Energies 2014, 7, 7994-8007; doi:10.

3390/en7127994
OPEN ACCESS

energies
ISSN 1996-1073
www.mdpi.com/journal/energies
Article

Corner Separation Control by Boundary Layer Suction

Applied to a Highly Loaded Axial Compressor Cascade
Yangwei Liu 1,2, Jinjing Sun 1,2,* and Lipeng Lu 1,2
1

National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Aero-Engine Aero-Thermodynamics,

School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Xueyuan Road 37,
Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; E-Mails: liuyangwei@126.com (Y.L.);
lulp@buaa.edu.cn (L.L.)
Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Aero-Engines, Xueyuan Road 37, Haidian District,
Beijing 100191, China

* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: sunjinjing0916@163.com;

Tel.: +86-10-8231-6455; Fax: +86-10-8231-7414.
External Editor: Chris Bingham
Received: 18 October 2014; in revised form: 12 November 2014 / Accepted: 14 November 2014 /
Published: 27 November 2014

Abstract: Control of corner separation has attracted much interest due to its improvement
of performance and energy utilization in turbomachinery. Numerical studies have been
performed under both design and off-design flow conditions to investigate the effects of
boundary layer suction (BLS) on corner separation in a highly loaded compressor cascade.
Two new BLS slot configurations are proposed and a total of five suction slot configurations
were studied and compared. Averaged static pressure rise, exit loss coefficient, passage
blockage and flow turning angle have been given and compared systematically over a
range of operation incidence angles. Distributions of significant loss removal, blade
loading, exit deviation and total pressure loss at 3 degree and 7 degree incidence have also
been studied. Under the same suction mass flows of 0.7% of the inlet mass flows, the
pitchwise suction slot on the endwall shows a better optimal performance over the whole
operation incidence among single suction slots. By using of the new proposed compound
slot configuration with one spanwise slot on the blade suction side and one pitchwise
slot on the endwall, the maximum reduction of total pressure loss at 7 degree incidence
can be 39.4%.

Energies 2014, 7

7995

Keywords: boundary layer suction; corner separation; flow control; compressor

1. Introduction
Corner separation, which has been identified as an inherent flow feature of the corner formed by the
blade suction surface and the endwall, is a high loss structure in axial compressors [1]. It has a great
impact on the total pressure ratio, loading, efficiency and operating range of aero-engines, thus
restricting the development of high performing ones. Also called corner stall, it is typically a three
dimensional phenomenon whose main characteristic is the reverse flow on both the endwall and the
suction surface in the compressor. If the reverse flow increases to some extent this may lead to serious
consequences, such as passage blockage, a reduction in the static pressure rise, a considerable total
pressure loss and reduction in compressor efficiency, which can seriously deteriorate compressor
performance and eventually causes stalls and surges, especially for a highly loaded compressor.
Hence, alleviating and migrating corner separation is a key method to enhance compressor efficiency
and stability [2].
In order to reduce the corner separation, active flow control is regarded as a potential method to
improve the pressure ratio and the compressor efficiency, thus increasing the fuel economy of
aero-engines. Boundary layer suction (BLS) has been applied to theoretical and experimental research
on axial compressors since in the middle of 20th century [3,4]. In 1997 the concept of an aspiration
compressor was put forward by Kerrebrock et al. [5], who pointed out that BLS on the suction surfaces
of the blade could increase the flow turning angle in a transonic compressor. They have since done
much more research [69] on aspirated compressors and validated the concept of BLS on compressors
and fan stages. Qiang et al. [10] studied BLS on a single-stage, low-speed axial compressor based on
the concept of an aspirated compressor and they found the approach is effective and the 3D separation
can be controlled by the suction.
Recently, more research has been conducted on secondary flow suppression in the compressor
cascade by BLS. Song and Chen et al. [11,12] studied various positions and suction flow rates on
blades and they found that a suction slot located at 0.7 axial chord contributes to the largest loss
reduction and they combined two suction slots on the suction surface to further reduce the total
pressure of the cascade. Chen and Liesner et al. [13,14] studied the effect of BLS location on the
endwall on high Mach number compressor cascades and with experimental validation they achieved a
15.2% reduction of total pressure loss.
Guo et al. [1517] carried out experimental research both on the blade suction surface and on the
endwall and found that the compound suction scheme works better with high suction flow rates
compared with a single slot. A pitchwise endwall suction slot drilled at 13% chord upstream of the
cascade was also investigated. Guo et al. found that the inlet BLS schemes could be more effective
under large suction flow rates. Zhang et al. [18] and Ding et al. [19] conducted numerical and
experimental studies on BLS holes on the suction surface of the blade and on the endwall. The total
pressure loss decreased by 27% with a compound BLS layout. Cao et al. [20] evaluated three suction
slot schemes on the blade suction surface by combining one suction slot with one spanwise slot on the

