that only gas phase exist. Then maxm volume of liquid
phase is : VMcr = 3 b n where b = Volume of 1 mole of liquid = 0.03 lt. n b =

0.03 lt. Here 0.03 lt is

0.03 V = 5 lit . Also P is maximum vapour pressure in


volume of one mole gas. VMcr = 3
mcr
cr

a
na
a
saturated water and vapour equilibrium Pcr =
Pcr
2 . For mole gas : Pcr =
2 Pcr =
27 b
27 n b
27 b 2
5.47
=
= 225 atomospers
Ans.
27 0.032

2.202 : We know Tcr =

8a
8 3.62

304 K Also Pcr V =


R Tcr Pcr =
cr
27 Rb
27 0.082 0.043

Pcr M
Pcr
M 8
M
44
M a
27 Rb 8

RT
P =

=
Tcr Pcr =
Pcr =
= 0.34
2
cr

R Tcr
8b 3
3b
3 43
R 27 b
8a 3
M

gm/cc Ans.

222

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

2.203 : We know Pcr Vcr = . R Tcr (for one mole gas). For n mole gas Pcr Vcr =

3 m
R Tcr Pcr Vcr =
8 M

V
8 Pcr M
3 Vp

R T
. Where Vcr is maximum volume of vapour at liquid-vapour
cr
Vcr
3 R Tcr P
8 M

equilibrium.
P

2.204 : Here 1 3 5 is a phase transition line at which Pressure and temp are
same.
T

While curve are isothermal.

For reversible process.

ds du p dV ds = 0 because P and T are same on line 1 3

du = 0 because curve is isothermal. Hence p dV . But incycles : p dV 0 Which tell us this

is irriversible same 3 4 5 are irrieversible. But cycle 1 2 3 4 5


phase change from I to II phase.

p dV = 0. Which tess at at point 3

Ans.

2.205 : Fraction of water turn into ice : f =

Ct
Where t = temp of liquid C = specific heat of water
q

q = latent heat of fusion f = 1 20/80 f = 0.25 for f = 1 1 =

t
t = 80 C Ans.
80

q12
dp
2.206 : We know clausius clapeyron equation dT

T (V21 V11 )
=

II
1

dT

T (V21 V11 )
q12

dp T

T (V21 V11 ) P
. Put value in S. I. unit. T = 0.0075 K
q12

T (V21 V11 ) P
2.207 : From Q 12. 206 : T =
q12

volume of liquid we know V11 << V21 V21 =

2.208 : Here we know

P =

q12

P. V21 = Specific volume of vapour V11 = Specific


0.9
q12 T

10 3 = 1.7 m3/kg
V21 =
373
3.2
T P

q
dp
q12
dp
q
1 >> 1
12 dp = 12 dT

Also
V
V
1
1
2
2
1
dT
dT
T V2
T (V2 V1 )
T V21

T .... (i)
T V21

Also

P0 V2 =

m
RT
M

V21

V2
RT

m
P0 M

q12 T P0 M
P M q12 T
P0 M q12 T
0
P = P0 + P = P0 +
P = P0
2
TRT
RT
RT 2

put in (i) P =

M q12 T

Ans.
RT 2

223

2.209 :

dP
Mq

P
dT
RT 2

= n m + n T + n

(from Q : 2.208)
R
M

dP
Mq
m

dT .... (1) Also PV =


RT n P + n V
P
M
RT 2

dP dm
dT

P
m
T

dm
M q dT

1
Put value in S. I. units
m
RT
T

P = P0 e

Mq
R

1
1

T T
0

P = P0 e

Mq
R

dm
M q dT dT

m
T
RT 2

dm
= 4.85% Ans.
m
P

dP
M qP

2.210 :
(from Q. No. 2.209)
dT
R T2

dm
dp dT

m
P
T

P0

T T0

TT
0

dP
Mq

P
R

dT

T 2 n

T0

P0

Mq
R

Mq
If T T0 < < T0 P = P0 1 RT

1
1

T
T0

T T0
T0

This

will be reasonable.

