Guideline 000.215.

1216
Date 20Aug09
Page 1 of 30

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................1
PURPOSE ....................................................................................................................................................................3
SCOPE..........................................................................................................................................................................3
APPLICATION ...........................................................................................................................................................3
Seismic Design Criteria.................................................................................................................................3
Building Structures .......................................................................................................................................4
Nonstructural Components ..........................................................................................................................4
Nonbuilding Structures.................................................................................................................................4
GENERAL ...................................................................................................................................................................4
Load Combinations .......................................................................................................................................4
Site Classification ..........................................................................................................................................4
SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA .................................................................................................................................5
Seismic Ground Motion Values....................................................................................................................5
Occupancy Category And Importance Factor............................................................................................5
Seismic Design Category...............................................................................................................................6
BUILDING STRUCTURES .......................................................................................................................................6
Structural System Selection..........................................................................................................................6
Structural Irregularity..................................................................................................................................7
Horizontal Structural Irregularity ................................................................................................8
Vertical Structural Irregularity.....................................................................................................8
Redundancy ...................................................................................................................................................9
Direction Of Loading ....................................................................................................................................9
Seismic Load Effects .....................................................................................................................................9
Analysis Procedure Selection .....................................................................................................................10
Fundamental Period, T ...............................................................................................................................11
Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) Procedure ..............................................................................................12
Vertical Distribution Of Seismic Forces......................................................................................13
Overturning Moments ..................................................................................................................14
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis (MRSA) Procedure ........................................................................15
Vertical Distribution Of Seismic Forces......................................................................................15
Overturning Moments ..................................................................................................................15
Drift Limitations..........................................................................................................................................15
P-Delta Effects .............................................................................................................................................16
Torsional Effects..........................................................................................................................................16
NONSTRUCTURAL COMPONENTS ...................................................................................................................17
General .........................................................................................................................................................17
Exemptions...................................................................................................................................................17
Seismic Design Forces .................................................................................................................................17

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Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Anchorage ....................................................................................................................................................19
NONBUILDING STRUCTURES ............................................................................................................................19
General .........................................................................................................................................................19
Fundamental Period T ................................................................................................................................20
Rigid Nonbuilding Structures ....................................................................................................................21
Nonbuilding Structures Similar To Buildings ..........................................................................................21
Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) Procedure................................................................................22
Pipe Racks......................................................................................................................................23
Open-Equipment Structures ........................................................................................................23
Nonbuilding Structures Not Similar To Buildings ...................................................................................24
Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) Procedure................................................................................24
Horizontal Vessels And Heat Exchangers...................................................................................25
Skirt Supported Vertical Vessels .................................................................................................27
Grade Supported Flat-Bottom Tanks .........................................................................................29
REFERENCES ..........................................................................................................................................................29
ATTACHMENTS......................................................................................................................................................30

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Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Page 3 of 30

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
PURPOSE
This document provides procedures for calculation of design earthquake forces on
building structures, nonstructural components, and nonbuilding structures.
SCOPE
This document is intended to be used as a supplement to the International Building Code
(IBC) and ASCE 7 and not as an independent document. The main emphasis of this
document is for petrochemical and industrial facilities. However, it is also applicable to a
broad spectrum of other types of facilities. Additional background information can be
found in the listed references.
Note!!! The IBC references ASCE 7 for most, but not all, of the design earthquake force
requirements. There are several topics related to design earthquake force
requirements that are prescribed in both the IBC and ASCE 7. These
requirements are sometimes in conflict with each other. This document will
clarify the few differences, and when to use them.
This document does not cover member design and detailing requirements. These
requirements are dependent on the construction type and Seismic Design Category
(SDC). The design and detailing requirements are found in the 2006 IBC and ASCE 7-05,
and must be followed to ensure the required structural behavior, such as ductility and
failure mode, on which the calculated design earthquake force level is based. FEMA 4502 is a good source of guidance on member design and detailing requirements.
Note!!! If the project structures are to be designed in accordance with the IBC, the
material detailing requirements are prescribed in IBC Chapters 19 through 22.
Otherwise, the material detailing requirements are prescribed in ASCE 7
Chapter 14.
APPLICATION
This document should be used for calculation of design earthquake forces for all
buildings, nonstructural components, and nonbuilding structures typically found in
petrochemical facilities. It also can be used for most industrial and commercial
applications where the IBC or ASCE 7 is called for, except where superseded by more
stringent Client or local jurisdictional requirements.
Seismic Design
Criteria
Seismic design criteria for the design and construction of buildings and other structures
subject to earthquake ground motions are prescribed in IBC Section 1613 and ASCE 7
Chapter 11.

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Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Building Structures
Building Structures are usually enclosed by walls and a roof and constructed to provide
support or shelter for an occupancy. Seismic design requirements for Building Structures
are prescribed in ASCE 7 Chapter 12.
Nonstructural
Components
Most petrochemical or industrial equipment are either Nonstructural Components or
Nonbuilding Structures. If the equipment is in a structure and the weight is less than 25%
of the combined weight of the equipment and supporting structure then it is considered a
Nonstructural Component. Stand alone equipment, and equipment in structures weighing
greater than 25% of the combined weight of the equipment and supporting structure are
considered Nonbuilding Structures. Seismic design requirements for Nonstructural
Components are prescribed in ASCE 7 Chapter 13.
Nonbuilding
Structures
Equipment structures are typically nonbuilding structures similar to buildings; because
they are typically not occupied and have lateral force resisting systems similar to
buildings. Stand alone equipment are generally nonbuilding structures not similar to
buildings. Seismic design requirements for Nonbuilding Structures are prescribed in
ASCE 7 Chapter 15.
GENERAL
Load Combinations
See PIP STC01015 for both strength basis and allowable stress basis load combinations
appropriate for use on Fluor projects.
Note!!! The PIP load combinations are determined in accordance with ASCE 7 Chapter
2. If the project structures are to be designed in accordance with the IBC, the
Load Combinations need to be modified in accordance with IBC Section 1605.
Site Classification
The seismic site classification is determined in accordance with either IBC Section 1613
or ASCE 7 Chapter 20. This information should be provided in the project geotechnical
report. Site Class D should be used when the soil properties are not known, unless
geotechnical data or the local jurisdiction determines that Site Class E or F is likely to be
present at the site.

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Date 20Aug09
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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
SEISMIC DESIGN
CRITERIA
Seismic Ground
Motion Values
The seismic ground motion design response spectrum is determined in accordance with
ASCE 7 Section 11.4. The mapped acceleration parameters, ( S s and S1 ), for the
Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE), the Site Class (A through F), and the longperiod transition period T L should be provided in the project geotechnical report. The
MCE spectral acceleration values are adjusted by the site effects coefficients ( Fa and
Fv ) as defined in ASCE 7 Tables 11.4-1 and 11.4-2 respectively. Straight-line
interpolation is permitted for intermediate values of S s and S1 .
S MS Fa S s

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-1}

S M 1 Fv S1

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-2}

Note!!! For projects located in the United States, the seismic ground motion parameters
can be obtained from the United States Geologic Survey (USGS) web site. If
site-specific ground motion parameters are desired or required, use ASCE 7
Chapter 21 procedures.
The design spectral acceleration values are determined by multiplying the adjusted MCE
spectral acceleration values by 2/3.
S DS

2
S MS
3

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-3}

S D1

2
S M1
3

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-4}

The Design Response Spectrum for the project is constructed in accordance with ASCE 7
Figure 11.4-1, which is a plot of ASCE 7 Equations 11.4-5, 11.4-6, and 11.4-7.
Occupancy Category
And Importance
Factor
If the project structures are to be designed in accordance with the IBC, the Occupancy
Category is determined in accordance with IBC Section 1604.5. Otherwise, the
Occupancy Category is determined in accordance with ASCE 7 Table 1-1. Using the
Occupancy Category, the Importance Factor is determined in accordance with ASCE 7
Table 11.5-1.