Energies 2014, 7

7996

blade suction side and one streamwise slot on the endwall. With combined suction, the separation
along the blade surface and the suction surface are both completely removed.
Gbadebo et al. [21] compared the effect of suction slots located on the suction surface of the blade
and endwall, respectively, by numerical and experimental research on a low-speed highly-loaded
compressor cascade. The study found that a suction slot on the suction surface of the blade could
reorganize the boundary layer near the blade suction surface but hardly eliminate the separation at the
blade trailing edge. However, endwall suctions could eliminate corner separation at the trailing edge of
the blade with suction mass flow of 0.7% of the inlet mass flows at 0 degree incidence. The study just
considered two incidences, 7 degree and 0 degree incidence, so the effect of BLS over the whole
operating range was not given and discussed.
The previous works were mainly focused on a single flow condition with suction slot configurations
using BLS. In this paper, numerical studies of corner separation control by BLS have been done on a
highly loaded axial compressor cascade under both design and off-design flow conditions. Two new
BLS slot configurations have been proposed and five BLS slot configurations have been compared.
In order to achieve a more effective slot configuration and better reveal the flow mechanism behind,
the results, detailed comparisons have been done focusing on the effects of the BLS slot configurations
on the cascade performance and the 3D flow field.
2. Computational Procedure
2.1. Cascade Description
A linear Prescribed Velocity Distribution (PVD) highly loaded axial compressor cascade [21] with
and without BLS is studied by numerical simulation. Table 1 shows the main geometric parameters of the
cascade. The inlet Mach number is 0.07, corresponding to a chord Reynolds number Rec = 2.3 105.
Table 1. The main geometric parameters of the cascade.
Parameter
Chord
Aspect ratio
Solidity
Camber angle
Stagger angle
Blade span
Inlet metal angle

Magnitude
0.1515 m
1.32
1.082
42
14.7
0.20 m
41

2.2. Slot Arrangements

In this paper, taking previous work as reference, a total of five suction slot configurations were
considered, as shown in Figure 1. Ss70 is centered at about 70% axial chord and sh15-90 runs from
15% to 90% axial chord along the suction surface of the whole span. The third one, referred as cs1 is
the combination of ss70 and sh15-90. These three slot configurations have already been put forward
and investigated by other scholars. This paper explores two new slot configurations to control corner
separation and improve cascade performance. The first one is sh25, which is centered pitchwise at 25%

Energies 2014, 7

7997

axial chord on the endwall and extends to half pitch. The second one is the combination of ss70 and
sh25 which is named cs2. The suction is modeled as a boundary condition. A mass flow rate of 0.7%
of the inlet mass flow rate was given for the single cases and 0.35% of the inlet mass flow rate for each
compound suction slot so that the total suction flow rate is the same for these five configurations.
Figure 1. Suction slot arrangements.