2.211 : Here P T. We know P =

T V1
T Then T = T
= lowerq12
T (V21 V12 )
q12

ing of melting point. Also suppose total mass is m1 and mass ofice is m2. m1 C T = m2 q12
m2
CT
CT V1
CT V1

2
2
m1
q12
q12
q12

2.212 : (a)

Ans.
P0

b
log P = a . At triple point pressure and temperuture of solid CO2 and
T

vapour CO2 will be same log P = 9.05

1.80 103
1.3 103
.... (i) (Sublimation) log P = 6.78
.... (ii)
T
T

(Vaporisation). Solving (i) and (ii) : T = 216 K P = 5.1 atm (b) Here n P = a
Mq

Compare with Q. 2.210 : P = P0 e R

8.31 2.303

b
P = a T .... (iii)
e
T

1
1
b
Mq
Mq

b
T T .... (iv)
T
R
R
0

8.31 2.30 3 1310


1800
j

570 j
= 783 gm
gm Ans.
44
44
liqued ges

sub

Rb
=
M

224

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

2.213 :
T

2.214 : S =

t2

t1

mcdT
mq
t2
mq

T
t 2 S = mc n t t Heat Given () =
2
1

m qm

=
T
T

t2

t1

t1

mcdT + mq
t1

mq V
m qm
mq V
m c dT
t
mc n 2

S =
Ans.
t
1
T
T
T
T

2.215 : Suppose final temp is T. Which is greter than 0C. Then entropy change of S =
S = mc n T

t2

Where C = specific heat of copper Put values S = 10 J/K Ans.

t1

mc dT
T

Calculation of T : C = 0.39 J/g.k Cw = 4.18 J/g.k. Heat given by copper to make temp. of mixture zero C.
= mc T = 90 0.39 90. Heat taken by ice to convert into 0C temp of liquid 2 = 50 4.13 3 + 50
80 4.2 ; 1 = 50 4.18 3 Here 2 > 1 and 1 > 1. Final temperature will be 0C = 27 3 K.
2.216: (a)

t2 = 60C. Let us final temp is t then this 0C < t < 60C. Now

100 80 + 100 1 t = 100 1 (60 t) (Heat taken by ice) 80 = 60 2t

m1= 100 gm (ice)

t < 0. Which tell us, some of ice is not melt. Then Again assume, m mass

t1 = 0 C
m2 = 100 gm (water)
t2

300

= 75 gm finally mass

4
of ice remain (m1) = 25 gm mass of water (m2) = (200 25) gm = 175 gm.

of ice is melt m 30 = 100 1 60 m =

Now Sice =

d
1
m c (t t )

2 2 2 1 S =
water
T
t1
t1

t1

t2

m 2 c 2 dT
t
= m2 c2 n 1 t
T
2

System = m2 c2 t 2 1 n t1 m 2 c 2 t 2 1 n t 2 Ans.
t
t
t2
t1
1

(b)

t2 = 94C Suppose all ice is melt and temp at equailibium is T. Then

0C < T < 94 C 100 80


d

m q

1

+ 100 (1) T = 100 1 (t2 T) 80 + T = 94 T 6 = 2T T = 3 C Sics T t
1
t1
T

m1 c 2 dT
T

m1 c 2 dT
m1 q
d
Sics =
+ m1 c2 n T/t1 Swater =
=
Swater = m2 c2 n T/t2 System =
T
t1
T
t2
m1 q
T
T
m1 q
+ m1 c2 n
+ m2 c2 n
Ssystem =
+ c2
t1
t1
t2
t1

t
T
m1 n
m 2 n 2

t1
T

225
d

t1

m dT

c
2.217 : T T
t2

S ice =

t1

1
t2

d Here t2 = melting temp. of lead. Slead = m c n t1/t2 1 mq .... (i)


t2

1
t1

Since T is constant because amount of water is very high. =

t2

m c dT

t1

mq
1
1
1
mq
t

t 1 = t (mc) (t2 t1) + t System = mc n 1 t + mq t


t
1
2
1
2
1

1
1
+ mc

System = mq
t 2
t1

2.218 : We know

t2
1 n t 2
t
t1
1

= +

+ mc 2 1

m = 5 gm ; t2 = 327C

t1 = 0 C

dp
q

where V1 = specific volume of gas. = volume/kg Also


dT
T V1

PV = RT P dV + V dP = R dT Again d = dU + Pd V Cd T = CV dT + (R dT V d
q
dP
C = C m q Where m = mass of vapour
P) C = (CV + R) V
C = CP V
1
P
dT
T
TV
since amount of vapour taken is 1 mole m = M C = CP

