NASA/CR-2002-211431

Experimental Investigation of the HerschelQuincke Tube Concept on the Honeywell

TFE731-60
Jerome I? Smith and Ricardo A. Burdisso
Virginia Polytechnic Insfitufeand State Universify
Blacksburg, Virginia

March 2002

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NASA/CR-2002-211431

Experimental Investigation of the HerschelQuincke Tube Concept on the Honeywell

TFE731-60
Jerome l? Smith and Ricardo A. Burdisso
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, Virginia

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration
Langley Research Center
Hampton, Virginia 23681-2199

March 2002

Prepared for Langley Research Center

under Grant NAG1-2137

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Hanover, h4D 21076-1320
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TABLE OF CONTENT

................................................ .............................................. .1
ABSTRACT ............
............................................. ............................................ 3
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................5
2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP ...............................
................................................. ....7
2.1. The TFE731-60 enpine (and comparison to the JT15D) ..................................
7
3. HO-SYSTEM DESIGN APPROACH ......................
..................................11
3.1. HO-SYSTEM DESIGN APPROACH ............................................................
12
3.2. FABRICATION OF HO-SYSTEM ................................................................
18
4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ...........................................................
...................20
4.1. RESULTS AT THE BPF TONE .....................................................................
20
4.1.1 Far-field Data ...................................................
.................... ........... 20
4.1.2 Inlet modal power results at the BPF tone .....................................
23
4.2. BROADBAND RESULTS ........................................
..................................... 25
4.3. COMBINATION TONE RESULTS...................................
.............. 28
4.4. ,OVERALL......................................... 29
5. CONCLUSIONS.......................
...................................................................3 1
6. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH........................................
31
............................ 32
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...........................................................
mFERENCES ...........................................................................................................
32
TABLE OF CONTENT

_=D

ABSTRACT
This report presents the key results obtained by the Vibration and Acoustics
Laboratories at Virginia Tech over the period fiom January 1999 to December 2000 on
the project bbInvestigationof an Adaptive Herschel-Quincke Tube Concept for the
Reduction of Tonal and Broadband Noise From Turbofan Engines funded by NASA
Langley Research Center. The Herschel-Quincke (HQ) tube concept is a developing
technique that consists of installing circumferential arrays of HQ tubes around the inlet of
a turbofan engine. This research is a continuation of previous efforts in which the HQ
concept was preliminarily validated on the JT15D engine El].
This final project report is organized in three separate reports. The research presented
in these reports summarizes both analytical and experimental investigations of the HQ
concept for reducing turbofan radiated inlet noise. The analytical part of the project
involves two different three-dimensional modeling techniques to provide prediction and
design guidelines for the application of the HQ-concept to turbofan engine inlets. First,
an infinite-duct model was developed and used to provide insight into the attenuation
mechanisms of the HQ systems and design strategies. Second, the NASA-developed
TBIEM3D code was modified to allow numerical modeling of HQ systems. This model
allows for the investigation of the HQ system when combined within a passive liner. The
experimental part of this work includes data for fixed HQ tubes on the JT15D engine
with different inlet acoustic modal content than previously tested. Experimental results
for fixed HQ tubes on a full-scale Honeywell TFE731-60 engine are also presented. Also
included here is the first set of results of an experimental investigation into adaptive HQ
configuration on the JT15D engine. The parameters of the HQ tubes are changed to
optimize the attenuation as the engine speed is changed.
The first report presents the analytical modeling and simulation results. The second
report describes the experimental results with both fixed and adaptive HQ-tubes on the
JTlSD engine. Finally, the third report describes the most important results with fixed
tubes on the Honeywell TFE731-60 engine. The three parts of this final report are
written such that each part is a complete and separate document that can be reviewed
independently of the others.

1. INTRODUCTION

The Herschel-Quincke (HQ) tube concept consists of installing circumferential

arrays of HQ tubes around the inlet and/or the by-pass duct of a turbofan engine. The
application of HQ tubes to turbofan engine inlet noise is a developing technique
originally pioneered at Virginia Tech. The research presented in this report is a
continuation of previous efforts in which the HQ concept was preliminarily validated on
the JT15D engine [l]. The accomplishments of the previous research efforts are
summarized in an earlier report [ 11. The main previous achievements include:
0

Experimental results on the JTl5D engine inlet demonstrated BPF tone power
attenuation of up to 8 dB with fixed arrays of HQ tubes.
The HQ tube concept also provides significant attenuation of the broadband
component (- 3 dB power reduction over 0-3200 Hz band.)
An initial analytical model was developed to investigate the noise control
mechanisms of the HQ tube concept and to guide in the design of
experiments.

