Derivation of Local Volatility

by Fabrice Douglas Rouah

www.FRouah.com
www.Volopta.com
The derivation of local volatility is outlined in many papers and textbooks
(such as the one by Jim Gatheral [1]), but in the derivations many steps are left
out. In this Note we provide two derivations of local volatility.
1. The derivation by Dupire [2] that uses the Fokker-Planck equation.
2. The derivation by Derman et al. [3] of local volatility as a conditional
expectation.
We also present the derivation of local volatility from Black-Scholes implied
volatility, outlined in [1]. We will derive the following three equations that
involve local volatility = (St ; t) or local variance vL = 2 :
1. The Dupire equation in its most general form (appears in [1] on page 9)
1
@C
=
@T
2

K2

@2C
+ (rT
@K 2

qT ) C

@C
@K

rT C:

(1)

2. The equation by Derman et al. [3] for local volatility as a conditional

expected value (appears with qT = 0 in [3])
@C
=
@T

K(rT

qT )

@C
@K

1
qT C + K 2 E
2

2
T jST

@2C
:
@K 2

=K

3. Local volatility as a function of Black-Scholes implied volatility,

(K; T ) (appears in [1]) expressed here as the local variance vL
@w
@T

vL =
y @w
w @y

1 @2w
2 @y 2

1
4

1
4

1
w

y2
w

@w
@y

(2)
=

(3)

where w = (K; T )2 T is the Black-Scholes total implied variance and y =

RT
ln FKT where FT = exp 0 t dt is the forward price with t = rt qt (risk free
rate minus dividend yield). Alternatively, local volatility can also be expressed
in terms of as
2

1+

Ky @
@K

+2 T

@
@T

+K T

@
qT ) K @K

+ (rT
@
@K

1
4K

2
@
@K

@
+ K @K
2

Solving for the local variance in Equation (1), we obtain

2

(K; T ) =

@C
@T

(rT

qT ) C
1 2 @2C
2 K @K 2

@C
K @K

i:
(4)

If we set the risk-free rate rT and the dividend yield qT each equal to zero,
Equations (1) and (2) can each be solved to yield the same equation involving
local volatility, namely
2

(K; T ) =

@C
@T
1 2 @2C
K
2
@K 2

(5)

p
2 (K; T ): In this Note the derivation of
The local volatility is then vL =
these equations are all explained in detail.

Local Volatility Model for the Underlying

The underlying St follows the process

dSt

=
t St dt + (St ; t)St dWt
= (rt qt ) St dt + (St ; t)St dWt :

We sometimes drop the subscript and write dS =

(St ; t). We need the following preliminaries:
Discount factor P (t; T ) = exp

RT
t

Sdt + SdW where

(6)

rs ds :

Fokker-Planck equation. Denote by f (St ; t) the probability density function of the underlying price St at time t. Then f satises the equation
@f
=
@t

@
1 @2
[ Sf (S; t)] +
@S
2 @S 2

S 2 f (S; t) :

(7)

Time-t price of European call with strike K, denoted C = C(St ; K)

C

= P (t; T )E (ST

K)+

(8)

= P (t; T )E (ST K)1(ST >K)

Z 1
= P (t; T )
(ST K)f (S; T )dS:
K

where 1(ST >K) is the Heaviside function and where E [ ] = E [ jFt ]. In the
all the integrals in this Note, since the expectations are taken for the underlying
price at t = T it is understood that S = ST ; f (S; T ) = f (ST ; T ) and dS = dST :
We sometimes omit the subscript for notational convenience.

2
2.1

Derivation of the General Dupire Equation (1)

Required Derivatives

We need the following derivatives of the call C(St ; t).

2

First derivative with respect to strike

Z 1
@C
@
= P (t; T )
(ST K)f (S; T )dS
@K
K @K
Z 1
f (S; T )dS:
=
P (t; T )

(9)

Second derivative with respect to strike

@2C
@K 2

S=1

P (t; T ) [f (S; T )]S=K

(10)

= P (t; T )f (K; T ):
We have assumed that lim f (S; T ) = 0:
S!1

First derivative with respect to maturityuse the chain rule

Z 1
@C
@C
=
P (t; T )
(ST K)f (S; T )dS +
@T
@T
Z 1K
@
[f (S; T )] dS:
P (t; T )
(ST K)
@T
K
Note that

2.2

@P
@T

rT P (t; T ) so we can write (11)