Mq
T

2.219 : Here at T2 tempretore, all water is in saturated vapour from which is boiling temp of vapour of vapour
if you decrease temp. from T2, vapour will be concurted into liquid. Then S =

mq
CP
=
T2

T2

T1

dT
T

T2

d1
S
T

mq

2
S = T C P n T Here
2
1

= 1 m = M S =

Mq
Mq
T

T
C p n 2
C p n 2 T S =
1
T2
T2
T1

2.7

Transport Phenomena

N
s/
2.220 : (a) We know fraction of molecules traversing distance S without collisions. N e
. Now we
0
S
S
want to find sum of fraction of molecules having S < 1
< . Assume x = 1 x <

N
N = ex Now
0

x 1

N0

e
x 1

x 1

N0

e x dx

x 1

N0

ex
1

1
.
e

226

Compact ISC Physics (XII)


2

(b)

Similiar :

x 1

N0

e
1

1
1
dx =
0.23
e
e2

2.221 : Suppose Intensity of molecules is N0 at S = 0 while N at S = then

N
1

e / n
N0


Ans.
n

2.222 : Consider a molecule having velocity v. P(t) = Probability of a molecule experiencing no collision in
time interval (0, t) dt = Probability of a molecule suffers a collision between time t and t + dt. Here is
function of speed (v). 1 dt = Probability of a molecule suffer no collision between time t and t + dt. Then
dP
dP
P (t + dt) = P(t) (1 dt) p (t) + dt = P(t) P(t) dt
= dt
P(t)
dt

dP

P(t)

dt

n P(t) = t + C P(t) = t + C P(t) = et + C at t 0 P(0) 1 because when time interval is


very small, probability of no collision will be approach 1. 1 = eC C = 0 P(t) = et
(b)

Collision time or mean time or Relaxation time () : Probability that a gas molecenle survive for time t

and suffer a collision in next dt time : f(t) = P(t) ( dt) f(t) = et dt

0
Mran time () =
0 f (t)

0 e t dt

=
=
t

0 e dt

f (t) t

2.223 : (a) Mean free path of a gas molecule


Then

Put value

Also we know : Mean time ( )

. 10 8
8 1.3 10 23 273

1
2 d 2n

. Also we know P = nK T

1.38 10 23 273

KT
2 d 2P

Ans.

2 (0.37 10 9 ) 2 105

= 6.2 1018 m

Where v = Average speed =


|v|

= 0.13 ns (b) Similar like part (a)

28 10 3

= 6.2 106 m =

. 106
8 1.3 10 23 2 3
28 10 3

= 3.8 hous

Ans.

KT
m

. 10 23 273

2 0.37 10 9

10

227
2.224 : We know at STP volume of 1 mole gas is 22.4 lt. Volume occupied by one molecule is :
V1 6.023 1023 = 22.4 106 m3 V1 =

22.4 10 6

. 10 23

22.4 10 6
R3 =
R3 1029 R3 = 10

. 10 23

1030 R = 3 10 1010 distance b/w two molecules = 2R = 2 3 10 1010 m = 6.2 108 m

10 8

100 time Ans.


2R
10 10

d

2.225 : We know vander wall constant b is four time of actual volume of gas molecule. b = 4 NA
2
1/3

KT
b
3b
KT

3
and =
d = 4 N d =
=
2
2
/
d
2 d P
A
4 N A

2 N A
=
3b

2/3

3b
2 P

N A

KT

0
2 P
0

Ans.
RT
Then
M

2.226 : We know acoutic wave speed : v =

Where =

d n

2.227 : (a) We know =

f =

d n

KT
2

2 d P

RT

> P<

v
1
=
f
f

2 d 2 P0 NA
RT

KT
2 d2

RT
1
f =
M

RT
M

2
RT
f = d2 P0 NA MR T
M
0

Put value P < 0.7 Pa (b) now P = n KT n

0.7 1.1 10 5
P
m 3 n < 2 1014 / cm3 and valume will be assume for one
if P < 0.7 Pa n <
23
KT
1.38 10
273

molecules is V1 = then 2 1014 V1 = 106 2 1014 = 106 0 = 0.2 m Ans.


2.228 : (a) We know second, no of collision is 1 1 second no of collision is f =

d n

=
v

d2

n < v >. Then f =

2
10
d n < v > put values f = 0.74 10 /s

(b) Suppose there are n molecules present then total no of collision persecond (N) =
d2 n 2 < v >

1
. Also

is taken because in one collision, two molecules are participated.

f (n) N =

Ans.