An overview of the tasks involved in this project is shown in Figure 1.1. The project
has analytical and experimental components. The analytical part involves the
development of two modeling tools for the HQ-tube concept applied to turbofan engine
inlets. The experimental part consists of the validation of the approach in two engines, i.e.
Pratt&Whitney JT15D and Honeywell TFE731-60 engines, for various HQ-tube
configurations. The main objectives of this continuing research effort are:
0

To further develop modeling techniques for the design, prediction, and

optimization of the Herschel-Quincke (HQ) tube concept for application to
turbofan engine noise.
To experimentally investigate both fixed and adaptive HQ-systems for useful
reduction of turbofan inlet noise with realistic components on a running
turbofan engine.

The final report is organized in three parts devoted to the various components of
the research endeavor. This report corresponds to Part 111 that describes the
experimental work performed on the Honeywell TFE731-60 to validate the HQ-concept
on a full-scale production turbofan engine. The main objective of this experimental effort
was to experimentally investigate the potential of the HQ tube concept for reduction of
inlet noise on afull-scale production engine with actual noise generation mechanisms.
The tests were performed at the Honeywell San Tan acoustic test facility on
September 27,1999 in Phoenix, Arizona. An HQ-inlet system containing two arrays was
designed based on information supplied by Honeywell and NASA Glenn research center.
The design was focused on obtaining reduction of the BPF tone at approach condition,
Le., 60 % engine power. However, the system was tested over the full range of engine
power settings. The arrays were designed by the Vibration and Acoustic Laboratories to

attenuate the dominant modes present in the inlet at 60% power. Inlet modal data fiom an
earlier test performed by NASA Glenn was used as input in the design. Honeywell was
responsible for the fabrication of the tubes and inlet section, and all tests were performed
at the Honeywell test facility in Phoenix, Arizona. The effect of each array individually,
and the effect of the two arrays together were evaluated as compared to the hard-wall
case. Both far-field and induct data were recorded during the tests. Far-field pressure data
was measured by Honeywell while induct data was obtained by NASA Langley.
The experimental setup is described in section 2. The engine characteristics are
described and include a comparison to the JT15D engine. The proposed procedure for the
design of an inlet HQ-system is presented in section 3 including the predicted noise
attenuation of the BPF tone. Section 4 presents the most important experimental results
subdivided into assessment of the HQ performance on the BPF tone, discussion the
modal inlet data, the effect of the HQ tubes on the combination tones and the broadband
HQ effect. Finally, sections 5 and 6 describe the most important conclusions and
recommendations for fbture research, respectively.
EXPERIMENTAL WORK

ANALYTICAL WORK

Engine Experiments
Fixed Tubes

Duct Model
Extend model.
Study tone and broadband control.
Investigate noise control mechanisms.
Optimization.
Design experiments.

* JT15D engine 1 and 2 arrays.

>
>

m=l andp=O,l,2,3
m=5andp=U,l
Honeywell TFE731-60 Engine.
> m=2,-8,12 and p=O, ...,5

c-2
Engine
Adaptive
Experiments
Tubes

0
0

Implement HQ-tube modeling to

Investigate tube adaptation mechanisms.
TBIEM3D
* Evaluate adaptive tubes on JT15D engine.
Combined Liner-HQ system.
Implement adaptive control system.
Study forward and aft. radiation.
Demonstrate adaptive HQ system on JT15D
System optimization.
engine.
Modeling of high-bypass engines.
Figure 1.1: Overview of project tasks.

2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The HQ approach to control noise from turbofan engines consists of installing
circumferential arrays of Herschel-Quincke (HQ) waveguides in the inlet or bypass of the
turbofan engine. A HQ waveguide is essentially a hollow side-tube that travels along (but
not necessarily parallel to) the engine axis and attaches to the inlet at each of the two ends
of the tube. The HQ concept as applied to a turbofan engine inlet is illustrated in Figure
2.la where a single circumferential array of HQ-tubes is positioned on the engine inlet.
The noise cancellation mechanisms have been recently investigated and they are
described in previous reports [ 1,2].

