Non-Aligned Movement

tions.[8][9] The successor states of the Socialist Federal

Republic of Yugoslavia have expressed little interest in
membership, though some have observer status. In 2004,
Malta and Cyprus ceased to be members and joined the
European Union. Belarus remains the sole member of
the Movement in Europe. Azerbaijan and Fiji are the
most recent entrants, joining in 2011. The applications
of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Costa Rica were rejected
in 1995 and 1998, respectively.[9]

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a group of states

which are not formally aligned with or against any major
power bloc. As of 2012, the movement has 120 members
and 17 observer countries.[1]
The organization was founded in Belgrade in 1961, and
was largely conceived by Indias rst prime minister,
Jawaharlal Nehru; Indonesias rst president, Sukarno;
Egypts second president, Gamal Abdel Nasser; Ghanas
rst president Kwame Nkrumah; and Yugoslavias president, Josip Broz Tito. All ve leaders were prominent
advocates of a middle course for states in the Developing
World between the Western and Eastern Blocs in the Cold
War. The phrase itself was rst used to represent the doctrine by Indian diplomat V. K. Krishna Menon in 1953,
at the United Nations.[3]

The 16th NAM summit took place in Tehran, Iran, from

26 to 31 August 2012. According to MehrNews agency,
representatives from over 150 countries were scheduled
to attend.[10] Attendance at the highest level includes
27 presidents, 2 kings and emirs, 7 prime ministers, 9
vice presidents, 2 parliament spokesmen and 5 special
envoys.[11] At the summit, Iran took over from Egypt as
Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement for the period 2012
to 2015.[12] The 17th Summit of the Non Aligned Movement is to be held in Tehran, Iran, in 2015.

In a speech given during the Havana Declaration of

1979, Fidel Castro said the purpose of the organization
is to ensure the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries
in their struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neocolonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference or hegemony
as well as against great power and bloc politics.[4] The
countries of the Non-Aligned Movement represent nearly
two-thirds of the United Nationss members and contain
55% of the world population. Membership is particularly
concentrated in countries considered to be developing or
part of the Third World.[5]

1 Origins
The Non-Aligned movement was never established as a
formal organization, but became the name to refer to the
participants of the Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries rst held in 1961. The
term non-alignment itself was coined by V. K. Krishna
Menon in 1953 remarks at the United Nations. Jawaharlal
Nehru used the phrase in a 1954 speech in Colombo,
Sri Lanka. In this speech, Nehru described the ve pillars to be used as a guide for Sino-Indian relations called
Panchsheel (ve restraints), these principles would later
serve as the basis of the Non-Aligned Movement. The
ve principles were:

Members have at times included the Socialist Federal

Republic of Yugoslavia, Argentina, Namibia, Cyprus,
and Malta. Although many of the Non-Aligned Movements members were actually quite closely aligned with
one or another of the super powers, the movement still
maintained cohesion throughout the Cold War. Some
members were involved in serious conicts with other
members (e.g. India and Pakistan, Iran and Iraq). The
movement fractured from its own internal contradictions
when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. Although the Soviet allies supported the invasion, other
members of the movement (particularly predominantly
Muslim states) condemned it.

Mutual respect for each others territorial integrity

and sovereignty
Mutual non-aggression

Mutual non-interference in domestic aairs

Because the Non-Aligned Movement was formed as an
attempt to thwart the Cold War,[6] it has struggled to nd
Equality and mutual benet
relevance since the Cold War ended. After the breakup
of Yugoslavia, a founding member, its membership was
Peaceful co-existence
suspended[7] in 1992 at the regular Ministerial Meeting
of the Movement, held in New York during the regular
yearly session of the General Assembly of the United Na- A signicant milestone in the development of the NonAligned Movement was the 1955 Bandung Conference,
1

a conference of Asian and African states hosted by Indonesian president Sukarno, who gave a signicant contribution to promote this movement. Bringing together
Sukarno, U Nu, Nasser, Nehru, Tito, Nkrumah and
Menon with the likes of Ho Chi Minh, Zhou Enlai, and
Norodom Sihanouk, as well as U Thant and a young
Indira Gandhi, the conference adopted a declaration on
promotion of world peace and cooperation, which included Nehrus ve principles, and a collective pledge to
remain neutral in the Cold War. Six years after Bandung,
an initiative of Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito led
to the rst Conference of Heads of State or Government
of Non-Aligned Countries, which was held in September
1961 in Belgrade.[13] The term non-aligned movement appears rst in the fth conference in 1976, where participating countries are denoted as members of the movement.[14]
At the Lusaka Conference in September 1970, the member nations added as aims of the movement the peaceful resolution of disputes and the abstention from the big
power military alliances and pacts. Another added aim
was opposition to stationing of military bases in foreign
countries.[6]
The founding fathers of the Non-Aligned Movement
were: Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Sukarno of Indonesia,
Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, Gamal Abdul Nasser of
Egypt and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. Their actions
were known as 'The Initiative of Five'.