228

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

2.229 : We know d = effective diameter of molecule = const


V = n [ 3] for iso choric process n =

1
2 d 2n

Total no. of molecules


= const Since V and n const will
Total Volume

constant hence d = const then const no of collision pur unit time (v) v =

v T

v=

(b) Isobaric process : V =

8 RT
1

M
CT

2.230 : Pf = n Pin
v
1

8 KT
1

(a)

d2 n

Ans.

8K PV
f P f increase
m NR

KT
2

decreans

n time

time f =
n

Diatomic gas : d = const n =

2 d n

V = Volume of gas. Hence V Ans. Frequency (v) =

For adiabatic process : T V1 = const = C1 v =

v V

65

8 RT

for isochoric proces d and n will beconst = const f = v =

2 d P

2.231 : (a)

v
1

KT
N RT

T
P = n KT Since d = const
P
d2 P

8 RT
1
v
M
T

(b) Iso thermal process :

(a) Isochoric process :

1
CV

Ans.

8 KT
f increases n time
m

N
where N = Total no. of molecule
V

v
1

CV

8 RT
where C = const.
M

8 RT C1

1
v
1/2
1/2
M V 1
V.V
V

Ans. v = K V6/5 .... (i) Where K = const

(b) PV7/5 = K1 V (K1 P)5/7 put in (i) v = K (K1P)6/7 v P6/7 Ans. V P5/7

Ans.

(c) Similiar T 5/2 T3 Ans.


2.232 : Similar like Q : 2.231 (a) V v V(n+1)/2 (b) P1/n v P(n+1)/n (c)
T(n+1)2(n1)

T1/1n v

229

2.233 : (a) No of collision/time = ( f ) =


d2 N
V
2

v
=

2
d n

8 RT
f=
M

N
2
d n V

8 RT
f=
M

8 RT
PV
f

= C P1/2 V1/2 where C = const. No. of frequency per unit volume : f


= C P1/
M
NR
V

V3/2 = const PV3 = Const. Compare PVx = const x = 3 C =

R
R
R
R

C=R
r 1
x 1
r 1
4

4 r 1
R 3 r
R 3 1 2/i
R 4i 2
R

. Also we know r = 1 + 2/i C =


C=
4 r 1
4 1 2/i 1
4 2
4
4 (r 1)

(2i + 1) Ans.

(b)

f = const PV1 = Const x = 1. Similiar as (a) C =

2.234 : no. of particle approach per second toward wall v =


time : dN =
n

n0

n = n0 e
2.235 :

v2 =

also

n < v > no. of leaks out from hole in dt

Where

< v > dat

v St

n
1 v S

4V

dt n
t n = n0 e
n0
4
V

(1)

(2)

T0

n T0

P0, V

P0, V
T0 v12

n T0 v11 v12

P0 V
P0 V 1 n
1
v11 v12 = v1 + v2 = RT n .... (ii) From (i) and (ii) : v 2 n RT

0
0

< v >

KT

= n0 e

8 RT
M

4V
< v> =
S(v)

P0 V
P0 V
v1=
Also n1 < V1 > = n2 < V2 > v11

RT0
nRT 0

2.236 : D =

Ans.

dN
1

n < v > sdt. Then decrease in concentration : dx =


V
4

dn
1 vS

n
4
V

R (i + 2)

1
D= 3
2 d 2 n
1

1 n

8 KT

.... (i)

v1
2 1 n
v2
1 n

KT
2 d 2 P

T 3/2

230

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

PD

T=
C

2/3

1
1
< v > P n =
3
3

.... (i) Now n =

n
T =
C1
P
2 f
Pi

2/3

P
D
f f
Di

Pi

P
f Ans.

Pi
C T 3/2
n = C1 T1/2 (a)
P

Iso thermal process : n = const Ans. D =

(PV/VR) 3/2
D V3/2
P

C T 3/2
V
RT

D increase n3/2 times n = C1

n V1/2 n increase n1/2 times Ans.