In general, the HQ concept is envisioned as a viable technique that can be applied to

both the inlet and the outlet (i.e., bypass) radiation fiom a turbofan engine, as shown in
Figure 2.lb. Furthermore, as shown in the figure, the HQ tubes will most likely be
installed in conjunction with a passive liner. In fact, it is expected that if a the
components of a combined HQ-liner system are designed concurrently, the effects of the
combined system will supercede the effects of each component individually.

ruac

Pakive
Liner

\\

H-Q Outlet
Tubes

Figure 2.1: Schematics of the HQ tube concept (a) on inlet and (b) side view on a
turbofan engine implemented on both inlet and bypass ducts.
2.1. The TFE731-60 engine (and comparison to the JT15D)
The engine used for these experiments was a Honeywell TFE731-60 turbofan engine.
It is a production turbofan engine with 22 fan blades, 52 exit-guide vanes, and ten struts.
The diameter of the inlet at the fan stage location is 0.787 m. The engine is equipped
with an inlet inflow control device (ICD). The purpose of the ICD is to minimize the
spurious effects of ground testing on acoustic measurements by breaking up incoming
vortices. Experimental results were obtained by operating the engine at the five standard

power settings described in Table 2.1. The estimated inlet flow speed is also reported in
the table [3].
Table 2.1: Honeywell TFE731-60 Engine test power settings.

Condition

Speed %

Low Approach
High Approach
Cutback
Take-off
Maximum

60
67
81
88
98

Inlet flow speed

Mach
0.290
0.333
0.430
0.486
0.579

At the low approach condition, the BPF tone has a frequency of about 2250 Hz. The
HQ system was designed to attenuate the BPF tone at this speed. Knowledge of the
acoustic modes present in the engine inlet is necessary for the design of the HQwaveguides system. A preliminary modal analysis was performed using the engine
information. Table 2.2 shows the circumferential order of the modes excited by the rotorvane and rotor-strut interactions, respectively [4].Table 2.3 shows the cut-off frequencies
for all of the propagating modes in a 0.787 m diameter circular duct calculated for a hardwalled configuration with a flow of 0.29 Mach. All of the modes excited due to the
rotor-vane interaction are cut-off at the BPF tone frequency of 2250 Hz. Analysis of the
modes excited by the rotor-strut interaction shows that there are three circumferential
mode orders excited in the inlet at the BPF. They are the m=2, 12 and -8. This table
shows that there are in fact seven modes propagating in the engine inlet at the first BPF at
2250 Hz. They are the (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (8,0), (S,l), and (12,O) modes.
Table 2.2: Mode circunferential order m for rotor-vane and rotor-strut interactions.
m=nB+kVwhere B=22, V=52, n=1,2,3
Rotor-strut interaction

Rotor-vane interaction
k
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3

IBPF
-134
-82
-30
22
74
126
178

2BPF
-1 12
-60
-8
44
96
148
200

k
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3

3BPF
-90
-38
14
66
118
170
222

IBPF
-8
2
12
22
32
42
52

2BPF
14
24
34
44
54
64
74

3BPF
36
46
56
66
76
86
96

Table 2.3: Inlet mode cut-on frequencies (Hz). Diameter = 0.787 m, M=O.29.
Radial Mode Order p
IO

'

It is important to compare the parameters of the Honeywell TFE731-60 and the Pratt
& Whitney JT15D engines to have a good understanding of their similarities and

differences. Figure 2.2 shows a fiont view of the JT15D and TFE731-60 engines. This
figure shows that the TFE73 1-60 engine has a much modern design of the fan blades than
the JT15D engine. In addition, it shows the exciter rods used in the JT15D engine. A
comparison of the JT15D and TFE731-60 engine parameters that relate to the BPF tone
are shown in the table 2.4. The diameter of the TFE731-60 engine is significantly larger
than the JT15D engine, i.e. 0.787 compared to 0.533 m diameter. The BPF tone
frequency for both engines is very similar at the design power setting, i.e. 2320 Hz for the
JT15D at idle and 2250 Hz for the TFE731-60 at low approach. The main BPF tone noise
mechanism in the JT15D is the interaction between the artificially introduced 27 exciter
rods and the 28 blades. In the JTlSD, the interaction between the rotor and the 33 core
vanes is cut-on at the BPF of 2320 Hz. However, experimental work with and without the
rods has shown that the rotor-core vane interaction is insignificant compared to the rotorrod interaction [2]. On the other hand, the BPF tone at 60% power setting is the rotorstrut interaction that is typical of even large turbofan engines. Thus, the BPF tone noise
mechanism generation of the TFE731-60 engine is realistic as compared to the JT15D
engine. Another important difference between these engines is the realistic inlet flow
speed of M=0.29 in the TFE731-60 engine as compared to the -0.12 on the JT15D
engine.