POLICIES AND IDEOLOGY

Recognition of the movements for national independence.

Recognition of the equality of all races and of the
equality of all nations, large and small.
Abstention from intervention or interference in the
internal aairs of another country.
Respect for the right of each nation to defend itself
singly or collectively, in conformity with the Charter
of the United Nations.
Refraining from acts or threats of aggression or the
use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any country.
Settlement of all international disputes by peaceful
means, in conformity with the Charter of the United
Nations.
Promotion of mutual interests and co-operation.
Respect for justice and international obligations.

3 Policies and ideology

Organizational structure and

membership

The movement stems from a desire not to be aligned

within a geopolitical/military structure and therefore itself does not have a very strict organizational structure.[2]
Some organizational basics were dened at the 1996
Cartagena Document on Methodology[15] The Summit
Conference of Heads of State or Government of NonAligned States is the highest decision making authority.
The chairmanship rotates between countries and changes
at every summit of heads of state or government to the The South Africa Conference NAM logo.
country organizing the summit.[15]
such
Requirements for membership of the Non-Aligned Secretaries General of the NAM had included
[16][17]
diverse
gures
as
Suharto,
a
corrupt
and
Movement coincide with the key beliefs of the United
[18]
anti-communist,
and
Nelson
Manmilitaristic
Nations. The current requirements are that the candidate
country has displayed practices in accordance with the dela, a democratic socialist and famous anti-apartheid
activist. Consisting of many governments with vastly
ten Bandung principles of 1955:[15]
dierent ideologies, the Non-Aligned Movement is
unied by its declared commitment to world peace and
Respect for fundamental human rights and for the security. At the seventh summit held in New Delhi in
purposes and principles of the Charter of the United March 1983, the movement described itself as historys
Nations.
biggest peace movement.[19] The movement places
equal emphasis on disarmament. NAMs commitment
Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity to peace pre-dates its formal institutionalisation in 1961.
of all nations.
The Brioni meeting between heads of governments of

3
India, Egypt and Yugoslavia in 1956 recognized that ticular international issues has been rare, with the movethere exists a vital link between struggle for peace and ment preferring to assert its criticism or support rather
endeavours for disarmament.[19]
than pass hard-line resolutions.[22] The movement conDuring the 1970s and early 1980s, the NAM also spon- tinues to see a role for itself, as in its view, the worldssored campaigns for restructuring commercial relations poorest nations remain exploited and marginalised, no
superpowers, but rather in a unibetween developed and developing nations, namely the longer by opposing
[23]
polar
world,
and
it is Western hegemony and neoNew International Economic Order (NIEO), and its culcolonialism
that
the
movement
has really re-aligned ittural ospring, the New World Information and Commuself against. It opposes foreign occupation, interference
nication Order (NWICO). The latter, on its own, sparked
a Non-Aligned initiative on cooperation for communica- in internal aairs and aggressive unilateral measures, but
it has also shifted to focus on the socio-economic chaltions, the Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool, created in
1975 and later converted into the NAM News Network lenges facing member states, especially the inequalities
manifested by globalization and the implications of neoin 2005.
liberal policies. The Non-Aligned Movement has identiThe Non-Aligned Movement espouses policies and prac- ed economic underdevelopment, poverty, and social intices of cooperation, especially those that are multilateral justices as growing threats to peace and security. Sumand provide mutual benet to all those involved. Many mit, Durban, South Africa, 23 September 1998:[24]
of the members of the Non-Aligned Movement are also
members of the United Nations. Both organisations have
a stated policy of peaceful cooperation, yet the successes
the NAM has had with multilateral agreements tend to be 5 Current activities and positions
ignored by the larger, western and developed nation dominated UN.[20] African concerns about apartheid were Criticism of US policy
linked with Arab-Asian concerns about Palestine[20] and
multilateral cooperation in these areas has enjoyed modIn recent years the organization has criticized certain aserate success. The Non-Aligned Movement has played
pects of US foreign policy. The 2003 invasion of Iraq and
a major role in various ideological conicts throughout
the War on Terrorism, its attempts to stie Iran and North
its existence, including extreme opposition to apartheid
Korea's nuclear plans, and its other actions have been degovernments and support of guerrilla movements in var[5] nounced by some members of the Non-Aligned Moveious locations, including Rhodesia and South Africa.
ment as attempts to run roughshod over the sovereignty
The Non-Aligned Movement has become a voice of supof smaller nations; at the most recent summit, Kim Yongport for issues facing developing nations and it still connam, the head of North Koreas parliament, stated that,
tains ideals that are legitimate within this context.
The United States is attempting to deprive other countries of even their legitimate right to peaceful nuclear
activities.[25]

