Irodov 106-235 PDF
Irodov 106-235 PDF
2
m R 2 m R 2 mR
m
g
km
g
R
2
1
1
of pulley
2
2
a1
m1
T2
T2
disc
T1
km2g
T1
g (m 2 km1 )
R (m 2 m1 m
) Acceleration of mass m1 :
2
a1
m2g
g (m 2 km1 )
1
1 R
S
a 1t 2
m displacement in time t :
2
m 2 m1
2
km1g 2 (m 2 km1 ) t 2
km g 2 (m km ) 1
2
1
2
1
t
Workdone of friction = km1gs
W m 2 (m m )
1
2
m m m
2
2
1
2
mR 2
Method 2: m2g - T1 = m2a1 -----(i) T1-km1g = m1a2 -----(ii) T2 T1 R
----(i) a2 =
2
km1g 2 ( m 2 km1 ) t 2
m 2( m1 m 2 )
g ( m 2 km1 )
m
m 2 m1
2
1
a 1t 2
2
Ans.
mg
-------(iii) from (i) and (ii) : N 2
1 k
2 and N1
: W W0 2 0 W0 2
mR 2
mR 2
KR [ N1 N 2 ]
2
2
2kg (1 K )
put
in
(iii)
:
. We know
R (1 K 2 )
1 k 2
kmg
w 0 2 R (1 K 2 )
w 2 R (1 K 2 )
no. of turn
0
4kg(1 K )
2
8kg(1 K )
N2
Cylinder
KN1
W0
KN2
N1
107
Q: 1.249 : Calculation of torque : Where df = friction force on differential region = This is scalar
m
2K mgx dx
2 xdx g
sum because are going to calculate torque. df = k [dN] k
2
R
R2
2 kmgx 2
dx d
2 kmgx 2 dx
R
df
x
4 kg
3WR
tt
3 R
4kg
Q: 1.250: w
Ans
1/ 2
dx
0
1 / 2
t1
2
kmgR
3
mR 2
2
4 kg
kmgR
2
3
3 R
We know W = W0 + t 0 W
w0
dw
w1 / 2
dw kd 2 W0
0
3C
t1
1/ 2
kdt t 2 w 0
1
0
C
2W0 2
w0
1
2W 2
3
0
3C
C
Ans
m
2 M
2
Q:1.251: Moment of inertial of chord : I (l x ) R xR
l
l
l-x
M
M
R
0
R
MR 2
mgx
mR 2
I = mR . Toque about 0 : = I l
2
2 mgx
R l ( M 2 m )
x
mgx
l
Ans.
7
mR 2
5
5g sin
7R
fr
2
5gSin
10
mR
mg sin ----- (i). At slipping : fr = K mg
fr
5
7R
35
Torque
about
com:
Rfr
2
mR 2
5
m,R
fr
OR
IC mg
Sin
mg
acm
108
(b)
KE
10
10
2
mg sin K
tan K tan
35
35
7
1 7
1
7
25g 2Sin 2 5mg 2Sin 2 2
2
2
MR 2 t 2
t
I ICOR W 2 KE MR t KE
2 5
10
14
2
7 x 7R 2
cylinder
T
3
2g
2
string. mgR mR
a cm R 2 g 3 . Force equation
2
3R
on cylinder : mg-2T = m2g/3 T = mg/6
(b)
2g
2
mg 2 t
P F.v mg[a cm t ] mg 3 t P
3
Ans.
mg
3
mR 2
2
2
2
2(g w 0 )
1
1
W R ( g W0 ) . In terms of vector : w (g w 0 ) . Torque about
3
3
3R
m (g w 0 )
m (g w 0 )
mR 2 2
com : FR I
. In vector form :
Ans.
R g w0
3
3
2 3
F
w0
cylinder
m, R
ICOR
mg
mg + mw0
mgr sin
I mr 2
acm = R = r
mgsin
mgCos
a cm
mgr sin
I mr 2
Ans.
acm
109
Q:1.256: At time of slipping friction will act at maximum value KN then.
Force equation in y dirn : KN = macm K(mg+F) = macm -------(i). Torque
equation about I COR :
a cm R
2F
3m
FR mR 2
2
put in (i ) k ( mg F) ma cm
acm
x
KN
mg
a 2 kg
cm
2 3k
mR1
mR 2
1 2T1
- mR
2
1
2
mR 2
mR 2
----(i). Torque equation on sphere (B) : 2T1R
2 2T1
-2
2
---(ii). From (i) and (ii): 1 = 2 . Force equation on (B): mg-2T1 = maB ------(ii)
3mgR MgR
9 mR 2 I MR 2
aA = 3R a A
9mR 2 I MR 2
9 mR I MR
2 T1
2 T1
m1R
(B)
mg
M
P
aA
(A)
gR ( M 3M )
3R 2 g ( M 3m )
acm
T2
I = mR
F2 t 2 (Cos r / R ) 2
1
a cm t 2 W
2
2m(1 v)
MgR mg ( 2 R R ) m ( 3R ) 2 ( I MR 2 )
Ans.
fr
F( RCos r )
mR ( 1)
a
Fr Rfr Ia mR 2 cm Fr Rfr mR a cm
R
2F
3
kmg
3kmg
F
2 3kmg
2
a cm
2
kmg F k
2
3
k
k
3 2 3k
3
(b)
2F
3mR
cylinder
m
3g ( M 3m )
I
M 9m
R2
Ans.
mg
m
mg
110
F
Q:1.260: (a) Cylinder Force equation on system : F = (m1 + m2) acm a cm m m . Torque
1
2
equation about frame attached with centre of sphere. FR
2F
m1R 2
m R . Acculeration of
1
2
F
2F
F(3m1 2m 2 )
point K : a k a cm R m m m a k m ( m m )
1
2
1
1 1
2
(b)
1 2 (3m1 2m 2 ) t 2
1
2
K
.
E
.
2 akt
2
m1 ( m1 m 2 )
m1
m1
acm
m2
2macm
F
m2
Q:1.261: Acceleration of plank = acm - R. Then force equation on system : (Frm ground frame).
F = m2 acm + m1 (acm - R) ----(i) Torque equation with frame attached with centre of sphere :
2
F
m1a cm R FR m1R 2 m1R 2 ------(ii) from (i) and (ii) a 2
Ans.
cm
5
7
2
m1 m 2
And acceleration of blank : w1 = acm - R -----(iii) put acm in (i) and calculate and put in ----(iii) :
w1
F
2
m1 m 2
7
Ans.
sphere
m2
acm
x
m1
m2
m2acm
m1acm
m1
Q:1.262: (a) Torque about bottom point is zero. Hence angular momenton will be consermed about
bottom
point
then.
L L cm mR Vcm
1
L final mR 2 MR ( RW )
2
3
mR 2 w -------(ii)
2
1
3
mR 2 w 0 mR 2 w w w 0
from (i) and (ii) :
3
2
2
L initial mR 2 w 0 O
2
-------(i)
cylinder
R
m1
mg
Vcm
w0
k
Slipping
kmg
111
mR 2
w0
2g
1 w 0R
w0
t t
3
kR
3 kg
Wfr
1
mw 0 2 R 2
6
(b)
2g
. We know : w = w0 - t
kR
Wfr k f ki
1
2
1
mR 2 w 2 m ( RW0 ) 2
2
Ans.
Q:1.263: Suppose at angle ball have the sphere then energy equation : Loss of P.E. = Gain of K.E.
1
1
mV 2cm I cm w 2
2
2
mg( R r ) (1 cos )
V 2 cm
mg Cos 0
Vcm
1
1
mV 2cm I cm w 2
2
2
10
g (R r ) (1 cos ) ------(i) force equation in direction of N
7
mg Cos N
mg( R r ) (1 cos )
mV 2cm
(R r)
m1 r
N
for
leave contact N =
m2
0 then.
mg
Vcm
V 2cm
mV 2 cm
Cos
. Put cos in (i) :
g (R r)
Rr
10
g (R r )
7
mg
1
2
3
V
mR 2 0 1 3 mR 2 w 2 mg( R RCos )
2
R
2 2
3
3
mV0 2 mR 2 w 2 mgR mgR Cos -----(i) Force equation in dir n of normal reaction : mg Cos
4
4
3
7
mV0 2 mR 2 w 2 mgR 4
4
-----(i). For stopping Bouncing N: will be minimum when W will be maximum and this condition will
be come when = . Hence we have to avoid bouncing at = then there will be no bouncing
3
4
2 2
2
before = . Now for minimum V0 put N = 0 and then R W Vo gR . Put = and R2w2
7
7
2
value in (i) : V0
4
7
gR gR Cos V0
7
3
gR
(7 Cos 4 )
3
Ans.
112
2
1
1
2 V0
mg( 2R ) 2 mR 2 m ( 2R ) 2 w 2 2 mV0 2mgR 1 (6 mR 2 ) 2g
2 mR
2
2
R
2
2
R
V0 8gR
m/2
1 m
2
crawler : k 2 2 ( 2 v) k = mv2 Ans.
m
v
R
0
z
v
v
1
1
and Wy and Wz 0 . Then K I zz Wx 2 I yy Wy 2 0
r
R
2
2
1
2
Wx
mr 2 v 1 2 mr 2 MR 2 v
5
r
2 5
m/2
7
2 r2
2
K
mv
1
10
7 R2
Ans.
Q:1.268: (a) From this reference frame centrifugal force on particle of mass
(dm) is : dFcf ( dm) ri w 2 Fcf (dm ) ri w 2
( dm ) ri
Position of CoM
Fcf mw 2 R c
2dm [ v w ]
Corolis
Vc Velocity of CoM
force:
dFcor
dm
P
y
i
r
(dm ) ri
where R (dm ) ri
Fcf w 2 m
c
m
m
(b)
x
0
(dm) v
2m
w wher e Vc ( dm ) V
m
m
113
Q:1.269: Method : 1 dc = (dF) x Cos = w2x2sincos dm =
w sincosx
m
l
2
2 m
w
sin
cos
x 2 dx
c
dx
l
l
w (dm) xsin
1
l mw 2 sin 2
mw 2 l 2 sin 2
c
c
24
24
ml 2
dL ml 2
d
w sin
w sin
Method : 2 L
12
dt
12
dt
2
in
ws
ml
ml
( w sin ) w cos
w 2 sin 2
12
24
wcos
Ans.
Q:1.270: Torque of centrifuglal force
2
about 0: d (dm) x sinw x cos
l 2 mw 2
l/2
mg
l
sin -----(ii)
2
(dm) xsin w2
(centrifugal force)
dx
l 2 mw 2
sin cos mg
3
2 Sin
cos
3g
2 w 2l
Q:1.271: where k = coefficient of friction. x0 = Perpendicular distance b/w line of mg and N. Here
N = mg. Since body is in rotational equilibrium then Thorque about COM will be zero. Kmg a/2 =
NX0 = mgx x 0
ka
. Suppose at time t cube is displaced by x distance then Torque about origin
2
ka
mg a 2 mg a 2
is: 0 N ( x x 0 a / 2) mg( x a / 2) mg( x x 0 a 2 ) mgx mg a 2 mg
2
N
mgka
0
. Because of this torque angular
2
velocity of centre will be decreasing
continuously.
a
x
0
x
z
x0
a/2
kmg
x
mg
114
v r dVr
2
2
V2 l
mx w m
Vr dVr w xdx r w 2 xdx -----(i).
dx
2
0
0
0
Vr 2
Vr lW0 1
3m
M
momentum conservation :
l
l
M 2 l 4 Wo 2 x dx
( 3mx 2 M l 2 ) 2
1 ml 2
1
Ml 2 2 1
2
W0 2 ml 2
w mVr -----(i). Using angular
2 3
2
3
2
Ml 2
Ml 2 ----(ii) put w in equation (i) :
W0 ml 2
w
3
3
Ml 2
w0
2 Ml
1 ml
2 1
3
w0
ml
2
2 3
3 2 Ml 2
ml
3
Q :1.273:
M
B
Ans.
Vr lw 0 1
Vr
Ml 2
Ml 2
Ml 2 W0
W0 mx 2
w W
put in (i) :
3
3
3mx 2 Ml 2
1 mv 2
r
2
ml 2 w 0 2
M 2l 4 w 0 2
Ml 2
9 ml 2
mVr 2
3m
M
Linear
impluse
J MVcm Vcm J m .
equation
Angular
m, l
impluse
J
ml 2
6J
ww
equation about com : J l 2
.
12
ml
F.B.D. of half part of rod : Fx Centripital force
Vcm
l/2
CM
m l 36 j2
9J 2
2 2 Fx
2 4 m l
2ml 2
l/4
m
w
m l 2
w
2 4
l/2
Fx
, l 2
2
115
l
l ml 2
mv '
w
2
2
3
12mv
3m 4M
l
v'
V Ans
w v' ------ (ii) from (i) and (ii) : w
l
(
3
m
4
m
)
2
3m 4m
l
M
m
V
V
m
V'
M
(b)
F.B.D. of rod :
Fy
8MV2
Ml 2
Fy
W
2
2
4M
l 1
3m
3mv 0
Ml 2
mv 0 l
w w
-----(i). Using energy
Ml
3
conservation
after
collision
:
w2
6g
(1 cos )
l
6g
(1 cos )
l
M
6g
(1 cos ) V0
l
m
m, V0
2
1 Ml 2 2
W Mg (l l cos ) lw g (1 cos )
2 3
m<<M
M, l
from (i) :
3mv 0
Ml
6g
(1 cos )
l
2
gl sin 2 2 Ans.
3
V0
Ml
3m
(b)
l
P (m M)Vcm mV0 (m M) w mV0 because = Hinge force put w and V 0 then
2
P M
1
gl Sin 2
6
Ans.
116
(c) For momentom of system constant, hinge force will be zero. And for
this hinge velocity just after collision will be zero. Angular momentum conservation W
x
Ml 2
w ------(i). Using linear momentum conservation M
about hinge. mV0 x
3
: mV0 M
V0
2l
l
w -----(ii) Divide both equation : x
Ans.
2
3
MR 2
MR 2
mR
w
w
Q:1.276: (a) Using angular momentum conservation : 2
0
2
2m
w 1
M
WF
1
2
MR 2
w0
m
R
2
w 2 1 MR MR 2 W 2
0
2 2
2
2
mR 2 w 0 2
1 MR 2 2m
2 1 MR
1
mR 2 w 0 2 WF
w0
2
2 2
M
2 2
1 2m
Ans.
Q:1.277: (a) Since initially L 0 and no torque on system about centre of disc then
d
0
R
'
m1
m1'
2 m1 '
m 2R 2
2
m2
m 2 2 m1 Ans.
m1R (' )
m1
2
2
(b)
m 2R 2
w m1R v' (t ) RW
2
m R2
2 m1V ' ( t )
m1RV ' ( t ) w 2
m1R 2 W
2
( m 2 2 m1 ) R
m 2R 2
2
2 m1
R ( 2 m1 m 2 )
2 m1
dV ' ( t )
( m 2m ) R
=
dt
2
1
dV ' ( t )
m m R
1 2
2 m1 m 2
dt
dV ' ( t )
dt
Ans.
117
Q :1.278: (a)
I1w1 I 2 w 2
I1W1 I 2 W2 I1 I 2 w w
I1 I 2
I1
w1
I2
w2
(b)
1
1
1
I1W12 I 2 W2 2 (I1 I 2 ) w 2
2
2
2
1
1
1
I1W12 I 2 W2 2 ( I1 I 2 ) w.w
2
2
2
1
1
1
I1W12 I 2 W2 2 ( I1 I 2 )
2
2
2
Work
I12 W12 I 2 2 W2 2 2 I1I 2 w1.w 2
( I1 I 2 ) 2
2
1
I1I 2
( w1 .w 2 )
2 ( I1 I 2 )
Ans.
nm, l
A e=1
l
w v' -----(ii).
2
Angular momentum conservation about inertial
of restitution : V Vcm
A e=1
Vcm
w
A e=1
v'
m
Before collision
lw
ml 2
ml
12 v
( 4 n )l for v' = 0 n = 4 and for reverse direction : v' = () ive
2I0 w 0
.
I
1
1
1
1 2I w
2
2 1
2
Iw 2 I 0 0
Work done by motor : Work 2 Iw 2 I 0 w 0 2 I 0 w 0 Work
2
2
I
Work
(b)
2I 0 2 w 0 2
I
Ans.
dL
I0 w 0
dt
I w
I 0w 0 0 0
I I0
dk
dt
I0 w 0 w
I0 2w 0 2
I I0
Ans.
L I 0 w 0 k
x
z
118
B'
M
I w
0 I 0 w 0 I I0 w w 0 0 . Work =
I I0
NA
B
final
initial
1
1
1
2 1
2
2
2
change in energy. 2 I 0 w 0 2 Iw 2 I 0 w 2 I 0 w 0
I 2W 2
1
1 I 0 2 W0 2
(I I0 ) 0 0
2
2 (I I0 )
(I I 0 ) 2
w0
1
(I I0 ) w 2
2
1 I 0 2 W0 2
Work done by motor =
2 I I0
Nx
m l0 2
l
w mg 0 . F.B.D. of hinge axis : Here
2
2
l0 2
F 2 = Ny = mg F1 N x m w . Torque about point A :
2
m
l0 2 l
mg l 0
2g
2
w
w
w
l
2
2
2
l0
2
F1
w
m,l
B
l
mg l0
2
2
F2
Ny
F1
2g
Ans.
l
w
l
Ans.
Nx
mg
mg
Nx
Ny
0'
ml 2
w sin Ans.
Q:1.282: (a) Resolved angular velocity : L
12
Lf
(c)
m12 w 2 sin 2
Ans.
24
m,l
y
x
C
in
ws
in
ws
os
wc
(b)
ml 2
m2
Li
w sin 2 j 1 w sin cos i
12
12
2
m12
2 m1
w sin j
w sin cos i
12
12
ml 2
m2
L
w sin 2 i L 1 w sin 2
12
12
dL
dL
m2
L
LW cos 1 w 2 sin cos
dt
dt
12
initial
final
119
Q:1.283: (a) Here w = Angular precession velocity. Then gyroscopic torque w ' x L
= w IW Sin ---(i). Torque of gravity about hinge : = mg l sin ----(ii). Since
w'
(b)
m
mg
FH
F.B.D. of rod :
m (l sin ) w'
m(g+w) l -----(i) w
wl
nR 2
w
I
w' = 2
w
R
mR 2
2n
w nMR 2 w . Torque of psuedo force about origin: =
2
mgl
we know that gyroscopic torque is provided by gravity then mglsin = wIwsin w '
Iw
Ans.
m(g+w)
( g w )l
nR 2
Ans.
w
Q:1.285: tan g Fnet m 2 g 2 m 2 w 2 m g 2 w 2 . Now gyroscope motion : Torque
vertical axis
equilibrium
about fixed point C w ' L ----(i) and w ' Iw sin 1
w'
w'
ml g w
IW
mw
mg
Ans.
w, I
Fnet
m g2 w 2
equilibrium axis
Q:1.286: w1 w1j w
wk . Moment of inertia about own axis : I 5 mR . Torque of gyro
2
2
2
2
scope : w ' L w ' mR w . Since bearing distance is l then Fl mR ww '
5
5
F
2mR 2 ww 1
5l
w1
Ans.
l
w m1R
120
w'
d
2
2t
m
Cos
.
dt
T
T
Torque
of
2
2 m cos 2t mr
T 2
T
bearing torque. Fl
2 m
mr 2 w cos 2t
T
2
2 t
m sin w ' t m sin
T
T
gyroscope
w ' L
w ' Iw
Radius of bearing = l
w'
m, r, w
mr 2
2
m mr 2 w
Tl
Ans.
I, w
v
v
2nIv
I 2 n
R
R
Ans.
w'
v
. Here dirn of w is in
R
(Iw )
I 2 n . Let gyroscopic force
R
R
is F then
Fl
2 nIv
2 nIv
F
R
Rl
y
l
v
w
I
R
z
w'
121
1.6
of rod : l = l T ----(i) . Since no increament of length hence for F should decrease its length
F/ A
E
stress
l F E l
E
Pressure =
E T
Ans
/2
r
PRl
R
Here R = r
T
Pr
. And this force
4
2
T P r 2
Sin Pr
Pr
T
is balance by T :
T
---4
2
4
2
m r r
Pr
2 m r
P
4
r
Ans
Q:1.292: rod ruptures where pressure is maximum and this point is P. To find force at point P :
F.B.D. of half of rod : Contrifugal force =
Stress
ml 2
l l 2
Al 2 w 2
w A w . Then F
2 4
2 4
8
2 2 m /
2 2 m /
F l 2 w 2
m w
2
l
l
A
8
2 m /
l
Ans. where m
A
l
l l 2
A w
2 4
122
Ar
mrw
2 T
( Ar ) w r T Ar w
1 T
r 2 A
T
2
1
r
1
2
2
2 r
r
2
2
2
T
Ans
P
A
A
l
mg
Ed 2 2
(cos ec 1) =
4
2
mg
Ed 2
(cos ec 1) ----(ii) from (i) : T
---(iii) from
2
cos
mg
mg
Ed 2 1
1 -----(iv). Here
2 cos
4 sin
l
cot ----(v) from (iv) and (v) which calculation is difficult: h l 3
2
F0
m.
mg
2 d 2 E
Ans
S
l
m
F0
x)
F
Strain
Now
F mxa x
l
l m
dx
d(x)
Fx
F
dx 0 dx
ES
lEs
F0
F0 l
2 ES
F
x
dx
Ans
123
w
0
l l
rw 2
mw 2 r 2
l 1 2
l
r2
1 w 2l 3
1 dr
2
l
3 E
l
l
Also
l
l
r2
l
r
where
dr
m
sl
Ans
F = 1000N
Vold = Sl
Fl
l
F
Fl
l new l l l
SE
l
SE
SE
m 2
w
2l
F
Q:1.297: We know
S E
Now Stress Strain E
d ( r )
dr
l
2
F
l
dr mw
2
SE
SE
0
d(r)
m, l
Fl
l l
SE
Cross Section = S
D
D
Dl DF
D R
Now
l
SE
D
SE
2
D 2
(D D) 2
D 2 l D l
l
Vold
V
(
l
l
)
new
4
4
4
D l
D 2l
D l
1 2
1
4
D
l
2 D l
Vold 1
D
l
F
Sl F
l 2 D
V Vold Vnew Vold
(1 2) V Fl (1 2)
Vold (1 2)
D
SE SE
l
E
Ans
T
Stress
Strain E
d (x )
dx
mxgdx
mgl 2 m gl 2
E
d
(
x
)
in part dx.
ls
2SEl SL 2E
0
l
dx
x
weight of part x
mx
g
l
mx
g
l
124
where
m
1 gl 2
then x
Sl
2 E
Vnew
(b)
This
part
is
same
as
Q:
Vold
1.297.