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Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Page 6 of 30

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Seismic Design
Category
The seismic design category (SDC) is determined in accordance with either IBC Section
1613 or ASCE 7 Section 11.6. The SDC is used to define:

Permissible structural systems

Limitations on structural height and irregularity

Permitted lateral force procedure

Level of strength and special seismic detailing

The SDC is determined both as a function of S DS and S D1 . Whichever results in the

most severe category governs. When S1 0.75 , the Seismic Design Category may be
determined from S DS alone, within restrictions prescribed in ASCE 7 Section 11.6.
Seismic Design Category Summary
Occupancy Category
I
II
III
IV
A
A
A
A

S DS

S D1

S DS 0.167 g

S D1 0.067 g

0.167 g S DS 0.33 g

0.067 g S D1 0.133 g

0.33 g S DS 0.50 g

0.133g S D1 0.20 g

0.50 g S DS

0.20 g S D1

S1 0.75 g

S1 0.75 g

Note!!! Structures in Seismic Design Category A only need to meet the seismic
requirements of ASCE 7 Section 11.7.
BUILDING
STRUCTURES
Structural System
Selection
Select the Seismic Force-Resisting System from ASCE 7 Table 12.2-1. The selection of a
specific Seismic Force-Resisting System results in corresponding Detailing
Requirements, Response Modification Coefficient, System Overstrength Factor,
Deflection Amplification Factor, System Limitations, and Height Limitations.
Note!!! If the project structures are to be designed in accordance with the IBC, the
Detailing Requirements are determined in accordance with IBC Chapters 19
through 23. Otherwise, the Detailing Requirements are determined in
accordance with ASCE 7 Chapter 14.

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Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

The response modification factor R is an empirical response reduction factor

intended to account for damping, overstrength, and the ductility inherent in the
structural system at displacements great enough to surpass initial yield and
approach the ultimate load displacement of the structural system.

The system overstrength factor o is used to convert the member forces from
the elastic analysis to expected inelastic forces.

The deflection amplification factor C d is used to convert the deflections from

the elastic analysis to expected inelastic deflections.

ASCE 7 Table 12.2-1 has many pertinent footnotes.

Footnote a clarifies that the R values reduce the elastic response spectra to
the strength design level.

Footnote b clarifies the use of the deflection amplification factor.

Footnotes c, d, e, and f provide clarifications to the height limits, which

preclude combinations of structural systems and structural heights that have not
performed well in past earthquakes.

Footnote g indicates that o values for flexible diaphragm structures may be

1

reduced to o with a minimum value of 2.

2

ASCE 7 Sections 12.2.2 and 12.2.3 indicate that it is acceptable to have different framing
systems in different orthogonal directions or in the in the same orthogonal direction.
ASCE 7 Sections 12.2.2 and 12.2.4 indicate that for those cases where combinations of
structural systems are employed in the same direction, the value of R used for design in
that direction shall not be greater than the least value of R for any of the systems utilized
in that direction. The deflection amplification factor C d and the system overstrength
factor o in the direction under consideration at any story shall not be less than the
largest value of this factor for the R factor used in the direction being considered.
Structural
Irregularity
The requirements of ASCE 7 Section 12.3.2 are designed to encourage structures to be
designed to have regular configurations and to prohibit gross irregularity in structures
located on sites close to major active faults where very strong ground motion and extreme
inelastic demands can be experienced. In a regular structure, inelastic demands produced
by strong ground shaking tend to be well distributed throughout the structure, resulting in
a dispersion of energy dissipation and damage.

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Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Past earthquakes have repeatedly shown that structures having irregular configurations
suffer greater damage than structures having regular configurations. This situation
prevails even with good design and construction. There are several reasons for this poor
behavior of irregular structures.

In an irregular structure, inelastic behavior can concentrate in the zone of

irregularity, resulting in rapid failure of structural elements in these areas.

Some irregularities introduce unanticipated stresses into the structure which

designers frequently overlook when detailing the structural system.

The elastic analysis methods typically employed in the design of structures often
cannot predict the distribution of earthquake demands in an irregular structure
very well, leading to inadequate design in the zones of irregularity.

Horizontal Structural
Irregularity
ASCE 7 Section 12.3.2.1 and ASCE 7 Table 12.3-1 indicate under what circumstances a
structure must be designated as having a horizontal irregularity. Horizontal structural
irregularities include:

Torsional Irregularity (Types 1a and 1b)

Reentrant Corner Irregularity (Type 2)

Diaphragm Discontinuity Irregularity (Type 3)

Out-Of-Plane Offsets Irregularity (Type 4)

Nonparallel Systems Irregularity (Type 5)

Vertical Structural
Irregularity
ASCE 7 Section 12.3.2.2 and ASCE 7 Table 12.3-2 indicate under what circumstances a
structure must be designated as having a horizontal irregularity. Vertical structural
irregularities include:

Stiffness-Soft Story Irregularity (Types 1a and 1b)

Weight (Mass) Irregularity (Type 2)

Vertical Geometric Irregularity (Type 3)

In-Plane Discontinuity Irregularity (Type 4)

Discontinuity In Lateral Strength Weak Story Irregularity (Types 5a and 5b)

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Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Page 9 of 30

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Redundancy
The seismic redundancy factor is determined in accordance with ASCE 7 Section
12.3.4. A separate redundancy factor must be determined in each orthogonal direction.
The seismic redundancy factor may be taken as 1.0 for the following:

Structures assigned to Seismic Design Categories B or C

Design of Nonstructural Components

Design of Nonbuilding Structures Not Similar To Buildings

Upper stories where the interstory shear is less than 35% of the base shear.

Other conditions as defined in ASCE 7 Section 12.3.4.1

For structures and nonbuilding structures similar to buildings assigned to Seismic Design
Categories D, E, or F, the assumption is that either an appropriate level of redundancy is
provided in the system 1.0 ; or it is not 1.3 . ASCE 7 Section 12.3.4.2
identifies certain conditions or system features that are judged characteristic of an
appropriate level of redundancy and are permitted to use 1.0 . Otherwise 1.3 .
Direction Of Loading
In accordance with ASCE 7 Section 12.5, the design seismic forces shall be applied in the
direction which will produce the most critical load effect on the structure, its members,
and its components. The following applies for buildings and nonbuilding structures
similar to buildings:

For structures assigned to SDC B, apply the forces independently in the two
mutually orthogonal directions.

For structures assigned to SDC C through F, apply 100% of the forces in one
direction with 30% of the forces in the orthogonal direction. Use the direction
combination that produces the maximum effect.

Seismic Load Effects

Earthquake ground motions cause seismic load effects ( E and E m ) on the individual
members of the structure, including axial forces, shear forces, moments, and deflections.
These load effects occur in combination with dead loads D which are always present
and other loads L, L r , S , R periodically present.

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Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
The seismic load effect E is applicable for every member of the structure.
E Eh Ev

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-1}

E E h Ev

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-2}

E h Q E

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-3}

E v 0.2 S DS D

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-4}

Note!!! Ev in Equations 12.4-1 and 12.4-2 may be taken as zero if S DS 0.125 .

Note!!! Ev in Equation 12.4-2 may be taken as zero when considering foundation soil
bearing, sliding, and overturning.
The seismic load effect E m is applicable only when specifically invoked by the
detailing requirements of either the IBC or ASCE 7, as applicable.
E m E mh E v

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-5}

E m E mh E v

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-6}

E mh o Q E

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-7}

Note!!! Ev in Equations 12.4-5 and 12.4-6 may be taken as zero if S DS 0.125 .

Where:
Q E is the horizontal seismic load effect from the design forces on building
structures V or the design forces on parts of building structures F p .

Analysis Procedure
Selection
ASCE 7 Section 12.6 specifies when a dynamic analysis is required. The philosophy
underlying this section is that dynamic analysis is always acceptable for design. Static
analysis is allowed only under certain conditions of regularity, occupancy, and height.
A dynamic analysis procedure is required for a structure if it is assigned to Seismic
Design Category (SDC) D, E, or F and has T 3.5Ts .

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Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
A dynamic analysis procedure is also required for a structure if it is assigned to Seismic
Design Category (SDC) D, E, or F and contains one of the following irregularities:

Plan Irregularity Type 1a or 1b (See ASCE 7 Table 12.3-1)

Vertical Irregularity Type 1a, 1b, 2, or 3 (See ASCE 7 Table 12.3-2).