Role after the Cold War

Since the end of the Cold War and the formal end of
colonialism, the Non-Aligned Movement has been forced
to redene itself and reinvent its purpose in the current
world system. A major question has been whether many
of its foundational ideologies, principally national independence, territorial integrity, and the struggle against
colonialism and imperialism, can be applied to contemporary issues. The movement has emphasised its
principles of multilateralism, equality, and mutual nonaggression in attempting to become a stronger voice for
the global South, and an instrument that can be utilised
to promote the needs of member nations at the international level and strengthen their political leverage when
negotiating with developed nations. In its eorts to advance Southern interests, the movement has stressed the
importance of cooperation and unity amongst member
states,[21] but as in the past, cohesion remains a problem since the size of the organisation and the divergence
of agendas and allegiances present the ongoing potential
for fragmentation. While agreement on basic principles
has been smooth, taking denitive action vis--vis par-

Self-determination of Puerto Rico

Since 1961, the organization has supported the discussion
of the case of Puerto Ricos self-determination before the
United Nations. A resolution on the matter was to be
proposed on the XV Summit by the Hostosian National
Independence Movement.[26]
Self-determination of Western Sahara
Since 1973, the group has supported the discussion of
the case of Western Saharas self-determination before
the United Nations.[27] The movement rearmed in its
last meeting (Sharm El Sheikh 2009) the support to the
Self-determination of the Sahrawi people by choosing between any valid option, welcomed the direct conversations between the parties, and remembered the responsibility of the United Nations on the Sahrawi issue.[28]
Sustainable development

The movement is publicly committed to the tenets

of sustainable development and the attainment of the
Millennium Development Goals, but it believes that the
international community has not created conditions conducive to development and has infringed upon the right
to sovereign development by each member state. Issues
such as globalization, the debt burden, unfair trade practices, the decline in foreign aid, donor conditionality, and
the lack of democracy in international nancial decisionmaking are cited as factors inhibiting development.[29]

MEMBERS, OBSERVERS AND GUESTS

Task Force on Somalia

Working Group on Disarmament
Working Group on Human Rights
Working Group on Peace-Keeping Operations

6 Summits

The conference of Heads of State or Government of

the Non-Aligned Countries, often referred to as NonAligned Movement Summit is the main meeting within
The movement has been outspoken in its criticism of cur- the movement and are held every few years:[33]
rent UN structures and power dynamics, stating that the
organisation has been utilised by powerful states in ways
that violate the movements principles. It has made a
number of recommendations that it says would strengthen
the representation and power of non-aligned states.
The proposed UN reforms are also aimed at improving the transparency and democracy of UN decisionmaking. The UN Security Council is the element it considers the most distorted, undemocratic, and in need of
reshaping.[30]
Reforms of the UN

South-South cooperation
The movement has collaborated with other organisations
of the developing world primarily the Group of 77
forming a number of joint committees and releasing
statements and documents representing the shared interests of both groups. This dialogue and cooperation can be
taken as an eort to increase the global awareness about Logo of the Sharm El Sheikh Summit, 2009.
the organisation and bolster its political clout.
A variety of ministerial meetings are held between the
summit meetings. Some are specialist, such as the
Cultural diversity and human rights
meeting on Inter-Faith Dialogue and Co-operation for
Peace, held in Manila, the Philippines, 1618 March
The movement accepts the universality of human rights
2010. There is a general Conference of Foreign Minand social justice, but ercely resists cultural homogeniisters every three years. The most recent were in Bali,
sation. In line with its views on sovereignty, the organiIndonesia, 2327 May 2011 and Algiers, Algeria, 2629
sation appeals for the protection of cultural diversity, and
May 2014.
the tolerance of the religious, socio-cultural, and historical particularities that dene human rights in a specic The Non-Aligned Movement celebrated its 50th anniversary in Belgrade on 56 September 2011.[34][35]
region.[31]
Working groups, task forces, committees[32]

7 Secretaries General

Committee on Palestine
Between summits, the Non-Aligned Movement is run by
High-Level Working Group for the Restructuring of
the Secretary General elected at last summit meeting.
the United Nations
The Coordinating Bureau, also based at the UN, is the
Joint Coordinating Committee (chaired by Chair- main instrument for directing the work of the movements
task forces, committees and working groups.
man of G-77 and Chairman of NAM)
Non-Aligned Security Caucus
Standing Ministerial Committee for Economic Cooperation