D 2
;
4
V
Vold
2 2D l V
l
(D D) 2
new
D l 1
1
(1 2)
(l l )
=
. Then
Vold
4
D
l Vold
l
take value
D
of using poissons ratio .
D
P
l1
l2
l3
0
z
S = l 1l 2
l
P
P
E 3 l3 new l3 1
l3
l3
E
E Also
l
3
P
l1
l3
l1
l3
P
l1
l2
l1 P
P
P
new
l new l1 1
l2 1
l2
l1
E . Similary : 1
E
E
P P
1
Vnew l1l2l3 1
E
E
l3
P 2P
l1l 2 l3 1 1
E
E
Vnew
V
V
Vold
2P P
P
P
1
new 1
(2 1) new
(2 1)
Vold
E
E
Vold
E
Vold
E
Vold Vnew
V P
V P
(1 2)
Similarly :
V P
V P
V
to force from z Total decreasement of forces are applied by all direction : V sum of all
net
(b)
3P
(1 2) Ans
E
Compresibility
dV 1
V dP
1 dV
V dP
dP
dV
3P
3P
Volume strain
(1 2) dP P
(1 2) . Then
dP
E
PE
Applied
pressure
3
(1 2) Ans
E
125
(c)
Compressibility can not zero if we applied forces from all direction. Then > 0
3
(1 2) 0
E
< 1/2
Q:1.300: This is a cantilever and bending moment of cantiliver is given by : M E I R (At point (x,y) where
radius is R). F.B.D. of cantiliver in dotted part b= width of cantiliver. Torque about point P :
mg
(1 x ) 1
bhg (l x ) 2 and I = Glometrical moment of inertia w.r.t. neurtal line See F.B.D. of cross
2
2
h
section of rod :
y 2 bdy
bh 3
Ebh 3
M
.
Then
. This moment must be equal to torque of mg for
12
12R
Eh2
Ebh3 1
2
R
bhg (l x ) at x 0
rotational equal
6l 2g
12R 2
y
dy
h/2
l-x
h
h/2
(x, y)
mg (l x ) bhg
Q:1.301: (a) N( x) EI
d2y
d 2h
d2 y
0
. F.B.D. of length of (l-x) : Now N(x) = No EI 2 N0 2
EI
dx 2
dx
dx
N x
dy
No
dy
dy
x C1 at x 0
0 as shown in figure. Then C = 0 Now
o
1
dx
EI
dx
dx
EI
N x2
N l2
No x 2
At x l y 0
C 2 . At x = 0 y = 0 C2 = 0 then y 0
from Q: 1.300:
2EI
2EI
2EI
3
a4
I bh 12 Here b h a I
12
N(x)
l-x
(x,y)
No
No
y
126
(b)
l, x
l, x
(x,y)
N(x) = F
N(x)
F
(l-x) EI
d 2y
F(l x)
dx 2
at x 0
d2 y
dx 2
2
F
F
dy
(l x ) dx dy Flx Fx C1
(l x) d
EI
EI
dx
dx
EI 2 EI
dy
dy Flx Fx 2
Flx 2 Fx3
0 C1 0
C1 at
y
dx
dx
EI 2EI
2EI 6EI
Flx 2 Fx3
. Put
2EI 6EI
C2 = 0 y
x = l
x=0 y=0
Flx3 Fl 3 Flx3
Flx3
y
2EI 6EI 2EI
3EI
Ans
Q:1.302: By symmetry F1 = F2 = F/2. F.B.D. of half of length : Then F3 must be equal to F1 F3 = F1 = F/2. Now
Fl 3
Fl 3
Fl 3
our question is as : Similar as Q: 1.301 : y 0 0 Here l0 l 2 F0 F 2 y
y
3 2EI 8
48EI
3EI
F1
F2
F1
F/2
F3
dy
bhg (l x)3
C1x C2
dx
2EI 12
d 2 y bhg
d 2 y bhg
bhg (l x )2
(l x)2 2
(l x)2
EI 2
2
2EI
2
dx
dx
x 0
C1x C 2 at x = 0 y = 0 C2 =
dy
bhgl3
0 C1
. Again
dx
6EI
bhg (l x ) 4
2EI
12
bhgl4 bhgl4
bhgl4
bhgl 4
at x = l y = C1 l + C2
24EI
6EI
24EI
8EI
bh3
3 bhgl 4
y
12
2 8EI
( l x )
( l x )
2
l
l-x
(x,y)
N(x)
l
and I
l
l
(l x ) bhg
127
(b)
F1
F1
5 gl 4
Ans
2 Eh 2
l/2
Because F + F1 = 0
F = mg/2
mg
d 2h
1
Q:1.304: Torque about origin : N( x ) lh x 2dx lh (l 3 x 3 ) ----(i). Now we know N( x ) EI 2
3
dx
x
3 2
3
3 2
lh d y 1
lh
Elh d h
then N( x )
lh (l 3 x3 )
and I
------(ii) from (i) and (ii): E
12
12 dx 2
12 dx 2 3
l
4
3
4 l 3x 2 x 5
l x x C1 at x 0 dy 0 C 0
y
C2 at x = 0
. Now
1
4
20
dx
Eh 2 2
4 l 3 x 2 x 5
dx
x
put x = l 0
y = 0 C2 = 0 y
2 2
20
Eh
maes volume
dy
4
dx
Eh 2
9 l 5
Ans
5 Eh 2
dF = (dm) a ( lh dx) (x)
Q:1.305: (a) Here 1 = shear strain. Take a differential length (ds) on circumference. If we rotate this element
by a angle then will be shear strain like above figure. Then
dF 1 (r ) ds .
Then
F
Stress
1
Stress 1
(
r
) ds
1
torque
then
2 r
N 1r r ds 21 r 2 r
also
we
know
l
r
r l1 1 1
r
l
r
2
N 2r r
l
2 r 3r = Torsion angle
(b)
2 x
Take differential ring at radius x. then dN 2 x dx
l
= = Torsion Angle
= Shear coefficient
r
ds
dF
from part(a)
x
2l
2
3
2 r 4
N
dN 2 x l x dx N
4
r
4
l
dx
128
Q :1.306:
2
dN l
3
x dx
d1
G
2
d 24 d14 Here = G then N
d 24 d14
32l
4x8l
from
Q :1.307:
(Power ) max NW
Q.No.
1.305:
r 4
l
d 4 d 4
1
2
16
2
4l
G d 2 4 d14
Ans
32l
N. w
Power torque . w
r 4w
G r 4w
Here G (Power ) max
2l
2l
m(2rdr) r
d rdF
2m
3
r dr
r12
m r 4 r2 4
r 4 r12
. Note in integration
4r2 2 r12
2 r2 2 r12
2m
r2 2 r12 r2
range take from r2 to r1 because elastic torque will be equal to torque of Pseudo force in region (r2-r)
m
r2
Q:1.309: we know
elastic energy
r1
dF
elastic energy
volume 2 E (strain)
elastic energy
1
m
E 2
Ans
2
p
A
l
T
r 2
(l x)g we know
Stress
Stress
1 2 (l x ) 2 g 2
1 (stress) 2
r 2dx
x r 2 dx U
2
E
2
E
1 2g 2r 2 l
2 r 2 g 2
(l x)2 dx
2
2E
E
0
m
.
p
E Strain
volume 2 stress x strain Strain
dU elastic energy
E 2
2
1
1 2
2
E elastic energy E Al
2
dr
(l x ) 3
1 2 2 23
3 U 6E r g l Ans
r
l
T
dx
129
0
(b)
l
0
(l x ) dx
g (l x ) 2
(l x)g
d(dx)
Stress
d
(
dx
)
E
Strain
E
2
E
Strain
E
dx
0
l
l
2
r 2l l
2r 2
r 2l
l
gl 2
l
gl 2
El Ans.
gl 2
2E U
from (a) : U
6E
l
3
2E
l
2E
6E
l
l
increase in length of AA = x
2
2 x x
Volume (R 2) (dx )
R 2 R
2
Eh 3
x
1
dU E (strain) 2 (R 2) (dx ) U E R R 2 dx 12R . Now : for complete circle : 2 =
2
2
dx
1 2 3
2 = = R = l/2 put then U h E / l
6
l
l
m
A'
Neutral Surface
Here is very-very small
S
h
Q:1.312: dE
1
Gr
(stress x strain) r 2l and Stress G
and this
2
l
rd r
r
d d
l
d
l
1 Gr
r 2 d
2 l
4 2
Gr 2
1
r
Gr r 2 d E
d E Gr Ans
2
l
2
l
4l
Gr 4 2
Gr 42
dE 4Gr 42
dr
dE
4l
dr
4l
l
r
2 2
dE 1 G r
dE
Energy Gr 42 dr
dV 2
2
(2rdr)l volume
l (2rdr)
l
Ans
dr
130
Q:1.314: We know
1 dV
. Here dP is pressure at depth x due to weight of water or hydrostatic
V dP
1
dV 1
dV
(stress ) strain when B= Bulk modulus =
[ xlg] . Also we know :
V
2
V
r
1 1
dE
1
1
( xg) 2
( xg ) 2 . If x = h
B (strain) 2
2
dV
2
2
l
Cross Section = S
dx
dE
1
(hg) 2 Ans
then
dV
2
1.7
Hydrodynamics
F1
A'
F2
0
R
Centre .
done F1 is greater than that of F2 Hence VA ' VA V2 V1 . Since velocity is increased, density of
stream line will be increased.
(3)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(6)
(5)
Using continutity equation at (1) and (3) V1 > V3 and continuty equation at (2)
and (4): V2 > V4. Now if we take force concept alongle 2-4 then P2 > P4 and P1
> P3
Q:1.316: Using bernaullis equation at S1 and S2 :
1
1
P1 V12 P2 V2 2 -------(i) Using continuity
2
2
x1
V1
S1
P1
S2 V2
equation : S1V1 = S2V2 V1 S . Put in (i)
1
2
1
1 S 2V 2
1
2 S
P1 2 22 P2 V2 2 V2 22 1 P2 P1
2
2
2
S1
S1
x1
V2 2
2P2 P1
S 2
2 1
S 2
V2
S2
P2
131
2gh
2gh
S 2
S 2
2 1
22 1
S
S 2
V2
rate
d
S2 V2 S1S1
dt
d
d
Q
S2S1
Q
where
volume
/
s
dt
dt
S2 2 S12
2gh
2gh
S2 2 S12
Q:1.317: At point (1) point (2) pressure difference is only arised due
to dynamic pressure. Now bernaullis equation at (1) and (2) :
gas
S
x1 2
1
1
2
V1 2 P2 0 P2 P1 V1 ----(i). At line M-M pres2
2
sure
will
be
same.
Then
x2
P1
1
V12
2
d
SV1 S
dt
V1
h
M
liquid
2 0 g h
.
2g 0 h Ans
gh
0
(2):
. Here V 1 << V then
1
1 1
1 1
0
1
Kerosine
2
2
h
1
P1 1gh1 P0 1V 2 . Now static pressure equation between (1) and atmo- water (1)
h
2
1
2
(2)
sphere : P1 P0 h 2 2 g Put in (i) : P0 h 22 g 1gh1 P0 1V
2
2g (h 2 2 h11 )
V2
. Caution : even if we use bernaullis equation in two different liquid, give same result
1
but solution is wrong. Because bernaullis equation use in same liquid (P=const). In above equation a wrong
1
2
method give correct answer because of V1 is very-2 small which provide 1V 0 if V1 0 then answer
2
will be wrong.
0
1 2
gt t
2
2x
g . Now R = Ve t
2g ( h x )
2x
g . Now
Ve
x
132
R 2 4(hx x 2 ) for
d(R 2 )
0 . Then
dt
h 2x 0 x h 2
h h2
R max 4 h
h 2 R
max h h= 50 cm
2
4
(2)
Q:1.320: Bernaullis equation at point (1) and (2) along stream line
P1
1
V 2 P0 O g(h h 0 x) -----(i) Here P1 P0 gx
2
h0
free water surface
V2
1 2
h0
in (i) P0 gx v P0 g(h ho) gx h
2g
2
V
(1)
1
1
(0) 2 gh P V3 2
2
2
1
P P0 gh V32 ---(i) Now continutity equation between (3) and (2) A 2V2 = A 3V 3
2
2R1V2 2rV3
R 2
P P0 gh 1 12
Ans
V3
R1V2 R1 2gh
r
r
put
in (i) :
1 R 2 2gh
P P0 gh 1 2
2
r
(3)
(1)
R2
(3)
R1
(2)
= Thickness of orffice
R1
Q:1.322: Method 1: Here we know Wall forces = K.E. WF + Watmosphere = K.E. Here work done by atmosphere = 0 Because Power due to atomosphere : Power
dw
P0SV1 P0 sVe from continuity equation :
dt
S
F
V1
(1)
s
(2)
Ve
P0S
A
V1
P0s
Ve
133
SV1 = sVe Power of atmosphere = 0 then WF = K.E. Bernaullis equation between (1) and (2)
along
Ve
P1
streamline.
2P1 P0
1
1
(V1 ) 2 P0 Ve2
2
2
P1 P0 F / s
and
2
(F / s) Since F = constant Ve = Constant
2P1 P0
Ve 2
2( F / s )
-----(i) . Now work done
1
1
1
2
2
2
(dm ) Ve 2 WF (dm)Ve MVe WF V Ve -------(ii)
2
2
2
3
V
. Put in (i) : WF 1 V
st
2 s2t 2
Ve 2
V
in method (2) F S
2
2 st
WF
Ans
F
FV
(SV1t )
. Also from (i)
S
S
V2
1 V 2
V
2 s2t 2
2 s2t 2
Ans
using
continuity
Again
0
2 x 2
s
S
equation:
dx
s
2g dt
dt
S
0
2g 2 h
SV1 s Ve
V1
s
2gx
S
1
s
(dx ) x 2 S
0
V1
h
2g dt
s
S
s << S
Ve
s
s
2g
2g Ans
S
S
0
W
1
1
P Vr 2 (rw ) 2 gz const . equation b/w point (1) and (2):
2
2
1
1
1
1
P0 V12 (l h ) 2 w 2 0 P0 V2 2 l 2 w 2 0
2
2
2
2
1
V12 0
2
1
1
1
V2 2 l 2 w 2 (l h) 2 w 2
2
2
2
then
(1)
(2)
V1
V2
B
h
here
0'
2 2 2l
2l
1 Ans
V2 2 w 2 l 2 (l h ) 2 w 2 (l 2 l 2 h 2 2lh ) = w h h 1 V2 wh
h
134
1
2
1
2
2
2
Method: 2 Bernaullis equation between (2) and (3): P2 (0) 0 P0 V3 0
1
P2 P0 V32 -------(i) Calculation P 2-P 0 : dF = (dm) xw2 (dP) S (S dx ) xw 2
2
P2
2
dP w xdx P2 P0 w l 2 (l h ) 2
P0
lh
w2h2 2l 1
2l
2
1 V3 V3 wh
1
2 n 2
h
w 2
(h 2 2lh )
2
put in (1)
Ans
(1)
(2)
(3)
h
dx
dV
dP
gCos
vdv g (cos ) ds dP
dt
ds
(2)
g (ds ) cos dP
ds
dh
V2
z2
P2
vdv g dh dP
V1
z1
dh
P1
s
V1
V 2 V 2
2 1 gz 2 gz1 P2 P1
2
2
Then
F AV 2
dv
P
dt
dv
dP
dt
ds
Z1
V1 2gh
(1)
1
1
2
2
P1 V1 gz1 P2 V2 gz 2 Ans
2
2
V2
Z2
ds
F2
V2 2g ( h h )
F1
135
Q:1.327: Here V1 2gx Now force is : dV AV 2 (b dx ) 2gx
l
dx
l
V1
Q
Q:1.328: Using continuity equation : Q AV1 V1 . F.B.D. of tube : A = r2 = Area of crossA
section F1 AV 2
also F2 AV 2 . Then F1 F2
Q2l
Q 2 Q 2
2 Torque about O : 0
A
r
r 2
F2
l
0
F1
V1
V1
Q:1.329:
F.B.D. of water inside tube : where F = force due to change in momentum Fnet on tube
dP dm
V2 2gh And V1
Q sV2 s 2gh
Fnet
S s gh(S s)
2
dP
Ss
s 2 2 gh
F Then Fnet ghS s 2gh sS
S
dt
sS
gh (S s)2
S
h
dP
Q Q
Ss
Q
Q 2
And
dt
s
s
sS
Q
Q
; V2
Put in (ii) :
S
s
P0 (S s )
( P0 gh ) s
S
V1
s
V2
P0 s
V1
dm
dm
V2
136
Q:1.330: Method : 1 (a) Dotted line express isobaric surface. Then F.B.D. of one of the dotted line.
Bernaullis equation between point (1) and (2) from rotatory reference frame.
w2 2
x2w 2
1
1
(b)
1
1
2
2
Bernallis between (1) and (3): P0 0 0 P0 0 ( xw ) P P0 0 ( xw ) Ans
2
2
y
y
(2)
y
(1)
x
1
1
2
2
frame : P0 ( xw ) P1 P0 ( xw ) P2
2
2
P0
(2)
(1)
2
x
Ans (b)
1
P3 P1 ( xw ) 2
2
(1)
x1
1
2
(a) P2 P1 ( xw ) gy . Here P1 = P2 = P0
2
w2
y
2g
(2)
x2
(3)
1
P3 P0 ( xw ) 2
2
dV
xw
(2x dx )
dz
h
Net viscous force at (dx) element from both lower and upper surface: dFnet 2dF
4w 2
x dx . Torque
h
4wx 3
4wx 3
dx Power due to this torque dP wd
dx
h
h
4wx 2 R 3
wx 2 R 4
x dx (Power )
h
net
h
0
dF
w
x
R
x
dx
dx
137
dx
dr
R2
V0
dv
element: dF 2rdx
where 2rdr = curve cross-sectional area.
dr
Now
dF
dv
dF
2r
cons tan t C then
in laminor flow
dx
dr
dx
2r
dV
dr
C 2 dV c 2V C ln r C1 ----(i). Using
dr
r
R1
dr
dx
2V0
ln R1 R
V0
R
ln 1
R2
ln
r
R2
dw
2rdx . Torque due to this force :
Q:1.333: (a) dF r
dr
dr
r
dx
d
dw
dw
d rdF r 2
2 r 3
2rdx
. For laminor
dx
dr
dr
R1
w2
R2
dr
r
d
dw
dr
C now C 2r 3
c
2 dw
flow this torque is constant then
dx
dr
r3
2w
C
r2
C
C
C1 ---(iii) from (ii) and (iii) find
(ii) r R 2 w 0 then 2 w 2
C1 -----(ii) 2 0
2
R 22
R1
R 2R 2
1 2
C1 and C2 and put in (i): w w 2 2 2
R R
1 1
1
1
2
Ans
r 2
R1
r 2
r 2
Q:1.334: (a) v v 0 1 2 dQ (2rdr) v (2rdr) V0 1
R2
R
R
R2 R4
r3
V R 2
dQ
V
r
dr
Q
Q 0
Ans
0
2
2
R
0
2
2 4R
138
d
dw
2 r 3
dx
dr
(b)
dw
dr
w R 2R 2
2 1 2
r R1
R 2 R 2
1
2
w w2
R12R 22
1
1
R 2 2 R12 R12 r 2
dr
dw w2 R12R22
dr
R 22 R12
2w R 2
d
3
2 2
. Then dx 2R1
2
2
R
R
R 12 R 2 2 R 12
1 2 R1
2w 2 R 2 2
R 3
1
2
3
r
2
2
d 4w 2 R 1 R 2
dx
R 2 2 R 12
R 4 P1 P2
1
V0 R 2 ---- (i) And from poiseuilles law : Q
. Comparing
2
8l
4lV0
R 4 P1 P2
1
V0 R 2
P1 P2
Ans
2
8l
R2
3l
3h
pipe (1)
h3
B
pipe (2)
Ve 2g (AC )
h2
h1
Vc
2g (h 3 h ) . Calculation
2
of h : Using similar tringle properties. h 2l h 2 2 x 20 30 cm h3-h = 35 cm - 30 cm
2
1
2
= 5 cm V 2 g 5 10 2 1 m / s dk (dm ) v
e
2
l V02
r2
1
2
2
r1 2 dr K l R V0
6
R
0
Ans
1
r 2
(2rdr ) l V0 1 2
2
R
139
Q:1.336: We know Reynolds no. for circular cross-section is
defined as Re
vl
where l = length of charactersitic and for
vD
Re1 V1D1
vR
Q V1R 12 V2 R 2 2
R 2
2
Re 2 R 2
1
Re1
put
in
(i)
R 22
V1
V2
R 12
R1
R2
v2
v1
R R
r e x
Re1
1 2 0
e x Ans
( 0) Re
R
R
r0e
2
1
2
x0
g
Q:1.337: Maximum on value of Reynolds no. for glycerin for laminor flow : R
Rg
VmaxD
1v12r1
w 2v2 2r1
. Reynold no. for water : R
1
2 We know : Reynolds no. for turbulent flow
vr
r
2 v2 2r1 1v1 2r1
v2 1 1 2 2 v2 v1 1 2 2 Ans
2
1
2r21
2r21
Q:1.338: F.B.D. of sphere : = density of glycerin at maximum velocity, terminal velocity will be
4
3
4
3
3
3
attained then. Fnet 0 6rV R g R g Vmax
2
l gr2 Rynold no. :
9
VmaxD
1 x 2r 2
l P gr2 92 8r gr 2 ----(i). Put density of
0.5
l
2
l 1.26 103 10 6 m 3 1.26 103 kg / m 3 lead 11.3 103 kg / m 3 put in (i) : get r
D = 5 mm
4
R 3 g
3
6rVmax
mg
5
mm
2
140
4 3
R 0g 0 Because R 3 103 mm which is
3
2
small
Fnet mg 6rv we
Then
Vmax 1 100
mdV (mg 6rv) dt
Vmax
m ln
(mg 6rV) 100 t1
6 r
0
1.8
4 3
R 0 g
3
6rV
mg
mg
mg 6rVmax 0 Vmax
6 r put in (i)
d2
ln n Ans
18
Relativistic Mechanics
Q :1.340: We kn ow
t1
mdV
dt
mg 6rV 0
dv
mg 6rv
dt
mg 6rVmax 100
m
ln
t1 .