2.3. Numerical Simulation Methods

The flow in the cascade is assumed spanwise symmetric and only half of the cascade blade span is
modelled in the simulation. The computation domain extends 1.5 chords upstream from the leading
edge and 1 chord downstream from the trailing edge of the blade. A multi-block strategy, O4H type
grid as shown in Figure 2a, was used to ensure the grid quality and make the grid fully matched.
A series of grids has been generated with different grid densities and distributions to check the grid
independence of the solution. Here the results from four different grids are presented in Figure 2b.
The total grid numbere for Case1, Case2, Case3 and Case4 are 944,800, 1,140,800, 1,398,304 and
1,134,400, respectively. Compared with Case1, Case2, Case3 and Case4, increase the grid number in
the circumferential, spanwise and streamwise directions, respectively. It can be seen that the results of
Case1 should be grid independent and thus grid Case1 was chosen for the final simulations. The grid
distribution near the blade hub is shown in Figure 2a. In the spanwise direction, there are 51 grid
points. It is well known that the grid resolution should be high enough in the blade boundary layer,
hence the distance between the first grid line and the solid wall was set to y+ 1 in the computation,
which satisfies the requirement of the turbulence model used in this paper.
Profiles of velocity and absolute flow angles were used to specify inlet boundary and static pressure
was given at the outlet boundary, which were set according to the experimental data. The inflow
turbulence intensity was assumed at 1.5% of the velocity and the turbulent viscosity ratio was set as 50.
Adiabatic and nonslip conditions were imposed over all walls.
A steady and fully turbulent flow was simulated using FLUENT based on the Reynolds-averaged
Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. For RANS calculation, the turbulence model is one of the key

Energies 2014, 7

7998

elements and a weakness in CFD for engineering [22]. It has been shown in our previous work that the
Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) is the most suitable turbulence model for the complex 3D separations in
the cascade [23] and it was thus employed in this study. The pressure-velocity coupling was performed
using the SIMPLE algorithm. Second-order spatial interpolation was used for the convection terms and
a second order central difference scheme was use for the diffusion terms.
Figure 2. (a) Grid topology and point distribution for Case1; (b) Velocity distribution at
10% spanwise at the outlet section.

(a)

(b)

2.4. Definitions of Flow Field Parameters

The outlet section is located at 50% chord downstream of the trailing edge which corresponds to the
experiment. The definitions of the exit total pressure loss, static pressure coefficient and flow turning
angle are:
Yp

Pt1 Pt 2
Pt1 ps1

(1)

CP

ps 2 ps1
Pt1 ps1

(2)

2 1

(3)

Quantification of the passage endwall blockage employed in this paper is defined as [24]:
um
)dA
eU e

(4)

Ab
Aex

(5)

Ab (1

where is the local density; is thevvelocity component normal to A; A is the azimuthal

cross-section; and U e are the edge density and velocity of the defect region; is the area of the
test plane of the blade passage.
Gbadebo [21] recommended the concept of relative displacement thickness to estimate the thickness
of the 3D separated layer perpendicular to the suction surface at the blade trailing edge. This can be

Energies 2014, 7

7999

used to judge the extent of the removal of the 3D separation by slot treatment. The relative
displacement thickness can be normalized as:

{* (r ) *mid }/ c

(6)

where
is the relative displacement thickness at midspan. The displacement thickness is obtained
at each radial location as:

* (r ) [1
0

v(r , s)
]dy
fsV fs

(7)

where y is the pitchwise distance from the suction surface; V is the flow velocity magnitude in the
cascade plane; and the subscript fs denotes local free-stream conditions.
3. Results and Discussion
Computational results are presented in this section. First, the reliability of the computational tools is
validated and then the effects of the various configurations of BLS on the corner separation are
illustrated. Finally, BLS combinations are discussed.
3.1. Validation of Computational Results
In order to guarantee the accuracy and reliability of the computational results, some comparisons of
simulation and experimental results [25] were made. The static pressure coefficient at 89% span of the
blade and the mass averaged total pressure loss coefficient at the exit of the cascade are shown in
Figure 3a,b. The comparisons show that a good agreement is achieved between simulation and
experimental results.
Figure 3. (a) Static pressure distribution; (b) total pressure loss coefficient; (c) relative
displacement thickness.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 3c shows the comparison of the normalized displacement thickness between simulation and
experiment on the blade suction surface. Over the range of 10% to 25% span, the calculated result is a
bit lower, but the overall trend fits well with the experimental data. This is possibly due to the
assumption of a boundary layer flow state in the numerical simulations, whereas a laminar boundary
layer undergoing transition is likely to have been present in the experiment, due to the local flow
acceleration over the blade suction side. Therefore, from the results of Figure 3 we can conclude that