8 Members, observers and guests

8.1

8.1

Current members

Current members

The following countries are members of the NAM,

arranged by continent, showing their year of
admission:[1][37]

5
28. Madagascar (1973)
29. Malawi (1964)
30. Mali (1961)
31. Mauritania (1964)

8.1.1

Africa

Currently every African country (except the newly created South Sudan and the unrecognized states of Sahrawi
Arab Democratic Republic and Somaliland) is a member
of the Non-Aligned Movement.
1. Algeria (1961)
2. Angola (1964)
3. Benin (1964)
4. Botswana (1970)
5. Burkina Faso (1973)
6. Burundi (1964)
7. Cameroon (1964)
8. Cape Verde (1976)
9. Central African Republic (1964)
10. Chad (1964)

32. Mauritius (1973)

33. Morocco (1961)
34. Mozambique (1976)
35. Namibia (1979)
36. Niger (1973)
37. Nigeria (1964)
38. Republic of the Congo (1964)
39. Rwanda (1970)
40. So Tom and Prncipe (1976)
41. Senegal (1964)
42. Seychelles (1976)
43. Sierra Leone (1964)
44. Somalia (1961)
45. South Africa (1994)
46. Sudan (1961)

11. Comoros (1976)

12. Democratic Republic of the Congo (1961)
13. Djibouti (1983)
14. Egypt (1961)
15. Equatorial Guinea (1970)
16. Eritrea (1995)
17. Ethiopia (1961)

47. Swaziland (1970)

48. Tanzania (1964)
49. Togo (1964)
50. Tunisia (1961)
51. Uganda (1964)
52. Zambia (1964)
53. Zimbabwe (1979)

18. Gabon (1970)

19. Gambia (1973)

8.1.2 Americas

20. Ghana (1961)

1. Antigua and Barbuda (2006)

21. Guinea (1961)

2. Bahamas (1983)

22. Guinea-Bissau (1976)

3. Barbados (1983)

23. Cte d'Ivoire (1973)

4. Belize (1976)

24. Kenya (1964)

5. Bolivia (1979)

25. Lesotho (1970)

6. Chile (1973)

26. Liberia (1964)

7. Colombia (1983)

27. Libya (1964)

8. Cuba (1961)

8
9. Dominica (2006)

MEMBERS, OBSERVERS AND GUESTS

17. Maldives (1976)

10. Dominican Republic (2000)

18. Mongolia (1993)

11. Ecuador (1983)

19. Myanmar (1961)

12. Grenada (1979)

20. Nepal (1961)

13. Guatemala (1993)

21. North Korea (1976)

14. Guyana (1970)

22. Oman (1973)

15. Haiti (2006)

23. Pakistan (1979)

16. Honduras (1995)

24. State of Palestine (1976)

17. Jamaica (1970)

25. Philippines (1993)

18. Nicaragua (1979)

26. Qatar (1973)

19. Panama (1976)

20. Peru (1973)
21. Saint Kitts and Nevis (2006)
22. Saint Lucia (1983)
23. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2003)
24. Suriname (1983)
25. Trinidad and Tobago (1970)
26. Venezuela (1989)
8.1.3

Asia

27. Saudi Arabia (1961)

28. Singapore (1970)
29. Sri Lanka (1961)
30. Syria (1964)
31. Thailand (1993)
32. East Timor (2003)
33. Turkmenistan (1995)
34. United Arab Emirates (1970)
35. Uzbekistan (1993)

1. Azerbaijan (2011)

36. Vietnam (1976)

2. Afghanistan (1961)

37. Yemen (1961)[38]

3. Bahrain (1973)

8.1.4 Europe

4. Bangladesh (1973)
5. Bhutan (1973)
6. Brunei (1993)
7. Cambodia (1961)
8. India (1961)
9. Indonesia (1961)

1. Belarus (1998)
8.1.5 Oceania
1. Fiji (2011)
2. Papua New Guinea (1993)
3. Vanuatu (1983)

10. Iran (1979)

11. Iraq (1961)
12. Jordan (1964)
13. Kuwait (1964)
14. Laos (1964)
15. Lebanon (1961)
16. Malaysia (1970)

8.2 Former members

1. Argentina (1973-1991)[40]
2. Cyprus (1961-2004)[41][42]
3. Malta (1973-2004)[42]
4. SFR Yugoslavia (1961-1992)[7][43] (including FR
Yugoslavia[44] )