Z 1
@C
@
= rT C + P (t; T )
[f (S; T )] dS:
(ST K)
@T
@T
K

(11)

(12)

Main Equation

In Equation (12) substitute the Fokker-Planck equation (7) for @f

@t at t = T
Z 1
@C
+ rT C = P (t; T )
(ST K)
(13)
@T
K
1 @2
@
2 2
S f (S; T ) dS:
[ T Sf (S; T )] +
@S
2 @S 2
This is the main equation we need because it is from this equation that the
Dupire local volatility is derived. In Equation (13) have two integrals to evaluate
Z 1
@
I1 =
(ST K)
[Sf (S; T )] dS;
(14)
T
@S
K
Z 1
@2
I2 =
(ST K) 2 2 S 2 f (S; T ) dS:
@S
K
Before evaluating these two integrals we need the following two identities.

2.3
2.3.1

Two Useful Identities

First Identity

From the call price Equation (8), we obtain

Z 1
C
=
(ST K)f (S; T )dS
P (t; T )
K
Z
Z 1
ST f (S; T )dS K
=

(15)
1

f (S; T )dS:

@C
From the expression for @K
in Equation (9) we obtain
Z 1
1
@C
f (S; T )dS =
:
P
(t;
T
)
@K
K

Substitute back into Equation (15) and re-arrange terms to obtain the rst
identity
Z 1
K @C
C
:
(16)
ST f (S; T )dS =
P
(t;
T
)
P
(t;
T ) @K
K
2.3.2

Second Identity

We use the expression for

@2C
@K 2

in Equation (10) to obtain the second identity

f (K; T ) =

2.4

1
@2C
:
P (t; T ) @K 2

(17)

Evaluating the Integrals

We can now evaluate the integrals I1 and I2 dened in Equation (14).

2.4.1

First integral

Use integration by parts with u = ST

Sf (S; T )
I1

=
=

[
[0

T (ST

0]

K; u0 = 1; v 0 =

S=1

K)ST f (S; T )]S=K

Z 1
Sf (S; T )dS:
T

@
@S

[Sf (S; T )] ; v =

Sf (S; T )dS

We have assumed lim (S

S!1

K)Sf (S; T ) = 0. Substitute the rst identity (16)

to obtain the rst integral I1

I1 =

K @C
TC
+ T
:
P (t; T ) P (t; T ) @K

(18)

2.4.2

Second integral
K; u0 = 1; v 0 =

Use integration by parts with u = ST

@
2 2
S f (S; T )
@S
I2

(ST

[0
2

=
where

S=1

@
@S

K)

0]

S 2 f (S; T )
S=K

S 2 f (S; T )

S=1
S=K

@2
@S 2

@
@S

S 2 f (S; T ) ; v =

S 2 f (S; T ) dS

K 2 f (K; T )
(K; T )2 .

@
S!1 @S

We have assumed that lim

S 2 f (S; T )

= 0.

Substitute the second identity (17) for f (K; T ) to obtain the second integral I2
2

K 2 @2C
:
P (t; T ) @K 2

I2 =

2.5

(19)

Obtaining the Dupire Equation

We can now evaluate the main Equation (13) which we write as

@C
+ rT C = P (t; T )
@T

1
I1 + I2 :
2

Substitute for I1 from Equation (18) and for I2 from Equation (19)
@C
+ rT C =
@T
Substitute for T = rT
Dupire equation (1)
@C
1
=
@T
2
Solve for

TC

TK

@C
1
+
@K
2

K2

@2C
@K 2

qT (risk free rate minus dividend yield) to obtain the

K2

@2C
+ (rT
@K 2

qT ) C

@C
@K

rT C:

= (K; T )2 to obtain the Dupire local variance in its general form

(K; T )2 =

@C
@T

@C
qK )K @K

+ qT C + (rT
1 2
2K

@2C
@K 2

Dupire [2] assumes zero interest rates and zero dividend yield. Hence rT =
qT = 0 so that the underlying process is dSt = (St ; t)St dWt : We obtain
(K; T )2 =
which is Equation (5).
5

@C
@T
1 2 @2C
K
2
@K 2

Derivation of Local Volatility as an Expected

Value, Equation (2)

We need the following preliminaries, all of which are easy to show

@
@S (S

K)+ = 1(S>K)

@
@S 1(S>K)

= (S

@
@K (S

K)+ =

@
@K 1(S>K)

@C
@K

P (t; T )E 1(S>K)