Figure 2.2: Front view of (a) JT15D and (b) TFE731-60 engines.
Table 2.4: TFE731-60 and JT15D engine Comparison for BPF tone parameters.

Parameter
Diameter (m)
# Fan Blades
NoiseMechanisms
BPF (design speed)
m-orders excited
(interaction)

JT15D
0.533
28
27 (rods)
33 (core vanes)
2320 Hz (48%-idle)
m=l (fan-rods)
m=-5 (fan-core)

TFE731-60
0.787
22
10 (bypass-struts)

2250 Hz (6O%-approach)
m=2,-8,12 (fan-Struts)

A comparison of the broadband noise component parameters of the two engines is

described in table 2.5. For the sake of comparing the broadband characteristics of these
engines, it was decided to estimate the number of inlet modes that are cut-on at two
frequencies. The number of circumferential m-order modes that are cut-on at the design
BPF is 10 and 14 for the JT15D and TFE731-60 engines, respectively. By considering the
cut-on radial modes, the total number of modes that can propagate at the BPF is 24 and
39, respectively. If the frequency is increased to 3200 Hz,the total number of modes will
then increase to 37 and 72, respectively. Thus, the results in table 2.5 show that the
TFE731-60 represents a much more complex sound field than the JTlSD, with many
more modes present in the inlet.

Table 2.5: TFE731-60 and JT15D engine comparison for broadband parameters.
Parameter
Diameter (m)
BPF (Hz)
Range of m-orders
Cut-on at BPF
Total # modes
Cut-on at BPF
Total # modes cut-on at
3.2 kHz
3.

JTl5D
0.533
2320
10

TFE731-60
0.787
2250
14

24

39

37

72

HQ-SYSTEM DESIGN APPROACH

This section describes the design of the Herschel-Quincke (HQ) tube system for the
series of tests conducted on the Honeywell TFE731-60 engine. This is the first design
methodology for the HQ-system applied to the inlet of turbofan engines. Though this
design approach was used for a hard wall inlet and a low engine power setting, it might
serve as a building block to develop design methodologies for more practical situations,
i.e. lined inlet and multiple power settings. A system containing two HQ arrays was
designed with the goal that the two arrays could be tested first independently and then
simultaneously to result in three different HQ-system test configurations. The general
design approach was to design an optimum array to attenuate the dominant m-order
circumferential modes. The second array was then designed to attenuate the next
dominant m-order circumferential mode.

In order to design the HQ system, the modal amplitudes of the disturbance noise in
the inlet are required. The design of an optimal HQ-system depends heavily on
knowledge of both the magnitude and phase of these modal amplitudes present in the
hard-walled inlet of the engine. Unfortunately, reliable modal amplitude data were not
readily available for the TFE731-60 engine. Thus, the design was based on a preliminary
set of modal amplitude data obtained @om NASA Glenn Research Center for the
TFE731-60 [5]. The modal data show significant contribution at the BPF tone due to the
m=2, 7, 4,6, 3, 1, and 12 modes. Due to the unreliability of the data, the amplitudes for
the modes that were determined to be excited by the rotor-strut interaction, Le. m=2, 12,
and -8 were used in the design process. The first HQ array was designed to suppress the
mode order m=2 while the second array was designed to be optimal for reducing the m=8
modes. The HQ-system performance was then evaluated using all the modes from the
NASA Glenn data. The analytical code developed at Virginia Tech was used in the
simulation [2].

11

3.1. HQ-SYSTEM DESIGN APPROACH

The steps in the design procedure are shown in the flow-diagram in Figure 3.1. The
steps in the design methodology for the inlet HQ-waveguide system are now described.

NT :Number of tubes per array

aliased modes: mHQ= mDf kN, ;m, = modes present in disturbance
mHQ= modes introduced by HQ tubes
modes: NT= 27
minimum NT for no introduced c
V

S :cross-sectional area of tubes

geometric constraints
*3-

L : centerline tube length

initial guess based on making 2ndtube resonance near BPF of 2250 Hz

I I

4s

D :axial spacing between inlet and outlet of HQ tubes

initial guess based on geometric constraints

Final Design:
analytical model used for final design of L and D using NASA-Glenn modal data

Figure 3.1: HQ-system design procedure flow chart.