8.4

8.3

Guests

Observers

8.4 Guests

The following countries and organizations have observer There is no permanent guest status,[45] but often several
non-member countries are represented as guests at constatus:[1]
ferences. In addition, a large number of organisations,
both from within the UN system and from outside, are
8.3.1 Countries
always invited as guests.
1. Argentina

8.5 Presidency

2. Armenia
3. Bosnia and Herzegovina
4. Brazil
5. Costa Rica
6. El Salvador
7. Kazakhstan

NAMs chairman changes every three years. Iran is

the current President of the Non-Aligned Movement and
hosted the 16th NAM summit between 26 and 31 August 2012, after which the presidency was handed to Ahmadinejad on 1 September. The latest move by the NAM
chairman has been to organise a NAM lmmakers meeting in order to discuss the establishment of a NAM lmmakers union. The meeting is to be held in February
2013, concurrently with the 31st Fajr International Film
Festival in Tehran.[46]

8. Kyrgyzstan
9. Mexico
10. Montenegro

9 See also
AsianAfrican Conference

11. Paraguay

Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence

12. Serbia

G-77

13. Tajikistan

New World Information and Communication Order

14. Ukraine

NorthSouth divide

15. Uruguay

India and the Non-Aligned Movement

South-South Cooperation

8.3.2

Organisations

Third World

1. African Union
2. Afro-Asian Peoples Solidarity Organisation
3. Arab League
4. Commonwealth Secretariat
5. Hostosian National Independence Movement

10 Further reading
Hans Kchler (ed.), The Principles of NonAlignment.
The Non-aligned Countries in the
EightiesResults and Perspectives. London: Third
World Centre, 1982. ISBN 0-86199-015-3 (Google
Print)

6. Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front

7. Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
8. South Centre
9. United Nations
10. World Peace Council
11. International Institute for Non-Aligned Studies

11 References
[1] NAM Members & Observers. 16th Summit of the NonAligned Movement, Tehran, 2631 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
[2] The Non-Aligned Movement: Background Information.
Government of Zaire. 21 September 2001. Retrieved 23
April 2011.

[3] Ma'Aroof, Mohammad Khalid (1 January 1987).

Afghanistan in World Politics: (a Study of Afghan-U.S.
Relations)". ISBN 978-8-121-20097-4.
[4] Fidel Castro speech to the UN in his position as chairman
of the non-aligned countries movement 12 October 1979;
Pakistan & Non-Aligned Movement. Board of Investment Government of Pakistan. 2003.
[5] Grant, Cedric. Equity in Third World Relations: a third
world perspective. International Aairs 71, 3 (1995),
567587.
[6] Suvedi, Sryaprasda (1996). Land and Maritime Zones
of Peace in International Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press;
New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 169170. ISBN
978-0-198-26096-7.
[7] The Non-Aligned Movement: Member States. XII
Summit, Durban, South Africa, 23 September 1998.
Retrieved 24 August 2012.
[8] Lai Kwon Kin (2 September 1992). Yugoslavia casts
shadow over non-aligned summit. The Independent. Retrieved 26 September 2009. Iran and several other Muslim nations want the rump state of Yugoslavia kicked out,
saying it no longer represents the country which helped to
found the movement.
[9] Najam, Adil (2003). Chapter 9: The Collective South
in Multinational Environmental Politics. In Nagel, Stuard. Policymaking and prosperity: a multinational anthology. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. pp. 197240
[233]. ISBN 0-7391-0460-8. Retrieved 10 November
2009. Turkmenistan, Belarus and Dominican Republic
are the most recent entrants. The application of BosniaHerzegovina and Costa Rica were rejected in 1995 and
1998.
[10] NAM summit will raise Irans prole in the international
arena
[11] NAM summit kicks o in Tehran
[12] Southern Africa: Media Brieng By Deputy Minister
Ebrahim Ebrahim On International Developments
[13] Belgrade declaration of non-aligned countries. Egyptian
presidency website. 6 September 1961. Archived from
the original (PDF) on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 23 April
2011.
[14] Fifth conference of heads of state or Government of nonaligned nations. Egyptian presidency website. 6 September 1961. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April
2011. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
[15] Meeting of the Ministerial Committee on Methodology
of the Movement of the Non-Aligned Countries, Caratagena de Indias, May 1416, 1996. Head of State and
Government of the Non-Aligned Countries. Government
of Zaire. 1416 May 1996. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
[16] estimates of government funds misappropriated by the
Suharto family range from US$1.5 billion and US,5 billion.(Ignatius, Adi (11 September 2007). Mulls Indonesia Court Ruling. Time. Retrieved 9 August 2009.);
Haskin, Colin, Suharto dead at 86, The Globe and Mail,
27 January 2008