1(S>K)

@2C
@K 2

K)

(S

K)

= P (t; T )E [ (S

K)]

In the table, ( ) denotes the Dirac delta function. Now dene the function
f (ST ; T ) as
f (ST ; T ) = P (t; T )(ST K)+ :
Recall the process for St is given by Equation (6). By Itos Lemma, f follows
the process
df =

@f
+
@T

T ST

@f
1
+
@ST
2

2
T ST

@2f
dT +
@ST2

@f
dWT :
@ST

T ST

(20)

Now the partial derivatives are

@f
@T
@f
@ST
@2f
@ST2

K)+ ;

rT P (t; T )(ST

= P (t; T )1(ST >K) ;

= P (t; T ) (ST

K) :

Substitute them into Equation (20)

df

= P (t; T )
rT (ST
+P (t; T )

(21)
K)+ +

T ST 1(ST >K)

T ST 1(ST >K)

1
2

2 2
T ST

(ST

K) dT

dWT

Consider the rst two terms of (21), which can be written as

rT (ST

K)+ +

T ST 1(ST >K)

=
rT (ST K)1(ST >K) + T ST 1(ST >K)
= rT K1(ST >K) qT ST 1(ST >K) :

When we take the expected value of Equation (21), the stochastic term drops
out since E [dWT ] = 0. Hence we can write the expected value of (21) as
dC

= E [df ]
= P (t; T )E rT K1(ST >K)

(22)
qT ST 1(ST >K) +
6

1
2

2 2
T ST

(ST

K) dT

so that
dC
= P (t; T )E rT K1(ST >K)
dT

qT ST 1(ST >K) +

1
2

2 2
T ST

(ST

K) .

(23)

Using the second line in Equation (8), we can write

P (t; T )E ST 1(ST >K) = C + KP (t; T )E 1(ST >K)
so Equation (23) becomes
dC
dT

= KP (t; T )rT E[1(ST >K) ]

1
+ P (t; T )E
2
=

K(rT

qT )

2 2
T ST

@C
@K

qT C + KP (t; T )E 1(ST >K)

(ST

(24)

K)

1
qT C + P (t; T )E
2

2 2
T ST

(ST

K)

@C
where we have substituted @K
for P (t; T )E[1(ST >K) ]. The last term in the
last line of Equation (24) can be written

1
P (t; T )E
2

2 2
T ST

(ST

K)

=
=
=

where we have substituted

result, Equation (2)
@C
=
@T

K(rT

@2C
@K 2

qT )

1
P (t; T )E 2T ST2 jST = K E[ (ST
2
1
P (t; T )E 2T jST = K K 2 E[ (ST
2
1
@2C
E 2T jST = K K 2
2
@K 2

for P (t; T )E[ (ST

@C
@K

1
qT C + K 2 E
2

K)]
K)]

K)]. We obtain the nal

2
T jST

=K

@2C
:
@K 2

When rT = qT = 0 we can re-arrange the result to obtain

2
T jST

=K =

@C
@T
1 2 @2C
K
2
@K 2

which, again, is Equation (5). Hence when the dividend and interest rate are
both zero, the derivation of local volatility using Dupires approach and the
derivation using conditional expectation produce the same result.

Derivation of Local Volatility From Implied

Volatility, Equation (3)

To express local volatility in terms of implied volatility, we need the three deriv@C
@2C
atives @C
@T , @K ; and @K 2 that appear in Equation (1), but expressed in terms of
7

implied volatility. Following Gatheral [1] we dene the log-moneyness

y = ln

K
FT

RT
where FT = S0 exp 0 t dt is the forward price ( t = rt qt , risk free rate
minus dividend yield) and K is the strike price, and the "total" Black-Scholes
implied variance
w = (K; T )2 T
where (K; T ) is the implied volatility. The Black-Scholes call price can then
be written as
CBS (S0 ; K;

(K; T ) ; T )

where
d1 =
and d2 = d1

4.1

ln SK0 +

w=

yw

RT
0

1
2

= CBS (S0 ; FT ey ; w; T )
= FT fN (d1 ) ey N (d2 )g

(rt qt ) dt +
p
w

w
2

yw

1
2

(25)

1 1
+ w2
2

(26)

1 21
2w .