1. Number of HO tubes in arrav: NT
The first objective was to determine the number of tubes in the circumferential arrays.
Analytical studies have demonstrated that on a hard walled duct the performance of the
HQ-system degraded if circumferential scattering was allowed to happen by the HQarray [2]. Thus, the number of HQ tubes per array, NT,was designed to be the minimum
number that would result in no energy being introduced into propagating (i.e., cut-on)
circumferential modes not initially present due to the disturbance fan noise. The modes
excited by the HQ-system are given by [2]:

where:
mHQ= circumferential mode order excited by the HQ system,
mD = circumferential mode order present in the disturbance,

12

NT = number of HQ tubes in the array,

k = integer, Le., k = ,+l,f.z,k?,
...
The number of tubes was designed to be a minimum with the criteria that the lowest
possible mHQ generated by the array would be cut-off. From Table 2.3, the highest m
order mode cut-on in the engine at 2250 Hz is m=14. Thus, the number of tubes to meet
this criterion is mHQ 2 15. To this end, setting mHQ = 15, mD = 2, -8, and 12, and k=fl in
equation (1) and solving for NT gives:
e

form~=2and
for k=l leads to NT 2 13,
for k=-1 leads to NT 2 17.
form~=-8and
for k=l leads to NT 2 23,
for k=-1 leads to N T 7.~
formD=12and
for k=l leads to NT 2 3,
for k=-l leads to NT 2 27.

From this analysis, the number of tubes in each array is selected as NT = 27. This can be
verified by again using equation (1) to determine the mHQ orders excited by the HQsystem with Np27. The results are shown in table 2.6.
Table 2.6: Circumferential order modes excited by HQ-system mwp with
Np27 tubes in array at BPF 2250 Hz.

3
2

-79
-52

-89
-62

-69
-42

-2
-3

56
83

46
73

66
93

Assuming evenly spaced tubes, the number of HQ tubes determines the spacing
between centers of the tubes around the circumference of the inlet, The center-to-center
spacing between adjacent tubes is given as:
spacing = @'let

= 0.0916 m

NT

13

(3.61in)

or 13.3" in terms of azimuthal spacing.

2. Cross-sectional area of HO tubes: AT
The HQ tube cross-sectional area was designed based on the criteria that the ratio of
the total tube cross-sectional area to the cross-sectional area of the engine inlet should be
= 0.1. This approach was based on the cross-sectional area ratio that produced successfbl
results on the JT15D engine [1,2]. That is,

-Atubes Ainlet

NTAT

= 0.1

2
4 Dinlet

where AT is the cross sectional area of a single tube and Dinlet is the inlet diameter.
Equation (2) results in AT = U.UU18U m2 (2.79 in2). The equivalent diameter for a
circular cross-section of this area is dT = 0.0479 m (1.88 in). The first cut-on frequency
for a tube of this diameter is 4133 Hz,and is well above the BPF of interest, i.e. there will
only be plane waves inside the tubes.
3. Tube Lendh: L
From previous analysis [1,2], for small area ratios the optimum attenuation of a HQ
tube system occurs near the resonance frequencies of the tube assuming pressure release
boundary conditions, i.e. the pressure vanished at the the tube's ends p(U,t)=p(L,t)=U.In
fact, the optimum fiequency occurs below the resonance frequencies. The roots of the
following transcendental equation give the resonance frequencies of the tube including
the mass-like reactive effect of the perforated screen at the tube-inlet interfaces

where h l c is the acoustic wavenumber, c is the speed of sound (343 d s ) , p is the fluid
density (1.21 ms2/m4), L is the tube length, and Mps is the equivalent mass due to the
perforated screen placed at the tube-inlet interfaces. This mass is given by

where tps is the thickness of the perforated screen, a,,$ is the orifice radius, and CY is the
screen percentage open area. Once again based on the previous experience on the JT15D
engine, the perforated screen parameters selected are given in Table 2.7.

14

Table 2.7: Perforated Screen parameters.

Thickness tps
Orifice radius aorif:
Open area CY

0.76 m m (0.03 in)

0.75 mm (0.03 in)
25%

Using the parameters for the perforated screen in equations (4)and (3) results in a
tube length of L=0.145 m that results in the second resonance of the tube to be at the BPF
of 2250 Hz,i.e. the 2ndtube's resonance is used to control the BPF tone at 60% power
setting. This tube length is then used as an initial guess for the subsequent analysis.