6r
mg
Fnet m
kn ow
v 2 l
1
c 2 l0
1
1
v2 2
v2 2
1 1
l l0 1 v 2 l l0 l l0 1 1 2
c2
l0
c
c
v2
2l
2 l c 2
1 2 1
Here l l0
V2
,
----(i )
l0
c
l0
2
l
l 0.5
0.5 2
100 0.5
V2 2
c V = 0.1C
,
put
in
(i)
:
l0
l 100
100
lapp
2
a 3
length l appeared from reference frame (x-y): lapp l1 1 v 2
c
2
a 2 3a 2
1 v2 c2
4
4
a
2
1 v 2 c 2 Now l0 l app
2
a 3
2
V
l0
a
v2
43
2
c2
y
a
l0
a
l1
l0
lapp
60
c
a/2
141
Perimeter
(P)
l0 l0 a a a 4 3 v
2
P a 1 4 3 v 2
c
Ans
for v c P a (1 2) 3a
Length AC : lAC a 1 v2 / c2 . There will no change of length of BD while there is change
(b)
a
2
1 v 2 . Now appeared length AB : l AD
c
2
l 2 AD a 2
3
a
2
4v 2
c
4
2
2
2
v2
v2
Now perimeler (P) : 2lAB AC a 4 v 2 a 4 v 2 P a 4 c2 1 c2 Ans
c
c
v << c
P = 3a Ans
B
lAB
a sm 60
a
0
60
60
a
60
a cos 60 a 2
a 3
2
lAD
0
Q:1.342: Here only length in x dir n is changed. Actual length of AC = l0 then l Cos 45 l0 1 v
l0
l
2
v2
2 l
=
. Then original length AB is : lAB l0
c2
2
l2
21 v
2
2
2 v2
1 v 2 sin2 450
1 v 2
2
l2
1
1
c
c
2c
l l
l
1
2
lAB l
2
2
2 1 v2 AB
2
v
v
1 v 2
1 2
1 2
c2
c
c
c
y
B
l Sin 45
2
A
l Cos 450
x
v
l0
3
2
c2
c2
l2
2 =
142
r0
Q:1.343: (a) BD = radius of cone = r 0 length of AD = height of cone = l0 tan l . Then
0
lateral surface area S0 r0l 0 sec from this reference frame length along x axis doest not appear
c
to change. Hence from this reference frame : BD = r 0 And length l0 will be appear as l : l l0 1 v 2
c
r0
tan'
l
r0
2
l0 1 v c
A'
y
450
l0
(b)
r0
'
S0 4 m 2
tan 1
4
v C
5
B'
r0
tan
1 v2 c2
C'
D'
r0l0 1 v
tan 2
1
2 2
1 v c
2
2 2
S0
2 2 Sec v c
1 v c
1
Sec
2 2 2
1 v c
Sec 2 v 2 c 2
S0
1 v2 c2
2 2
Sec
1 v c
v 2 cos 2 2
. Put value of v and and
S S0 1
c2
S0 S = 3.3 m2
Q:1.344: Time measured by moving dock : t; Actual time of moving clock : t- t
we
kn ow
v2 c2
t 2 ( t t ) 2
t
t t
1 v2 c2
( 2 t t ) t
t
t t t 1 v
t t
2 2
1 v c
t
t t
v c 2
v = 0.6 108 m/s
t t
l0
Q:1.345:
v
v1 = 0
l
l
------(i) v
Now . Proper length = l0 =
v
t
length of rod appeared by that frame from which rod will be appear to stationary. Then
143
t1
l2
1 2 2
c t
0
now t v
Then
v 1 v2 c 2
1 v2 c 2
l l0 1 v 2 c2 l0
l2
t
1 2 2
t '
c t
t 2
2
2
2 2
t
l
t
1
t
1
t '
t '
l0
v1 = 0
v
1 v
t
c 0
t
v2
(b)
1 v 2 c2
Ans
t 0
1 v2 c2
t 0 t
2 2 t 0
1 v c
t
1 v 2 c 2 t 0
y
v = 0.99c
l
1 v 2 c2
V
l
k
t
l
l
0.99c v
Q :1.348:
t 0
t0
t
v ct 1 0 . Distance travel in laboratory
2 1
t
c
t
t
frame is : Dis tan ce Ct 1 0
t
t 0 2 t 2 1 v 2 c 2
3 / 4C t
1 v2 c2
3
C t
4
-----(i)
vt
1 v2 c2
l0
We
know
l l0 1 v2 c2
vt
1 v 2 c2
3/4 C
Ans
l0
Ans
l
1 v 2 c 2
T
A
R
G
E
T
3/4 C
Q:1.349: We know proper length of rod does not change w.r.t. reference frame then x l 1 v2 c2 2
1 0
144
-------(i) x l / 1 v
2 0
x
v c 1 1
x
2
x
x1
1
1 v 2 c 2 v 2 c 2 1 1
2 2 -------(ii) dividing both :
x
c
x 2
2
put in (i) :
l0 x1x 2
Ans
y
0
x2
y'
v
x1
x'
Vr 2
l0 l0 1 vr 2 c2
2
2
l
0
0 1 2
Q:1.350: Time to move from A to 0: t
r
c
Vr
l0
2l
Vr 0
t
l0
l 2
1 0
c2t 2
Vr
Ans
0
A
l0
l
Ct A Vt A l 2 t A
2(c v)
Q :1.351:
v 2
1 r
c2
l0
l
Ct B Vt B l 2 t B
Here t A < t B means later count occur first. t t B t A
2(c v)
l
l
2(c v) 2(c v)
l vc
l c v c v
lV
. Assume c / v
2 c2 v2
C(1 v2 c2 )
c 2 v2
v
l
C(1 2 )
Ans
A
l/2
xA
rest
0
Vt A
xB VtB
xA xB l V(tA t B)
l0
l/2
l
1 v
B
(0,0,0)
(l, 0, 0)
x
l0
x A x B Vt A t B
1 v 2 c2
Ans
145
(b)
Here
tA tB
xA xB l0 xA x B l0 xA x B l0 Then
l0
l0 Vt A t B
1 v3 c 2
l Vt A t B
l0
l0
2 2
l 0
2 2
1 1 v c or 0
t A t B 1 1 v c Ans
3 2
1 v c
V
V
l
l
0 1 v2 c2
V V
l0
A'
l0
B'
V
A
l0
l0
1 v2 c2 . When B will be
(b) Appeanent length of AA from A: lAA ' l0 1 v 2 c 2 t(A)
V
t'
t'
t(A')
l0
Ans
V
t xV c 2
1 v2 c2
xV c 2
1 v2 c2
. If x 0 t ' 0 If x 0 t ' 0
Q:1.355: Since both show zero reading at origin. If clock (k) reads time t and clock (k) reads time
t then. according to lorentz transformation.
t'
t xV c 2
1 v2 c2
Vx
t'
t Vx
t xV c 2
1 v2 c2
c2
c2 1
2 2
1 1 v c we know v c
Vx
2 2
V
1 v c
K'
c
2
1 1 Ans
Q:1.356: Suppose a shot is made and it hit the target after time
t then from k frame (mouing with V velocity)
t '
t '
K frame (stationary)
target
t x v c 2
1 v2 c2
x=0
t=0
x=d
t = t
t d V c 2
1 v2 c2
146
d
2
t ' dV c 2 dV c 2 t V c
if
d
Vx . Then V V c 2 . It is possible only of
x
t
one of the Vx > C or V > c which is not possible. It prove that target will be after shot made.
12
'
'
Q:1.357: (a) We know in variant formula : c 2 t12
x12
at
same
point
then
'
x12
0
then
2
2 in frame k both events occure
c 2 t12
t12
ct 2 ct1 x 2 x1
(b)
16
2
c 2 t '12 c 2 t12
x 2 x1 2 c 2 t 2 t 1 2 x 2 x1 2
= 6 1 5 2 16
'
t12
t1
8 2 12
310
4
3 10
1.3 10 8 s 13ns
1
'
2
2
in frame k if both occure simultaneously then t112 0 t12
c 2 t12
x12
16 t12 4m
Q:1.358: We know
frame : Vnet
Vx'
Vx V
V V Vy '
1 x
c2
1 Vx
c2
Vx V 2 Vy 2 1 V 2 c 2
Vy 1 v 2 c 2
1 Vx V c 2
Vy
Ans
y'
Vx
K'
x'
V
v2 = 0.75C
Q:1.359:
v 1 = 0.5C
v2
K'
Q:1.360:
Vrel
V1
V (V )
1 (V )
( V)
c2
V2
2V
1 V
V' x
V1 V2
V1 V2
V1 V2 V' x
1
1 V1 V2 c 2
2
c
2V
1 2 now
l0
l0
V
147
apparent length is : l l0 1
1
1
V 2 rel
c2
l l0 1
2V 2
l l0
1 c
2 2 2
4 2
2 2
l l0
Ans
VAx V1
Q:1.361: V 0
Ay
VBx 0
V2
A
V1
x
0
'
VBx
0 V1
V1
1 o V1 c 2
'
VBy
V2 1 V12 c 2
1 0 V1 c 2
V V
V12 V22 1 2
c
Vnet
V'
Vx '
1 Vx V c 2
from k :
; Vy '
1 Vx V c 2
Vy ' V'
K
x
1 Vx V c 2
Th en
Vx V
V'
Vnet V 2 V' 2 (1 V 2 c 2 )
Ans
Vx ' 0
Vy 1 V 2 c 2
Vx V
V'
K'
x
Vx V
V2 1 V12 c 2 Then
V 2 V' 2
Vy 1 V 2 c 2
1 V V c
Vy V' 1 V 2 c 2 . Now
V 2 V' 2
K
x
Vnet
V 2 - V1
12
V V
C2
x
Vnet
148
t 0
2
2
12
2 V1
2
v V V
c
1 V 2 net / c 2
t 0
2
V 2 v1 V 2 V1 / c 2
c2
t 0 V 2 V1 (1 v 2 / c 2 )
Distance =
(1 v 2 / c 2 ) (1 v 2 / c 2 )
Vy 1 v 2 / c 2
V cos V
V sin
1 v2 / c2
Q:1.363: V' x
----(i) Vy '
Vx V
( v cos ) V
Vx V
V
cos
V
1
1
1
c2
c2
c2
Vx V
tan '
Vy'
V sin
1 v2 / c2
Vx ' V cos V
Vy'
y'
Ans
K'
V'
V
'
x'
Vx'
y'
l
(l,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,0)
K'
rod : V x = V Vy
Vy1 1 (V / c) 2
1 Vx1 V / c 2
v ' 1 ( v / c) 2
1 ov / c 2
t ' x v / c
1 v / c
t
2
V=Vx
l0v / c2
1 v / c
x'
O'
v'
A
K
Vy
tan
y
l V v' / c
V v'
0
tan
Ans
l l 1 v2 / c2
2
c 1 v2 / c2
0
D
l
149
Vx '
Vx V
y'
y
now differential
1 Vx V / c 2
k'
1 Vx V / c 2 dVx Vx V (dVx ) V / c 2
dVx '
equation :
1 Vx V / c 2
K
x'
w
dVx 1 Vx V / c 2 Vx V / c 2 V 2 / c 2 1 Vx V / c 2
(1 V 2 / c 2 ) (1 Vx V / c 2 ) 2 ------(i)
dt '
dt '
dt '
dt (dx) V / c 2
3 / 2
1 Vx V 2 / c2 3
w 1 V2 / c2
w '
we
t'
know
t xV / c 2
1 V2 / c2
dVx
2 2 3/ 2
1 V / c
dVx '
(dVx) 1 V / c (1 V / c )
dt
2
2 2
2
dt '
(dt V / c ) (1 Vx V / c )
VxV VxV
1
1
c2
c2
1 V2 / c2
Also
Vx v
Ans
y'
w'
w 1 V2 c2
1 V 2 c
2 3/ 2
dv w ' 1 V 2 c 2
w'
Vx' = 0
2 3/ 2
1 V 2 c
2 3/ 2
w 1 V2 c2
3 / 2
earth K
3 / 2 dt
w ' t dt
3 / 2
2 =0
w w ' 1 V 2 c Vx'
0 (1 V
2 3/ 2
c )
w ' dt
0
w' t
dv
2
c2
w' t
x
1
1
1
/
2
w'
c
0 1 ( w ' t / c) 2
dx
0
3 / 2
w 1 V
w' t
1
cv 1 c
c
2 w' t
An s
150
Vy 1 V 2 c 2
Vy'
dt '
1 Vx V c
dt (dx) V c 2
1 V 2 c2
Vx V
1 Vx V c
2 Vx'
Vy 1 V 2 c 2
0V
V
1 0
1 V 2 c2
dt '
dt '
from
(dVy / dt )
option
k'
x'
(w) 2
w ' t 2
1 c c
dt
(w) 2
c2 (w ' t)2
dt
w' t
1
put in (i)
c2
dt
2
c
w'c
w'
ln
1
0
0
2
w
'
C
c
w' t
0
c
m0
m
m
Q:1.368: We know
Here v c
2
v
1
2
w' t
(1 V 2 c 2 )
w
1 V2 c2
2
dx
w ' w 1 V 2 c 2 . Here Vx = 0
1 V c 2 1 Vx V c
dt
(a) :
dVy'
dVy
1 V 2 c2
dt '
2
dt (dx) V c
Q:1.367:
1 Vx V c 2
y'
Vy 1 V 2 c 2
a x' 0 Vy'
c 2 w ' t 2
dt
2
c
w'
w'
ln
1
c
w'
c
m0
m0
1 2
(1 ) (1 )
Ans
0.01
C
C
v
100
c
C
m0
m
1 + = 2 m
2 (1 )
0
.01
m
100
1
2(1 )
70 Ans
m0
m0
m0
rest maes
m0
l1l2l3 1 v
c2
151
y'
y'
l2
l3
l2
x'
V=0
0
2
1 v 2 Here
c
C
(1 )
0
1
(1 ) 0
Then
1
2
1 v 2
c
1
(2 ) Ans
Squaring
both
side
P
m 20
P2
PC
m 02 C 2 P 2
C2
m 2C 2
CV
V
1
CV
1 1
1 1 0
2
C
C
C
P
m2C2
1 0
2
P
m0
1 v
V ------(ii) (i)
(ii ) :
1 v
m 20 C 2
P
1 2
1 v
m0v
2
c2
Now
Ans
v2
3
1
v2
C v 3C
2
2
2
2
c
4
c
2
c
c2
m0
1
2 2 1
2 2
(.64 .36) c 2
Q:1.372: Classical mechanics : w Kf Ki = m 0 (0.8) c m 0 (0.6) c =
2
2
2
m0
x 0.28 c 2
w 0.14 m 0 c 2 . Relativistic mechanics :
w m f c f 2 m i c i 2
2
m0
m0
0.8 2 c 2
0.6 2 c 2 =
m0 0.42 c2 w = 0.42c2
2
1.082
1 0.6
Q:1.373: m0c2 = Rest mass energy mc2 = Total energy Kinetic energy = mc2 - m0c2 according
m0
2m 0
2
1
2
3
to question : m0c2 = mc2 - m0c2 m = 2m0 1 v 2
1 v 2
v 2
c
4
c
4
2
c
3
c
v
Ans
2
152
2T
T
2
2
m 0 . Relativistic mechanics : T = mc - m 0 c
Vc
2
1 v 2
2
c
m 0c
1 1
v2
2c 2
c2
3 T
1
4 m c2
0
T
m 0c 2
V Vc
Vc
(1 / 2) (1 / 2 1) v 4
1
2
c4
v2
v 2 3 v2
1
2 approxim ately
2c 2 4 c
v2
1
m v 2 where Vc = velocity calculated by chassical mechanics
2 0 c
2c 2
m 0c 2
T
m0c2
3 T
1
m 0 c 2 2 m 0 c 2
2T
T
2T
1 3
m0
4
m
m 0c 2
0
2T
m0
then
m 0c 2
m 0c 2
1 v
m 0c 2
v2
2c 2
3 v2
1
8 c4
v2 3 T
1
2c 2 2 m 0 c 2
T
4
2
3
m c
0
at max Ans
3 T
T
2
1
m
0
2 m c 2 Now
c2
put
2
m c
in (i) m c 2 T m c 2 P 2 c 2 0 4 T 2 2m 0c 2 T m 02c 4 P 2c 2 P 2c 2 T T 2m 0c 2
0
0
c
1
c
T T 2m 0 c 2
Ans
1
c
T T 2m 0 c 2
I
dP
I
p
momentum transfer per second is : F
e
dt
Ce
T T 2m 0 c 2 . Power
= Energy radiate or absorb persecond Power = n (kinetic energy of one particle) = T Power
I
T
e
153
Vx '
Vx = 0
in
Vx =
m ( v)
dP
1 v2 c2
-v
(mv)
v.
V =
Momentum transfer
Vx V
1 Vx v 2
c
Here
one collision
2mv
1 v2 c2
1 v2 c2
But actually no. of particles of gas does not change but its occupied volume is decreased and hence
dA
Before collision
dA
After collision
V=v
per second :
2
N app
(dA )
2
2
1 v c
dF
2mv2
dA 1 v 2 c2
Pr essure
collision)
v 2 v' 2
c4
v V'
V'
1 v
c2
app
dF
1 v 2 c 2
dP
2 mv
dt 1 v 2 c 2
(dA ) V .
2
2
1 v c
2mv2
1 v2 c2
Vx V'
2v 3
3
v4
V'
2 vv '
2
v
2
2
1
c 2
c
c2
v
V=v
V=v
m
Before collision
mV'=
After collision
V'
154
dF 2 mV
V
momentum transfer in one collision = 1 v 2
dA
1 v 2 c 2
2
2mv 2
1 v2 c2
Ans
Since in gas frame mass of gas particle and its density does not change
F
2 2
dt 1 v c dv
m0 0
0
s
ds
v
dt
Fct
m 20 c 2 F 2 t 2
ds FC
t dt
dx
c2 t
Q:1.379: Given x a 2 c 2 t 2 v
dt a 2 c 2 t 2
dV
a 2 c2 t 2
Momentum :
dt
a 2 c 2t 2
m 02c 2 F 2 t 2
2 2 22
0 m0 c F t
P = mv
Fct
m0
dV
2
2
1 v c dt
m02c2 F c2 t 2
c2
dv
dv
and
a t a. v Then
dt
dt
Ans
1 / 2
m d V
v2
0 dt
c2
1 / 2
2
dV 1 v 2 3 / 2 2 V dv
F m 1 v 2
We know
V 1
0
c
dt 2
c2
c 2 dt
1 v 2 m dV m v d 1 v 2
0 dt
dP
c 2 0 dt
c2
m0c2
F
put
value
of
dv/dt
:
F
2
dt
1 v
c2
dP d m 0 V
F
dt dt
2
1 v 2
c
m 0c 2
Ans
dV
c 2 t ( 2c 2 t )
(a 2 c 2 t 2 ) c 2
dt
a 2 c2t 2
m0
2
1 v
Al so
a
V
F m0
v2
c2
1
2
c
2
1 v 2 Va.v
155
a
V
F m0
a.v
If a || v a.v. av then
2 2
2
2 2 32
1
v
c
c
1
v
c
m 0a
m 0a v v
m 0a
m0 v2 c2 a
3
3
1 v2 c2
1 v2 c2 1 v2 c2 2
2 2 2
1
v
c
m0 a
v2 c2
1
2 2
1 v c
1 v2 c2
m 0a
3
1 v2 c2 2
Ans
Px
and
Vx 2
c
m0c2
1
Vx 2
c
Px
m 0 c Vx
and
c 2 Vx 2
m 0c 2
c 2 Vx 2
Also we know from invarient theorem : (ds)2 = c2(dt)2 - (dx)2 = constant = c2(dt)2 - (Vxdt)2
(ds ) 2 c 2 Vx 2 (dt ) 2
Then
Px '
Px '
Px
c 2 Vx 2
m 0 c Vx
dt (i)
(ds )
ds
constant in any inertial frame of references
dt
dt
E m 0 c 3 (ii ) Vxdt = dx Also
ds
m 0 c Vx ' dt ' m 0 c
dx ' m 0c dx vdt
ds
ds
ds
2 2
1 v c
m 0 c dx m 0 cVdt
Px
V
1 2 ds
1 2 ds
1 2
1 2
v 2
c
m c3
0
P
'
x
2
2
2
1
1 c Vx 2
Px
E' m 0 c
3 dt '
ds
Px
1 2
m 0 c 3 dt (dx ) V c 2
ds
1 2
m0c
2
2
c Vx
c2
1 2
E'
Px E
Px '
c2
2
proved
m 0 c3
3
2
dt m 0c dx V c
ds
1 2 ds
1 2
156
E'
E
1 2
E
1
m 0 CV dx
1 2 ds
PxV
E
1 2
E'
m 0 CV Vxdt
1 2 ds
E
1 2
m 0 CVxdt V
ds
1 2
E PxV
1 2
Ans
EV
Px 2
c
'
PC From K frame : Px C Px / c form k frame = ' Px ' C
2
1
2
1
1
V 3
c (1 )
'
'
'
Ans For
Ans
2
2
1
2
1
c 5
1
1
dx
ds
dt
dy
dz
E m 0 c 3 Py m 0 c
Pz m 0 c
ds
ds
ds
dz
2 dy
2 dz
-----(i) Py C m 0 c
-----(ii) Pz C m 0 c
-----(iii). Squaring and add
ds
ds
ds
2 4
((i)+(ii)+(iii))
(dl) 2
dt
E 2 P 2 C 2 m 02 c 6 m 20 c 4
ds
(ds) 2
P 2 c 2
m 02c 4
(dl) 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2 4 c dt dl
m 20 c 4 cour
E P C m 0 c
ds 2
(ds)
E 2 P 2 C 2 m 02 c 4 Ans
Q:1.384: We know P = mV
V PC
For
C
E
system :
C T (T 2 m 0 c 2 )
Vcm
C
T m 0c 2
mc2
V Also we know P
c2
Vcm PsystemC
c
E system
T
T wm 0 c 2
EV
c2
PC T (T 2m 0 c 2 ) Now
2
2
T (T 2 m 0 c ) 0 (0 2 m 0 c ) C
Vcm
2
2
c
(T m 0 c ) m 0 c
Vcm
T
C
C
T 2m 0c 2
Ans
157
(a) Since maes of both particles are same hence magnitude of momentum of both particles from com
frame will be same. Velocity of each particle from com frame = 0- Vcm = Vcm. Energy in com frame:
E
2m 0 c 2
1
~
T
2 m 0 c 2 (T 2 m 0 c 2 )
Vc m
c2
~ ~
. Using equation : E T 2m 0 c 2
~
T
2 m 0 c 2 T 2m 0 c 2 2m 0 c 2 T 2m 0 c 2 2m 0 c 2
1
2m 0 c 2
2
~
2m 0c
P
1 v2 c2
Vcm
m0
Q:1.385:
assume
1 Vcm 2 c 2
m0
energy
m 0c 2 C
m0
m0
does
2 m 0 2m 0 c 2 T
Vcm
not
losses.
m 0 C1
m c T m c T T 2m c m C
2 m 2 m c T Ans. Also we know from Q: 1.384
2
2
2
EV
C T T 2m 0c 2
P 2 v PC (PC) v
c
E
E
T 2m 0 c 2
2 2
2 2
0
v C
T
Ans
T 2m 0c 2
T1
2m 0c 2 T1 2 T1 T1 2m 0c 2 2 2m 0c 2 T 2 0 . Because
m0
m0
Inertial K frame
m0
m0
COM frame
2
2
2
T12 4T1m 0 c 2 4 m 20 c 4 T12 2T1m 0 c 2 4T 2 8Tm 0 c 2 4 m 20 c 4 4T 8Tm 0 c 2T1m 0 c
T1
4T ( T 2m 0 c 2 )
2m 0 c
Q :1.387:
1
T
2T T 2m 0c 2
E1 E 2 E 3 m 0 c 2
2m 0c
Ans
P1 P2 P3 0 .