The Reparameterized Local Volatility Function

To express the local volatility Equation (1) in terms of y, we note that the
market call price is
C(S0 ; K; T ) = C(S0 ; FT ey ; T )
and we take derivatives. The rst derivative we need is, by the chain rule
@C
@C @K
@C
=
=
K:
@y
@K @y
@K

(27)

The second derivative we need is

@2C
@y 2

=
=

since by the chain rule @A

@y =
third derivative we need is

@
@C
@C @K
K+
@y @K
@K @y
@ 2 C 2 @C
K +
;
@K 2
@y

@A @K
@K @y ,

@C
@T

=
=
=

so that

@
@y

@C
@K

@C
@C @K
+
@T
@K @T
@C
@C
+
K T
@T
@K
@C
@C
+
@T
@y T
8

@ 2 C @K
@K 2 @y

(28)

@2C
@K 2 K.

The

(29)

RT

since K = S0 exp
that

t dt

+y

so that

@K
@T

= K

@2C
@2C 2
K =
2
@K
@y 2

T.

Equation (28) implies

@C
:
@y

Now we substitute into Equation (1), reproduced here for convenience

@C
@T
@C
@y T

@C
@T

=
=

1
2
1
2

@2C
+ T C
@K 2
@C
@2C
+
2
@y
@y

K2

K
T

@C
@K
C

@C
@y

which simplies to
vL @ 2 C
@C
=
@T
2 @y 2
where vL =
[1].

4.2

@C
+
@y

TC

(30)

(K; T ) is the local variance. This is Equation (1.8) of Gatheral

Three Useful Identities

Before expression the local volatility Equation (1) in terms of implied volatility,
we rst derive three identities used by Gatheral [1] that help in this regard. We
use the fact that the derivatives of the standard normal cdf and pdf are, using
the chain rule, N 0 (x) = n(x)x0 and n0 (x) = xn(x)x0 . We also use the relation
n(d1 )

=
=

1
p e
2
1
p e
2

1
2

(d2 +

1
2

(d22 +2d2

= n(d2 )e d2
= n(d2 )ey :

w)

w+w)

1
2w

From Equation (25) the rst derivative with respect to w is

@CBS
@w

= FT [n(d1 )d1w

ey n(d2 )d2w ]

1
= FT n(d2 )ey d2w + w
2
h
i
1
1
=
FT ey n(d2 )w 2
2

1
2

ey n(d2 )d2w

where d1w is the rst derivative of d1 with respect to w and similarly for d2 .
The second derivative is
@ 2 CBS
@w2

1
3
1
1
FT ey
n(d2 )d2 d2w w 2
n(d2 )w 2
2
2
1
1
1
FT ey n(d2 )w 2
d2 d2w
w 1
2
2
1
3
@CBS
1 1
1
1
yw 2 + w 2
yw 2
w
@w
2
2
4
@CBS
1
1
y2
:
+
@w
8 2w 2w2

=
=
=
=

(31)

1
2

1
w
2

This is the rst identity we need. The second identity we need is

@ 2 CBS
@w@y

1 @
1
FT w 2
[ey n(d2 )]
2
@y
1
1
FT w 2 [ey n(d2 ) ey n(d2 )d2 d2y ]
2
@CBS
[1 d2 d2y ]
@w
@CBS 1
y
@w
2 w

=
=
=
=

(32)

where d2y = w 2 is the rst derivative of d2 with respect to y. To obtain the

third identity, consider the derivative
@CBS
@y

= FT [n(d1 )d1y
= FT ey [n(d2 )d1y
=
FT ey N (d2 ):

ey N (d2 )
N (d2 )

ey n(d2 )d2y ]
n(d2 )d2y ]

The third identity we need is

@ 2 CBS
@y 2

FT [ey N (d2 ) + ey n(d2 )d2y ]

FT ey N (d2 ) + FT ey n(d2 )w
@CBS
@CBS
+2
:
@y
@w

(33)
1
2

We are now ready for the main derivation of this section.