A dynamic analysis procedure is always allowed. Dynamic analysis procedures include

Modal Response Spectrum Analysis (ASCE 7 Section 12.9), Linear Response History
Analysis (ASCE 7 Section 16.1), and Nonlinear Response History Analysis (ASCE 7
Section 16.2).
A static analysis procedure is allowed for a structure if a dynamic analysis procedure is
not required. Static analysis procedures include the Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
(ASCE 7 Section 12.8) and the Simplified Design Procedure (ASCE 7 Section 12.14).
Fundamental Period,
T
The seismic period is determined in accordance with ASCE 7 Section 12.8.2. It is
preferred that the fundamental period of vibration of the building structure be determined
using modal analysis methods and the principles of structural mechanics. However,
methods of structural mechanics cannot be employed to calculate the vibration period
before a building structure has been designed. This section provides an approximate
method that can be used to estimate the period with minimal information available on the
design. It is based on the use of simple formulas that involve only a general description of
the type of building structure (such as steel moment frame, concrete moment frame, shear
wall system, braced frame) and overall dimensions (such as height and plan length) to
conservatively estimate the period of vibration.
The approximate fundamental period Ta is empirically determined, and is prescribed as
a function of the building structure period coefficient C t , the height of the building
structure in feet hn , and the building period coefficient x .
Ta C t hn x

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-7}

Note!!! If determined from a rational analysis, the fundamental period T of the

structure must satisfy the relationship Tmax C u Ta where C u is taken from
Table 12.8-1 and Ta is determined from Eq. 12.8-7.
Note!!! The Approximate period equations and the upper limit of the fundamental
period C u Ta only apply to building structures and should not be applied to
nonbuilding structures.

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Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Equivalent Lateral
Force (ELF)
Procedure
The Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) Procedure is a static analysis procedure. The basis of
the ELF procedure is to calculate the effective earthquake loads in terms of a base shear
which is dependent on the structures mass (effective seismic weight), the imposed
ground acceleration, the structure dynamic characteristics, the structure ductility, and the
structure importance. The base shear is then applied to the structure as an equivalent
lateral load. Once this load is determined and distributed at various elevations of the
structure, conventional static analysis techniques may be used to determine the seismic
design loads in individual members and connections.
ASCE 7 determines design earthquake forces on a strength basis, allowing direct
comparison with the design strength of individual structural members.
V C sW

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-1}

The effective seismic weight W is prescribed in ASCE 7 Section 12.7.2.

Cs

S DS
R
I

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-2}

Cs

S D1
when T TL
T R
I

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-3}

Cs

S D1TL
when T TL
T2 R
I

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-4}

C s min 0.044S DS I 0.01

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-5}

Note!!! ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-5 was taken from ASCE 7-05, Supplement No. 2.
C s min

Copyright 2009, Fluor Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

0.5S1
when S1 0.6 g
R
I

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-6}

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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Vertical Distribution
Of Seismic Forces
The distribution of lateral forces over the height of a structure is generally quite complex
because these forces are the result of superposition of a number of natural modes of
vibration. The relative contributions of these vibration modes to the total forces depends
on a number of factors including; shape of the earthquake response spectrum; natural
periods of vibration of the structure; and shapes of vibration modes that, in turn, depend
on the distribution of mass and stiffness over the structure height.
Fx C vxV
C vx

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-11}

wx hx k

i 1

wi hi k

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-12}

The influence of modes of vibration higher than the fundamental mode is small in the
earthquake response of short period structures. In regular structures, the fundamental
vibration mode approximates a straight line. The earthquake response of long period
structures is influenced by higher modes of vibration. In regular structures, the combined
vibration modes approximate a parabola. Linear interpolation of k is used for structures
having a fundamental vibration period greater than 0.5 seconds and less than 2.5 seconds.
For T 0.5 sec , k 1
For T 2.5 sec , k 2
For 0.5 sec T 2.5 sec , k 1.0 0.5T 0.5

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Date 20Aug09
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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Overturning Moments
ASCE 7 Section 12.8.5 requires that the structure-foundation interface be designed to
resist overturning moments statically consistent with the design story shears.
OTM structure

F h

x x

When the seismic design forces are determined in accordance with the Equivalent Lateral
Force Procedure, ASCE 7 Section 12.13.4 allows the overturning moment calculated at
the foundation-soil interface to be reduced to 75 percent of the calculated value for the
structure. This reduction is appropriate because a slight uplifting of one edge of the
foundation during vibration leads to reduction in the overturning moment and because
such behavior does not normally cause structural distress.

F h

OTM foundation 0.75

x x

Note!!! The 75% reduction factor is not permitted for inverted pendulum or cantilevered
column structures, such as vertical vessels, or when using the Alternate ASD
Basic Load Combinations of 2006 IBC Section 1605.3.2.

When the seismic design forces are determined in accordance with the Modal Response
Spectrum Analysis, ASCE 7 Section 12.13.4 allows the overturning moment calculated at
the foundation-soil interface to be reduced to 90 percent of the calculated value for the
structure.
OTM foundation 0.90

F h
x x

Note!!! The 90% reduction factor is not permitted when using the Alternate ASD Basic
Load Combinations of 2006 IBC Section 1605.3.2.

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Date 20Aug09
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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Modal Response
Spectrum Analysis
(MRSA) Procedure

Modal Response Spectrum Analysis (MRSA) Procedure is a dynamic analysis procedure.

The basis of MRSA is that the structures mass (effective seismic weight) and stiffness
are carefully modeled, allowing the dynamic analysis of multiple vibration modes,
resulting in an accurate distribution of the base shear forces throughout the structure. The
MRSA shall include sufficient number of modes in order to obtain 90 % mass
participation.
The MRSA input ground motion parameters S DS , S D1 represent the ASCE 7-05 elastic
design response spectrum. To obtain static force levels, the MRSA force results must
be divided by the quantity R . To obtain static displacement levels, the MRSA
I
C
displacement results must be multiplied by the quantity d .
I

ASCE 7 does not allow you to scale down MRSA force levels to ELF force levels
because the ELF procedure may result in an under-prediction of response for structures
with significant higher mode participation. On the other hand, when the MRSA base
shear is less than 85 percent of the ELF base shear, the MRSA results must be scaled up
to no less than 85 percent of the ELF values. This lower limit on the design base shear is
imposed primarily to ensure that the design forces are not underestimated through the use
of a structural model that is excessively flexible.
VMRSA 0.85VELF

Vertical Distribution
Of Seismic Forces
The vertical distribution of seismic forces is determined directly within the MRSA.
Overturning Moments
The overturning moments are determined directly within the MRSA.
Drift Limitations

The inelastic deflections at each story x x are determined by multiplying the

deflections determined from an elastic analysis xe by the deflection amplification
factor C d and dividing by the importance factor I .

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C d xe
I

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-15}

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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

The story drift is the difference of the deflections at the top and bottom of the story under
consideration x x 1 . The calculated story drifts should be less than the allowable
story drifts a obtained from ASCE 7 Table 12.12-1.

x x 1 a for most situations

x x 1

for moment frames in SDC D, E, or F

P-Delta Effects

The bending moments in any story are increased by the story drift times the gravity
load P above the story. The ratio of the P moment to the lateral force story
moment is designated as a stability coefficient . In extreme cases, with large vertical
loads, this effect could lead to instability and collapse. P effects may be more critical
for earthquake forces because the actual structure deflections are normally larger than the
calculated deflections.

Px
V x h sx C d

max

0.5

C d

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-16}

0.25

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-17}

If 0.10 for every story, the P effects on story shears and moments and member
forces may be ignored.
If 0.10 max for any story, the P effects on story drifts, shears, member forces,
etc., for the whole structure must be determined by a rational analysis.
Note!!! If a finite element analysis model is made for the structure, it is recommended
that the P option be enabled.
Torsional Effects

Provisions shall be made for the increase in shears resulting from horizontal torsion for
structures with rigid diaphragms. The torsional design moment shall be the moment
resulting from the actual eccentricity at each level plus accidental torsion. The actual
torsion is due to the calculated eccentricity between the center of rigidity and the center
of mass at each level. Accidental torsion is calculated as the product of the lateral force at
each level times an eccentricity equal to 5 percent of the building dimension at that level,
perpendicular to the direction of the lateral force under consideration.
See ASCE 7 Section 12.8.4.3 for additional torsional requirements.