E 2 E 3 2 P1 P2 c 2 m 0c 2 E1
Take
P12 c 2 Invariant
system
of
(m 2 +
m 3)
m0 c 2 E1 2 P12c 2 m 2 m3 2 c 4 .
158
Because this invariant is same in all frame of reference hence from com frame of (m2 + m3). In
variant
m 2 m 3 2 c 4
Now
m 20 c 4 E12 2m 0 c 2 E1 P12 c 2 (m 2 m 3 ) 2 c 4
m 20 c 4 m12 c 4 2m 0 c 2 E1 (m 2 m 3 ) 2 c 4
E2
m0
m1
m2
2m 0 c 2 E1 m 02 m12 c 4 m 2 m 3 2 c 4
=0
v=0
m3
E1
m 2 m 2 m m 2
1
2
3
E1 max 0
c
2m 0
E3
Ans
dm
m
Vx V
Vu
u
Vx
v
uv . Change in momentum of (dm) mass : dP = -(dm) V + dm Vx
1 Vx
1
c2
c2
vu
dm
dm v
1 uv
c 2
u u v 2
uv
dP
(dm) u
c
Here 2 u then
Force on
uv
c
dt
dt 1 uv
1
c 2
c2
m dm
v
uv
u
dv
dm
1 2 dv
F
dt
c
dt 1 uv
m0 m
0
2
c
1 m m 0 2 u / c
v
2u
c
m C
1
m0
159
Part Two
Thermodynamics and Molecular Physics
2.1
Q: 2.1: Suppose gas is at pressure P, volume V and tamp. T. Then we know PV=
m
nRT. Also PV RT where m = mass of total gas M = molar mass. Now V
M
= const. and T = const dP V
PV
P.V.T
(dm )RT
M (dP )
V ----(i). Calculation of M/RT : We Know
. Then dm
M
RT
M
P
m
RT PM RT
. Given at NTP (normal tempreature and pressure) : T0 =
RT
P
P (dP ) V
PV
M
0 put in (i) dm 0
m 0 P
RT
PV
P1V nRT1 n 1
RT1
P1
t1
Value
P=0
n
Initial
(A)
(B)
P V
P2 V (n n ) R T2 n n 2 ---(i) (P P) V nRT
2
2
RT2
n
P2
t2
P2
t2
n- n
P2- P
Final
1 1
P1 P
(P2 P)V
P1V (P0 P)V P2 V
P2
put
value
of
n
and
n
in
(i)
:
T1 T2
RT2
RT1
RT2
RT2
T2
PT
P1T2 P
P 1 P1T2
P2 P 1 2
P
.
Increase
of
pressure
of
Vessel
B
:
2T1
2
2 T1
2T1 T2
Q: 2.3:
H 2 ; He
P; t , m; V
m1 m 2
Rt
2. no. of moles of He : n2 = m2/4. Also m1 + m2 = m ----(i). PV n1 n 2 Rt PV
4
2
PV
m1 m 2 PV
m 2 2 PV
m2
2PV
m
m1
----(ii) Now (i) - (ii) :
m 2 2 m 2
Rt
2
4
Rt
2
Rt
2
Rt
put in (i) :
PV
PV m PV m
4
m
m1
Rt m 2
Rt
PV
Rt 4
m1 m m 2 4
m m
m PV Ans
PV m PV
Rt
2 m 2
2
Rt
m
Rt
Rt
160
Q: 2.4:
T; P0
CO 2 ( m 2 )
= Density of mixture. Calculation of M : no. of mole of N2 : (n1) = m1/M1 no. of mole of CO2
n M n 2M 2
m m2
: (n2) = m2/M2 where M1 and M2 molecular weight of N2 and CO2. Then M 1 1
1
m1 m 2
n1 n 2
1 M2
P
m
m
1
2
0
m1 m 2
m
m
P
RT
Put in (i) :
RT 1 2 Ans
m1 m 2
M
2
1
M1
Q: 2.5:
M2
(a) V, T1, v1, v2, v3. Suppose molar maes of O2, N2, CO2 are M1, M2 and M3. Then PV =
RT
V
Ans
Total mass
Total maes of mixture: M = v1M1 + v2M2 + v3M3 molar mass of mixuture = total no. of mole
v1M1 v2 M 2 v3 M 3
M
Ans
v1 v 2 v3
(b)
Since
RT0 1
RT 0
RT0
1
P2
P2 P1
V
v
V
P2 P1 P2 'P1 ' mg / A
RT0 1
RT
1
1
1
V n
V' n '
then
n 2 1
n '
T
RT0 n 1
RT n '1
RT
( n '1) ( n '1)
T
V n
V' n ' ( 1) V
n'
n ' 1
n=1
T0
T
n=1
n' V'
T0
n=1
T
n=1
V'
Initial
RT 1
1
v '
Ans
P1A
P2 = P1 + mg/A
Final
P2A
mg
161
Q: 2.7: This question is based on operation of an engine. In this engine, first, piston pull right side
and during pulling piston, value is opened and gas is filled in vacent space. then value is closed and
gas between value and piston is removed. And piston moves left way. After that piston is again pull
right way and value is opened and gas comes with piston. This process continues.
First stroke right PV = P1 (V + V) P1
PV
------(i)
V V
In 3rd stroke : P3
PV 3
(V V) 3
In n
th
stroke : Pn
ln
PV n
( V V ) n
P
Vn
1
( V V )
ln
V
V V
V
ln
n ln
ln 1
ln
( V V)
V
V
Ans
P, V
V
Piston
Valve
Isothermal
V, P0
P0
dP
+ CdP = CP -VdP = CPdt V P C dt P + dP
c
ct
t P P e v Ans
0
v
Value
piston
162
ct
ct
P0
v
ct
P0 e v ln
t ln
v
c
Q: 2.10: Let assume pressure inside gas chamber is P F.B.D. of piston. Force
Ans
P0S
m0
l1
P
V
V V V
const
T
T T T
l2
m-m0
V
T T
V
V
1
T T
= Sl1 + (S - S) l2
initial
T T
V
V
P0
P0 S
T
Sl
V
S-S
PS
m0g
P (S- S)
mg
V RT Now
----(i) Also, PV = nRT . Here n =1 P0
S
T
1
mg
( S)l
P0
T
R
V
R
S put in (i)
Q: 2.11:
(i)
T ( mg P S) l
0
R
P0 (S- S )
Ans
RT
V
put in
3
2
RT
dT
P0 V 2 T P0 V V ------(iii). For T maximum,
0 0 P0 3V 0
V
dV
R
R
R
R
(b)
P0 mg
(m-m0) g
P0
P0
put in (ii): Tmax
R
R
P = P0 e-V
P0
2P0
Tmax
3
3
P0
3
Ans
RT
dT
P
P0 e V T 0 Ve V -----(i). Now
0 for maximum Temp. Calculate
V
dV
R
P0
P
0
R
R 3
P0
eR
Ans
PV
PV
T0 V 2 ------------(ii)
put in ----(i)
R
R
163
2
dP
P R T0 V 1 V To P
0 0 R T0 V V
min :
dV
P
R
P
T0
T
2 T0 P
T0 0 2T0
min 2R T0
= const
N2
dx
dT gM
dT dT Mg
Ans
dx
R
dx dh
R
Q: 2.14: Here
const C P n P
C
P
n
Also PM =
dx
1
P n
1 1
RT
RT P n C n
Differentiate :
RT PM
M
C
1 1n P
n 1
(i) n
(dP) c
1/ n 1
1 1
R
P
c 2 (gdh )
dT dT (n 1) P 2 c 2 Mg
M
dh
n
(n 1) 12 12
n
1
P
C
Mg n 1 P 2 Mg P
n
n
n
dT
(n 1)
Mg Ans
dh
n
PM RT
gdz
P0
put in (ii)
Ans
T0
dP Mg
P
RT
h 5 10 3 m
g 9.8m / s 2
dP
Also PM = RT
gdz
In question dz = dh PM
dh
P P0 e
0
R 8. 3
RT
dP
gdh
Mgh
RT . Above earth surface :
T 27 0 C 300K
M 78 10 3 kg
n 1
Mg
n
T = const
M = const
dh
164
Below earthsurface :
h 5 10 3 m
g 9.8m / s 2
T 27 0 C 300K
n 78 10 3 kg
R 8. 3
put P 2 10 5 N / m 2 2 Atm
Mg h
dz
RT 0
e
0
zh
Mgh
RT
Mgh
RT
RT
1
h1 Mg
e e
Mgh 1 RT
(b)
(1 )
0
0 (1 ) 0 e
0
h2
0e
T = const
g = const
M = const
dh
Mgh
RT
(a)
Then
dz dx
(d) RT
gdz
M
Mgh 2
RT
Ans
RT
RT
RT
ln (1 )
h2
Mg
Mg
Mg
M, T, g
h
dx
dm
m
dm
Ps dx M RT -----(i) dN
. Also we known
M
M
dm dm
dP gdx
dV Sdx
dP g
P P0 e
dm
SdP
dm
s
g
x
Mg
-----(ii)
m
RT from (ii) :
when x = h
dm
0
P0
dm
g dx
dP
Sx
put
P0
(i)
PS dx
P
RT SdP
Mg x
dP
dx
P
M g
RT 0
P0
S
SdP
m
P P0
g
g
Mg
P0S
RT
m
1 e
Ans
g
Mg
P0S
RT
1 e
165
Q: 2.18: We know x cm
P P0 e Mgx RT And
dm
xdm
. Also we know from Q: 1.215
dm
P(sdx )
M
MS
PS dx
P0
RT
RT
dm
RT
M
x
P0
e Mgx RT dx
MSP0 x Mgx RT
RT e
x cm
MSP0 Mgx RT
RT e
xe
Mgx RT
dx
Mgx RT
dx
x cm
RT
Mg
dm
RT -----(i)
M
And also
Ps dx
RT
M
P
Mgdx
dP
R T0 (1 ax) P
0
P0
dP
g
x
P = P0 at h = 0
Also T T0 (1 ax
P0
Similiar as above : P
(1 ah ) n
Mg
RT (a ) ln (1 ax)
0
Mg
ln (1 ax)
a RT0
ln P / P0
0
and x h P = P0 (1-ah)n
M, g
dx
s
dm
(dp) -------(i)
g dx g ( dm ) dm
dP g dx
g
sdx
s
M, T, g
dx
ln P / P0
Ans
Ans
dP dm 2
dm
2
rw .
Q: 2.20: Force equation of dr element dF (dm) rw 2 dP S S rw dP
S
s
dm
rw 2
PS(dr)
dm
RT
dP also we know P(Sdr )
M
RT
M
r
S
dP Mw 2 rdr
rw 2
0
RT dP
Mw 2 r 2
MW 2r 2
RT ln P P P P e 2RT Ans
0
0
2
P0
M, T
P0
r
dx
This end is
open in air
166
P ?
Q: 2.21: , T
M = (12+32) 103 kg = 44 103 kg. Idial gas equation :
We know PM = RT P
RT
M
2 a
P P
M2
M2
RT
2a
M b M2
(b)
kg
m3
b RT
Ans
RT
. Using vander wall
V
P a ( v b) RT P2 RT a . Here
V b V2
v 2
P1 P2 (1 )
500
2a
equation :
10 3 m 3
RT
500 8.2 300
P a (V b) RT M
V
V2
mole gas) :
500 3 kg
RT RT
a
(1 )
V V b V 2
(1 ) a / v 2
(1 ) a (V b)V
a (V b)(1 )
2
T
1 R R
V
R
(
nV
v
)
VR (nv b)
Vb V
P1 P2
P2
V
n=1
R (1 )R
a
(1 )
T
V
V
b
V2
Ans
RT
a
Put value of this temp in vanderwall equation. P2 V b 2 Ans
V
Q: 2.23:
n 1
V
T1, P2
a
a
P1 2 (V b) RT1 ----(i) P2 2 (V b) RT2 V
V
T2 , P2
2 T P T P
-----(ii) from (i) and (ii) : a V 1 2 2 1 T2 T1
T T
Ans b V R 2 1 P2 P1 Ans
167
dP
Q: 2.24: We know bulk modulus of a gas is given by : B dv . While compressibility is given
V
dv
by :
isothermal:
dP
a
1 dV
const.
differentiate
dP a
(V b) P
0
dV V 3
V 2
(i):
dP
dV
dP a dV (v b) P a (dV) 0
3
2
V
V
P a 2
PV 3 aV a (V b)
a
V
(V b)
V3
V 3 (V b)
1
V 3 ( V b)
V 2 ( V b)
V (PV 3 av) a (V b) (PV 3 aV) a (b V ) ----(ii) put value of P from (i) in (ii)
V 2 ( v b) 2
[ RTV 3 2a ( v b) 2 ]
Ans
2.24: x
2.2
1 RT
V
V
RT P 2 x1
from Q :
2
RT
VP
P
V 2 (V b) 2
V 2 (V b) 2
V
a
According
to
equation
:
x
>
x
T R
3
2
3
2
1
RT
b
RTV 2a (V v)
RTV 2a (V v)
nRT PV
Cp
cv
Windo
w
U
V
P
constant and room pressure and volume is also constant. The Internal energy also const.
U = Const if P and V are const. And not depend on T because when T increase, no. of moles will
be decreased in room because PV = Const. Hence in room internal energy (U) = Const.
168
CP
CV
1
(nM) V 2 . When Vessel sudden stop, then after long time this directional
2
kinetic energy of gas is converted into randm kinetic energy when thermodynamic
gas =
(v 1)
1
MV2 (v 1)
MV2
(nM ) V 2 nC V T T
T
2R
2
2
R
Ans
Q: 2.28: Method 1: When value is opened and thermodynamics equilibrium is attained then. no.
P1V1 P2 V2 PV1 V2
P1V1 P2 V2 PV1 V2
------(i). Also
RT
T1
T2
T
1
2
P1V1
T T1 P2 V2 T T2 0 ------(ii)
T1
T2
Vessel (1)
(2)
Value
V1 , P1 , T1
V2 , P2 , T2
P V P V
P 1 1 2 2 Ans
V1 V2
V1 , V2
P
T
PV
P1V1 P2 V2 P V1 V2
then
v 1
v 1 v 1
v 1
P1V1 P2 V2
V1 V2
V V
1
2
V1 , P1 , T1
P1V1 P2 V2
P V V
.
1
2
P1V1 P2 V2
P V P V T T
RT
T 1 1 2 2 1 2 Ans
RT
P1V1T2 P2 V2 T1
1 RT2
Q: 2.29: Method: 1: We know Suppose initial temp. is T1 and final is (T1-T) then.
PV
PV
V
Ui 1 ; Uf 2 U
P2 P1 ----(i).
v 1
r 1
r 1
also nR
P, T ,
V1 V2
V2 , P2 , T2
nRT1
P1V nRT1 P1
V
P1V
V T nRT2 nRT1
nRT2
nR
U
P2
T
T1
r 1 V
V
V
v 1
Sealed vessel
V
169
P1VT
T1(v 1)
P VT
Here P1 0 T = T U 0
1
0
T0 (v 1) Ans U = Increase in P.E. Q = U
P0 VT
+ w Since vessel is realed then w = 0 Q U T (v 1) Ans
0
Method : 2 U ncvT n
R
P V
T ----(i) Here P = P P V = nR T V = v nR 0
put
0
0
0
T0
(v 1)
P0VT
P0 VT
in (i) U T (v 1) Ans Also Q = U + w w = 0 then Q U T ( 1) Ans
0
0
PV
A . Also W = PU + A
v 1
Q: 2.30: We know : Q = U + W =
v
A
A Q A
v 1
v 1
PV
PV
W PV = nRT = RT W Q
v 1
v 1
P = const
N2
PV RT
v 1 v 1
Q: 2.32: Initial
n=1
Ans Q
Ans
P0 ; T0 ; V isochoric P0
; T1 ; V isobaric P0 ; T0 ; V1 Here,
2RT0
P1 T1 '
PV = nRT P0V = 2RT0 V P . Isochoric process : P T '
0
2
2
n 2
T0
V const
P0
Pf P0
T0
P0
T
V1 ' T1 '
V
0 T1 T0
2 V 2V
.
Isobaric
process
:
initial
to
final
position.
Q U W
Here
P
P V P 2RT0
W 0 0 V 0 0
W = RT
T0 Q RT0
2
2
2 P0
final
temp.
is
zero.
170
Q: 2.33: Method : 1 v1 = 2 O2 (r1) v2 = 3 CO2 (r2). Assume adiabatic exponent of O2 and CO2
are r 1 and r 2 . Internal energy of system : U v1
r1
r11
v v
r2
1 2
r2 1
r 1
v1 r2 1 v 2 r1 1
v1 v2
r1 1 r1 1 r 1
r 1 r2 1 v1 v1 1 r v1 r1 r2 1
r 1
v1 r2 1 v2 r1 1
v1 r2 1
Method:2 C v (mixture)
v2 r2 r1 1
v2 r1 1
v1c1v v 2 c v2
n1c 2 n 2 c 2
n1 n 2
v1 v 2
R
R
RT
T v2
T v1 v2
r1 1
r2 1
r 1
r1 1 r2 1 v1 v2
r 1
v1 r2 1 v2 r1 1
Ans
Cp - Cv = R C p (mixture)
v1c1p v 2c p2
v1 v 2
R
R
v1 R
v 2 R
r1 1
r2 1
C p v1c1p v 2c p2
Cp - R = C v r
Ans
R
C v v1c v v 2c v
v
v
(
r
1
)
1
2
1
1
2
r1 1
Q: 2.34:
n1
5
R
2
7
C1P R
2
C1v
N2 :
7
14
3
R
2
5
C 2P R
2
20
n2
2
10
Ar : C 2v
C v( mix )
3
15
R 2
22
2 0.42 J
n C1 n 2C 2P
C P(mix ) 1 P
9 m.k.
C v(mix )
1
n1 n 2
2
2
n1C1v n 2C 2v
n1 n 2
Ans
5
17
R 2 R
22
2 0.65 J
C p(mix )
9 m.k .
1
2
2
Q: 2.35: Suppose at time t, piston moves by x distance and in next dt time, piston moves dx distance.
Since T = Const P1V1 = P2V2 P0 V = (P0 - P) (V+xs) Here P = loss of pressure
171
P0
P V
xsP0
P 0 P0
. Force applied by person on piston :
V xs
V xs
F PS
x xs 2 P dx
xs 2 P0
0
work done in dx distance : W dW
V
xs
v xs
0
= P0 s
0
air
(xs v v)
dx
v xs
P0Sx P0SV
n 1
T const
V
s
final volume = nv
V = Sl
v
P0s dx P0SV
dx
0
0 v xs
ln v xs x
v xs
W P0 sx P0 V ln
------(i) Final volume : nv = (l+x) s =
0
S
v
1
1
2xs
P P2 P1 P0 V0 V xs V xs P0 V0 2
. Force applied by external agent:
V0 x 2s
0
0
V1 V0 x f s
2 P0 V0 xs 2 dx
V0 2 x 2 s
(1 n ) V0
2V0
2V0
V V0
Sx f
V0 0
x f (1 n) S
1
1
1
(n 1) 2
W P0 V0 ln
4n
V1
--------(i) Here
V1
P1
V0 , P0 , T0
V0 , P0 , T0
P2
V1 V1 2V0
V1
2V0
1
3RT0
and P0 V0 P1 5V0
Q: 2.37: Q = Total heat transfer Isothermal process : P0 V0 2RT0 V0 P
0
P1 P0
Q W nRT ln
5 1
Q
v2
v1
n 3; T0 ; P0 ; V0
A
T0 const
= 3RT
T0 ln5 -----(i) Isochoric process : Q2 = nCvT
n 3; T0 ; P1; 5V0
B
n 3; T; P0 ; 5V0
5V0 const
172
P0
P1 T1
5 T0 T 5 T
--------(i) Also P
C vT 0
v 1
Q1 Q 2 3R 0 ln 5 12C v T0 Q
Cv
Q 3RT0 ln 5
R
12T0
v 1
12RT0
12RT0
v
1 Ans
Q 3RT0 ln 5
Q 3RT0 ln 5
Q: 2.38: (a) Isochoric : V = const P & T Isobaric : All lines intersect at same point P = const.
Because of P, and T are same then V = same PV = nRT Isothermal T = const if n = const.