4. Centerline tube length and sDacinrz between inlet and outlet of HO tubes: L, D
The centerline tube length L, and interface spacing D (see Figure 5 ) were designed to
result in optimal reduction of the modes with a specific m-order at the BPF tone. To
determine the optimal parameters for the first array of HQ tubes, a parametric study was
performed using the infinite-duct analytical model developed at Virginia Tech to predict
the reduction for each m order present in the disturbance [2]. Again the initial value for
the centerline length of the HQ tubes was based on tuning the second resonance of the
HQ tube (including the end effects of the perforated screen) to the engine BPF of 2250
Hz. The tube centerline L length and interface spacing D for each m order fan
disturbance are shown in Table 2.8:
Table 2.8. Tube length, L, and interface distance, 0,for each
dirturbance circumferential mode, m ~ .
mD -order

L (m)

2
-8
12

0.130
0.135
0.130

D (m)
0.090
0.105
0.12

The parameters of the first HQ-array were selected to control the m=2 mode, while
the parameters for the second array were selected to control the m=-8 mode. This was
based on the assumption that most of the BPF tone power is due to these two
circumferential modes.

In addition to the previous study to design the tubes, studies were carried out to
determine the effect of the arrays' spacing on the performance. The results show that the
two arrays should be well spaced. However, the two arrays were constrained to fit in a
single spool piece 12 inches in length. Thus, the two arrays of HQ-tubes were positioned
in a staggered pattern.

15

5. Final HO System Design Parameters

The parameters for the final design are presented in Table 2.9 and shown in Figure
3.2.
Table 2.9: Final HQ system design parameters,
Parameter
Number of tubes in array

Array 1

Array 2

27

27

Xcl

xc2

0.130

0.135

0.09

0.105

0.0018

0.0018

0.048

0.048

NT
Axial Location
x c (m)*
Tube length
L (m)
Tube interface distance
D (m)
Tube cross sectional area
s (m2)
Tube diameter
d (m)**

Notes:
*
The axial separation between the two arrays should be the maximum distance
physically possible. In the design, it was assumed that both arrays need to fit on
an inlet section with an axial length of 0.3 m (12 in), and therefore xc1-xc2 = 0.16
m (6.3 in).
**
The diameter is based on a circular hole with cross-sectional area S.
Because of the limited space in the spool piece, the HQ-arrays were staggered with
respect to each other, Le., the second array is rotated circumferentially 6.67 with respect
to the first array. This configuration was accounted for in the analytical model
predictions.
6. Analvtical Predictions of Final Design
The VPI infinite-duct analytical model was used to predict the noise reduction
based on the NASA-Glenn mode data. Table 2.10 contains the analytically predicted
modal powers and the modal power reductions for the first array, the second array, and
both arrays combined for each of the m-orders cut-on in the engine inlet.

16

Table 2.10: Analytically predicted reductions for HQ design.

9
10
11
12
13
TOTAL

79.8
87.3
89.1
95.2
89.3
107.6

6.9
8.1
7.4
4.5
1.2
2.9

6.0
5.8
6.3
4.2
1.4
2.9

11.6
12.1
15.9
10.2
0.3
5.2

In addition to the above predictions, the power reductions were computed assuming
identical parameters for the two arrays. For the case of the two arrays having the
dimensions in the second column of Table 2.9 (i.e. first array of final design), the total
power reduction was 5.2 d3. For the case of the two arrays having the dimensions in the
third column of Table 2.9 (Le. second array of final design), the total power reduction
was 4.9 a.

17

3.2. FABRICATION OF HQ-SYSTEM

The final HQ tubes were constructed using stereolithography. Figure 3.2 shows a
picture of the actual tubes and the parameters associated with each tube. The tubes were
constructed with great detail and were essentially exactly as designed.

= centerline Iength

k l o s s - s e c tional area

k zspacing
&A

Figure 3.2: Picture of HQ tubes and tube variables.

The actual perforated screen constructed was, however, quite different fi-om the
design specifications. Figure 3.3 shows a picture of the designed and actually
implemented perforated screens, respectively. In this figure, the pictures are in the same
scale for ease of comparison. The parameters of these two screens are presented in Table
2.11. The inlet spool piece with the HQ tubes was in fact a solid cylinder, with small
holes drilled in recessed sections where the inlet and outlet of the tubes were connected
as shown in Figure 3.4a. The diameter of the holes actually drilled were approximately
twice the size of the design specifications, and the thickness of the metal was about twice
as thick as well. This resulted in a different percent open area, and a change in the
resonance fiequencies of the HQ tubes as shown in the table. The shift in the 2nd
resonance frequency was approximately 150 Hz, or a 6% decrease. It is believed that the
large holes in the constructed screen could have also caused significant flow distortion as
will be seen in the experimental results.