Energies 2014, 7

8000

the computational model and the numerical methods selected in this paper are appropriate for
analyzing the aerodynamic performance of the highly load cascade.
3.2. Effects of BLS Slot Configurations on Cascade Performance
The effects of the five suction slot configurations on the 3D separation and the cascade performance
are discussed in this section. Figure 4 shows the aerodynamic performance of the cascade with the
five suction slot configurations mentioned above.
Figure 4. Influence of different suction slot locations on cascade performance: (a) average
total pressure loss coefficient; (b) static pressure coefficient; (c) flow turning angle;
(d) passage blockage.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

The figure shows that suction on the blade suction side or on the endwall can reduce the passage
total pressure loss and improve the positive incidence range of the cascade. The total flow blockage in
the passage is a useful indicator to estimate the compressor flow capacity. The blockage generally
refers to the reduction in the effective passage flow area due to local velocity defects, in analogy to the
displacement thickness effect associated with a boundary layer [26]. The blockage is quite small at
small incidence conditions. Then the blockage coefficient increases rapidly above 3 degree incidence
because of the growth of the corner separation, as shown in Figure 5.

Energies 2014, 7

8001

Figure 5. Total pressure loss coefficient at the outlet section (a) i = 3 degree; (b) i = 7 degree.

(a)

(b)

In these comparisons, the ss70 suction slot that lies on the blade suction surface and within the
separation region shows a better improvement in cascade performance under small incidences but loses
its effect when the incidence increases to 6 degree incidence at the given mass flow rate. Suctions on
the endwall can reduce the losses and improve cascade flow capacity over a wider incidence angle
compared with suction on the blade at the same suction flow rate. The main trends of the two endwall
suctions are similar, but the pitchwise suction provides a little more benefit than the endwall suction
along blade suction surface. The two compound suction configurations show the highest loss reduction
benefits, especially for the positive incidence conditions.
The low turning kinetic energy flow in a compressor passage comprises the boundary layer along
the passage walls and vortex structures, such as the corner vortex or the passage vortex. In order to
know the effect mechanism of these suction configurations on the low turning energy flow in the
passage, local flow structure and more quantitative comparisons have been discussed.
The contours of total pressure loss at the outlet section at 3 degree and 7 degree incidence are
presented in Figure 5a,b. As shown in Figure 5a, all configurations in which BLS is used display a
significant effect in terms of BL reducing the loss. The reduction in the average total pressure loss was
found to be about 47.7%, 42.4% and 44.3% for the ss70, sh15-90, and the sh25 configurations,
respectively, relative to the base flow at 3 degree incidence. The core loss for ss70 is about 0.45,
which is higher than with the endwall suction, but it shows a better average performance for its impact
on the whole blade span. The possible reason for ss70 at 7 degree incidence displaying about the same
base flow is that the mass flow provided in this paper is too small to suck off the low energy fluid. The
loss core caused by the corner separation is eliminated by the two endwall BLSs which on the other
hand have little effect on the midspan.
Figure 6 shows the spanwise distribution of the flow angle at the outlet section at 3 degree and
7 degree incidence. This clearly shows a reduced positive exit angle peak when suction is applied to
remove the corner separation. It can be noted at 3 degree incidence that the reduction in peak positive
exit angle for the two endwall suction configurations can extend to the midspan, although the reduction
is inferior to the ss70 one. Because of the failure to remove the corner separation, the exit angle

Energies 2014, 7

8002

maximum below 20% span for ss70 at 7 degree incidence remains almost the same as the base flow as
shown in Figure 6b. The compound BLSs, cs1 and cs2, show optimal reductions in the flow
under-turning across the whole blade span. This means flow out of the cascade to the next stage is
more uniform spanwise above 5% span and stage matching is improved.
Figure 6. Spanwise distribution of flow angle at the outlet section: (a) i = 3 degree;
(b) i = 7 degree.