(b)
T = const
V
t
ns
co
T = const
isobaric
V = const
P = const
Isobaric P = const
V
vRT
put in (i)
P
O2
V1
T0 , P0
Adiabatically
P0 , v, T1
vRT
1 r 4
P
const P T const P01 r T0 4 P0 1 r T1r
P
1 r
1
T1
vR
r 1
r 1
T0 T0 n
r 1
T0 r T0
A'
RT0
r 1
r 1 r
1
Here v 1 Ans
vR
r
T PV const .
r 1
PV vRT
vRT
v
r 1
v
vRT
const . Tv r 1 const . T1 0
Then
v
vRT0 n r 1 1
------(i)
w a
r -1
P0 ; V0 ; T0
T0 V0 r 1 T1 T0 r 1 T T0 n r 1 1
N2
N2
P0 ; V0 ; T0
Adiabatically
P1;
V0
; T1
P2;
V0
; T1
Isothermally
173
Isothermally : w T vRT0 ln
w a
n r 1 1
w T (r - 1) ln
v2
vRT0 n r 1 1 RT0 n r 1 1
v1 vRT0 ln n -------(i)
w T (r - 1) vRT0 ln (r - 1) RT0 ln
Ans
at
conducting piston
v2
T0 , V0 , P0
T0 , V0 , P0
R
T gas
r 1
t
:
v1
time
Initial
T
V
T;
V; P0
P2
Final
2V0
nV V 2V0 V
1
P0 V0 P1 V0 xs
P0 V0 T
P0 V0
V xs P P0 V0 T
P1
P2 0
2
. Force applied by
T0
T
T0 V0 xs
T0
T
T0 V0 xs
P0 V0T
ext agent: F P2 P1 S T
0
in (dx) displacement : dw
2P0 V0 TS2 x
dU
T0 V0 2 x 2 s 2
dx
1
P V TS
1
F 0 0
S
V xs V xs
T0
0
0
2xs
V0 2 x 2 s 2 . Work done
2 P0 V0 TS 2 x
dx dU v1 v 2 R dT On system : dW =
ext
2
2 2
r 1
T0 V0 x s
v1 v2 R dT
r 1
r 1
P0V0
RT0
P0 V0
RT0
x
xdx
1 T dT
2
RdT
s
2
r 1 T T
r 1
0 V0 xs
0
(V xs ) (V xs ) 2
4V0 2
2
0
0
(
V
xs
)
(
V
xs
)
V
.
v
0
0
T T0
-----(i)
put in (i)
(1 ) 2
V02
r1
2
( 1) 2
T T0
Ans
174
1
dU
dU
V 2
Const. Where V = directional velocity
2
dVolume
dVolume
2Cp T
M
nC v T
1
0 V 2 0
Volume
2
v2 V
Q: 2.43:
2CpT
M
RT aR
P
V
V2
(2 r)
r 1
RT
m
1
C v T V 2
M
mVolume
2
2 TR
( 1)M
PV RT PV
RT C v T 1
V 2
M
M
2
a
. We know Q = dU + dW
V
R
T -----(i) dw PdV w PdV ------ (ii) PV = nRT = RT
T
r 1
v2
put
in
(ii)
w
v1
aR dV aR 1
V
v2
Q = U + w
v2
1
1
aR
v1 v 2
v1
RT
RT RT
r 1
1 r 1
r 1
Ans
V
(2)
Ans
a
v = 1 = no. of mole
T
a
a
w
R R[T ]
V1 V2
Q RT
Method: 1 V
dU C v T
(1)
dU
0 . Now bernaulis equation between (1) and (2):
dVolume
liquid :
P1 0
dU
0 while for
dVolume
Ra
V
R
R
. Here
r 1 x 1
a
a
T
T
V
R
R
R
R T (2 r)
R
(2 r ) Q nCT
(2 r ) T Q
r 1
r 1
r 1
r 1
Ans
175
vRT
V
R dV
dT
R
vRT
PV
dV KvC v dT T
KC v T KC ln V ln T ln K1 K1 = constant
V
vR
v
v
1R
ln V R KC v ln K1 T
KCV
K1T V R KC v
K1
1 R
R KC v
PV
KC V
V
PV
const
vR
P0
x
V0 x
P0 V0
R
R
ln
r 1
1
ln
V0 x
V0 x
V0 x
ln
x
ln .
R (n r )
R
R
ln
Assume = n ln C
C (n 1) (r 1)
r 1 n 1
Q: 2.47: n = 1.50 C
T hen
Ans
(n r) R
R
R
(b) Compare : C = CV + C0. Here C0 is constant which provide work done dW = vC0 dT Here v
= 1 dW = C0 dT C 0
R
1 n
Then W
R
T
1 n
Ans
Q: 2.48: Method : 1 P = V Pv-1 = . Compare with polytropic gas equation : PVn = const
n = -1
1
R
R
1
R 1 r
R
C
r 1 1 1
2 r 1
r 1 2
Ans (c)
R
R
-----(i)
r 1 n 1
176
(b)
2
1 1
2
Calculation
of
final : Pf V0 Tf
PV
P V
V02
initial : P0 V0 vRT0 T0 0 0
vR
vR
V2
V02
V0 0
put in (i )
vR
vR
vRT
V0 V0
vR
2 V 2 2 1 V 2
VR
0
0
w
2
vR
2
V2
vR 2
U
0
vR
r 1
Method
(a)
2 1 V0 2
Ans
V = vCVT U
(a)
P V
V0 2
T0 0 0
vR
vR
2 1 V0 2
r 1
Ans
V 2
T Tf Ti 2 1 0
vR
(b) dw =
dV
V0 2 2
vR
nV0
2 V0
VdV
2
V0
V0
vRdT
vRdT
2VdV = vRdT 2 dV vRdT nCdT nC v dT
PdV
2
2
C CV
vR
T
r 1
2 1 V02
r 1
U vC v T vR T
r -1
W
put in (i)
R
R
R
R (1 )
C
Ans
2 1 2
2( 1)
Q: 2.49: Method : 1 (a) d = - nCVdT Here molar heat capacity is C then nCdT = -nCVdT
C C v
v-1 x
TV
v 1
2
R
1
Ans
v 1
Then PVx = const Put
2
R
R
R
2
1
2x-2 =
1 x 1 1
v 1 x 1
vRT
vRT x
Then
V const TV x-1 = const
V
V
2vR
T
r 1
vR
dT
r 1
177
r 1
r 1
Calculation of T: T0 V0 2 T V0 2
T T0 1
v 1
2
2RT0
W
2vRT0
1
v 1
v=1
v 1
r 1
2
r 1
T T0
1
v 1
2
1 1
2RT0
W
v 1
R
r 1
v1
1 2
(r 1) dV
dT
2
V
T
r 1
ln V ln KT .
2
r 1
1
const TV 2 const
K
2
2RT0
r 1
)
calculate T as method : 1 and put.
r 1
Q: 2.50:
PV
PV
P = T -------(i) T
put -------(i) P
vR
vR
R
R
R
R
R
C
R (1 )
v 1
1 v 1
v 1 x 1
1
vR
T vR (1 ) T
Here v = 1
2nR
2nR
dT W
T
r 1
r 1
v R
x
P1 CV P C1V 1 PV 1 Const Compare with PV = Const
(b)
r 1
V 2
Ans
KT
nRT
PV
Ans
W R (1 ) T
(a) dW v
dT
x 1
Ans
178
(a)
Given vCvT = U
PV vRT
Then
r 1 r 1
(b) C
PV
aV PV1- = a(r-1) = const.
r 1
R
R
R
R
R
R
C
r 1 1 1 r 1
r 1 x 1
Ans
R R r 1
vR
(r 1) U
T U T
vCT v r - 1 vR T
r -1
vR
1
r 1
1
( r 1) U
U 1
r 1 (r 1) U
Ans
r 1
W U U 1
U
U(r 1)
Ans
dT
Q: 2.52: (a) T T0 e V dT T0 V dV dV
We know dQ = dU + dW ------(i)
T0e V
PV = vRT PdV + VdP = vRdT ------(ii) Here T = T0eV
PdV
vRT0 e V
V
dT
vRdT
V from (1)
T0 e V
PV
T0 e V
vR
vCdT vC v dt
vRT0 V
e Now
V
vRdT
R
C Cv
V
V
dV
dV nRdT
nRdT PdV
We know PV = nRT PdV + VdP = nRdT PdV V
2
V
V
nR
PdV + (P 0P) dV = nRdT P0 dV nRdT dV P dT put in (i)
0
R
R
R
nRdT
C
P0
C
R 1
nCdT nC v dT P0
vP
r 1
V P0
r 1
V P0
rR
R
C
nRdT
PdV V P0 e V dV dV nRdT PdV + VPdV = nRdT PdV
put in (i)
1 V
nCdT nC v dT
nRdT
R
R
R
C Cv
C
1 V
1 V
r 1 1 V
179
(b)
PV = RT P0 V V RT
P0 V
T
R
P
R
U C v T
T U 0 V2 V1
r 1
r 1
V
W P0 V2 V1 ln 2 V1
P V V1 r
V
Q 0 2
ln 2
r 1
V1
C Cv
(b)
P0
P
V 0 V2 V1
R
R
P0
V2 V1 P0 V2 V1 ln V2
r 1
V1
Ans
dT
Also dQ = dU + dW vCdT = vCvdT + PdV
PdT
P
P RT
RT
C Cv
----(i) PV = vRT
T
C C v
v
v
V
V
RT0
RT0
RT
R
rR RT0
T0 V C
R C
C C p
V
r 1 V
r 1 V
V
V2
P0 dV
Ans dW = PdV
V
V1
Q U W
Q: 2.54: T = T0 + V (a) dT dV dV
vCdT = vCvdT +
Ans
RT0
T = T0 + V dT = dV dQ = vCdT Here v = 1 dQ = cdT C p V dT
V2
V2
RT0
RT0
dV Q C V V RT ln V2
dV Q C p dV
C p
p 2
1
0
V1
V
V1
V1 V
Ans
vRT
vRT
dV vTdT
put
V
V
T
V
dV
e R Ve T R C const
dT ln V T ln C1
1
C1
V
R
R
(b)
PdV = vVdT
R
Ans
vRT
dV dT
vRT
1
dV vVdT
R
dV v VdT
R ln C1T
2
V
T
V
V
V
R
C T e V Te V const
1
Ans
180
(c)
V = aT + C1 V-aT = C1 = const
T0
W ln
R
T0 (n 1)
r 1
pdV C v dT PdV
RT
C v dT
dV
T
V
C v ln T
T0
dT C v dT
T0 T
T0
W PdV
(b) C
W ln C vT0 ( 1)
RT
dT -----(ii) P
V
T
(C v T) dT R
put i n (i) C v dT
dV
V
RT
dV dT
V
T
C v dT
dT
dV
R
2
T
V
T
C
R
R ln KV ln T v KV
T C v KV R e T T C v V R e T const
T
T
C v R
R
C
PV v R R
( r 1)
Cv
PVCv
PV
V
e
const
PV
e
Const
r PV const
PV
e
R
Ans
a
Q: 2.57: We know vandervall gas equation : P
(v b) RT ----- (i) W dW PdV from
V 2
V2
V2 b 1
1
RT
a
RT
a
a
Ans
dV W RT ln
(1) : P v b 2 Then W
V1 b
2
V
V2 V1
V1 v b V
temp. T U1 C v T
a
a
U 2 C vT
V1
V2
a
VM
1
a
a
1
U U 2 U1 V V a V V
1
2
2
1
Ans
a
RT
a
P n a (V nb) nRT
(b) We know
n 1 P 2 ( v b) RT P v b 2
2
V
V
V
v2
v2
1
v2 b
RT
a
1
W dW v b dv 2 dv RT ln v b a v v .
Now
Q dW U
2
1
1
v1
v1 v
RT ln
1
1
v2 b
1
1
v b
a a Q RT ln 2
Ans
v1 b
v1 v
v 2 v1
v1 v 2
181
a
a
a
Q: 2.59: (a) P 2 (v b) RT -----(i) U C v T ----------------(ii) dU C v dT 2 dV .
v
V
v
RT
For adiabatic process : dQ = 0 = dU + pdV -dU = PdV C v dT dV
V b
C dT
dV
C
v
v ln TK ln( V b) V b ( TK ) C v R V b T C v R K C v R
RT
Vb
R
V b T Cv
K C v R T ( V b ) R C v Const
Ans
a
a
differiate w.r.t. V: 0 3 dV (v b) P 2 dV RdT
V
V
(b)
adV
abdV
V
PdV
C p dT C v dT RdT
ab
V
dV
dV RdT
dV
ab
dV R
ab
R
3
dT
dT P V 3 P
V
Cp C v R
2abR
3
V P
PdV RdT
Cp C v R
ab dV
V 3 dT
Cp C v R
a
RT
a
(V b) RT P
2
V b v2
v
( v b)
a
adV PdV
dV RdT
3
V
V2
abdV
V3
-------------(iii)
from
(ii)
ab R
ab
abR Rab
3P
3
V
V P
V 3P V 3P
2abR
R
C Cv
a p
1 2a ( V b ) 2
2
V
b
RTV 3
V
3 RT
1
v2
v 2a
v 2a
vC v T2
C v T2 T1 va v v v C v T va v ( v v )
v1
v 2 v1
2
1
2
1
1 1
vav 2
vav 2 (r 1)
T C v (v v ) T Rv (v v )
v 1 1
2
1 1
2
Value
v1
v2
Ans
v
vaccum
v 2a
v2a
Q: 2.61: We know : Q = U + W Calculation of U : U1 vC v T
U 2 vC v T
V1
V2
1
2 1
U v a v v . Calculation of W : w PdV zero . Because work done against Vaccum
1
2
1
1
v 2 v1
is zero Q = U + W Q v a v v Ans Q v a v v
1 2
2
1
Ans
T const
v1 v 2
182
/ m 3 110 5 / cm 3
8 .3
KT
300
23
6.02310
Since in 1 cm3 volume no. of molecules are = 105 one molecules occupied volume is = 10-5 cm3. This
volume will be like cube then side of cube is :
1
l v
10
5 3
1
l 10 106 cm 10 3 102 cm l = 2 10-2 cm = 0.2 mm Ans
10 5
cm ,
PV
PV
2
.
RT
RT
N2
PV
,
RT
V, m, T
( 1) PV
RT p ( 1) P -----(i). Calculation of initial pressure (P):
RT
mRT
( 1) mRT
RT P
Pf
put
in
(i)
Ans
MV
MV
p V V RT
m
PV
M
Q: 2.64: Suppose no. of molecules per unit volume of He is n 1 and that of N2 is n2. Also molar mass
of H1 and N2 are M1 and M2. Then We know density of mixture = Total mass/Total volume
m1 m 2
1 2 n1M1 n 2 M 2 ------(i) Also : P = nKT P = (n + n ) KT -------(ii) from
1
2
v
PM 2
P
KT
KT
M
M
KT
2
2
P
n
n
M1
(i) and (ii): n1M1 KT n1 M 2 1
1
Ans
M1
M1 M 2
1
1
M2
M2
Q: 2.65: momentum transfer is one callision = 2mvcos no.
v, n
dP
V (2 mv Cos ) A F = 2nmV2ACos F/A = P =
dt net
2nmv2Cos Ans
to contribute energy.
wall
P
v s2 P
2
1
where i = modes of degree of freedom
P
i
v 2
s 1
P
2
v s2
1
P
183
Q : 2.67:
v
v rms
1 2i
RT
M
(2 i )
3i
vrms
3RT
M
v
r
vrms
3
vrms
Here
v
5
vrms
9
25
3x5
7
15
2
2
1
i
i
i
KT . i = no. of translational digree of freedom + no. of rotational
2
DoF +2 (no. of vibration DoF). Linear N-atomic molecules : i = 3+2+2 (3N-5) = 6N - 5
6N 5
KT 3N 5 2 KT . Network (non linear atomic) i = 3 + 3 + 2 (3N - 6) = 6N + 6 KE
2
1
12 = 6N - 6 K.E. (6 N 5) KT = (3N-3) KT = 3(N-1) KT Ans
2
R
i
2
R 1
Q: 2.69: Molar heat capacity (C) at constant volume : C C v
r 1 2
i
2 9
7
r 1
(a) Diatomic gas : i = 3 + 2 +2 (3 x 2 - 5) = 7 C R Ans
Ans
7 7
2
2
6N 3
6N 5
R r 1
(b) Linear-N-atomic : i = 3 + 2 + 2 (3N - 5) = 6N - 9 C
6 N 5 6N 5
2
6N 5
R 3( N 1)
(c) Non linear-N-atomic : i = 3 + 3 + 2 (3N - 6) = 6N - 9 C
2
2
6 N 4 3N 2 N 2 / 3
6 N 6 6 N 6 3N 3
N 1
Ratio
dQ = nC pdT dW = nRdT
P const
dW R
6N 5
Cp R
6N 5
R
2
Rx 2
2
1
(6 N 3)R 3
(2 N 1) R Ratio
3
(
2
N
1
)
R
3
(
2
N
1
)
(
3
N
3 / 2)
2
2
R
1
Ans For Cv = 3(N-1)R (For nonlinear) Cp = R + 3 (N - 1) R = (3N - 2) R Ratio (3N 2) 3N 2
Q : 2.71: C v = 0.65 C p = 0. 91
Cp
Cv
0.91
2
1
0.65
8
2 0.91
0.26
1
i
.65
0.65
0.65 2 x 65
184
Q: 2.72: (a) Cp = R + Cv Cv = Cp - R =
Cp
V
i
1
1
C
1
2
R
x
1 i 2
1 1
R x 1 Ans
1 R x 1
i
3
5
v1 R v 2 R
2(v1 v2 )
3v1R 5v 2 R
R
2
v 1
Q: 2.73: C v (mix) 2
C v (mix)
3v1 5v2
2 (v1 v2 )
r 1
v1 v 2
2v1 2v2
5v1 7v2
v 3v 5v 1 v 3v 5v
1
2
1
2
P
Q: 2.74: We know
Ans
RT
R
1
T -----(i) Calculation of T:: C v T mv 2
P
M
M
2
1 mv2
P 1 mv2
put in (i): P
2 nC v
M 2 nCv
P
v2M
P
M v2
P
i RT
P
i RT
Q: 2.75: (a)
one drop
4 d
m
3 2
N2
K.E.
t 27 0 C 300K
1
KT (b) Vrms
2
4 d3
x
3
8
3RT
d 3
Vrms
6
3RT1
V1
V2
M
vRT
V
3RT
M
3KT 6
d 3
v 1
V
n2 2
V1
2
1 1
i
V const
V2
V i
i
2 n 2 V n
1
V1
Where m = mass of
Ans
2KT
Vrms 3 d 3
3RT2
divide both equation :
M
v 1
v 1 from (i) :
T2 2 V1v 1 T2 V2v 1
TV v 1 const T1V1 T2 V2
V
2
V1
v 100 m / s
Ans
3RT
Ans
M
Vrms
1 R v2
v2
2 i / 2R
i
T1
T2
185
Q: 2.77:
3RT1
Vrms
M
Vrms
3RT2
M
m
Q C v T -----(ii) from (i) :
M
Q
1
Here T1 T
T1
2
T2 T2 T1 ------(i)
T2 T1 T 1 2 T1 2 1 T put in (ii) :
m
m i
C v 2 1 T Q
R 2 1 T
M
M 2
m, N 2 , T
Ans
1
1
2
2
I yy Wyy
I zz Wzz
2
2
= Wzz = Wsq Iyy = Izz = I.
1
KT
2
TV v 1 const
vRT v
V const
V
V
T0 V v 1 T
Diatomic
KT
I
Ans
Adiabatic
v 1
V, T0
V/, T
motion K.E.
1
2
KT (2) KT -----(i) from (1) and (2) : KE IWsq
Wsq
2
gas = 2 K.E.
Q: 2.79:
1
(i) KT i = 2 Rotational
2
2
1
1 1
(2) KT0v 1 Ans
K.E. KT0 2 / i
i
K
.
E
.