11

REFERENCES

[17] Suharto tops corruption rankings. BBC News. 25

March 2004. Retrieved 4 February 2006.
[18] Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in
East Timor Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group
(9 February 2006). The Prole of Human Rights Violations in Timor-Leste, 19741999. A Report to the Commission on Reception, Truth and Reconciliation of TimorLeste. Human Rights Data Analysis Group (HRDAG).
[19] Ohlson, Thomas; Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (1988). Arms Transfer Limitations and
Third World Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
p. 198. ISBN 978-0-198-29124-4.
[20] Morphet, Sally. Multilateralism and the Non-Aligned
Movement: What Is the Global South Doing and Where
Is It Going?". Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations. 10 (2004), pp.
517537.
[21] Putting Dierences Aside, Daria Acosta, 18 September
2006.
[22] Sta (7 August 2009). Prole: Non-Aligned Movement. BBC News. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
[23] XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 23 September 1998:
Final Document, no. 10-11.
[24] NAM XII Summit: Basic Documents Final Document:
1 Global Issues. Nam.gov.za. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
[25] Sta (16 September 2006). Non-Aligned Nations Slam
U.S. CBC News. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
[26] Transcript (14 July 2009). "No Alineados preparan apoyo
a la libre determinacin de Puerto Rico El texto se presentara al cierre de la cita del NOAL en Sharm el Sheij" (in
Spanish). Radio Cooperativa. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
[27] 3162 (XXVIII) Question of Spanish Sahara. U.N. General assembly 28th session, 1973 (PDF format). United
Nations.
[28] XV Summit of heads of state and government of the Non
Aligned Movement Final Document. Sharm El Sheikh,
Egypt.16-04-2009. See points 237, 238 & 239.
[29] Statement on the implementation of the Right to Development, 7 January 2008.
[30] XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 23 September 1998:
Final Document, no. 55.
[31] Declaration on the occasion of celebrating Human Rights
Day.
[32] XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 23 September 1998:
The Non-Aligned Movement: Background Information
2.4..
[33] XV Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Sharm El
Sheikh, 1116 July 2009: Previous Summits
[34] Non-aligned again in Belgrade
[35] Secretary-Generals Message to Additional Commemorative Meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement

[36] Fidel Castro, having recently undergone gastric surgery,

was unable to attend the conference and was represented
by his younger brother, Cubas acting president Ral Castro. See Castro elected President of Non-Aligned Movement Nations. Peoples Daily. 16 September 2006.
[37] Cahoon, Ben. Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)". World
Statesmen.org. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
[38] Yemen Arab Republic is one of the founders in 1961.
Peoples Democratic Republic of Yemen joined in 1970.
In 1990 both were unied into the present day Republic
of Yemen, that accepted responsibility for all treaties of
its predecessors.[39]
[39] In a joint letter to the UN Secretary-General sent just prior
to unication, the Ministers of Foreign aairs of North
and South Yemen stated that All treaties and agreements
concluded between either the Yemen Arab Republic or
the Peoples Democratic Republic of Yemen and other
States and international organizations in accordance with
international law which are in force on 22 May 1990 will
remain in eect, and international relations existing on 22
May 1990 between the Peoples Democratic Republic of
Yemen and the Yemen Arab Republic and other States
will continue."Bhler, Konrad (2001). State Succession
and Membership in International Organizations. Martinus
Nijho Publisher.
[40] Serrat, Oscar J. (20 September 1991). Argentina Withdraws from Non-Aligned Movement. Associated Press.
Retrieved 23 March 2014.
[41] Cyprus and the Non Aligned Movement. Ministry of
Foreign Aairs, Republic of Cyprus. Retrieved 23 March
2014.
[42] XIV Ministerial Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement. South Africa Ministry for Foreign Aairs. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
[43] Final Document of the 7th Summit of the Non-Aligned
Movement -(New Delhi Declaration)
[44] Kin, Lai Kwok (2 September 1992). Yugoslavia Casts
Shadow over Non-Aligned Summit. Reuters (via The Independent. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
[45] XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 23 September 1998:
The Non-Aligned Movement: Background Information 4.4.
[46] Iran plans to organize NAM lmmakers meeting, Mehr
News, 9 December 2012

12

External links

Ocial Site: 16th Summit Sixteenth Non Aligned

Movement Summit, (Tehran 2631 August 2012)
Ocial Site: 15th Summit Fifteenth Non Aligned
Movement Summit, (Sharm el Sheikh 1116 July
2009)

Ocial Site: 14th Summit Fourteenth Non

Aligned Movement Summit, (Havana, 1116
September 2006)
Non-Aligned Movement South African government NAM site
International Institute for Non-Aligned Studies
International Organization for Non-Aligned Movement
The Cold War International History Projects Document Collection on the NAM
Videos
Non-Aligned Movement Summit in Tehran
PressTV (2012)
Irans NAM presidency PressTV (2012)