(a)

(b)

Figure 7 shows the relative displacement thickness at the outlet section. All the suction slot
configurations are able to reduce the thickness of the corner separation when compared to the base
flow case. As shown in Figure 7a, the thickness decreases with ss70, but below 25% span a corner
separation still exists, while the entire thickness of the corner separation is virtually removed with the
two endwall suction configurations. The thickness near the endwall is smaller than the boundary layer
developed on the blade surface at midspan.
Figure 7. Spanwise distribution of relative displacement thickness at the outlet section
(a) i = 3 degree; (b) i = 7 degree.

(a)

(b)

It can be noted that the thickness for ss70 at 7 degree incidence seems larger than the base flow
case; the reason for this is the failure to remove the corner separation which can be inferred from
Figure 6b. The relative displacement thickness for the compound suction slot configuration remains
almost 0 across the whole span. The compound slot configurations can remove the low energy fluid

Energies 2014, 7

8003

both in the corner separation and the whole span, which is consistent with Figure 4 and the compound
suction slot configurations showing a better overall performance compared to the single configurations.
Figure 8 shows the static pressure coefficient at 95% blade span. Compared with the base flow case,
the removal of low energy fluid from the boundary layer leads to an increase in the blade loading.
At 3 degree incidence, the five slot configurations all increase the blade loading and inhibit separation
on the blade suction surface. The blade loading is also increased by BLS except for ss70 at
7 degree incidence.
Figure 8. Static pressure coefficient at 95% blade span (a) i = 3 degree; (b) i = 7 degree.

(a)

(b)

Limiting streamlines, as shown in Figure 9, can give a visualized flow condition on the endwall.
It can be seen that the flow pattern on the endwall has been significantly improved under BLS.
For the base flow, the streamlines deviate from the axial direction because of the large separation at the
blade trailing edge. But for ss70, due to the fact the suction slot is lying within the separated flow region,
the interaction and mixing between the suction flow and corner separation may be larger than with
compound suction slots.
Figure 9. Limiting streamline on the endwall, i = 3 degree.

Sh15-90, which has been investigated by Gbadebo [21], is able to capture the dividing streamline
and also suck off the bulk of the drifted endwall boundary layer from the suction surface. The thick
solid line in Figure 9 presents the curvature of the streamline for each configuration, which also means

Energies 2014, 7

8004

the relative strength of the secondary flow from pressure side to suction side near the endwall. It can be
seen that the secondary flow for sh15-90 is a little stronger than for sh25, though the bulk of the drifted
endwall boundary layer is sucked off in the both slot configurations. This is the main flow mechanism
why sh25 gives slightly better incidence characteristics compared with sh15-90.
3.3. Effects of BLS Slot Configurations on 3D Flow Field
Figure 10 shows the 3D vortex structure in the cascade passage visualized by the iso-surface of Q [27]
which indicates in colors the spanwise vorticity magnitude. For the base flow, the vortex induced by
corner separation plays an important role in the passage blockage. The five boundary layer suction
configurations can all effectively reduce the size of the corner separation vortex.
Q is defined as:

Q 12 (ij ij Sij Sij )

(8)

where ij (uij u ji ) / 2 and Sij (uij u ji ) / 2 are respectively the antisymmetric and the symmetric
components of the second invariant of velocity gradient tensor u .
Figure 10. 3D vortex structure in flow passage, i = 3 degree (Q = 20,000, colored by axial vorticity).

Figure 11a,b shows the axial velocity distribution in the blade passage at 3 degree and 7 degree
incidence, threshold at 17 m/s, to display the passage blockage. Ss70 is shown to be able to suck off
the low energy fluid in the corner separation at 3 degree incidence, which leads to a decrease in the
boundary layer thickness. With sh15-90, the bulk of the low energy fluid caused by corner separation
has been removed. The thickness of boundary layer on the endwall decreases more with sh25.
Meanwhile, owing to the corner separation being further restrained, the loss below 25% of span for the
two endwall configurations drops greatly, on the other hand, the extent of the low axial velocity region
at the mid-span increases compared to the baseline case. This is due to a more uniform spanwise
distribution of the passage through-flow that reduces the mid-passage axial flow speed.

Energies 2014, 7

8005

Figure 11. Distribution of axial velocity in blade passage: (a) i = 3 degree; (b) i = 7 degree.