KT
2
0
Ans
1
nv
4
= const
Q: 2.80: We know no. of collision per second per unit area of wall : v
Where n = no. of molecules per unit volume. We know TVv-1
Ti V v 1 Tf (V )v 1
2
1 1
i
1
T Ti
1 N
8RT
v1 4 V
M
1
T Ti
diatomic gas
2/i
-----(i)
8RTi
N 8RTi
1 N
v2
M
4V M
4 V
8RT
M
1i
v2
v1
1
n
2/i
v2
1
v1
1/ i
1 i
v2
1
1
i
v1
Ans
v2
1
v
1
T
Ti
186
Q : 2.81: We know
1
3
2 3x 3
x 1
2
Ti V
2/3
T ( v)
1 N
4 V
2/3
R
R
R
R
5
1
R i
i 5 1
v 1 x 1
2
x 1
2
x 1
PV 5/3
1
T Ti
8RT
M
Now
V
Vi
const
vRT 5 / 3
V
const TV 2 / 3 const
V
2/3
Also
Tf
1
Ti
we
know
2/3
1/ 3
Vi
1N
4 V
4/3
8RTi
M
Vi
4/3
diatomic gas
( i 1)
i 2
51
5 2
1 3
T0
1 N
Q: 2.82: No. of collision per second per unit area : v 4 V
8RT
N
v
M
4
8RT 1 1 / 2
v T
1/ 2
1 PV
const P1 / 2 V 11 / 2 const PV-1 = const
Since v = const V T = const V
vR
R
R
R
R
Ri R R
(1 i)
Compare PVx = const C
x = -1 C i
C
v 1 x 1
2
1 1
2 2 2
-1
Q: 2.83: Vp
vp
1/2
1g
3
RT P
2RT
We know PM = RT
put P = 1.1 105 N/M 1 1 kg / m
M
M
2P
v
8RT
v
M
8P
Ans Vrms
2
v
dN
4
e u u 2 du Here u
Q: 2.84: d (( u )) N (u )
And
v
3RT
M
3P
Vrms
Ans
dN (u )
sum of fraction of gas
N
v
V Vp
V
1
molecules having ratio V between u to u + du (a) V
V
p
p
p
1 n 4
1n
e u u 2 du ( u )
e n
Ans
187
Here
(b)
V Vs
V
1
1 n Also Vs
Vs
Vs
Vs 3
3
Vs Vp
Vp 2
2
V
1 V
p
integration : (u ) 12
3 3 / 2
e
Q:
3 2
2KT
m
Vp
(a )
2.85:
T T
3
V
(1 n )
2
Vp
Vp
3
(1 n )
2
2RT
M
from (a)
Ans
3KT
m
Vrms
Vrms Vp V
3KT
2 KT
m
m
mV 2
K 3 2
2 KT
mv 2
T
Ans
m
2K
velocity. Hence Vp v
Q: 2.86: (a)
2
1
3
3RT
and
M
F(u)
2KT
We know
3/ 2
mv 2
2 KT 4v 2
. Let temp T at which for v1 and v2,
mv12
3/ 2
3/ 2
mv 2
2 KT 4v 2 m
2 KT 4 v 2 . Here range will be taken
e
e
1
2
2KT
mv12 mv 22
m v 22 v12
2
v
same for both e 2 KT 2 KT 2 2 T
Ans
v2
4K ln v
v
(b)
2 KT
mv 22
3/ 2
Q: 2.87: v p
2RT
1
1
2K mN
m0
2T0K
4 v 2
2 KT
0
2KT
N
vp
m
v 2 m N
m N
2 K 1
m0
Ans
mv 2
3/ 2
2KT
o
v p
mN
v 2
2K
mN
2 T0K
4 v 2 v
3KT0 ln
m
1
2KT
v pN vpo v
m 0
m0
mN
v 2
2K
2KT
mN
m Nm0
0
mN
Ans
2 KT
m0
188
mH
2KT
Q: 2.88:
m
H
mHe
3/ 2
m Hv 2
2KT
3/ 2
3KT ln m 2 m
1
m 2 m1
T 1
3/ 2
m He 2
v
2 KT
m H m He
2 KT
2
H
2 ln m v
He
3/ 2
Here mH = m2 mHe = m1
m 2
v
2
KT
e
4 v 2 Here v = const but T is variable then for f(u) maximum
3/ 2
2
3 / 2 2 KT v
2
T
e
4v
mv 2 1
mv 2 1
2
T
T 3
mv
(1)T e 2K
T 5 / 2
e 2K
2K
mv 2
3
K
mv 2
3K
mVx 2
2 kT
T 7 / 2
mv2 3 5 / 2
T
2K
2
dN
( Vx ) ( V ) (V ) dV dV 2V dV dVx
N
d ( u )
0
dT
Ans
m
f (Vx )
2 kT
4 v 2
(u )
2K
0T
3 / 2
m Hev 2
2KT
m He
4 v
2KT
Ans
Q: 2.89: f (u )
2KT
d ( u )
0
dT
mH 2
v
2 KT
ddV
fraction of molecules
Vx
dN
(Vx ) f (V ) f (V1) dV
N
dN m 2 mv 2 2 kT
2V1dV dVx
e
N 2kT
dVx
dN m 2 Vx 2 V y 2 V 2 z
dv
e
N 2kT
dV
V
dVx
189
VxdN
2.91: We know Mean velocity = Vx
N
m
2 kT
Vx N
m 2
V
m 1 / 2 e 2 kT x
2 kT
dx
m
2
KT 2 kT Vx
e
0 Mean speed = <|V |>
x
m
m 2 2kT Vx
1
2
2 Vx N
dVx
e
m 2 KT m Vx 2 kT
2
kT
2
e
0
m
0
| Vx |
2kT
N
| Vx | 2
m
k 2T 2
2 kT
m2
4 kT
2 m
1
m
| Vx | N 2kT
Note : | Vx |
N
m 2
Vx
2kT
dVx
Q : 2.92:
We
know
Vx
Met hod
N
:
V 2 x Vy 2 Vz 2
2 V x
2 kT
0
2
Vx 2
2 Vx
2 kT
0
Ans
2 V2 x dN
2 kT
m
| Vx |
3RT
m 2
Vx
2 kT
dVx
3KT
m
m 2
Vx
2 kT
dVx
2
Vx
Vx 2
KT
V2
2
V x
Ans
m
3
KT
m
3KT
m
Ans
Al so
Vx
dA
Q:2.93: no. of molecules/Volume = n. Fraction of molecules having velocity
dN
Vx to Vx + dVx is :
no. of molecules/volume having velocity Vx to
N
dN
no. of molecules approach per second toward wall with velocity Vx : =
Vx + dVx is = n
N
dN
dN
n
(volume travrse in one second with velocity Vx)= n
(VdA). Total no. of molecules
N
N
n
4
8kT n
V
m
4
Ans
dN
m
nVx N v nVx
2kT
mVx 2
e 2 kT dVx
190
dA
dN
no. of molecules per unit volume
N
dN
no. of molecules collide per second with velocity Vx
having velocity Vx to Vx + dVx = n
N
dN
dN
(volume travel in one second) = n
Vx dA Momentum transfer with Vx velocity
is : n
N
N
dN
Vx (dA ) ( 2m Vx ) Net moment transfer with walll per second
per second n
N
dF
dN
dF
m
2nmVx2
n N Vx (dA) (2mVx) p
dA
2kT
Q:2.95:
Q :2.96:
1
v
V1 (dN)
2m
4 v
KT
We know :
dN
V1 N
1 m
V 2 kT
e 2 kT
2 m v2
2 KT
Vx 2
4v 2 dv
Ans
dN m
N 2kT
2
d
d mvdv vdv
m
m
mv 2
e 2 KT 4v 2 dv
K.E.
dN m
N 2kT
32
1
mv 2 differentiate :
2
2 d
e KT 4
m m
3
dN
2 kT 2 e KT
N
maximum f 2 kT 3 2 e KT
speed :
df
1
0 p r KT . K.E. corresponding to most probable
1
d
2
1 2KT
m
KT Ep1r
2 m
d
3
3
dN
Q:2.97: from Q. 2.96
d En . And KT
2 kT 2 e KT d ----- (1) n
2
N
32 3
3
2
2
dN
2
and KT
2
e
n
put in
(1)
KT 2
3
N
3
dN
2
2
N
3
32
32
dN
3 6 e
N
Ans
191
dN
3
KT
dN
2 KT 2 e
d where
= fraction of molecules which kinetic
N
N
energy lies between +d. Now we want sum of fraction of molecules whose kinetic energy
dN
> 0. Then N 2 KT
0
KT
dN
2
N KT 3 2
KT
Ans
2
Q:2.99: (a) F Av 3 e mv / 2 kT . Probable velocity is that velocity at which no. of molecules
will be maximum. And for maximum no. of molecules F will be maximum and hence.
1
3kT
2
(b) mv v
2
m
dN
2
A
N
m
kT
hole
dF
0
dv
2
dN
2
Av 3e mv / 2 kT dv
----(i). And d = mvdv -----(ii). Then
N
m
2
F' () A
2m
m
2me
2
e kT
dF' ()
0 KT Ans
d
Q: 2.100:
d
formula and
4
dN
d ( v cos )
dv (dv' ) ( volume) (dv' ) ( v cos ) 1 dv
4
1
m 2 mv2 / KT
N
4v 2 dv
v cos d =
e
2kT
4
2
m 2
mv 2 / KT 3
N
e
v
cos
(
dv
)
sin
d
2 kT v o
0
y
dv 2KT
N m
dA
sin cos d
dV
192
(d )
v cos
4
2
2
m
1
mv / 2 KT
4v 2 dv
v cos sin d
e
dv N
2KT
4
0
dv m
N 2KT
mv 2 / 2 KT 3
/ 2
dv
m
v dv sin cos d
N
2KT
0
2n n e
ln 2
KT
ln 2
h
level 1
2n
level 2
KT
U
U = KT ln2. Since filed is uniform hence force will be uniform
KT
(u u0 )
2
e mv / 2 KT v 3dv
KT
ln 2 Magnitude of force :
Fh U f U F
h
Ans
3
Uf Ui
KT
4 d
d 3
g
3 2
6
6RT ln n
( d 3p) hg
R
KT
d3pg
ln n
K
N A 3
6T ln n
NA
d phg
h
6
Ans
mgh d 3 gh
KT
6
NA
RT
6RT ln n
N A
d 3gh
n1' n1 (M 2 M1 ) gh / KT
n
e ( M2 M1 ) gh / KT where
n2 ' n2
no
M1 is mass of H2 molecule M2 is mass of N2 molecule
N2
H2
n1
n1 '
n1
n0
n2
n2
n1'
n2 '
n 21
193
Q:2.105: Also n1 ' n1 e m1gh / KT n 2 ' n 2 e m 2gh / KT Here
n1 ' n 2 '
n1 e m1gh / KT n 2 e m 2gh / KT
Then
n1
n2
m1, m2
T, g
h
n2 > n 1
n2
n
KT ln n1
ln 1 (m1 m 2 ) gh / KT h KT ln
h
n2
g (m1 m 2 )
g(m 2 m1 )
n1
n2
n = density of molecules
n f n 0 e mgh / KT
Pf
Pi mgh / KT
KT KT
Pf Pi e mgh / KT
At temp T = T0 Pf " Pi e
Pf "
m2 > m1
mgh / KnT 0
T
h
1
mgh / KTo 1
. At bottom h = 0 Pf'' = Pf' = not change Ans
Pf ' e
P
m0A
dx
KT
dx
mgh
m0A
P0e KT Adx
KT
m gh / KT
dx
x e 0
moA
mgh
/
KT
P0 e
gxdx m g 0
e mgh / KT
o
P
KT
N nAdx 0
Adx Then U
m gh / KT
P
dx
mgh
/
KT
0
KT
x e 0
Adx
KT e
0
<U> = KT.
Constant and not depends on type of molecule.
nf
mwl / KT
1
Q:2.108: Here effective accleration will be : geff = w n f n 0 e mwl / KT n 1 e
0
n 1 e mwl / KT ln(n 1)
mwl
KT(ln(1 n ))
W
KT
ml
l
(1)
Ar
T
geff
(2)
w
KT ln(1 n)
KTn
Magnitude of acceleration : W
Also we know ln (1+x) x W
Ans
ml
ml
194
m
= Volume of particle
r2
r1
m
0 rw 2 m = mass of one molecules. Then po
2
tential energy U
M ( 0 ) r w
2
n n 0 e m ( 0 ) r
dr2
w / 2KT
dr1
n ( r2 )
ne
n ( r1 )
m ( 0 ) w 2 2 2
r2 r1
2KT
m( 0 ) w 2 r22 r12
2KT ln n
N A 2KT ln n
m
M NA m
ln n
2KT
( 0 ) w 2 r2 2 r12
( 0 ) w 2 r2 2 r12
2RT ln n
( 0 ) w 2 r2 2 r12
T, l
1 2
2
CO 2 . Then Potential energy: F mrw and P.E. mr / 2w Then
2
2
n n 0e mr
ln n
/ 2 w 2 / KT
m2w 2
w
2KT
nf
n0
n e ml
2(ln n ) KT
ml
/ 2 w / KT
= e ml 2 / 2 w 2 / KT
2KT ln n
ml
2KT ln n
Ml 2
2
Q:2.111: (a) n n 0 e ar / KT where n0 = no. of molecules/volume at
T
0
n0
r2
r1
U = ar
(b) At most probable distance, temp = const. then for maximum dN.
df
2
f e ar / KT r 2 will be maximum then dr 0 r
KT
(c) Fraction of molecules in region r r+dr..
a
2
n e ar / KT 4r 2 dr
dN
3
0
dN a 2
N
2 ar 2 / KT
2
2 ar / KT
n
4
r
e
dr
0
N KT
Ans (c) n 0 N
KT
by n 3 / 2 Ans
Tin
If Temp decreases n times T
Then concentration increases
195
dU = 2ardr r
2.4
U 2 e
U1 / 2 e
KT
KT du
Ans
U
a
dr
U dU
dU
e U / KT
then dN n 0 4
2ar
a 2 aU
T2
T2
Q:2.113: n 1
If T1 increased by T then new efficiency. n 1
=
T1
T1 T
T2 T2
T2 T
T (1 T) 1
1 2
= 1 T 2 T If T 2 by T then n" 1 T
=
T1
T1
1 T1
1
1
T1
T2 T
T2 T T
T2
T2
Then efficiency of second case will be more than that of first n > n Ans
nRT r
V const T V r-1 =
Q:2.114: (a) We know PV r = const.
V
T1
n r 1 efficiency ()
const T1V0 r 1 T2 ( nv 0 ) r 1
T2
r
T
1
RT
1 2 1
1 n 1 r (b)
r
P
PV const p = const
T1
r 1
1 r
P01 r
T1
P
0
2
efficiency () 1
T2
T2
P1 r T r const
T1
1 r
T2
1 2 r
T1
T1
4
T2
v0
T1
1 r
T
21 r 2 2 r
T1
1 2 (1 / r 1)
nv0
P0
T2
P0 /2
Ans
P
Q2
Q1 Q 2
Q
T
T
1 1 1 1 1 1
Q:2.115: (a) Engine : Q
Q
T
T
2
2
2
2
T2
Q1
Refrigerater : n R
nR
Q1
W
1
1 n
1
1 n R n
1 n
Q1
1
nR
Q
Q 2 Q1
2 1
Q
Ans
nR
T1
1
T1
1
T2
V
P
Q2
T2
T1
Q1
V
196
Q:2.116: Let initial pressure, volume and temp is P0, V0, T1 Process 1-2 : Q
= U + W U = 0 (Isothermal process) Q1 2
Here
P
T1
P0
V
W nRT1 ln 2
V1
2
T2
4
6
V2
x Q
12 nRT1 ln x V2 xV1
V1
T3
V0
1
T1 r 1
T
r 1
r 1
T1V2
T2 V3 V3 V2
xV0 1
T2
T2
T
V5 V4 2
T3
1
r 1
T
x 2 V0 1
T2
1
r 1
T2
T
3
1
r 1
1
r 1
V4 xV3 x 2 V0 T1
T
2
T
x 2 V0 1
T3
V
Process 5-6 : Q 56 nRT3 ln 6 V nRT3 ln
5
1
r 1
1
r 1
T1V0 r 1 T3 V6 r 1 V6 V0 T1
V0 T1 T
3
1
r 1
T3
1
r 1
x 2 V0 T1 T
3
1
r 1
Q 56 URT3 ln x That
W
Q given
T1 T2 T3
T1 T2
2T3
Ans
T1 T2
Q:2.117: Suppose initial pressure, volume and temp. are P0, V0, T0 Process 1-2: Q1 2 vC v T2 T0 Here T2 > T0
Process 3-4:
Q 3 4 vC v (T4 T3 )
W Q1 2 Q 3 4 vC v (T2 T0 T4 T3 )
P
2
Process 2-3 Q = 0
Here T 3 > T 4
.
3
P0
T0
1
4
T T
w
efficiency ()
1 4 3
Q given
T2 T0
V0
nV0
197
Process -1: T0 V0 r 1 T4 (V0 ) r 1 T3 T2 1 r
Process 2-3:
T0 T2 1r 1 1r
T2 T0
1 1 r Ans
P
nP2
vrR
T3 T2 Process 3-4 : Q = 0
r 1
P0
vrR
T0 T4
vC p T1 T4
r 1
w Q 2 3 Q 4 1
1 T0
V0
vrR
T3 T2 T0 T4 Heat given : Q given vrR T3 T2
r 1
r 1
T T2 T0 T4
T T4
efficiency () 3
1 0
----------(i)
T3 T2
T3 T4
T3 r nP0 1 r Tr 4 P0 1 r
Calculation of T 3 and T 2 :
1r
Again T4 P0
T4 P01 r T2 T0 n
1 r
1
1
r
T4 T3 n
T3 n r
1
T T3 n
1 0
r put in (i) :
T3 T3 n
1
1
1 n r
Ans
1
1
r
1
1
r
n T0
3
T0
P0
1
V0
V3
2
Q C v (n 1)T0 C v n( n 1) T0 C v (T4 n T0 ) C p (T0 T4 )
--(i)
W
C v ( n 1)T0 C v n ( n 1) T0
P4
T4
Relation b/w T4 and T0 : P 2
----(ii)
n T0
3
(n r )
1 rn
(1)
1
1
r
P
nT0
Process-1:
Ans
P4
nT
198
Process 1-2:
Q13 vRT0 ln
v0
Process
P
2
3-1:
1
Q
w Q12 Q13
1 13
Q
Q12
Q12
R ln v 0 v
V0
----------(i)
C v (n 1)
3
T0 = const
v
r 1
T0 V3 r 1 n 3
Using adiabatic process : T2 r0 r 1 T3 V3 r 1 nT2 r0
v0
r 1
v0
1
v r 1 put in
n
3
1
( r 1)
1
R (r 1)
1
ln n 1 r
ln n Ans
(i) 1
1
ln 1 n r 1
( n 1)
n 1
R (n 1)
v
(b) Process 1-2: Q12 vRT0 ln 2 v1
Q 23 vC p (T3 T2 )
Process 2-3 :
vC p (nT0 T0 )
Q23
nT0
T1 T2 T0
R ln v 2 v
w Q12 Q 23
Q
1
1 12 1
effficienc y () Q Q
Q 23
C p (n 1)
23
R (r 1) ln
= 1
v2
v1
vR (n 1)
v2
(r 1) ln
v1
r (n 1)
T0
isothermal
T3 nT0
----- (i)
Calculation of v2/v1 : Take help of adiabtic process : Trr-1 = const (nT0 ) ( v 3 ) r 1 T0 (V1 ) r 1
1
T3 T2
n
1
1 r 1
1 r 1
V3 v1
Also V V (isobanic) v v nV2 V3 Then nV2 V1
3
2
3
2
n
n
r
V2 1 1 r 1
(r 1)
ln n
ln n
1 r 1
1
ln
1
1
Ans
V1 n n
r (n 1) n
n 1
n 1
V3
V2
done
(Q) Q 23 Q 31
(Q) Q 23 efficiency ()
1
C v T0 (1 n )
RnTo ln
V3
V2
Heat
(1 n )
V3
isot
herm
al
Q 31
w
1
Q
Q 23
n(r 1) ln
given
T2 T3 nT0
T1 T0
1
V
V2
----(i)
199
V3
Calculation of
1
r 1
T1V1r 1 nT2 V2 r 1 T0 V3 r 1
V2 : using adiabatic process: T2 V2
V3
n r 1
V2
V2 n r 1 V3
put in (i) 1
(1 n )
1 n
(1 n )
nn r 1 1
1
n ln n
n (r 1) ln
n ln n
P
(b) T2 T3 nT0 T1 T0
V
Process 2-3: Q23 vRnT0 ln 3 V2
isothermal
T2 T3 nT0
T1 T0
Process 3-1:
Work
done
(w ) Q 23 Q 31
Heat
given
C (1 n )
r (1 n )
Q 31
w
1 v
1
V3
(Q) Q 23 efficiency () Q 1 Q
Rn ln V
(r 1) ln V3 V ---------(i)
23
2
2
T0
V1
1
V3
V
Calculation of 3 V2 : using is isobaric process: V nT n V1 n using adiabatic process:
3
0
T1 V1
r 1
T2 V2
r 1
V3
T0
V2
r 1
V
nT0 V2 r 1 3
V2
n.n r 1 n r
r(1 n ) r
(1 n )
(1 n )
1 (r 1) n ln n r 1 1 n ln n 1
n ln n
Q :2.122:
Process
2-3:
Q23 vRnT0 ln
V3
r 1
V3
n r 1
V2
put in (i)
Ans
P
2
V2
isothermal
R
Process 3-1: Q 31 v C v x 1 T0 nT0 Work done
adiabatic
V3
V2
T3 T2 nT0
1
V
Q given
Q 23
T1 T0
Polytropic
Cv
Cv
(1 n )
(1 n )
x
1
x
1
---(i)
Rn ln V3 V
Rn ln V3 V
nT0 V3
x 1
T0 V1
x 1
(n x 1 ) V3 n x 1 V2
V3
n 1
n x 1 x 1 put in (i) : 1
n ln n
V2
200
nP0
1
Q given Q 23
Q 23
adiabatic
P0
1
V
C p ( T3 T2 )
C v (T1 T2 )
adiabatic process:
nP0 T3
process: P T
0
1
P01 r T1r =
1 r
(nP2 )
T2
1
n
1 r
r
1 r
1 r
r nT1 T1
n
1 r ( n c)
1
T1 nT1
n r 1
P
P0
Q1 2
w
1
given (Q given ) Q 23 efficiency () Q
Q 23
given
C p (T2 T1 )
1 C (T T ) ----(i) Calculation of T2 and T3 : Adiabatic
v 3
2
P0/n
1 r
1 r
P
1
r
1
r
r
r
process: P31 r T3 r P21r T1r P0
T3 n 0
T1 T3 T1
--(ii) isochonic
n
n
1 r
r
P3 T3
T3
T
T
n
3
process: P T n T2 n --(iii) put value of T2 and T1 in (i) 1 r 3 / n
2
2
T3 T3 / n
n 1
1
r 1 Ans
r (n 1)n
Q31 vR T3 ln
V1
V2 Here V1 V2 (Q 31 ive)
T3 T1 isothermal
2
V0
nV0
201
Process 2: Q1 2 vC p (T2 T1 ) Here T2 T1 (Q1 2 ive) Work done
(w ) Q 23 Q 31 Q12 Heat given (Q given ) Q 23 Q 31
efficiency ()
C p (T1 T1 )
Q12
w
1
1
C v (T3 T2 ) RT3 ln V1 V
Q given
Q 23 Q 31
C p (T2 T1 )
C v (T1 T2 ) RT2 ln V1 V
Here T1 = T3
---------(i)
Process 1-2 :
CP
nV0 T1
T2 T1 n
V0
T2
CV
T1 T1 n R Cv Tn1 ln n
V0
---(ii)
V1
n -----(iii) put value of
V2
r (n 1)
1 n 1 (r 1)n ln n Ans
V0
Process 2-3:
Q 23 v C p (T3 T2 )
(ive be cause T3 T2 )
Process 3-1:
T1 T1 T0
T0
P0
1
V
V0/n
V0
C p (T3 T2 )
given
Cv
R
C p ( T0 T3 ) Cp ln n
T3 T2
T3 P3
T
P
(n 1) (r 1) ln n
(n 1) (r 1) ln n
1
Ans
r (1 n)
r (n 1)
202
4 T0
Process 3-4: Q 34
nV
vRT0 ln 0 vRT0 ln n ive .
v0
1
T0
V0
nV0
Work done (w ) Q1 2 Q 23 Q 3 4 Q 41
w vRT0 ln n vR ln n vC v T0 ( 1) vC v (T3 T2 ) Heat given
( 1) ln n
RT0 ln n C v T0 ( 1)
(Q given ) vC v (T3 T2 ) vR ln n 1
C v (T3 T2 ) R ln n
ln v ( 1) r 1
Ans
Q: 2.126:
nP0
Process 1-2:
Q12 vC p (T0 T0 )
Process 2-3: Q 2 3 vR T0 ln
V3
4
2
ive
T0
V2
ive
P0
Heat given
Q 41 vR T0 ln
4-1:
V1
V4
Work
done
(w ) Q1 2 Q 3 4 Q 41
Q1 2 Q 23
w
1
(Q given ) Q 34 Q 41 efficiency () Q
Q 3 4 Q 41
given
C p T0 (1 ) RT0 ln V3 V
2
T4 V4
V
---- (i) Calculation 3 V2 and V1 V 4 : T V V4 V3
C p (T0 T0 ) RT0 ln V1 V
3
3
4
Isobaric process :
T1 V1
V1 V2
T2 V2
V
Isothermal process : P0 V2 nP0 V3 3 V 2
( 1) ln n ln v ( 1)
( 1)
Ans
P
2
x
P V PV 1 const compare with PV = const x = -1
R
T0 ( 1)
Q 1 2 vC ( T0 T0 ) v C v
x 1
R
R
v ( r 1) R
Q 1 2 v
T0 ( 1)
T0 ( 1) ive
r
1
2
2 ( r 1)
1
---(ii)
n
1
T0
T0
203
Process 2-3: Q 23 vC v T3 T0 (()ive) T3 T0
Process 3-1: Q 31 vC p T0 T3 (()ive) T0 T3 Work done (w ) Q1 2 Q 23 Q 31
Heat given (w given ) Q12 efficiency ()
Q12 Q 23 Q31
Q 2 3 Q 31
1
=
Q1 2
Q1 2
C v (T3 T0 ) C v (T0 T3 )
V3 V3
(r 1)R
C T0 2 T0 C p T0 T0 2
r
V3
T
T
1 2
2 3 3 T3 T0 2 put in (i) : 1
( r 1) R
(
1
r )(1 )
V1
T1 T0
T0 ( 1)
2(r 1)
2
Q:.2.128 Carnot Cylce: 1 Usinng clausis inequality :
1
dQ
T 0 (irreversible cylce)
Q1
Q
Q
T
Q '
2 2 min -----(1) Irreversible cycle : ' 1 2 For irrewrshile cycle :
Tmax Tmin
Q1 Tmax
Q1 '
dA
0
T
Q1 '
Q '
Q '
Q '
Q ' T
Q ' Q
2 0 1 2 2 min ----(2) from (i) and (ii) : 2 2 therefore
T
T
T
T
Q
'
T
Q1 ' Q1
max
min
max
min
1
max
n > n Ans
Tmax
Tmax
Q1'
Q1
Q2'
Q2
Tmin
= Irreversible cycle
Tmin
204
dA d1 d 2
2.129: Efficiency () =
d 1
d1
1
A
2
1
=
1
1
d1
4 T+ dT
2
1
d2
P
T
T
T
(dT) V from
.... (i) A = ( P) ( V) =
T T
T T
T
T V
A
A
T Also we know : = U + PdV
T = U + P dV T P = V =
(i) : 1 =
34
34
T V
U
P
P
U
+P V = T P
U + pdV T T =
V
V
V T V
2.130 : v = 1 C O2 (a)
T0
ds C
T0
Ans.
d
d = Cv dT
T
dT
S C V nn S = C nn = R
nn Ans. (b) Isobaric Process : d
T
V
1
= Cp dT
ds C
2.131 : S =
R
dT
S = CP nn S =
nn Ans.