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Date 20Aug09
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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
NONSTRUCTURAL
COMPONENTS

This category generally covers equipment supported in or on a structure. Examples

include vessels supported on a structure. ASCE 7 Chapter 13 addresses these items.
Note!!! Stand alone equipment, and equipment in a structure weighing greater than 25%
of the combined weight of the equipment and supporting structure is considered
a Nonbuilding Structure.
General

The equipment Seismic Design Category (SDC) is the same as the structure SDC.

The component importance factor I p is equal to 1.5 for life-safety equipment and
equipment containing hazardous materials. For all other equipment, I p 1.0 .
Exemptions

The following equipment is exempt from the requirements of ASCE 7 Chapter 13:

Mechanical and electrical equipment in SDC A and B are exempted because of

the lower seismic input for these items.

Mechanical and electrical equipment in SDC C are exempted if

I p 1.0 because of the low acceleration and the classification that they do not
contain hazardous substances and are not required to function to maintain life
safety.

Mechanical and electrical equipment in SDC D and above, with either flexible
utility connections or weighing less than 400 pounds and mounted 4 feet or less
above the floor are exempted if I p 1.0 , because they do not contain hazardous
substances, are not required to function to maintain life safety, or are not
mounted high enough to be a life-safety hazard if they fall.

Mechanical and electrical equipment in SDC D and above, with flexible utility
connections and weighing less than 20 pounds (less than 5 psf for distributive
systems) are exempted if I p 1.0 because they do not contain hazardous
substances, and are not required to function to maintain life safety.

Seismic Design
Forces

The seismic design force is dependent upon the component acceleration at the point of
attachment to the structure, the weight of the equipment W p , the component

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Date 20Aug09
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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

amplification factor a p , the component importance factor I p , and the component

response modification factor R p . Elements and components shall be designed for the
following design lateral seismic force in any horizontal direction:
Fp

0.4a p S DS W p
z
1 2
h
Rp

I
p

{ASCE 7 Eq. 13.3-1}

F p max 1.6S DS I pW p

{ASCE 7 Eq. 13.3-2}

F p min 0.3S DS I pW p

{ASCE 7 Eq. 13.3-3}

Consider F p to be a component base shear that must be distributed back up to

the component center-of-gravity.

S DS is the same geotechnical input that the supporting structure is designed for.

The component amplification factor a p represents the dynamic amplification

of the component relative to the fundamental period of the structure T . See

ASCE Table 13.6-1.

The component response modification factor R p represents the energy

absorption capability of the components structure and attachments.
Conceptually, the R p value considers both the overstrength and deformability of
the components structure and attachments. See ASCE Table 13.6-1.

Rp

represents the reduction of the design force due to overstrength and

I
p

ductility of the component and its anchorage.

z

1 2 represents the amplification of the geotechnical input S DS with

h

height in the supporting structure z , which varies from 1.0 at the structure

base to 3.0 at the structure top level h , with limitations of 0.0

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z
1.0
h

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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

When Modal Response Spectrum Analysis with R 1.0 is used, ASCE 7 Eq. 13.3-1 may
be replaced with the following:
Fp

a i a pW p
Rp

I p

Ax

{ASCE 7 Eq. 13.3-4}

a i is the acceleration at structure level i determined from modal analysis

Ax is the torsional amplification factor determined from ASCE 7 Section 12.8.

The horizontal seismic design force F p shall be combined with the concurrent vertical
force 0.2S DS W p .
Anchorage

Per ASCE 7 Section 13.4.2, anchors embedded in concrete or masonry shall be

proportioned to carry either 1.3F p or the maximum force that can be transferred to the
anchor by the equipment or its support.
Note!!! It is acceptable to provide anchor reinforcement to transfer the entire 1.3F p

seismic design force from the anchors into the concrete member. See ACI 318
Appendix D.
NONBUILDING
STRUCTURES
General

ASCE 7 defines Nonbuilding Structures as a structure, other than a building. The

effective seismic weight W should include the normal operating contents of piping and
equipment.
The Occupancy Category and Importance Factor I are based on the hazard and
function of the contents.
Determine seismic design forces in accordance with the Equivalent Lateral Force
Procedure and ASCE 7 Chapter 15.
V C sW

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{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-1}

Structural Engineering

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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Fundamental Period
T

The fundamental period determined from ASCE 7 Eqs. 12.8-7 through 12.8-10 are not
relevant for the commonly encountered nonbuilding structures, and should not be used
except for building structures. It is acceptable to use any method that accurately models
the mass and stiffness of the structure, including finite element models and the following:
n

i i

i 1
n

T 2

{ASCE 7 Eq. 15.4-6}

i i

i 1

The fundamental period for cantilevers with concentrated weight at the top can be
approximated by:
T 0.32

WL3
3EI

The fundamental period for cantilevers with uniformly distributed weight can be
approximated by:
T 0.26

wL4
8EI

The fundamental period for cylindrical shells with uniformly distributed weight can be
determined by:
T 1.79

wL4
EIg

D mean 3 t
8

{applicable for large diameter, small wall thickness}

Where:
W weight of structure, Kips

w weight of structure per unit length, Kips/inch

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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
static deflection, in inches, caused by applying the weight of the structure as
a lateral force, inch

L length (height) of cantilever, inch

E modulus of elasticity, ksi

I moment of inertia, in4

g acceleration of gravity = 386.4 in/sec2
D mean average shell diameter, inch
t shell thickness, inch

Rigid Nonbuilding
Structures

Seismic design forces for rigid nonbuilding structures, defined as those with a
fundamental period T less than 0.06 seconds, shall be determined as follows:
V 0.30 S DS WI

{ASCE 7 Eq. 15.4-5}

Nonbuilding
Structures Similar To
Buildings

ASCE 7 defines Nonbuilding Structures Similar To Buildings as a Nonbuilding

Structure that is designed and constructed in a manner similar to buildings, will
respond to strong ground motion in a manner similar to buildings, and have
basic lateral and vertical seismic force resisting systems similar to buildings.
Requirements for structures apply unless otherwise noted in ASCE 7 Chapter
15.

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Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Equivalent Lateral
Force (ELF)
Procedure

Select the seismic-force-resisting-system, R , o , C d , and height limitations from

either ASCE 7 Table 12.2-1 or ASCE 7 Table 15.4-1. Use of ASCE 7 Table 15.4-1
permits selected types of nonbuilding structures which have performed well in past
earthquakes to be constructed with less restrictive height limitations in Seismic Design
Categories D, E and F than if ASCE 7 Table 12.2-1 was used.
Note!!! ASCE Table 15.4-1, footnotes b, c, and d provide specific requirements for steel
pipe racks.
Note!!! Attachment 08 includes interpretation of R values for Nonbuilding Structures
Similar To Buildings.

Determine the seismic response coefficient C s from the following:

Cs

S DS
R
I

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-2}

Cs

S D1
when T TL
T R
I

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-3}

Cs

S D1T L
when T TL
T2 R
I

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-4}

C s min 0.044 S DS I 0.01

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-5}

Note!!! ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-5 was taken from ASCE 7-05, Supplement No. 2.
C s min

0.5S1
when S1 0.6 g
R
I

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-6}

If the project steel structures are to be designed in accordance with the IBC, all structural
steel systems in SDCs D, E, and F, regardless of R value require seismic detailing in
accordance with AISC 341 (See IBC Section 2205.2.2).
If the project steel structures are to be designed in accordance with ASCE 7, steel
ordinary moment frames with R 1 and steel ordinary concentrically braced frames with
R 1.5 do not require seismic detailing in accordance with AISC 341 (See ASCE 7 Table
15.4-1).

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Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Pipe Racks

Redundancy Pipe Racks In SDC D, E, or F

The typical pipe rack has no horizontal bracing system that would serve as a diaphragm.
If one individual frame fails, there is no load path for lateral force transfer to the adjacent
frame. As a result, each frame must be treated as an individual structure.