(a)

(b)

4. Conclusions
Numerical simulations were conducted to study the effects of boundary layer suction (BLS) on
corner separation in a highly loaded axial compressor cascade. Five suction slot configurations,
were investigated under the same suction flow rate conditions. The results are summarized as follows:
(a) BLS on the blade suction surface or endwall can decrease the total pressure loss and the
passage blockage, increase the blade loading and the incidence range on the blades.
(b) For BLS with the single slot configurations tested, the endwall suction gives better incidence
characteristics compared with suction on the blade suction surface, especially at the higher
incidence angles. The pitchwise suction slot on the endwall, which is proposed in this paper,
shows the best control effects for corner separation over the whole operation incidence among
single suction slot configurations.
(c) The compound suction configurations, with one slot on the blade surface and one on the
endwall, show better control effects compared with single suction slot configurations.
The proposed compound slot configuration, with one spanwise slot on the blade suction side
and one pitchwise slot on the endwall, shows the best control effects for corner separation.
A maximum reduction of total pressure of 39.4% was predicted at 7 degree incidence.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51376001,
51420105008, 51136003), the National Basic Research Program of China (2012CB720205,
2014CB046401), the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China (2012ZB51014), the Beijing Higher
Education Young Elite Teacher Project, and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central
Universities. We also thank Aeroengine Simulation Research Center of Beihang University for the
permission of using FLUENT. The authors would like to thank the Whittle Laboratory and

Energies 2014, 7

8006

Rolls-Royce Plc for providing their experimental results. The authors are greatly thankful to the
anonymous reviewers for the valuable comments and suggestions that have helped to improve the
quality of the paper.
Author Contributions
This paper is a result of the collaboration of all authors. All authors have previous experience on
flow control and numerical simulation that have been shared in order to reach the results discussed in
the paper. Yangwei Liu and Jinjing Sun meditated this paper. Lipeng Lu has supervised the research work.
All authors discussed the results and implications and commented on the manuscript at all stages.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
1.

Wisler, D.C. Loss reduction in axial-flow compressors through low-speed model testing. J. Eng.
Gas Turbines Power 1985, 107, 354363.
2. Cumpsty, N.A.; Greitzer, E.M. Ideas and methods of turbomachinery aerodynamics: A historical
view. J. Propuls. Power 2004, 20, 1526.
3. Costello, G.R.; Cummings, R.L.; Serovy, G.K. Experimental Investigation of Axial Flow
Compressor Stator Blades Designed to Obtain High Turning by Means of Boundary-Layer Suction;
NACA-RM-E52D18; NASA Lewis Research Center: Cleveland, OH, USA, 1952.
4. Sinnettej, T.; Costello, G.R. Possible Application of Blade Boundary-Layer Control to
Improvement of Design and Off-Design Performance of Axial-Flow Turbomachines;
NACA-TN-2371; NASA Lewis Research Center: Cleveland, OH, USA, 1951.
5. Kerrebrock, J.L.; Reijnen, D.P.; Ziminsky, W.S. Aspirated compressors. In Proceedings of the
1997 International Gas Turbine &Aeroengine Congress & Exposition, Orlando, FL, USA,
25 June 1997; ASME Paper 97-GT-525.
6. Schuler, B.J.; Kerrebrock, J.L.; Merchant, A. Design, analysis, fabrication and test of an aspirated
fan stage. In Proceeding of ASME Turbo Expo 2000, Munich, Germany, 811 May 2000;
ASME Paper 2000-GT-618.
7. Merchant, A. Aerodynamic design and analysis of a high pressure ratio aspirated compressor
stage. In Proceeding of ASME Turbo Expo 2000, Munich, Germany, 811 May 2000;
ASME Paper 2000-GT-619.
8. Merchant, A.; Epstein, A.H.; Kerrebrock, J.L. Compressors with aspirated flow control and
counter-rotation. In Proceedings of the 2nd AIAA Flow Control Conference, Portland, OR, USA,
28 May1 June 2004; AIAA Paper No. AIAA-2004-2514.
9. Merchant, A.; Kerrebrock, J.L.; Adamczyk, J.J. Experimental investigation of a high pressure
ratio aspirated fan stage. J. Turbomach. 2005, 127, 4351.
10. Qiang, X.Q.; Wang, S.T.; Feng, G.T. Aerodynamic design and analysis of a low-reaction axial
compressor stage. Chin. J. Aeronaut. 2008, 21, 17.