1
T
S
Vf
S
Vf
Vf
e R Ans.
R T n V Here U = 0 , because T = const R n V
Vi
i
i
d
2.132 : Process 1 2 : S12 T
Process 2 3 : S2 3
T
T1
T2
T2
T1
dT
T
C V n 2
T1
T
dT
T
C V n 1
Net entropy change : S =
T2
T
T
T
T
CV n 2 T CP n 2 T = n 2 T1 (CV CP) .... (i)
1
1
Calculation of T1 and T2 :
P0
P0
n
T0
T
T2
1
1
T2
T2 T1 n put in
P0
T0
=2
P2 = P0 n
P2
3 T0
V
205
2.133 : Process 1 2 : Adiabatic process : d = 0 alwalys S12 =
T3
T2
Calculation of
T3
T2
d
S23 =
T
: Process 2 3:
T3
T2
T
T2
3
n V0
V0
d
=0
T
adiabatic
3
C P dT
= CP
T
2
V
nV0
V0
T3
1
S = C n n S
23
P
net
T2
n
m rR
nn
M r 1
Ans.
2.134 : Since entropy is state function hence entropy change can be found by another process
joining (1) and (2) : Now take a random process as :
P
Process 1 3:
dT
T
C v n 3
T1
T
S1 3 C v
T1
T2
Process 3 2:
S 3 2 C P
T3
Calculation of
Process 1 3:
T3
P0/
dT
T
C P n 2
T3
T
V0
V0
P
P0
T1 :
P0
T
1
P0
T3
V0
T3
Process 3-2: V T
0
2
Snet
P0
T3
T3
T1
T2
Then
T3
P0/
V0
V0
S net C V n 1 C P n
R
R
R
R
n
n
( n n ) Snet
( n n ) Ans.
1
1
1
1
T1
2.135 : V2 = V3 T ;
2
T3
Process 1-3 :
S1 3 C P
T1
Calculation of
T3
T1 and
T2
V2
. For entropy change S S take a other process 1 3 2
2
1
V1
dT
T
C P n 3
S 3 2 C V
T1 Process 3-2 :
T
T3 :
T3
V1 T1
V1 T1 1
Process 1-3 : V T V T T (ii)
3
3
2
3
1
T2
T3
dT
T
C V n 2
T
T3
P
2
3
V
206
T3
T2
1
put in (ii) T T (iii)
2
3
Process 3-2 : T1 = T 2
2 T0
R
R
n
(n n )
1
1
T0
1
V
n
Ans.
S net R n
1
2.136 : We know
ds
d
T
d
d = C dT S =
T
R
R (n r)
R
R
R
n S =
S =
(r 1) (n 1)
r 1 1 n
r 1 n 1
C=
T0
T0
dT
S = C n
T
Ans.
S =
Ti
(Given)
C dT
R
R
1 R (r 1)
T
1
C n f (i). Hence C =
R
Ti
T
r 1 11
r
1
2 2 (r 1)
Tf
Calculation of
T V
f f
Ti Vi
1
Ti : PV = Const.
2.138: We know S =
R T V 1
= Const. T V 1 = Const. Tf (Vf) 2 = Ti (Vi) 2
V
R (V 1)
R (V 1)
2
n
put in (i) S = 2 (V 1) n S =
(V 1)
d
. For S maximum, dq must be (+)ive and when d willPbe negative S will be
T
Ans.
dT
P
dV
P0
P = P0 V
dT
P
dV
dT
P
(i) Also
dV C V
P0
tan =
P
RT
dT
dT
dT
2V
0
= P0 V v R T
= P0 V V2 v R
= P0 2 V
V
dV
dV
dV R
R
(i)
put in
P0 2 V
P
PR
R
R P0 R V
P0 2 V
=
(P0 V) P0 2 V
P0
R
R
CV
CV
CV
CV
CV
207
V
R
R
1
C 2 C V
CV
V
V
Vmax =
P0 r
1 r
P0 (R C V )
P0 r
2 CV R
Ans.
2.139 : S = a T + CV n T ds = a dT +
CV
dT Also we know d = dU = dW
T
And d = T ds T
T
dV
CV
RT
RT
a dT R
dT = C dT +
ds = dU + P dV T a dT
dV
T
a
dT
=
dV
V
V
T
V
V
T0
V0
R
n V
a (T T0) = R n V V T = T0 +
V0
0
a
2.140 :
dS
d
1
T S = T
V2
V2
P dV V
V1
V1
RT n
2.141 : S =
b)
RT
a
VM b V 2
M
T1
(i)
a
V
dV
1
And =
T
V b
a
dV U = RT n 2
V1 b VM
V2
U =
V1
a
Calculation of U : U = CV T V U =
M
Ans.
a
a
dU pdV
.... (i) dU = CV dT + 2 dV Vander wall equation : P 2 (V
T
V
V
RT
a
2
Vb V
RT dV
a
dV
V b V2
T2
V2 b
V b
R n 2
put in (i) = RT n V b S =
T
1
V1 b
= RT P =
C V dT
CV n
1
(V2 b)
1
U
a
(V1 b)
V2 V1
a
a
V
V
1
2
Ans.
V b
R n 2
V1 b
p d V =
RT dV
a
2
Vb
V
T2
S =
T1
Ans.
C V dT
put in (i) S =
V2
V1
R dV
vb
208
a T3
a T 3 dT
S =
3
T
T2
d
cdT
m
b d T S = m d dT
2.143 : d= m C dT = m (a + b T) dT ds =
T
T
T T
1
T
S = m a n 2 T b (T2 T1 )
Ans.
1
2.142 : d = C d T
ds =
d
cdT
T
T
ds
dT
=
T
T
2.144 : T = a s s =
a
n
T
C =
na
1 1
n
d
ds =
T
1 T
=
n a
1
ds =
na
a Sn
1
C=
n
1 1
n
C=
1
dT Then
na
2.145 : P V = const
SS
T
T
C
e
S = S0 + C n
T0
T0
2.146 : (a)
S=
dS =
T2
(b)
T2
d C dT
T1
T2
U =
CV dT
T10
T = T0
dT =
T
T2
b dT
T1
T2
1 1
n
C dT
T
dT
S
C < 0 if n < 0
n
R
R
and C =
Then ds
r 1
x 1
S0
Ans.
C dT
T T
T0
C>0
S S0
e C
dT d =
C<0
S
dT = C dT C =
T
T
T
T
dT n 1
T2 n 1 T Ans.
T
2
Ans.
(c) = U + W
T
= CV (T2 T1) W = U W = n 1 T CV (T2 T1)
2
Ans.
T1
d T ds = Area under T VS
T
n T0
T ds if ds = the
T ds = n T
1
net
w
n 1
1
n
given
given
2n
Ans.
T0
S
209
(b) net =
(n T0 T0) (S3 S1) given = Area under process 1 2 =
(T
net
n 1
given
n 1
T
2 n T0
Ans.
T0
final
P2, 3V0, Tf
3 V0 Since value open suddenly, hence process is not slow hence we can
not use PV = R T for intermediate process. But we know entropy can find
Initial
P1, V0, T0
from intial and final state hence we take another slow process in which change
in volume occure very slowly. Here final temp (Tf) : Change in internal energy
in
and
which
heat
may
be
exchange
T
T
T
T
VT
T0
initial
dT
nV0
but
Valve
ds
v1= v
v2= 0
V0
2V0
dV
ds v Cv T v R V S = R nn
T0
V0
Ans.
2 : Ui = Uf because
= 0 And w = 0 0 = U + 0 Ti = Tf = T2 Process
=1
, T0
V0
Vaccum
V0
Fext
2.150 : (a)
adiabatic chamber
second part then. Fext in case (a) will be more than part (b) Hence W(a) > W(b) (on
gas) Here U(a) > U(b) (of gas) Tfinal of process (a) > Tfinal of process (b) Vfinal
R Tf
= Vfinal (b) P =
(a)
Vf
P f, V0, Tf Final
Entropy Calculation : Here we are seing that initial and final volume is same. Then
d
take a imaginary process with constant volume. ds T
Tf
T0
dT
Cv
T S =
V
210
S
=
n 21 S = R n2 Ans. Put = 1
T0
1
S = R n2 Ans.
CV n
Tf
S N 2 ds
T0
T0
i C V 2 CV
= CV put in (1) Tf = T0 N2 Gas :
1 2
T0
n V0
n V0 V0
i C V dT
1 R
pdV
d
N
2
T
V = 1 R n (n + 1) U2 Gas :
T
T0
V0 T
T0
2 C V dT
S02
nV0
V0
2, T0
1, T0
n V0 V0
nV0
pdV
T =0+
(n 1)V0
nT0
2 R dV
n 1
2 R n
S
= S N 2
system
V
n
n 1
S
S 0 2 1 R n (n + 1) + 2 R n
= 1 R n (n + 1) + 2 R n 1 n
system
n
2.152 : m1 = 300 gm t1 = 97 C m2 = 100 gm t2 = 7C . Let us final temp is Tr . Then Heat given by (m1)
= Heat taken by (m2) m1 c1 (t1 tf) = m2 c2 (tf t2) tf =
For m1 :
ds
d
Sm =
1
T
For m2 : Sm 2 = m2 c2 n
tf
tf
t1
m1 c1 t1 m 2 c 2 t 2
.... (i)
m1 c1 m 2 c 2
m1 c1 dT
t
= m1 c1 n f t
1
T
t 2 Ssystem = m1 c1 n
tf
t1 + m2 c2 n
tf
Tf
ds T
T1
C V dT
+
T
2 V0
T1
R dV
V
T1 T2
2
SA = CV n
tf
A
1= 1
tf
t1 + R
T1
CV
V0
T2
CV
V0
t 2 + R n2 System = SA + SB System = CV
Tf
T
(T T2 ) 2
n f + 2 R n2 = C n 1
n
+ 2R n2 (T1 + T2)2 > 4 T1 T2 (Using AM GM)
V
T1
T2
T1 T2
S O
211
T1 T2
For changer A : S =
Tf
T1
C V dT
+
T
dV Here V =
(T1 T2 ) 2
Tf
T
S >
0 SA = CV n f For chanber B : SB = CV n
Snet = CV n
net
T
T
T
2
1 2
1
2
cm/s Time to cross the vessel
N=
n t/
n2
105
Ans.
N!
n
2.155 : We know statical wright of n molecules among N molecules : C N n! (N n)! . Since in half part N/
N!
2 molecules will be occupied then. Statical weight of n = N/2 molecules. C N/2
N
N N
!
!
2
2
N! 1
1
Probility (P) = C N 2
Ans.
N P= N
N
N
N ! 2
2
!
2
2
2.156 : There is N molecules, and all are free from each other. Suppose probality to one molecule to enter
successfully in one part is P Then probability of unsuccesful attempt is 1 P. Then probality of n
n
Pnet =
C P n (1 P) N n
Here P =
N!
1
Pnet =
n ! (N n)! 2 N
2
certain part.
1
d3 n 0
n0 N =
. We know relative fluctvation is
= n Then
N
6
d
2
212
1
1
2 N
Then
N
2
d3 n 0
n =
6
Ans.
d
T0 T
T0
C V dT
T
T0 T
T T
S = CV n 0
Also we know S = K n 2 K n 1 = K n 2 . Then CV n
=
T0
1
T0
iR
T 2 K
T
i
iR
= n
n 1
2K
T0
2
T0
T 2 A
= 1
NA = Avogadro no
T0
2.5
2.160 : (a)
Mercury drop : P =
2T
Hence T = = Sorface tension R =
R
2
1
2
4
2
d/2. P =
P =
(b) Soap bubble : P1 P2 =
P2 P3 =
d/2
d
R
R
R+
dR
2
2
4
8
4
P1 P3 = P =
=
P =
R dR
R
d/2
d
R
2
4
2
R2 h =
h
=
pdd
R
g d2
d = diameter
bubble : Pf =
isothermal
P0
8
+
df
:
PV
8
4
= P0 +
.... (i) Pressure final insider
d
R1
And df = d Pf =
=
1.
Const
P0
8
+
.... (ii) Since process is
d
(Inside
soap
bubble)
P
8 4
8 4
( R 1 ) 3 P d (1 /n)
R 13 0
P0
0
d
3
nd
Ans.
P0
R1
R1=d/2
213
P0
4
2
2.163 : Pinside = P0 + h g +
Pinside = P0 + h g +
d
R
h
4
2
4
2.164 : Pboltom = P0 + h g +
= P0 + h g +
Psurface = P0 +
. Hence if
d
R1
d
4
4
R 13 = P
(n R 1 ) 3
process is isothermal then P bottom
surface
3
3
P0 h g 4
1=
P0
P0 4 n3 h = [P (n 3 1) 4 (n 2 1)/d]
0
nd
Hence d = 2R h =
2 cos
g R
2 R
4 cos
. First coloumn : h1 =
gd
138=
4 cos
g d1
R
r
Second column : h2 =
4 cos
4
h
=
h
h
=
cos
1
2
g d2
g
(h g)A
1
1
4 | cos | d 1 d 2
d d h =
g
d 1 d 2
1
2
Pc = Pa +
R
sec
r
point c : (using hydrostatic equation) Pc = Pa h g .... (ii) From (i) and (ii) : h g =
h=
cos
4 cos
4 cos d 2 d 1
h
=
d1 d 2
1
2
g
Rg
dg
R
d
r
2r
2 cos
4 cos
(a 2p R) cos q = (h r g) A = h r g pR2 R = h g d = h g
2.166 :
cos
2
hgd
hgd
d
.... (i)
=
r hg
4
4
2r
R C
cos Similar
R
2 R
r
R
(h g)A
Ans.
214
2
2
= h g r = h g
r
Ans.
4
0 cos = 1 P1 = P0 +
Using PV = const (T = cosnt)
d
P0
( x) A x =
P0 A = P0
P0 d
d
P0
P1 =
.... (i) Also
h
4
P1 = P0 hg +
cos .... (ii)
d
P0
4
= P0 hg +
cos P0
h
d
hg
h g
4
1
h
P
d
cos P0 h P d cos
[ g h P0 h] d
4 cos
d1
d2
g h
(d1 + d2)
4
d2
d1
(d2 d1) h = g (d d )
2
1
gh
d2
4
d1
4
every differential elements are free from each other. Then Fnet = weight of liquid
column of differential length dx. 2 cos dx = g [y x d dx] y =
(2 cos o)
g x d
Fy
Fy
Ans.
x
dx
4
4
P2 = P0 +
= P0 +
d
d/n
V1
V2
4
d2
d2
V1
V
Continuity equation at (1) and (2) :
2 2 V1 = n 2 ...
d
4
4n
(i)
Bernaullis equation between point (1) and (2) :
d/n
1
d
2
d
2
d2
4
2gl 4 (n 1) / d
n4 1
.1
V2
Ans.
.2
215
2.172 : R1 R2 h/2. Pressure difference between point (1) and (2) : P1 = P0 +
2
P2 = P0 +
P = 2
R2
= h g R =
h3 g
8
.2
Ans.
1 1
P = r1 cos = h/2 r1
r1 r2
r1
cos 1
=
Henc
P =
R
h/2 cos R
h
h
and r2 = R Then
2 cos
P =
.1
1
1
R R
2 R
1
2
= h g
R R = h g 2
h h
1
R
R
2
1 2
2 2
R1
r2
h/2
r1
1
1
R
h
2 cos
2 cos
R2. Also V = R2 h
. Normal force due to surface tension : N = (P) R2 =
h
2 cos
2 cos
R = V/h N =
V = m1g m1 = mass of plate. N =
V = (m1 + m) g mg
2
12
h
= (2 cos ) V
1
1
2
12
h
h
Also h h n 2 m =
(2 cos ) R 2 (n 2 1)
gh
Then N = 2 V cos
dh
h2
n2 1
R h) cos h 2 = mg
m=
1
1
h 2 h 2 = mg 2 (
2 R 2 cos 2
(n 1)
h
2 V
h
Hence V = m/ N =
2 m
h2
s sa = cos
Ans.
2 V cos
h2
Ans.
. If wetting
h
Ans.
216
N=
2 ( R h)
h2
N=
2 V cos
h2
2 R
h
Ans.
d
= g
g 2
x dx F = 2 d g
dx
F=
g d2
Ans.
4 r
d
d
( P) r 4
4
= P0 +
Also we know
dt x 8
dt
8
x
2
r
r 4
r 4
dt. Suppose in dt time dx radius is decreased than d = (4 x2) dx =
x3 dx =
8 x
8 x
R
4
4
2
r4
3
r4
x
dx
dt 16 R r t t = 2 R
dt
x
4 2
r4
0
0
Ans.
F (Fore due to surface tension)
h
r2 g 2
E = (r h g) (2 r h) =
h 2 r
2
2
2
Also we know
h =
2
gr
mg
E=0
E=?
4 g 2 4 r 2
r 2g
4 2
2
2 2 4 2
2 2
=
=
. This show that
2
2 2 2
gr
2
gr
2g
g
g
g
g r
2 2
energy is decreased and hence heat will be released. =
g
d
2.179 : (a) U = 4 2 = d2
Ans.
(b) U = 4 2 2 = 2 d2
217
4 d
4
d
new
2.180 : A = 4 d = 2 d2. Since volume is conserved then 2
3 2
3
2
2
1/3
dnew = 2
d new
= 22/3 d2 U = Anew A
d Anew = 4
2
2/3
dnew
2/3
= (Anew A) U = (2 d 2 d ) U = d (2 2)
U = 2d2 (21/3 1)
Ans.
2.181 : P = P0 + 2 R V =
4
R3 PV = n RT. Work done by
3
Final
Initial
( 4 R 2 ) 2
2
R
0
P0+2/R ;n
P0, n
P0
V
P
W = PV n 0 + 8 R2 . Work done by gas = n R T n 2 V = (Work done by external agent).
1
P
4
. Also we know that no of molecules inside
r
4 4
4
r3 = RT differentiate equations P0
4
bubble is not change then P0
r 3
r
r2 dr +
4
4
8
8
r 3
dr = v R dT P0
4 r dr = R dT P0
dV = R dT dV =
2
2
3
3
r
3r
R
R dT
P0
3r
4
8
R
P0 r P0 3r
= C C V R = (P 0 + r ) P 8
R = R
C Cp =
8
0
3r
P0
3r
3r
8
P0
3r
R R/2
P0
Ans.
218
2.183 : We know
A
T dT
1
Where A = work done
T dT
a + da
d
d
(da) (d)
T
dT
d
T
da
d
Proved.
dT
d
Heat given = (q ) 2
dT
d
entropy change : S =
= 2 ()
. Also we know
dT
T
d
+ 2 U = 2 T
W = 2T
dT
2.184 : We know q = T
2.6
d
a
A
T
d
dT
U + W Here W = 2 6 U =
d
dT
Ans.
Phase Transformations
Piston
m
RT . Put values in S.I. unit W = 1.2 J Ans.
M
VV
1
VV
V
1 m =
1
1
1
VV = mV VV
V1 V m V . Then V = mV VV + m V V = mV VV +
(m mV)
V1 V = mV
1 +m 1
VV
V
mV V1 mV
V mV1
1
VV
V1
1 =
. Put V = 6 It : m = 5kg ; V1 = 1 it/kg ; VV
219
be equal to atomospheric pressure p0. Now volume of vapour
freeze = V0 V and equivalent mass will be equal to mass of liquid.
V =5 V0=5
t = 100C
t = 100C
m
P (V V) M
P0 (V0 V) =
RT m = 0 0
Put P0 = 1.1 105
M
RT
n/m2 T = 373 K R = 8.3 V0 = 5 103 m3 V = 1.6 103 m3
m = 20 gm Ans.
2.188 : Given
Vf=V = 1.6 lt
Final
Initial
V
Vv1
= N Suppose V = initial volume of vapour then initial Mass (m) = 1 assume mass of
V
Vv
V
Vv1
= m + mV
V
N V1
= m + mV V = m N V1 + mV
V
V
V
V
N V1 .... (i) Also
= V + VV
= m V1 + mV Vv1 = m V1 + mV N V1
= m V1
1
V
n 1
m V1
n 1
Ans.