For transverse moment-frame to qualify for 1.0 , it would need to have at

least 4 columns and 3 bays at each level. This would ensure that the loss of
moment resistance at both ends of a single beam would not result in more than a
33% loss of story strength. Otherwise 1.3 .

For an individual longitudinal braced frame to qualify for 1.0 , it would need
to have at least 2 bays of chevron bracing (or 4 individual braces) at each level
on each frame line. This would ensure that the loss of an individual brace or
connection would not result in more than a 33% loss of story strength.
Otherwise 1.3 .

If the pipe rack is provided with a horizontal bracing system that would serve as a
diaphragm and provide a load path for lateral transfer, the pipe rack can be treated as a
single structure.

For transverse moment-frame to qualify for 1.0 , it would need to have at

least 4 transverse frames. Otherwise 1.3 .

For an individual longitudinal braced frame to qualify for 1.0 , it would need
to have 2 individual braces at each level on each frame line. Otherwise 1.3 .

Open-Equipment
Structures

Redundancy - Open Equipment Structures In SDC D, E, or F

The typical open equipment structure has insufficient horizontal bracing system that
would serve as a diaphragm. If one individual frame fails, there is no load path for lateral
force transfer to the adjacent frame. As a result, each frame must be treated as an
individual structure.

For a moment-frame to qualify for 1.0 , it would have to have 4 columns

and 3 bays at each level on each frame line. This would ensure that the loss of
moment resistance at both ends of a single beam would not result in more than a
33% loss of story strength. Otherwise 1.3 .

For a braced frame to qualify for 1.0 , it would have to have 2 bays of
chevron bracing (or 4 individual braces) at each level on each frame line. This

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Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Page 24 of 30

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

would ensure that the loss of an individual brace or connection would not result
in more than a 33% loss of story strength. Otherwise 1.3 .
Nonbuilding
Structures Not
Similar To Buildings

Equivalent Lateral
Force (ELF)
Procedure

Select the nonbuilding structure type, R , o , C d , and height limitations from ASCE 7
Table 15.4-2.
Note!!! Attachment 08 includes interpretation of R values for Nonbuilding Structures
Not Similar To Buildings

Determine the seismic response coefficient C s from the following:

Cs

S DS
R
I

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-2}

Cs

S D1
when T TL
T R
I

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-3}

Cs

S D1TL
when T TL
T2 R
I

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-4}

C s min 0.044 S DS I 0.03

{ASCE 7 Eq. 15.4-1}

Note!!! ASCE 7 Eq. 15.4.1 was taken from ASCE 7-05, Supplement No. 2.
C s min

0.8S1
when S1 0.6 g
R
I

{ASCE 7 Eq. 15.4-2}

Tanks and Vessels designed to appropriate national standards may use the following
equations to determine C s min .
C s min 0.044 S DS I 0.01

{ASCE 7 Eq. 15.4-3}

Note!!! ASCE 7 Eq. 15.4-3 was taken from ASCE 7-05, Supplement No. 2.

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Date 20Aug09
Page 25 of 30

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
C s min

0.5S1
when S1 0.6 g
R
I

{ASCE 7 Eq. 15.4-4}

Horizontal Vessels
And Heat Exchangers

General
Distribute design seismic forces V :

In the transverse direction, in proportion to the gravity forces supported by the

fixed and sliding ends.

In the longitudinal direction, 100% to the fixed end and 60% to the sliding end.

Determine design seismic forces V :

For equipment, equipment saddles, and equipment saddle connection to anchor

bolts, consider the equipment weight.

For concrete piers and foundations, consider the equipment weight plus the
weight of the piers and foundation.

Determine seismic load effects E :

For equipment, equipment saddles, and equipment saddle connection to anchor

bolts, use 1.0 .

For concrete piers and foundations in SDC B and C, use 1.0 .

For concrete piers and foundations in SDC D, E, and F, use 1.3 .

The design tension strength of anchor bolts shall be the lesser of that required by ACI 318
Appendix D, 2.5 times the calculated design tension force, or 0.4 times the design
strength.
Note!!! This will be clarified in the next edition of ASCE 7.

Anchor bolt gauge (stretched) length shall not be less than either eight bolt
diameters or the length recommended in the ASCE Petrochemical guides.

Design the concrete embedment in accordance with ACI 318 Appendix D.

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Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Page 26 of 30

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Horizontal Vessels And Heat Exchangers Supported Directly At Grade In SDC D, E, Or

F
Consider a horizontal vessel or heat exchanger (equipment) as a horizontal, saddle
supported welded steel vessel.

If the system is considered rigid, determine the design seismic force in

accordance with ASCE 7 Section 15.4.2.

If the system is considered not rigid, select the equipment design coefficients
from ASCE 7 Table 15.4-2 R 3, o 2 .

Horizontal Vessels And Heat Exchangers Supported On Concrete Piers Directly At

Grade In SDC D, E, Or F
Consider a horizontal vessel or heat exchanger (equipment) as a nonbuilding structure
supported by another structure per ASCE 7 Section 15.3.2. Consider the equipment to
have rigid characteristics and model as a combined system with the supporting structure
per Item 2. Select the equipment design coefficients from ASCE 7 Table 15.4-2 and the
structure design coefficients from ASCE 7 Table 12.2-1. Design the combined system for
the lesser R value and the corresponding o value.
In the transverse direction, consider the combined system as a horizontal saddle
supported welded steel vessel R 3, o 2 supported by a special reinforced concrete
shear wall R 5, o 2.5 .

Design the vessel and vessel saddles for R 3.0 without the overstrength
factor.

Design the vessel attachment to the anchor bolts for R 3.0 and o 2.0 .

Design the anchor bolts for R 3.0 without the overstrength factor.

Design the concrete pier for R 3.0 without the overstrength factor. Detail as
special reinforced concrete shear walls.
Note!!! See ACI 318, Chapter 21 for detailing requirements for special
structural walls. Special boundary elements will not be required if the
piers are sized such that M u 0.2 f 'c S m .

Design the foundation for R 3.0 without the overstrength factor.

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Date 20Aug09
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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

In the longitudinal direction, consider the combined system as a horizontal saddle

supported welded steel vessel R 3, o 2 supported by a cantilever column system
detailed to conform to the requirements for special reinforced concrete moment frames
R 2.5, o 1.25 .

Design the vessel and vessel saddles for R 2.5 without the overstrength
factor.

Design the vessel attachment to the anchor bolts for R 2.5 and o 1.25 .

Design the anchor bolts for R 2.5 without the overstrength factor.

Design the concrete pier for R 2.5 . Detail as special reinforced concrete
moment frames.
Note!!! See ACI 318, Chapter 21 for detailing requirements for special moment
frames. Transverse shear reinforcement will not be required if the piers

are sized such that Vu 1.0 f 'c bw d . Requirements for frame

members subject to bending and axial load will not apply if the piers
are sized such that Pu 0.1Ag f 'c .

Design the foundation for R 2.5 without the overstrength factor.

Skirt Supported
Vertical Vessels

Seismic Coefficients

In all cases, o 2 , C d 2 .

In all cases, R 2 is permitted.

In Occupancy Category IV, the vessel skirt evaluation requirements of ASCE 7

Sec. 15.7.10.5 a and b must be met.

R 3 is permitted if the vessel skirt evaluation requirements of ASCE 7 Sec.

15.7.10.5 a and b are met.

Skirt Design

Determine skirt shear and axial forces using IBC Sec. 1605 load combinations
that do not consider overstrength.

In Occupancy Categories II or III, R 2 is permitted.

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Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Page 28 of 30

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

In Occupancy Category IV or if R 3 is selected, the evaluation requirements

of ASCE 7 Sec. 15.7.10.5 a and b must be met.

Chair Design

Determine tension forces using the overstrength load combinations of ASCE 7

Sec. 12.4.3. o Q E should be taken as the lesser of Ase f uta as defined in ACI
318 Appendix D or o times the calculated anchor design force.

Determine shear forces using IBC Sec. 1605 load combinations that do not
consider overstrength.