2.238 : We know from Q: 2.236 D =

= C1 D = C2
3 7/5
V 2

C1
r 1
V

C T 3/2
C T 3/2 V
C

T1/2 V. For adiabatic process : T Vr1 = const


P
NRT
NR

V = C2
V r 1/2

1
2
V

C2 V

3
2

. For diaatomic gas : = 7/5 D = C2

C 2 V 4/5 . If V decrease n times then D will be decreased by 4/5 Also we know = C3 T1/2 = C3
/
v
= C3 C1 2 V

2.239 : From Q: 2.239 (a)


n = C1 T

x = const

1/2

1 r
2

v
= C3 C1 2 V1/5 . If V decrease n times then n will be increase n1/5.

C T 3/2
C PV

D=
P
P R

PV
= C1 R

P1/2 V3/2 = const PV3 = const n = 3

PV = const n = 1 Ans. (c)

x=

< V > CV x = n CV If

n = const same as part (b) n = 1 Ans.

2.240 : We know
2
3

KT
PM

n = C1 T1/2
RT
2 d P P
2

/
n
nt
PD


C
C1
ni

.... (ii) From (i) and (ii) :

D n Ans. (b) Isobaric process : D = C

(b)

2.237 : From Q : 2.236 D =

PV
vR

8 KT

KT
PMRT
2
=
2
m RT d P
3

1
< V >
3

KT M K
d=
m R d2

1
3

8 KT
m

1
2

2 d

KT

=
m d2 n

KT M K
m R

. Put values d = 0.18 nm

231
1
1
< V > CV = C xAr 3
3

2.241 : Assume C = 8.7 x =

1
3

8 KT
M He
M
M

Ar
He

Ar
2 d 2Ar

He
Ar

n
Ar
n He

Mr
M He

n Ar C Ar
V

C He
V
C Ar
V

He
Ar

n
Ar
n He

He

8 KT
M He

C He
V
C Ar
V

d He

d 2Ar

d 2He

C He
v =

n He

d He
d Ar

1/2

d Ar
= 1.7
Put values d
He

2.242 : We know viscous force : F A

Ans.

F
dV
RW
(2 R 1) R . Moment of force
dz

2 WR 3
F

: N1 RF
. Also we know viscous force per unit area : F/A =
R

< V > (u1 u2) F =


< V > RW 2 R

Now

N1
N11

2 WR 3 3
R R 3 W V

6R
R V R

N11

2
Since final moment is decreased by n time then n = R

N1
N11

N11

1 V R3 3
2R
2

3 R R 3 V R
RR
R

2 KT

2 d n

R3 W < V >
6

R 2 d P

P=

2 KT
d 2 R n

w
(2 r ) r = N . Here it is assume
2.243 : Viscous torque at distance (r) : r
1
r
R2

w
2 w N1
viscous torque (N1) wil be const N1 = 2r

r
0
3

2 w =

N1
2

1
1
N1

R 2 R 2 = 4 w
2
1

1
1

R2 R2
2
1

R1

dr
r

r
r3

Ans.
a

2.244 : d = A dV
dz

w a4
2h

2 w
rw

r 3 dr
r
r = (2r dr )
h

dr

232

Compact ISC Physics (XII)

2.245 : N = V rw [2 r dr] [r] = V w

a4 N =

2.246 :

dr N =

< V > w

RT PM

w a4 N = w a4 p
M RT

2 RT

dr

Ans.

d
a 4 dP
d
a 4 dP
dm
a 4 dP


.... (i)
dt
8 dx
dt
8 dx
dt
8 dx
x
4

dx

dm a PM dP
a M PdP
Pd P

. For iso thermal process :


=
dt
8 RT dx
8 RT dx
dx

P2

Const = C

Pd P C dx

P1

dm
a4 M
P22 P12

C =
dt
8 RT
2

P22 P12

Ans.

T1 T
T T2
T1 T
T T2

2.247 : Heat current in both rod will be same. R


1
T =
2
R2
1
x1 A
x2 A

(x1 T1/1 x 2 T2 / 2 )
(x1/ 1 x 2 / 2 )

T
T2

T1

Ans.

1 , x1

2 , x2

2.248 : For equivalent heat conductivity (x) heat resistance of system will be equal to that of one rod. Then
2

2
2

x
=
xA
x1 A
x2 A


x1
x2

2.249 : Assume x =
T2

T1

A
dT C
T

d
xA dT


Const C x A d T = C dx
T 1 > T 2
dt
dx
T

dx

Ans.