10

13

13

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

13.1

Text

Non-Aligned Movement Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement?oldid=678202571 Contributors: Kpjas, Toby

Bartels, SimonP, Formulax~enwiki, Tedernst, Olivier, Rickyrab, Leandrod, Edward, Michael Hardy, Llywrch, 172, Jpatokal, Jiang, Johan
Magnus, Uriber, Magnus.de, Wik, Morwen, VeryVerily, Joy, Jeq, Robbot, Earl Andrew, PBS, Romanm, Naddy, Chris Roy, Academic
Challenger, Hemanshu, Litefantastic, DHN, Hadal, Cco, Ruakh, Jsan, Henry Flower, Malyctenar, Beardo, Kpalion, Xwu, Avala, Magicmike, Utcursch, Pgan002, Sohailstyle, Oneiros, Mikko Paananen, TonyW, Neutrality, Urhixidur, Quantumphilosopher, Klemen Kocjancic, Lacrimosus, Shahab, Juan Ponderas, KNewman, Pasquale, Twinxor, Rich Farmbrough, Mrevan, Hydrox, Tsumetai, Quiensabe, Bender235, Eric Forste, Omnibus, El C, Triona, XerKibard, Viriditas, Scott Ritchie, Trevj, Osbojos, Lysdexia, Quintucket, Alfanje~enwiki,
Alib, Miranche, Abe Lincoln, Balster neb, Pedro Aguiar, XLR8TION, Rwendland, Mavros, Skollur, Saga City, Dave.Dunford, LukeSurl,
Kitch, TShilo12, Woohookitty, Pradeepj251, Sesmith, Maartenvdbent, Cedrus-Libani, Thewanderer, Blisco, Dwaipayanc, Jdcooper,
Rjwilmsi, Koavf, Erebus555, VKokielov, Sky Harbor, Ground Zero, Tonyeming, Str1977, Bgwhite, Scorilo, Tone, Guptadeepak, YurikBot, Auyongcheemeng, Hairy Dude, Deeptrivia, Arado, Hornplease, BillMasen, Wbfergus, Gaius Cornelius, Rsrikanth05, Badagnani,
Jpbowen, Dahveed323, Danlaycock, Zwobot, Gadget850, DeadEyeArrow, JoshFarron, Olympic god, Ms2ger, TransUtopian, Chase me
ladies, I'm the Cavalry, LeonardoRob0t, Wikipeditor, Kingboyk, Wai Hong, Baikonur, SmackBot, David Kernow, InverseHypercube,
Frasor, AnOddName, Gilliam, Brianski, Hmains, Anwar saadat, F382d56d7a18630cf764a5b576ea1b4810467238, Cattus, AntelopeInSearchOfTruth, RayAYang, Bazonka, DHN-bot~enwiki, Arsonal, Tsca.bot, , Zleitzen, OrphanBot, Bolivian Unicyclist, Fuhghettaboutit, Cybercobra, Valenciano, Xiibaro, John, Shyamsunder, JorisvS, Kransky, Hvn0413, Kseferovic, Whitehat, Andrwsc, NeroN BG, Regulus marzo4103, DabMachine, Erangakavi, HongQiGong, Ankit147, Namiba, Anger22, CmdrObot, Artisteextraordinaire, Blue-Haired Lawyer, BeenAroundAWhile, Black and White, Bellerophon5685, Sa.vakilian, Cdanek, Thijs!bot, Biruitorul,
23prootie, RevolverOcelotX, Marek69, Whitesurf, Mmcknight4, Stevanb, Kaaveh Ahangar~enwiki, Therequiembellishere, Nick Number, MinnesotanConfederacy, Horacenew, Northumbrian, Mrodowicz, AntiVandalBot, Milton Stanley, MoogleDan, BokicaK, Stalik,
Vanjagenije, Danger, JAnDbot, Marzoregulus@yahoo.com, Reticulum, Gulusmarzo@yahoo.com, .anacondabot, Magioladitis, Snorvald,
Weser, Prestonmcconkie, Nat, Joshua4, Mannerheim2015, Bjoram11@yahoo.co.in, MartinBot, What-I-Know-Is, Eliko, Jerry teps, Lamato, CommonsDelinker, NinjaLore, Gunkarta, Fconaway, Sideshow Bob, J intela, Maurice Carbonaro, Aviad2001, Camr, Dkendr, Ruthfree, Snake bgd, Tectonix55, Ejrcito Rojo 1950, IceDragon64, Funandtrvl, VolkovBot, AlnoktaBOT, Classical geographer, Director,
TXiKiBoT, Ejercito Rojo 1967, Andres rojas22, Shahin.shn, Imbris, Histolo2, Highground79, Munci, EmxBot, Al Ameer son, AngChenrui, Enkyo2, SieBot, Rettik, August Dominus, Kitty2008, KnowledgeHegemony, Flyer22, AnonGuy, Lightmouse, Bicycle Bicycle, Gorrrillla5, Yourschoice1, Jw2034, SlackerMom, Sfan00 IMG, ClueBot, Robbiemun, The Thing That Should Not Be, VsBot, Wysprgr2005,