Anchor Bolt Design

Determine tension and shear forces using standard IBC load combinations that
do not consider overstrength.

Provide an anchor bolt stretched length (gauge length) not less than 8 bolt
diameters or that recommended by the ASCE Seismic Petrochemical Guide.

Design the concrete embedment in accordance with ACI 318 Appendix D to

develop the steel strength of the anchor, 2.5 times the design load or 0.40 times
the design strength.

Foundation And Pile Design

For foundation and pile design, add to the vessel base shear the quantity
0.30 S DS IW foundation applied at the foundation center-of-mass.

Size foundations and piles using IBC Sec. 1605 load combinations that do not
consider overstrength.

Design pile connections to the foundation using the overstrength load

combinations of ASCE 7 Sec. 12.4.3.

At the vessel-to-foundation interface, the shear friction resistance associated

with the normal force (from 90% of vessel weight plus vessel seismic
overturning moment) may be used to resist the design shear force. If the shear
friction force is not sufficient, design the anchor bolts for shear forces using the
overstrength load combinations of ASCE 7 Sec. 12.4.3 with no contribution
form shear friction resistance.
Note!!! This is a judgmental interpretation of IBC and ASCE 7, which are
largely silent on the vessel-to-foundation interface.

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Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Page 29 of 30

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Grade Supported
Flat-Bottom Tanks

Performance of flat bottom storage tanks in past earthquakes has indicated that sloshing
of contents can cause leakage and roof damage. This damage can be prevented or
significantly mitigated by providing a freeboard which is greater than the calculated slosh
height, or by designing the roof and wall connections for the sloshing wave forces.
It is conservative and uneconomical to assume that the contents are rigid because it
ignores the sloshing effect. The correct and economical approach is to include the
sloshing effect. Industry design procedures (e.g., ASCE Guidelines, ACI 350.3, API 650,
and AWWA D100) consider separate response modes of the tank and its contents:

The impulsive component is the relatively high-frequency amplified response to

lateral ground motion of the tank shell and roof, together with the portion of the
liquid contents that move in unison with the shell.

The convective component is the relatively low frequency amplified response of

the portion of the liquid contents that moves in the fundamental sloshing mode.

REFERENCES

American Concrete Institute (ACI), ACI 318, Building Code Requirements For Structural
Concrete, 2008.
American Concrete Institute (ACI), ACI 350.3, Seismic Design Of Liquid-Containing
Concrete Structures, 2006.
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), AISC 341-05, Seismic Provisions For
Structural Steel Buildings, Including Supplement No. 1, November 16, 2005.
American Petroleum Institute (API), API 650, Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, 10th
Edition, 2007.
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation and
Design of Petrochemical Facilities, 1997.
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), ASCE 7-05, Minimum Design Loads For
Buildings And Other Structures, 2006.
American Water Works Association (AWWA), AWWA D100-05, Welded Carbon steel
Tanks For Water Storage, 2006.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), FEMA 450-2, NEHRP
Recommended Provisions For Seismic Regulations For New Buildings And Other
Structures, Part 2: Commentary, 2004.
International Code Council (ICC), International Building Code (IBC), 2006.

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Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Process Industry Practices (PIP), PIP STC01015, Structural Design Criteria, September,
2007.
ATTACHMENTS

Attachment 01

Sample Design 1 - Design Response Spectrum (20Aug09)

Attachment 02

Sample Design 2 - Building Structure (20Aug09)

Attachment 03

Sample Design 3 - Equipment (20Aug09)

Attachment 04

Sample Design 4 - Vertical Vessel At Grade (Uniform

Properties) (20Aug09)

Attachment 05

Sample Design 5 - Vertical Vessel At Grade (Varying

Properties) (20Aug09)

Attachment 06

Sample Design 6 - Horizontal Vessel On Piers (20Aug09)

Attachment 07

Sample Design 7 - Steel Pipe Support - Transverse Direction

(20Aug09)

Attachment 08

R Values For Nonbuilding Structures (20Aug09)

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Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 01 Page 1 of 2

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Sample Design 1: Design Response Spectra

GIVEN:
The following parameters are given in the project geotechnical report for a property in Irvine, California.
Site Class D
S s 1.554 g
S1 0.547 g
TL 8 sec

REQUIRED:
Construct the ASCE 7 design response spectrum.
SOLUTION:
Adjusted MCE Parameters
For Site Class D and S s 1.554 g :

Fa 1.0

{ASCE 7 Table 11.4-1}

For Site Class D and S1 0.547 g :

Fv 1.5

{ASCE 7 Table 11.4-2}

S MS Fa S S 1.0 1.554 g 1.554 g

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-1}

S M 1 Fv S1 1.50.547 g 0.820 g

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-2}

Design Spectral Acceleration Parameters

S DS

2
2
S MS 1.554 g 1.036 g
3
3

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-3}

S D1

2
2
S M 1 0.820 g 0.547 g
3
3

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-4}

Design Response Spectrum

To 0.2
Ts

S D1
0.547 g
0.2
0.11 sec
S DS
1.036 g

S D1 0.547 g

0.53 sec
S DS 1.036 g

Copyright 2009, Fluor Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

{ASCE 7 Sec. 11.4.5}

{ASCE 7 Sec. 11.4.5}

Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 01 Page 2 of 2

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Sample Design 1: Design Response Spectra

For T 0.11 :

T
S a S DS 0.4 0.6
To

T
1.036 g 0.4 0.6
0.414 5.45T

0.11

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-5}

For 0.11 T 0.53 :

S a S DS 1.036 g

{ASCE 7 Sec. 11.4.5}

For 0.53 T 8 :
Sa

S D1 0.547 g

T
T

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-6}

For 8 T :

Sa

S D1TL
T

0.547 g 8 4.376 g
T2

T2

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{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-7}

Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 02 Page 1 of 4

EARTHQAUKE ENGINEERING

Sample Design 2: Building Structure

In this example, base shear, story forces, story shears, and overturning moments are determined for a building
structure. The calculations would be very similar for a nonbuilding structure similar to buildings.
GIVEN:

REQUIRED:
Using the Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) procedure, determine the base shear, vertical distribution of seismic
forces, and seismic load effects.
SOLUTION:
Effective Seismic Weight
W 100 200 200 200 700 K

Importance Factor
For Occupancy Category II:

Copyright 2009, Fluor Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

I 1.0

{ASCE 7 Table 11.5-1}

Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 02 Page 2 of 4

EARTHQAUKE ENGINEERING

Sample Design 2: Building Structure

Adjusted MCE parameters

For Site Class D and S s 1.50 :

Fa 1.00

{ASCE 7 Table 11.4-1}

For Site Class D and S1 0.70 :

Fv 1.5

{ASCE 7 Table 11.4-2}

S MS Fa S S 1.00 1.50 1.50

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-1}

S M 1 Fv S1 1.50.70 1.05

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-2}

Design Spectral Acceleration Parameters

S DS

2
2
S MS 1.50 1.00
3
3

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-3}

S D1

2
2
S M 1 1.05 0.70
3
3

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-4}

Seismic Design Category

S1 0.70 0.75 g , determine SDC in accordance with tables
0.50 S DS 1.00 g and Occupancy Category = II

SDC Based on S DS is equal to D

{ASCE 7 Table 11.6-1}

0.20 S D1 0.70 g and Occupancy Category = II

SDC Based on S D1 is equal to D

{ASCE 7 Table 11.6-2}

Seismic Design Category = D

Response Modification Coefficient

For Steel SMF:

R8

There are no height limitations for Steel SMF in SDC D

{ASCE 7 Table 12.3-1}

{ASCE 7 Table 12.3-1}

Structure Period
For Steel SMF:

C t 0.028

{ASCE 7 Table 12.8-2}

For Steel SMF:

x 0.8

{ASCE 7 Table 12.8-2}

Ta Ct hn x 0.02848 ft 0.8 0.62 sec

Copyright 2009, Fluor Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-7}

Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 02 Page 3 of 4

EARTHQAUKE ENGINEERING

Sample Design 2: Building Structure

Seismic Response Coefficient

Cs

S DS 1.00

0.125 governs
8
R
I
1

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-2}

Cs

S D1
0.70

0.141
T R
0.62 sec 8

I
1

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-3}

0.62 sec T TL 8 sec , need not consider ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-4