A n

T2
A
T
T
n 1
n 2 . Heat density C A
= C C =
T2

T1

T1
T1

T1

dT
n
T

T2

T1
x/
dx
T

T
T = T1 2 T
2 0
1

Ans.
x
dx

233
T

2.250 : Method : 1 Assume temp of two chunks at t = 0 are T11 and T21
while

at

time

and T2. Then d


T1

C1

d T2 T1 =

T21
T2

t,

T21

are

dT

C1

Method : 2 (Reduce heat capacity) C =

T0

dT xS

T
C

T2

xS (T1 T2 )
dt = C2 d T2

C1 C2
= Reduce heat capacity. Let asC1 C2

T
t=t

d x ST
x ST

d =
dt = C dT
dt

x st
T
xS

t T = T0 e C T = T e
dt n
0
T0
C
0

T = T0 et

x S dT = C1 dr CS

r
2

dT C1

T1

d r
0

3/2
3/2

Put r = T = T 2 T2 T1

2 CS

3/2
(T 1 T 23/2

x s 1
1

t
C1 C 2

. Assume

Ans.

d
x s dT

2.251 : x = C T Assume T1 >T2


= Const = C1
dt
dr

3r
T13/2
2 SC

T1

1
1 sx

C1 C 2

C2

1 x1 S

sx
where 1 C 1 C
1
2

T = (T) 0 e t

sume temp. of object is T which provide temp. difference at time t.


T

1
2

C1

T1

C2
( 1 T2) + T11 .... (ii)
C1 T2

dt C 2 C 2 (T1 T )2 T1 T
0

temps

xS (T1 T2 )
dt = C1 d T1 = C2 d T2 .... (i) Now

T2

d T1 C 2

T11

xs

1
1

3
2 CS

dr

T2

T1

C1 r
C S 3/2
(T T13/2) = C1 r T3/2 = T13/2
.
2CS
3
C1

C1 =

3/2 r
3/2
3/2
T = T1 (T1 T2 )

C S
T13/2 T23/2
3
/

Ans.

234

Compact ISC Physics (XII)


PM
RT
KT

M
2 d P RT

2.252 : We know x =
< V > CV x =

RT K M R i
M 2 d2 R

x=

RT
M

2.253 : We know

d2 n

difference hence temp of mixture T =

q=

KM i

q =

d2

2 i R 3/2 ( T 23/2 T13/2 )


/ d2 N A

d2 P

,P

PM
RT

T1

R i

(t t
1

t2
0

q= P V M

i
(t 1 t 2 )
2

d
dT
= x 2 r
= const. = C
dt
dr

dr
2x
(T T1) = n r/R1 .... (i). To find C : Put T = T2 and
r
C
R1

dr
R2

R1

2 x (T1 T2 )
2 x (T1 T2 )
C
n R1/r
n R 1/r T = T +
. From (i) : T = T1 +
1
(

n R 2 /R1 ) 2 x
2

x
n R 2 /R1
n

T = T1 + (T1 T2)

R1

R2

R1

d
x 4 r 2 dT

= Const = C For Calculation of C put r = R2 T = T2


dt
dr
T

4 x

. Since t1 and t2 not very large

dT

r = R2 C =

2.255 :

From Q: 2.51 :

d2
0

R
M

K M i

t1

KT

2.254 : Suppose length of cylinder is .


T

RT
RM

t1 t 2
KT

. For rarefied gas
2
2 d2 P

1
<V> PCV (t1 t2) q =
<V>

2x
C

x =

2 C S 3/2
T1 T23/2 q = C = 2 S T13/2 T 23/2 1
C1 =
1
3
3
3

x =

KMi
d

Ri

dr

dT C r 2

T1

R1


1
4 x (T T 1) = C R R C =
1
2

4 x R1 R 2 (T2 T1 )
C
From (i) : T = T1 +
R1 R 2
4 x

1 1

T = T1 +
r R1

T2

T1
R2

R1 R 2

R R (T2 T1)
2
1

r
R1
dr

1 1

r R
1

235
T

d
dT
x (2 r)
W r 2
2.256 :
dt
dr

T = T0 +

2.257 :

(At steady state) 2x

dT W r dr

T0

r
dr

W
(R2 r2) Ans.
4x

d
dT
4
x 4 r2
w r 3 At steady state x
dt
dr
3

T0

W
W
T = T0
(R2 r2) T = T0 +
(R2 r2)
6x
6x

dT

W
3

r dr
R

dr
r

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