Designed
Actual
Figure 3.3: Actual versus designed perforated screen parameters.
18

Table 2.11: Parameters of actual and designed perforated screens and the predicted tube
resonance frequencies.
Parameter
Thickness
Hole diameter
Percentage open area
Tube Resonance
Frequencies (Hz)

Designed
0.75 ~.nm(-1/32)
1.5 ~.nm(-1/16,)
25%
Array 2
Array 1
1260
1216
2432
2522
3784
3650

Actual
1.5 KUI (-1/16,)
3.2 KUI (-1/8)
21%
Array 1
Array 2
1181
1142
2370
2290
3569
3448

Figure 3.4 shows several pictures of the HQ-system. Figure 3.4a shows the HQ inlet
section with only a few of the HQ tubes attached. The machined recesses where the
tubes were attached are clearly shown. The tubes were glued to the inlet section, and
then sealed with RTV sealant. Figure 3.4b shows the HQ inlet section mounted on the
TFE731-60 engine. Several large rubber-bands were placed around the tubes. Figure
3 . 4 ~shows the engine fiom a front-side perspective. Figure 3.5 shows the complete test
inlet with the HQ section installed. Array 1 is closest to the fan, and Array 2 is mounted
furthest from the fan. The NASA spool as indicated in the picture was a section in which
inlet microphones for the modal inlet data were mounted. The inlet flow control device is
not shown in the picture.

Figure 3.4: Pictures of HQ system, (a) HQ inlet section with partially installed tubes,
(b) HQ system section on engine, (c) overall view.

19

Figure 3.5: Picture of HQ system installed on the TFE731-60.

4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

In this section the key experimental results are presented and discussed. The acoustic
field of the TFE731-60 engine was monitored with an array of 32 fafield microphones,
spaced along an arc of radius 30.5 m (1OOfi) at 5" increments to obtain the acoustic
directivity from 5" to 160" (where Oo is along the engine axis). These microphones were
used to evaluate the effects of the HQ tubes on the noise radiated by the engine. It should
be noted that some of the microphone data were deemed erroneous due to inconsistent
measurements, and in those cases, the questionable microphone data were removed from
the analysis. In addition to the far-field data, an array of inlet mounted microphones was
used to estimate the duct modal amplitudes. The far-field and in-duct data measurements
were responsibility of personnel from Honeywell and NASA Langley Research center,
respectively. Additional details of the test setup and procedures are found in a report
issued by Honeywell [6]
4.1. RESULTS AT THE BPF TONE
The results at the BPF tone are presented first. Both far-field and induct measured
data were analyzed and are presented in this section. The HQ tubes were designed to be
effective at a BPF tone of 2250 Hz,corresponding to an engine power setting of 60%.
4.1.1 Far-field Data

In this section, the results presented are from the far-field data. Figures 4.la show the
BPF power reduction for Array #2 over the total sector (0"to 160") while Figure 4.lb
shows the power reduction over two different sideline sectors (50" to 90" and 50" to
130), for each of the five standard engine speeds tested (60%, 67%, 81%, 88%, and
98%). It is clear that significant reduction of the BPF tone is obtained with Array #2

20

5.

CONCLUSIONS

The results fkom these experiments show the potential of the HQ technique for
attenuating radiated inlet noise &om the TFE731-60 engine. Both broadband and tonal
reductions were observed when the HQ array was placed at some distance from the fan.
Furthermore, reduction of combination, or buzz-saw tones, i.e., additional tones
radiated fkom the inlet when the fan tip speed goes supersonic, were observed with the
HQ system. The following are the main conclusions obtained fkom the research
performed in this work:
1) The potential of the HQ concept has been demonstrated on a full scale production
engine with very encouraging results, i.e., with Honeywell calculations, array #2
yielding a reduction of 2.0 dB EPNLdB at 81% speed.
2) Good BPF tone power reduction was obtained: 2.6 dB at 60% due to 2ndtube
resonance and 2.3 dB at 81% due to 3rdtube resonance.
3) The HQ tube concept was shown to be effective at reducing the broadband noise
near the first THREE resonant frequencies of the tubes.
4) The HQ tubes were shown to be very effective at reducing combination tone
noise, e.g. power reduction of up to 12.1 dB.
5) Fan distortion and increase in noise was observed at higher engine speeds, in
particular for the array near the fan.
6 ) A design strategy has been established and shown to be effective.