Babelia, Niceguyedc, 718 Bot, Elad751r, DragonBot, Excirial, Alexbot, Jayantanth, L.tak, Jotterbot, Muro Bot, Thingg, IJA, AllenStibble, Indopug, DumZiBoT, A.h. king, Wakari07, Pichpich, BodhisattvaBot, IAMTrust, Addbot, 123FM, Jroc meas, Claque, Amclellan4,
Lihaas, SpBot, Lemonade100, Kahasabha, Tide rolls, Rivea, Jarble, Beeyan, Legobot, Marv Baldwin, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Gaston200,
Nirvana888, FSosio, Tempodivalse, Bbb23, AnomieBOT, Ichwan Palongengi, Rubinbot, Zoomzoom316, Goodtimber, Materialscientist,
Citation bot, ArthurBot, Xqbot, Night w, MohitSingh, Egeminder, RomnescEsteLatin, EpinephrineRush23, Tiller54, Almabot, Vinayrajiv, Moxy, Franklinville, FrescoBot, Tangent747, Phasertype3, Bugoslav, FkpCascais, Mistakender, HCPUNXKID, Gire 3pich2005,
ClickRick, Radu Gherasim, Elockid, Rameshngbot, Fat&Happy, RedBot, SpaceFlight89, Pristino, Abandoned hut, Mercy11, Trappist
the monk, DixonDBot, Jonkerz, Raviking3, Rogib, Khan1Gebbia, RjwilmsiBot, Generalboss3, Doxar, Beogradjanin011, Elium2, Wintonian, Logwea299, Vivekmegalomanaic, EmausBot, John of Reading, WikitanvirBot, Uishaki, ZxxZxxZ, ZroBot, Sundostund, rico
Jnior Wouters, Ganesh Paudel, Unused000705, Moto53, CoombaDelray, Tolly4bolly, Kazpernuz, Alborzagros, Tommyvarcetti, Shrigley,
A young communist, Donner60, Surajt88, Saurabh.vinian, Writeranisurrahman, ElockidAlternate, Arfarshchi, Akma72, ClueBot NG, Rich
Smith, Era 923, TheOrangePeril, RohilPCS, Bright Darkness, Prateekramachandra, Frietjes, FromEast, Aleksa Milievi, Rezabot, CopperSquare, Widr, Helpful Pixie Bot, MirkoS18, DBigXray, Spots611, Pker1234, Compfreak7, Artem Karimov, Japinderum, Jeancey,
RohilKxy, Dhruvgupta97, CeraBot, QSTA, MarcosPassos, SeriousZ, PeterPedant, Khazar2, AMS351996, Stumink, JYBot, Robil1x1,
SantoshBot, Maleki1338, PepeEscobar, Mogism, Pepe1x1, Tabarez, SiBr4, Boozing4u, Frosty, Sehaulk, Annu kaushik july 8, Killuminator, Md Faisal Ansari, Marxistfounder, CsDix, Slickshirt, Advocata, Soredo, Arinsw, Monochrome Monitor, Sharbab, Rudy Cli,
Reza.Piri, Roarearly, Tkl darkspider, Monkbot, Happy Attack Dog, Cake-Addict, Vishvishvishal, Yash Gupta Kinjalk, Nicky mathew,
Dr.Majdiii, Esquivalience, Tic4tac, Navneeth009, KasparBot, Hashmat329 and Anonymous: 458

13.2

Images

File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original

artist: ?
File:NAM_Identificador.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b0/NAM_Identificador.jpg License: Fair use Contributors:
Original: http://www.cubanoal.cu/ingles/index.html
Current: http://www.namegypt.org/en/Pages/default.aspx Original artist: ?
File:NAM_Members.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/NAM_Members.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ichwan Palongengi
File:Non-Aligned_Movement_(emblem_-_South_Africa_Conference).png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/20/
Non-Aligned_Movement_%28emblem_-_South_Africa_Conference%29.png License: Fair use Contributors:
http://www.nam.gov.za/ Original artist: ?
File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007

13.3

13.3

Content license

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

11