C s min 0.044S DS I 0.01

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-5}

0.0441.00 1.0 0.044

S1 0.70 0.6 , must consider Eq. 12.8-6
C s min

0.5S1 0.50.70

0.044
R
8
I
1

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-6}

Base Shear
V C sW 0.125700 K 87.5 K

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-1}

V = 87.5 K

Vertical Distribution Of Seismic Forces

For 0.5 sec T 2.5 sec :

k 1.0 0.5T 0.5 1.0 0.50.62 0.5 1.06
C vx

wx hx k

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-12}

w h

i i

i 1

Fx C vxV C vx 200.2 K

Level i
4
3
2
1

wx
(Kips)
100
200
200
200
700

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-11}

hx
(ft)
48
36
24
12

Copyright 2009, Fluor Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

wx hx k
(ft-K)
6055
8927
5808
2786
23576

C vx

0.257
0.379
0.246
0.118
1.000

Fx
(Kips)
22.5
33.2
21.5
10.3
87.5

Story Shear
(Kips)
22.5
55.7
77.2
87.5

Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 02 Page 4 of 4

EARTHQAUKE ENGINEERING

Sample Design 2: Building Structure

Redundancy Factor

It is assumed that = 1.3

Seismic Load Effects
E E h Ev

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-1}

E E h Ev

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-2}

QE V 87.5 K

{ASCE 7 Sec. 12.4.2.1}

Eh QE 1.387.5 K 114 K

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-3}

E h = 114 K

The Effective Seismic Weight is treated the same as a Dead Load

Ev 0.2S DS D 0.21.00700 K 140 K

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-4}

E v = 140 K

Copyright 2009, Fluor Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 03 Page 1 of 2

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Sample Design 3: Equipment

GIVEN:
A fin-fan is located at the top level of a pipe rack.
W fan 10 K
W structure & piping 50 K

S DS 1.30

REQUIRED:
Determine the seismic design force and seismic load effects for the fin-fan attachment to the pipe rack.
SOLUTION:
Seismic Design Force
The weight of the fin-fan is less than 25% of the total weight of the pipe rack, piping, and fin fan. The seismic
design force for the fin-fan F p is determined in accordance with ASCE 7 Chapter 13.

I p 1.00

{ASCE 7 Section 13.1.3}

z
1.0
h

{equipment at structures highest level}

a p 2.5 for air-side fans

{ASCE 7 Table 13.6-1}

R p 6.0 for air-side fans

{ASCE 7 Table 13.6-1}

Fp

0.4a p S DS W p
z 0.42.51.30 10.0 K
1 21 6.50 K governs
1 2
6.0
h
Rp
1.00

I p

{ASCE 7 Eq. 13.3-1}

F p max 1.6S DS I pW p 1.61.30 1.00 10.0 K 20.8 K

{ASCE 7 Eq. 13.3-2}

F p min 0.3S DS I pW p 0.31.301.00 10.0 K 3.90 K

{ASCE 7 Eq. 13.3-3}

F p = 6.50K

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Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 03 Page 2 of 2

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Sample Design 3: Equipment

Seismic Load Effects

E E h Ev

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-1}

E E h Ev

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-2}

Q E F p 6.50 K

{ASCE 7 Sec. 12.4.2.1}

1.0 for design of nonstructural components

{ASCE 7 Sec. 12.3.4.1}

E h Q E 1.0 6.50 K 6.50 K

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-3}

E h = 6.50 K

The Component Operating Weight is treated the same as a Dead Load

E v 0.2 S DS D 0.21.30 10 K 2.60 K

{ASCE 7-05 Eq. 12.4-4}

E v = 2.60 K

Copyright 2009, Fluor Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 04 Page 1 of 3

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Sample Design 4: Vertical Vessel At Grade (Uniform Properties)

In this example, the seismic inertial forces due to the weight of the foundation are relatively small and are therefore
neglected. For calculation purposes, the base is assumed to be located at the top of the pier. The weight of the skirtsupported vessel is regarded as uniformly distributed over its height.
GIVEN:
Operating Weight 150 K
I 1.25

Site Classification D
S s 1.10
S1 0.50
T L 8 sec

Skirt
Welded steel, with special detailing
REQUIRED:
Using the Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) procedure,
determine the base shear and seismic load effects.
SOLUTION:
Adjusted MCE Parameters
For Site Class D and S s 1.10 :

Fa 1.06

{ASCE 7 Table 11.4-1}

For Site Class D and S1 0.50 :

Fv 1.5

{ASCE 7 Table 11.4-2}

S MS Fa S S 1.06 1.10 1.166

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-1}

S M 1 Fv S1 1.50.50 0.75

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-2}

Design Spectral Acceleration Parameters

S DS

2
2
S MS 1.166 0.78
3
3

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-3}

S D1

2
2
S M 1 0.75 0.50
3
3

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-4}

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Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 04 Page 2 of 3

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Sample Design 4: Vertical Vessel At Grade (Uniform Properties)

Period
This example will consider only the operating condition; other conditions (such as Empty) may also need
consideration in actual design.
w

150 K
1.00 K / ft
150 ft

D mean 3 t
8

T 1.79

95.625 in 3 0.375 in
8

wL4
1.79
EIg

128767 in 4

1.00 K / ft 150 ft 4 1728 in 3 / ft 3 1.39 sec

29000 ksi 128767 4 386.4 in / sec 2

Seismic Response Coefficient

Vertical vessel at grade is considered to be a Nonbuilding Structure Not Similar To Buildings

R 3 , for skirt-supported vessel, welded steel with special detailing

S DS
0.78

0.325
R
3
I
1.25

Cs

Cs

S D1
0.50

0.150 governs
R
T
1.39 sec 31.25
I

{ASCE 7 Table 15.4-2}

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-2}

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-3}

1.39 sec T T L 8 sec , need not consider ASCE 7-05 Eq. 12.8-4

C s min 0.044S DS I 0.01

{ASCE 7 Eq. 15.4-3}

0.0440.781.25 0.043
S1 0.6 need not consider Eq. 15.4-4

Base Shear
V C s W 0.150150 K 22.5 K

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-1}

Overturning At Base

Assume that base shear is centered at 3/4 of the vessel height

4 150 ft 2531 ft K

OTM 22.5K 3

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Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 04 Page 3 of 3

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Sample Design 4: Vertical Vessel At Grade (Uniform Properties)

Foundation Overturning

Structure was analyzed using the Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure.

Structure is an inverted cantilever structure. No reduction in foundation overturning is permitted.
OTM 2531 ft K

Redundancy Factor

1.0 for nonbuilding structures not similar to buildings

{ASCE 7 Sec. 12.3.4.1}

Seismic Load Effects

E E h Ev

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-1}

E E h Ev

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-2}

QE V 22.5 K

{ASCE 7 Sec. 12.4.2.1}

Eh QE 1.022.5 K 22.5 K

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-3}

E h = 22.5 K

The Effective Seismic Weight is treated the same as a Dead Load

Ev 0.2 S DS D 0.20.78150 K 23.4 K

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-4}

E v = 23.4 K

Copyright 2009, Fluor Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 05 Page 1 of 6

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Sample Design 5: Vertical Vessel At Grade (Varying Properties)

GIVEN:
Design Data
I 1.25

Site Classification D
S s 1.50
S1 0.75
T L 8 sec

Level 3
O.D. 8'0"

woperating 1.8 K / ft

3
in
8

Level 2
O.D. 5'6"
woperating 1.2 K / ft

1
in
2

Level 1
O.D. 5'6"
woperating 0.9 / ft

5
in
16

Reboiler (RB)
W 8K

Copyright 2009, Fluor Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 05 Page 2 of 6

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Sample Design 5: Vertical Vessel At Grade (Varying Properties)

REQUIRED:
Using the Modal Response Spectrum Analysis (MRSA) method, determine the base shear, moment and seismic load
effects.
SOLUTION:
Adjusted MCE Parameters
For Site Class D and S s 1.50 :

Fa 1.0

{ASCE 7 Table 11.4-1}

For Site Class D and S1 0.75 :