In general, the application of HQ tubes to the problem of turbofan jet engine noise has
been demonstrated to be an extremely effective and viable strategy. The HQ tubes would
not necessarily require a significant amount of space on the engine inlet, and are therefore
expected to be able to be designed concurrently with a passive liner. It is anticipated that
the HQ concept could be used for attenuation of the low-fkequency broadband noise,
combination tones and BPF tones, whereas the passive liner could be designed to
attenuate the higher-frequency noise where it is most effective. These results on a fullscale production turbofan engine with actual noise-generation mechanisms further prove
that the HQ technique has considerable potential for application in industry.
6. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
A number of research issues requiring W h e r investigation have also surfaced fkom
this work. Probably the most critical issue is to investigate the high fkequency noise
increase due to fan distortion. Some of the suggested possible causes of this problem are
flow separation due to the screen used @e. large orifices), induced flow in the tubes due
to pressure gradient, and rotor potential flow field affecting the tubes.

Another important issue is to investigate the combined effect of HQ tubes with the
passive liner as well as to establish a design approach for the HQ system in conjunction
with passive liners or other noise control technologies.

31

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was financially supported by the
Aeroacoustics Branch of the NASA
Langley Research Center which is gratefully acknowledged. Special thanks go to the
technical monitors for this work, Dr. Carl Gerhold and Dr. Joe Posey. The technical
support provided by Dr. D. L. Sutliff and Mr. L. J. Heilderberg fiom NASA Glenn
Research center, Dr. Gerhold from NASA Langley Research Center, and Dr. D. Weir from
Honeywell is also greatly appreciated.
REFERENCES
Smith, J. P. and Burdisso, R. A., The Application of the Herschel-Quincke Tube
Concept for the Reduction of Tonal and Broadband Noise From Turbofan Engines,
VPI report VPI-ENGR.98.167, prepared for NASA under grant # NAG- 1- 1980 and
proposal # 98-0448-10, 1998.
Hallez R. F. and Burdisso, R.A., Analytical Modeling Of Herschel-Quincke
Concept Applied To Inlet Turbofan Engines, NASNCR-2002-2 11429,2002.
Weir D., Personal Communication, Honeywell, 1999.
Tyler, J. M., and Sofrin, T. G., Axial Flow Compressor Noise Studies, SAE
Transactions no. 70, pp. 309-332, 1962.
Sutliff D.L., and Heilderberg L. J., Personal Communication, NASA Glenn Research
Center, 1999.
Test Procedure for NASA Engine Validation of Noise Reduction Concepts
(EVNRC), Phase I11 for the Alliedsignal Engine Model TFE73 1-60 Turbofan
Engine, Alliedsignal Aerospace, Report 2 1- 10877, August 30, 1999.
Gerhold, C., Personal Communication, NASA Langley Research Center Research
Center, 1999.

32

ublic reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated l o average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources
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Experimental Investigation of the Herschel-Quincke Tube Concept on the

Honeywell TFE731-60

G NAGI-2137
WU 706-81-12-01

Jerome P. Smith
Ricardo A. Burdisso

. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Blacksburg,VA 24061

REPORT NUMBER

VPI-ENGR 4-26483

. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME@) AND ADDRESS(ES)

10. SPONSORINGIMONITORING
AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Langley Research Center
Hampton, VA 23681-2199

NASNCR-2002-21143 I

1. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

NASA Langley Technical Monitor: Carl H. Gerhold

2a.

DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABlLlTYSTATEMENT

12b.DISTRIBUTIONCODE

Unclassified-Unlimited
Subject Category 71
Distribution: Nonstandard
Availability: NASA CAS1 (301) 621-0390
I

3. ABSTRACT (Maximum200 words)

This report summarizes the key results obtained by the Vibration and Acoustics Laboratories at Virginia Tech over
the period from January 1999 to December 2000 on the project "Investigation of an Adaptive Herschel-Quincke
Tube Concept for the Reduction of Tonal and Broadband Noise from Turbofan Engines", funded by NASA Langley
Research Center. The Herschel-Quincke (HQ) tube concept is a developing technique the consists of circumferential arrays of tubes around the duct. A fixed array of tubes is installed on the inlet duct of the Honeywell TFE731-6C
engine. Two array designs are incorporated into the inlet treatment, each designed for a different circumferential
mode order which is expected to be cut on in the duct. Far field and in-duct noise measurement data are presented
which demonstrate the effectiveness of the HQ concept for array 1, array 2, and both operating simultaneously.

OF REPORT

SN 7540-01-280-5500

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OF ABSTRACT

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