+ N mV V1 .... (ii) (i) - (ii): V = m V1 (N 1)
V/n
N 1
V/n
N 1
(1 N)
1
2
N 1
RT
q
and S =
M
T . Since T = Const S =
m
m
RT
T Then U = mq
RT
T U = m
M
M
mq
Ans.
S =
T
T
P0
RT
of gas) U = q
qM
h=
= POSH
RT
U = q
P0 Sh M
Then mC T
RT
mC T
qM
P0S 1
RT
m = 20 gm (water)
2
S = 410 cm
220
t0=22C
mC
Then mV = q (T t0) = mass of Vapour. Work done : P V = n RT w
mC (T t 0 ) RT
mV
RT = work done on gas. w = q
M
M
2.192 : We know P =
=
m = 1 gm = mw
mV = 1 gm
RT
V
M
d=
P =
4 M
put
RT
V 4
pvapour
dN
put values
d 0.2 m
1
m RT
M
V
vapour
dN
1
n
dt
4
KT
M
Here = 1 be cause other part in vacuum Then P0 =
2 RT
8 KT
m
M
n
2 RT
2RT
M
P0 = 0.9 n pa
n 2 a
RT
a
2
2.195 : We know vander walls equation : P V 2 (V nb) nRT Assume n = 1 P =
V
b
V
Here a is arised due to molecules attractions. Then change in pressure due to molecules attractions vanish.
P =
a
V2
Ans.
dw
VV
P dV
w
=
But
we
know
V
>
>
V
w
=
= qM
V
V
V VV
V
a
V2
qM
Pi = eq Ans.
V
RT
a
2 .... (iii) Also we know in P V diagram critical point act
Vb V
P
P
RT
2a
= 0 Then O =
=0
as inflection point. Then
as wall as
T
(V b)
V3
V T
RT
2a
2 RT
6a
RT
3a
221
Solving (1) and (ii) : V = 3b = VM.Cr put V in (ii) : TCr =
8a
put in (iii) :
27 Rb
P Cr =
a
27 b 2
Also
PCr VMcr
3
8
TCr
Tcr
8a
0.082 304
....
(i)
T
=
....
(ii)
dividing
(i)
(ii)
:
b
=
R
b =
2
cr
8
P
27
b
R
8
27 b
cr
2 2
R Tcr
R 2 Tcr2
8a
8 Pcr a =
= 0.043 lit / mole put value of b in (ii) : Tcr =
a
=
Pcr
Pcr
27 R 2T
cr
1
2.199 : Specific volume : Vcr
3 R Tcr
1
in (i) Vcr 8 M P
cr
Ans.
a
2.200 : We know p 2
V
P
a V
b
P V P V V
2 cr cr
cr
cr
2
27 b
V2
3
v2
3 R Tcr
Vcr
V
cr .... (i) Also we know Pcr Vcr = R Tcr Vcr =
put
8 M Pcr
M
M
; v
;
Here
T
Pcr
3
V
T
cr
cr
cr
1 8
v
3
3 Also b
V cr /3
27 Vcr
g V2
v 1 8
3
3
v 1 8 3 2 (3v 1) = 8 put = 12 ; v = = 3
3
3
2
v
2.201 : We know at critical temp = V and after that only gas phase exist. Then maxm volume of liquid
phase is : VMcr = 3 b n where b = Volume of 1 mole of liquid = 0.03 lt. n b =
a
na
a
saturated water and vapour equilibrium Pcr =
Pcr
2 . For mole gas : Pcr =
2 Pcr =
27 b
27 n b
27 b 2
5.47
=
= 225 atomospers
Ans.
27 0.032
8a
8 3.62
Pcr M
Pcr
M 8
M
44
M a
27 Rb 8
RT
P =
=
Tcr Pcr =
Pcr =
= 0.34
2
cr
R Tcr
8b 3
3b
3 43
R 27 b
8a 3
M
gm/cc Ans.
222
2.203 : We know Pcr Vcr = . R Tcr (for one mole gas). For n mole gas Pcr Vcr =
3 m
R Tcr Pcr Vcr =
8 M
V
8 Pcr M
3 Vp
R T
. Where Vcr is maximum volume of vapour at liquid-vapour
cr
Vcr
3 R Tcr P
8 M
equilibrium.
P
2.204 : Here 1 3 5 is a phase transition line at which Pressure and temp are
same.
T
Ans.
Ct
Where t = temp of liquid C = specific heat of water
q
t
t = 80 C Ans.
80
q12
dp
2.206 : We know clausius clapeyron equation dT
T (V21 V11 )
=
II
1
dT
T (V21 V11 )
q12
dp T
T (V21 V11 ) P
. Put value in S. I. unit. T = 0.0075 K
q12
T (V21 V11 ) P
2.207 : From Q 12. 206 : T =
q12
P =
q12
10 3 = 1.7 m3/kg
V21 =
373
3.2
T P
q
dp
q12
dp
q
1 >> 1
12 dp = 12 dT
Also
V
V
1
1
2
2
1
dT
dT
T V2
T (V2 V1 )
T V21
T .... (i)
T V21
Also
P0 V2 =
m
RT
M
V21
V2
RT
m
P0 M
q12 T P0 M
P M q12 T
P0 M q12 T
0
P = P0 + P = P0 +
P = P0
2
TRT
RT
RT 2
put in (i) P =
M q12 T
Ans.
RT 2
223
2.209 :
dP
Mq
P
dT
RT 2
= n m + n T + n
(from Q : 2.208)
R
M
dP
Mq
m
dP dm
dT
P
m
T
dm
M q dT
1
Put value in S. I. units
m
RT
T
P = P0 e
Mq
R
1
1
T T
0
P = P0 e
Mq
R
dm
M q dT dT
m
T
RT 2
dm
= 4.85% Ans.
m
P
dP
M qP
2.210 :
(from Q. No. 2.209)
dT
R T2
dm
dp dT
m
P
T
P0
T T0
TT
0
dP
Mq
P
R
dT
T 2 n
T0
P0
Mq
R
Mq
If T T0 < < T0 P = P0 1 RT
1
1
T
T0
T T0
T0
This
will be reasonable.
T V1
T Then T = T
= lowerq12
T (V21 V12 )
q12
ing of melting point. Also suppose total mass is m1 and mass ofice is m2. m1 C T = m2 q12
m2
CT
CT V1
CT V1
2
2
m1
q12
q12
q12
2.212 : (a)
Ans.
P0
b
log P = a . At triple point pressure and temperuture of solid CO2 and
T
1.80 103
1.3 103
.... (i) (Sublimation) log P = 6.78
.... (ii)
T
T
(Vaporisation). Solving (i) and (ii) : T = 216 K P = 5.1 atm (b) Here n P = a
Mq
8.31 2.303
b
P = a T .... (iii)
e
T
1
1
b
Mq
Mq
b
T T .... (iv)
T
R
R
0
570 j
= 783 gm
gm Ans.
44
44
liqued ges
sub
Rb
=
M
224
2.213 :
T
2.214 : S =
t2
t1
mcdT
mq
t2
mq
T
t 2 S = mc n t t Heat Given () =
2
1
m qm
=
T
T
t2
t1
t1
mcdT + mq
t1
mq V
m qm
mq V
m c dT
t
mc n 2
S =
Ans.
t
1
T
T
T
T
2.215 : Suppose final temp is T. Which is greter than 0C. Then entropy change of S =
S = mc n T
t2
t1
mc dT
T
Calculation of T : C = 0.39 J/g.k Cw = 4.18 J/g.k. Heat given by copper to make temp. of mixture zero C.
= mc T = 90 0.39 90. Heat taken by ice to convert into 0C temp of liquid 2 = 50 4.13 3 + 50
80 4.2 ; 1 = 50 4.18 3 Here 2 > 1 and 1 > 1. Final temperature will be 0C = 27 3 K.
2.216: (a)
t2 = 60C. Let us final temp is t then this 0C < t < 60C. Now
t < 0. Which tell us, some of ice is not melt. Then Again assume, m mass
t1 = 0 C
m2 = 100 gm (water)
t2
300
= 75 gm finally mass
4
of ice remain (m1) = 25 gm mass of water (m2) = (200 25) gm = 175 gm.
Now Sice =
d
1
m c (t t )
2 2 2 1 S =
water
T
t1
t1
t1
t2
m 2 c 2 dT
t
= m2 c2 n 1 t
T
2
System = m2 c2 t 2 1 n t1 m 2 c 2 t 2 1 n t 2 Ans.
t
t
t2
t1
1
(b)
m q
1
+ 100 (1) T = 100 1 (t2 T) 80 + T = 94 T 6 = 2T T = 3 C Sics T t
1
t1
T
m1 c 2 dT
T
m1 c 2 dT
m1 q
d
Sics =
+ m1 c2 n T/t1 Swater =
=
Swater = m2 c2 n T/t2 System =
T
t1
T
t2
m1 q
T
T
m1 q
+ m1 c2 n
+ m2 c2 n
Ssystem =
+ c2
t1
t1
t2
t1
t
T
m1 n
m 2 n 2
t1
T
225
d
t1
m dT
c
2.217 : T T
t2
S ice =
t1
1
t2
1
t1
t2
m c dT
t1
mq
1
1
1
mq
t
1
1
+ mc
System = mq
t 2
t1
2.218 : We know
t2
1 n t 2
t
t1
1
= +
+ mc 2 1
m = 5 gm ; t2 = 327C
t1 = 0 C
dp
q
PV = RT P dV + V dP = R dT Again d = dU + Pd V Cd T = CV dT + (R dT V d
q
dP
C = C m q Where m = mass of vapour
P) C = (CV + R) V
C = CP V
1
P
dT
T
TV
since amount of vapour taken is 1 mole m = M C = CP
Mq
T
2.219 : Here at T2 tempretore, all water is in saturated vapour from which is boiling temp of vapour of vapour
if you decrease temp. from T2, vapour will be concurted into liquid. Then S =
mq
CP
=
T2
T2
T1
dT
T
T2
d1
S
T
mq
2
S = T C P n T Here
2
1
= 1 m = M S =
Mq
Mq
T
T
C p n 2
C p n 2 T S =
1
T2
T2
T1
2.7
Transport Phenomena
N
s/
2.220 : (a) We know fraction of molecules traversing distance S without collisions. N e
. Now we
0
S
S
want to find sum of fraction of molecules having S < 1
< . Assume x = 1 x <
N
N = ex Now
0
x 1
N0
e
x 1
x 1
N0
e x dx
x 1
N0
ex
1
1
.
e
226
(b)
Similiar :
x 1
N0
e
1
1
1
dx =
0.23
e
e2
N
1
e / n
N0
Ans.
n
2.222 : Consider a molecule having velocity v. P(t) = Probability of a molecule experiencing no collision in
time interval (0, t) dt = Probability of a molecule suffers a collision between time t and t + dt. Here is
function of speed (v). 1 dt = Probability of a molecule suffer no collision between time t and t + dt. Then
dP
dP
P (t + dt) = P(t) (1 dt) p (t) + dt = P(t) P(t) dt
= dt
P(t)
dt
dP
P(t)
dt
Collision time or mean time or Relaxation time () : Probability that a gas molecenle survive for time t
0
Mran time () =
0 f (t)
0 e t dt
=
=
t
0 e dt
f (t) t
Put value
. 10 8
8 1.3 10 23 273
1
2 d 2n
. Also we know P = nK T
1.38 10 23 273
KT
2 d 2P
Ans.
2 (0.37 10 9 ) 2 105
= 6.2 1018 m
28 10 3
= 6.2 106 m =
. 106
8 1.3 10 23 2 3
28 10 3
= 3.8 hous
Ans.
KT
m
. 10 23 273
2 0.37 10 9
10
227
2.224 : We know at STP volume of 1 mole gas is 22.4 lt. Volume occupied by one molecule is :
V1 6.023 1023 = 22.4 106 m3 V1 =
22.4 10 6
. 10 23
22.4 10 6
R3 =
R3 1029 R3 = 10
. 10 23
10 8
d
2.225 : We know vander wall constant b is four time of actual volume of gas molecule. b = 4 NA
2
1/3
KT
b
3b
KT
3
and =
d = 4 N d =
=
2
2
/
d
2 d P
A
4 N A
2 N A
=
3b
2/3
3b
2 P
N A
KT
0
2 P
0
Ans.
RT
Then
M
Where =
d n
f =
d n
KT
2
2 d P
RT
> P<
v
1
=
f
f
2 d 2 P0 NA
RT
KT
2 d2
RT
1
f =
M
RT
M
2
RT
f = d2 P0 NA MR T
M
0
0.7 1.1 10 5
P
m 3 n < 2 1014 / cm3 and valume will be assume for one
if P < 0.7 Pa n <
23
KT
1.38 10
273
d n
=
v
d2
2
10
d n < v > put values f = 0.74 10 /s
(b) Suppose there are n molecules present then total no of collision persecond (N) =
d2 n 2 < v >
1
. Also
f (n) N =
Ans.
228
1
2 d 2n
constant hence d = const then const no of collision pur unit time (v) v =
v T
v=
8 RT
1
M
CT
2.230 : Pf = n Pin
v
1
8 KT
1
(a)
d2 n
Ans.
8K PV
f P f increase
m NR
KT
2
decreans
n time
time f =
n
2 d n
v V
65
8 RT
2 d P
2.231 : (a)
v
1
KT
N RT
T
P = n KT Since d = const
P
d2 P
8 RT
1
v
M
T
1
CV
Ans.
8 KT
f increases n time
m
N
where N = Total no. of molecule
V
v
1
CV
8 RT
where C = const.
M
8 RT C1
1
v
1/2
1/2
M V 1
V.V
V
(b) PV7/5 = K1 V (K1 P)5/7 put in (i) v = K (K1P)6/7 v P6/7 Ans. V P5/7
Ans.
T1/1n v
229
v
=
2
d n
8 RT
f=
M
N
2
d n V
8 RT
f=
M
8 RT
PV
f
R
R
R
R
C=R
r 1
x 1
r 1
4
4 r 1
R 3 r
R 3 1 2/i
R 4i 2
R
C=
4 r 1
4 1 2/i 1
4 2
4
4 (r 1)
(2i + 1) Ans.
(b)
n0
n = n0 e
2.235 :
v2 =
also
Where
v St
n
1 v S
4V
dt n
t n = n0 e
n0
4
V
(1)
(2)
T0
n T0
P0, V
P0, V
T0 v12
n T0 v11 v12
P0 V
P0 V 1 n
1
v11 v12 = v1 + v2 = RT n .... (ii) From (i) and (ii) : v 2 n RT
0
0
< v >
KT
= n0 e
8 RT
M
4V
< v> =
S(v)
P0 V
P0 V
v1=
Also n1 < V1 > = n2 < V2 > v11
RT0
nRT 0
2.236 : D =
Ans.
dN
1
dn
1 vS
n
4
V
R (i + 2)
1
D= 3
2 d 2 n
1
1 n
8 KT
.... (i)
v1
2 1 n
v2
1 n
KT
2 d 2 P
T 3/2
230
PD
T=
C
2/3
1
1
< v > P n =
3
3
n
T =
C1
P
2 f
Pi
2/3
P
D
f f
Di
Pi
P
f Ans.
Pi
C T 3/2
n = C1 T1/2 (a)
P
(PV/VR) 3/2
D V3/2
P
C T 3/2
V
RT
= C1 D = C2
3 7/5
V 2
C1
r 1
V
C T 3/2
C T 3/2 V
C
V = C2
V r 1/2
1
2
V
C2 V
3
2
C 2 V 4/5 . If V decrease n times then D will be decreased by 4/5 Also we know = C3 T1/2 = C3
/
v
= C3 C1 2 V
x = const
1/2
1 r
2
v
= C3 C1 2 V1/5 . If V decrease n times then n will be increase n1/5.
C T 3/2
C PV
D=
P
P R
PV
= C1 R
x=
< V > CV x = n CV If
2.240 : We know
2
3
KT
PM
n = C1 T1/2
RT
2 d P P
2
/
n
nt
PD
C
C1
ni
(b)
PV
vR
8 KT
KT
PMRT
2
=
2
m RT d P
3
1
< V >
3
KT M K
d=
m R d2
1
3
8 KT
m
1
2
2 d
KT
=
m d2 n
KT M K
m R
231
1
1
< V > CV = C xAr 3
3
1
3
8 KT
M He
M
M
Ar
He
Ar
2 d 2Ar
He
Ar
n
Ar
n He
Mr
M He
n Ar C Ar
V
C He
V
C Ar
V
He
Ar
n
Ar
n He
He
8 KT
M He
C He
V
C Ar
V
d He
d 2Ar
d 2He
C He
v =
n He
d He
d Ar
1/2
d Ar
= 1.7
Put values d
He
Ans.
F
dV
RW
(2 R 1) R . Moment of force
dz
2 WR 3
F
: N1 RF
. Also we know viscous force per unit area : F/A =
R
Now
N1
N11
2 WR 3 3
R R 3 W V
6R
R V R
N11
2
Since final moment is decreased by n time then n = R
N1
N11
N11
1 V R3 3
2R
2
3 R R 3 V R
RR
R
2 KT
2 d n
R3 W < V >
6
R 2 d P
P=
2 KT
d 2 R n
w
(2 r ) r = N . Here it is assume
2.243 : Viscous torque at distance (r) : r
1
r
R2
w
2 w N1
viscous torque (N1) wil be const N1 = 2r
r
0
3
2 w =
N1
2
1
1
N1
R 2 R 2 = 4 w
2
1
1
1
R2 R2
2
1
R1
dr
r
r
r3
Ans.
a
2.244 : d = A dV
dz
w a4
2h
2 w
rw
r 3 dr
r
r = (2r dr )
h
dr
232
a4 N =
2.246 :
dr N =
< V > w
RT PM
w a4 N = w a4 p
M RT
2 RT
dr
Ans.
d
a 4 dP
d
a 4 dP
dm
a 4 dP
.... (i)
dt
8 dx
dt
8 dx
dt
8 dx
x
4
dx
dm a PM dP
a M PdP
Pd P
P2
Const = C
Pd P C dx
P1
dm
a4 M
P22 P12
C =
dt
8 RT
2
P22 P12
Ans.
T1 T
T T2
T1 T
T T2
(x1 T1/1 x 2 T2 / 2 )
(x1/ 1 x 2 / 2 )
T
T2
T1
Ans.
1 , x1
2 , x2
2.248 : For equivalent heat conductivity (x) heat resistance of system will be equal to that of one rod. Then
2
2
2
x
=
xA
x1 A
x2 A
x1
x2
2.249 : Assume x =
T2
T1
A
dT C
T
d
xA dT
Const C x A d T = C dx
T 1 > T 2
dt
dx
T
dx
Ans.
A n
T2
A
T
T
n 1
n 2 . Heat density C A
= C C =
T2
T1
T1
T1
T1
dT
n
T
T2
T1
x/
dx
T
T
T = T1 2 T
2 0
1
Ans.
x
dx
233
T
2.250 : Method : 1 Assume temp of two chunks at t = 0 are T11 and T21
while
at
time
C1
d T2 T1 =
T21
T2
t,
T21
are
dT
C1
T0
dT xS
T
C
T2
xS (T1 T2 )
dt = C2 d T2
C1 C2
= Reduce heat capacity. Let asC1 C2
T
t=t
d x ST
x ST
d =
dt = C dT
dt
x st
T
xS
t T = T0 e C T = T e
dt n
0
T0
C
0
T = T0 et
x S dT = C1 dr CS
r
2
dT C1
T1
d r
0
3/2
3/2
Put r = T = T 2 T2 T1
2 CS
3/2
(T 1 T 23/2
x s 1
1
t
C1 C 2
. Assume
Ans.
d
x s dT
3r
T13/2
2 SC
T1
1
1 sx
C1 C 2
C2
1 x1 S
sx
where 1 C 1 C
1
2
T = (T) 0 e t
1
2
C1
T1
C2
( 1 T2) + T11 .... (ii)
C1 T2
dt C 2 C 2 (T1 T )2 T1 T
0
temps
xS (T1 T2 )
dt = C1 d T1 = C2 d T2 .... (i) Now
T2
d T1 C 2
T11
xs
1
1
3
2 CS
dr
T2
T1
C1 r
C S 3/2
(T T13/2) = C1 r T3/2 = T13/2
.
2CS
3
C1
C1 =
3/2 r
3/2
3/2
T = T1 (T1 T2 )
C S
T13/2 T23/2
3
/
Ans.
234
M
2 d P RT
2.252 : We know x =
< V > CV x =
RT K M R i
M 2 d2 R
x=
RT
M
2.253 : We know
d2 n
q=
KM i
q =
d2
d2 P
,P
PM
RT
T1
R i
(t t
1
t2
0
q= P V M
i
(t 1 t 2 )
2
d
dT
= x 2 r
= const. = C
dt
dr
dr
2x
(T T1) = n r/R1 .... (i). To find C : Put T = T2 and
r
C
R1
dr
R2
R1
2 x (T1 T2 )
2 x (T1 T2 )
C
n R1/r
n R 1/r T = T +
. From (i) : T = T1 +
1
(
n R 2 /R1 ) 2 x
2
x
n R 2 /R1
n
T = T1 + (T1 T2)
R1
R2
R1
d
x 4 r 2 dT
4 x
dT
r = R2 C =
2.255 :
From Q: 2.51 :
d2
0
R
M
K M i
t1
KT
RT
RM
t1 t 2
KT
. For rarefied gas
2
2 d2 P
1
<V> PCV (t1 t2) q =
<V>
2x
C
x =
2 C S 3/2
T1 T23/2 q = C = 2 S T13/2 T 23/2 1
C1 =
1
3
3
3
x =
KMi
d
Ri
dr
dT C r 2
T1
R1
1
4 x (T T 1) = C R R C =
1
2
4 x R1 R 2 (T2 T1 )
C
From (i) : T = T1 +
R1 R 2
4 x
1 1
T = T1 +
r R1
T2
T1
R2
R1 R 2
R R (T2 T1)
2
1
r
R1
dr
1 1
r R
1
235
T
d
dT
x (2 r)
W r 2
2.256 :
dt
dr
T = T0 +
2.257 :
dT W r dr
T0
r
dr
W
(R2 r2) Ans.
4x
d
dT
4
x 4 r2
w r 3 At steady state x
dt
dr
3
T0
W
W
T = T0
(R2 r2) T = T0 +
(R2 r2)
6x
6x
dT
W
3
r dr
R
dr
r