Energies 2014, 7

8007

11. Song, Y.P.; Chen, F.; Yang, J. A numerical investigation of boundary layer suction in compound
lean compressor cascades. In Proceeding of ASME Turbo Expo 2005: Power for Land, Sea and
Air, Reno-Tahoe, NV, USA, 69 June 2005; ASME Paper 2005-GT-68441.
12. Chen, F.; Song, Y.P.; Chen, H.L. Effects of boundary layer suction on the performance of
compressor cascades. In Proceeding of ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea and Air,
Barcelona, Spain, 811 May 2006; ASME Paper 2006-GT-90082.
13. Chen, P.P.; Qiao, W.Y.; Liesner, K. Location effect of boundary layer suction on compressor
hub-corner separation. In Proceeding of ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference
and Exposition, Dsseldorf, Germany, 1620 June 2014; ASME Paper 2014-GT-25043.
14. Liesner, K, Meyer, R, Schulz, S. Non-symmetrical boundary layer suction in a compressor
cascade. J. Theor. Appl. Mech. 2012, 50, 455472.
15. Guo, S.; Chen, S.W.; Song, Y.P. Effects of boundary layer suction on aerodynamic performance
in a high-load compressor cascade. Chin. J. Aeronaut. 2010, 23, 179186.
16. Guo, S.; Chen, S.W.; Lu, H.W. Enhancing aerodynamic performances of a high-turning
compressor cascade via boundary layer suction. Sci. China Technol. Sci. 2010, 53, 27482755.
17. Guo, S.; Lu, H.W.; Chen, F. Vortex Control and Aerodynamic performance improvement of a
highly loaded compressor cascade via inlet boundary layer suction. Exp. Fluids 2013, 54, 111.
18. Zhang, L.X.; Chen, S.W.; Xu, H. Effect of boundary layer suction on aerodynamic performance of
high-turning compressor cascade. In Proceeding of ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical
Conference and Exposition, San Antonio, TX, USA, 37 June 2013; ASME Paper2013-GT-94907.
19. Ding, J.; Chen, S.W.; Xu, H. Control of flow separations in compressor cascade by boundary layer
suction holes in suction surface. In Proceeding of ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical
Conference and Exposition, San Antonio, TX, USA, 37 June 2013; ASME Paper 2013-GT-94723.
20. Cao, Z.; Liu, B.; Zhang, T. Control of separations in a highly loaded diffusion cascade by tailored
boundary layer suction. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. C J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 2014, 228, 13631374.
21. Gbadebo, S.A.; Cumpsty, N.A.; Hynes, T.P. Control of three-dimensional separations in axial
compressors by tailored boundary layer suction. J. Turbomach. 2008, 130, 011004.1011004.8.
22. Liu, Y.W.; Yu, X.J.; Liu, B.J. Turbulence models assessment for large-scale tip vortices in an
axial compressor rotor. J. Propuls. Power 2008, 24, 1525.
23. Liu, Y.W.; Lu, L.P.; Fang, L. Modification of SpalartAllmaras model with consideration of
turbulence energy backscatter using velocity helicity. Phys. Lett. A 2011, 375, 23772381.
24. Khalid, S.A.; Khalsa, A.S.; Waitz, I.A. Endwall blockage in axial compressors. J. Turbomach.
1999, 121, 499509.
25. Gbadebo, S.A.; Cumpsty, N.A.; Hynes, T.P. Three-dimensional separations in axial compressors.
J. Turbomach. 2005, 127, 331339.
26. Duan, Z.Z.; Liu, Y.W.; Lu, L.P. Effects of tip clearance size on flowfield in a low-speed axial
compressor rotor. Appl. Mech. Mater. 2014, 543, 158163.
27. Debief, Y.; Delcayer, F. On coherent-vortex identification in turbulence. J. Tuebulece 2000, 1, 122.
2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).