4.3

Local Volatility in Terms of Implied Volatility

We note that when the market price C(S0 ; K; T ) is equal to the Black-Scholes
price with the implied volatility (K; T ) as the input to volatility
C(S0 ; K; T ) = CBS (S0 ; K; (K; T ); T ):
10

(34)

We can also reparameterize the Black-Scholes price in terms of the total implied
volatility w = (K; T )2 T and K = FT ey . Since w depends on K and K depends
on y, we have that w = w(y) and we can write
C(S0 ; K; T ) = CBS (S0 ; FT ey ; w(y); T ):

(35)

We need derivatives of the market call price C(S0 ; K; T ) in terms of the BlackScholes call price CBS (S0 ; FT ey ; w(y); T ). From Equation (35), the rst derivative we need is
@C
@y

@CBS
@CBS @w
+
@y
@w @y
= a(w; y) + b(w; y)c(y):
=

It is easier to visualize the second derivative we need,

partials in @C
@y as a; b; and c:
@2C
@y 2

=
=
=

@2C
@y 2 ,

(36)

when we express the

@a
@a @w
@c
@b
@b @w
+
+ b(w; y)
+
+
c(y)
(37)
@y @w @y
@y
@y @w @y
@ 2 CBS
@ 2 CBS @w @CBS @ 2 w
@ 2 CBS @w @w
@ 2 CBS
+
+
+
+
@y 2
@y@w @y
@w @y 2
@w@y
@w2 @y @y
@ 2 CBS @w @CBS @ 2 w @ 2 CBS
@ 2 CBS
+
2
+
+
@y 2
@y@w @y
@w @y 2
@w2

@w
@y

The third derivative we need is

@C
@T

=
=

@CBS
@CBS @w
+
@T
@w @T
@CBS @w
:
TC +
@w @T

(38)

Gatheral explains that the second equality follows because the only explicit
dependence of CBS on T is through the forward price FT , even though CBS
depends implicitly on T through y and w. The reparameterized Dupire equation
(30) is reproduced here for convenience
@C
vL @ 2 C
=
@T
2 @y 2
We substitute for
tively and cancel
@CBS @w
@w @T

@C
+
@y

T C:

@C @ 2 C
@T ; @y 2 ;

and @C
@y from Equations (38), (37), and (36) respecC
from
both
sides to obtain
T
"
2
vL @ 2 CBS
@ 2 CBS @w @CBS @ 2 w @ 2 CBS @w
+
2
+
+
2
@y 2
@y@w @y
@w @y 2
@w2
@y
@CBS
@CBS @w
+
:
@y
@w @y
11

(39)

CBS @ CBS
@ CBS
Now substitute for @ @w
from the identities in Equations
2 ; @w@y ; and
@y 2
(31), (32), and (33) respectively, the idea being to end up with terms involving
@CBS
@w on the right hand side of Equation (39) that can be factored out.
"
2
@CBS @w
vL @CBS
1
y @w
1
1
y2
@w
=
2+2
+
+
@w @T
2 @w
2 w @y
8 2w 2w
@y

@2w
@y 2

@w
:
@y

BS
Remove the factor @C
@w from both sides and simplify to obtain
"
@w
1
1
y2
@w
y @w 1 @ 2 w 1
= vL 1
+
+
+
@T
w @y
2 @y 2
4
4 w
w
@y

Solve for vL to obtain the nal expression for the local volatility expressed in
2
terms of implied volatility w = (K; T ) T and the log-moneyness y = ln FKT
@w
@T

vL =
1

4.4

y @w
w @y

1 @2w
2 @y 2

1
4

1
4

1
w

y2
w

@w
@y

Alternate Derivation
2

@C @ C
In this derivation we express the derivatives @K
; @K 2 ; and @C
@T in the Dupire
equation (1) in terms of y and w = w(y), but we substitute these derivatives
directly in Equation (1) rather than in (30). This means that we take derivatives
with respect to K and T , rather than with y and T: Recall that from Equation
(35), the market call price is equal to the Black-Scholes call price with implied
volatility as input

C(S0 ; K; T ) = CBS (S0 ; FT ey ; w(y); T ):

Recall also that from Equation (25) the Black-Scholes call price reparameterized
in terms of y and w is
CBS (S0 ; FT ey ; w(y); T ) = FT fN (d1 )
where d1 is given in Equation (26), and where d2 = d1

ey N (d2 )g
p
w. The rst derivative

we need is
@C
@K

=
=

@CBS @y
@CBS @w
+
@y @K
@w @K
1 @CBS
@CBS @w
+
:
K @y
@w @K

12

(40)

The second derivative is

@2C
=
@K 2

1 @CBS
1 @
@CBS
+
:
K 2 @y
K @K
@y
@
@CBS @w
@CBS @ 2 w
+
+
@K
@w
@K
@w @K 2

Let A =

@C
@y

for notational convenience. Then

@CBS
@y

@
@K

=
=
=

@C
@y

@
@K

(41)

@A
@K

and

@A
@K
@A @y
@A @w
+
@y @K
@w @K
2
@ 2 CBS @w
@ CBS 1
+
:
2
@y K
@y@w @K

(42)

Similarly
@
@K

@CBS
@w

@ 2 CBS @w
@ 2 CBS 1
+
:
@y@w K
@w2 @K

(43)

Substituting Equations (42) and (43) into Equation (41) produces

@2C
@K 2

1 @CBS
1 @ 2 CBS 1
+
2
K @y
K
@y 2 K
@ 2 CBS @w
@ 2 CBS 1
+
+
@y@w K
@w2 @K
2
1
@CBS
2
@ CBS
=
+
K2
@y 2
@y
K
=

@ 2 CBS
@w2

@w
@K

@ 2 CBS @w
@y@w @K
@CBS @ 2 w
@w
+
@K
@w @K 2
2
@ CBS @w
@y@w @K
+

(44)

@CBS @ 2 w
:
@w @K 2

The third derivative we need is

@C
@T

=
=

@CBS
@CBS @y
@CBS @w
+
+
@T
@y @T
@w @T
@CBS
@CBS @w
+
;
T CBS +
@y T
@w @T

(45)

BS
again using the fact that @C
depends explicitly on T only through FT : Now
@T
2
@C @ C
@C
substitute for @K ; @K 2 ; and @T from Equations (40), (44), and (45) respectively
into Equation (4) for Dupire local variance, reproduced here for convenience.

@C
@T

T CBS
1 2 @2C
2 K @K 2

13

@C
K @K

We obtain, after applying the three useful identities in Section 4.2,

h
i
@CBS @w
@CBS
1 @CBS
BS @w
K K
+ @C
T + @w @T
T CBS
T CBS + @y
@y
@w
@K
2
h
i:
=
@ 2 CBS
@CBS
@ 2 CBS @w 2
@CBS @ 2 w
1
2 @ 2 CBS @w
1 2
+
K
+
+
2
2
2
2
2
K
@y
@y
K @y@w @K
@w
@K
@w @K

BS
Applying the three useful identities in Section 4.2 allows the term @C
@w to be
factored out of the numerator and denominator. The last equation becomes

1 2
2K

2
K2

2
K

@w
@T +
@w
@K +

y
w

1
2

@w
T K @K
1
8

1
2w

@w 2
@K

y2
2w2

@2w
@K 2

i:

(46)

Equation (46) can be simplied by considering deriving the partial derivatives

of the Black-Scholes total implied variance, hw = (K; T )2 Ti. We have @w
@T =
2

@
@w
@
@ w
@
@
2 T @T
+ 2 , @K
= 2 T @K
, and @K
+ @K
: Substitute into
2 = 2T
2
@K
Equation (46). The numerator in Equation (46) becomes
2

+2 T

@
+
@T

TK

@
@K

(47)

and the denominator becomes

1 + 2K T
"
+K 2 T

1
2

+K 2 T

@
@K
@2
+K 2 T
@K 2
Ky @
=
1
@K
=

1
y2
+
2w 2w2

1
8

T2

@
@K

T everywhere in the denominator produces

1
2
@
@K

@
+ 2K 2
@K
#
@2
:
@K 2

@
@K

Replacing w with
1 + 2K T
"

y
w

y
2T
2

@
+ 2K 2
@K
#

2Ky @
@K

T2

1
8

1
2T

y2
2 4T 2

@
@K

"

K2

T2

Ky @
2
+
@K

+ 1

@
@K

Ky @
@K

K 2 y2
2

@
@K

(48)

Substituting the numerator in (47) and the denominator in (48) back to Equation (46), we obtain
@
@
+ 2 T @T
+ T K @K
h
2
@
1
@
+ K T @K
4 K T @K
2

1+

Ky @
@K

@2
@K 2

1+K T

14

@
+ K @K
2

See also the dissertation by van der Kamp [4] for additional details of this
alternate derivation.

References
[1] Gatheral, J. (2006). The Volatility Surface: A Practitioners Guide. New
York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
[2] Dupire, B. (1994). "Pricing With a Smile." Risk 7, pp. 18-20.
[3] Derman, E., Kani, I., and M. Kamal (1996). "Trading and Hedging Local
Volatility." Goldman Sachs Quantitative Strategies Research Notes.
[4] van der Kamp, Roel (2009). "Local Volatility Modelling." M.Sc. dissertation, University of Twente, The Netherlands.

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