Fv 1.5

{ASCE 7 Table 11.4-2}

S MS Fa S S 1.01.50 1.50

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-1}

S M 1 Fv S1 1.50.75 1.125

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-2}

Design Spectral Acceleration Parameters

S DS

2
2
S MS 1.50 1.00
3
3

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-3}

S D1

2
2
S M 1 1.125 0.75
3
3

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-4}

Copyright 2009, Fluor Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 05 Page 3 of 6

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Sample Design 5: Vertical Vessel At Grade (Varying Properties)

RISA-3D Model

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Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 05 Page 4 of 6

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Sample Design 5: Vertical Vessel At Grade (Varying Properties)

T = 1.245 Seconds

W = 151.4 K

Copyright 2009, Fluor Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 05 Page 5 of 6

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Sample Design 5: Vertical Vessel At Grade (Varying Properties)

Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) Method

T 1.245 seconds

{from RISA 3D model}

W 151.4 K

{from RISA-3D model}

Vertical vessel at grade is considered to be a Nonbuilding Structure Not Similar To Buildings

R3

{ASCE 7 Table 15.4-2}

S DS
1.00

0.417
R
3
I
1.25

Cs

Cs

S D1
0.75

0.251 governs
R
T
1.245 sec 31.25
I

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-2}

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-3}

1.245 sec T TL 8 sec , need not consider ASCE 7-05 Eq. 12.8-4

C s min 0.044S DS I 0.01

{ASCE 7 Eq. 15.4-3}

0.0441.00 1.25 0.055

S1 0.6 must consider Eq. 15.4-4

Cs min

0.5S1 0.50.75

0.156
R
3
I
1.25

{Eq. 15.4-4}

V C sW 0.251151.4 K 38.0 K

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-1}

V ELF = 38.0 K

Modal Response Spectra Analysis (MRSA) RISA 3D

S initial

I 1.25

0.417
3
R

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{initial scale factor}

Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 05 Page 6 of 6

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Sample Design 5: Vertical Vessel At Grade (Varying Properties)

Base Shear

ASCE 7, Section 12.9.4 requires that if the combined response for the modal base shear VMRSA is less than 85
V
percent of the calculated base shear VELF , the forces shall be multiplied by 0.85 ELF . ASCE 7 does not permit
VMRSA
scaling MRSA results down to the ELF results.
VMRSA 45.412 K

1.195 1.0
38.0 K
VELF

Therefore, the MRSA results are not permitted to be scaled down to ELF results.
S final S initial 0.417

The RISA 3D model will not be rerun with a revised scale factor.
V MRSA = 45.412 K
M MRSA = 2372 ft-K
Overturning Moment
H effective

H effective
H

M MRSA 2372 ft K

52.23 ft
VMRSA
45.412 K

52.23 ft
0.56
94 ft

Seismic Load Effects

E E h Ev

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-1}

E E h Ev

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-2}

QE V 45.4 K

{ASCE 7 Sec. 12.4.2.1}

Eh QE 1.045.4 K 45.4 K

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-3}

E h = 45.4 K

The Effective Seismic Weight is treated the same as a Dead Load

Ev 0.2S DS D 0.21.00 151.4 K 30.3 K

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-4}

E v = 30.3 K

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Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 06 Page 1 of 3

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Sample Design 6: Horizontal Vessel On Piers

GIVEN:
Operating Weight 335 K
Concrete:
normal weight
f c ' 3000 psi
I 1.50

Site Classification C
S s 1.00
S1 0.40
T L 12 sec

REQUIRED:
Using the Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) procedure, determine the base shear for the design of the concrete piers.
SOLUTION:
Adjusted MCE Parameters
For Site Class C and S s 1.00 :

Fa 1.0

{ASCE 7 Table 11.4-1}

For Site Class C and S1 0.40 :

Fv 1.4

{ASCE 7 Table 11.4-2}

S MS Fa S S 1.0 1.00 1.00

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-1}

S M 1 Fv S1 1.4 0.40 0.56

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-2}

Design Spectral Acceleration Parameters

S DS

2
2
S MS 1.00 0.67
3
3

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-3}

S D1

2
2
S M 1 0.56 0.37
3
3

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-4}

Pier Weight

W pier 1 pier 1.17 ft 6.5 ft 5.5 ft 0.15 K / ft 3 6.27 K / pier

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Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 06 Page 2 of 3

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Sample Design 6: Horizontal Vessel On Piers

LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION
Period
H 78 in

{pier height}

L 156 in

{pier width}

t 14 in

{pier thickness}

Ec 57 3000 psi 3122 ksi

I pier

{ACI 318, Section 8.5}

3
Lt 3 156 in 14 in

35672 in 4
12
12

The fixed end pier resists 100% of the effective weight in the longitudinal direction.
Wlongitudinal Woperating W piers 335 K 26.27 K / pier 348 K

Wlongitudinal H 3
3Ec I pier

348 K 78 in 3 0.494 in
33122 ksi 35672 in 4

T 0.32 0.32 0.494 in 0.225 seconds > 0.06 seconds flexible

Seismic Response Coefficient

In the longitudinal direction, use the lower R value for a horizontal saddle supported welded steel vessel and a
cantilever column system detailed to conform to the requirements for special reinforced concrete moment frames.
R 2.5

S
0.67
C s DS
0.402 governs
R
2.5
I
1.50

Cs

S D1
0.67

1.787
R
T
0.225 sec 2.51.50
I

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-2}

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-3}

0.225 sec T TL 12 sec , need not consider ASCE 7-05 Eq. 12.8-4

C s min 0.044S DS I 0.03

{ASCE 7 Eq. 15.4-3}

0.0440.67 1.50 0.044

S1 0.6 need not consider Eq. 15.4-4

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Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 06 Page 3 of 3

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Sample Design 6: Horizontal Vessel On Piers

Base Shear
V C sWlongitudinal 0.402 348 K 139.9 K

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-1}

V longitudinal = 139.9 K For The Fixed-End Pier

The sliding end pier resists 60% of the effective weight in the longitudinal direction.
V C sWsliding 0.60 139.9 K 83.9 K

V longitudinal = 83.9 K For The Sliding-End Pier

TRANSVERSE DIRECTION
Period
H 78 in

{pier height}

L 156 in

{pier width}

t 14 in

{pier thickness}

E c 57 3000 psi 3120 ksi

I pier

{ACI 318, Section 8.5}

3
tL3 14 in 156 in

4429152 in 4
12
12

Each pier resists 50% of the effective weight in the transverse direction.
Wtransverse

Woperating
2

W pier

335 K
16.27 K 173.8 K
2

The deflection in the plane of a wall is the summation of the flexural and shear deflections.

Wtransverse H 3 1.2Wtransverse H

3EI
GA

173.8 K 78 in 3 1.2173.8K 78 in 0.0020 in 0.0060 in 0.0080 in

33122 ksi 4429152 in 4 .4 x3122 ksi 14 in x156 in

T 0.32 0.32 0.0080 in 0.029 seconds < 0.06 seconds rigid

Base Shear

In the transverse direction, consider this horizontal vessel at grade to be a Rigid Nonbuilding Structure
V 0.30 S DSWtransverse I 0.30 0.67 173.8 K 1.50 52.4 K

{ASCE 7 Eq. 15.4-5}

V transverse = 52.4 K For Each Pier

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Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 07 Page 1 of 4

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Sample Design 7: Steel Pipe Support Transverse Direction

GIVEN:
Operating Weights (including pipes
and steel): 125 K
Flare Header: 2 K
Upper Deck: 48 K
Lower Deck: 75 K
Site Class E
Occupancy Category III
I 1.25
S s 1.80
S1 0.60
T L 10 sec
T 0.65 sec

Steel Moment Frame

Pipe Support Spacing: 20-0

REQUIRED:
Using the Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) Procedure, determine the base shear, vertical distribution of seismic
forces, and seismic load effects.
SOLUTION:
Adjusted MCE Parameters
For Site Class E and S s 1.80 :

Fa 0.9

{ASCE 7 Table 11.4-1}

For Site Class E and S1 0.60 :

Fv 2.4

{ASCE 7 Table 11.4-2}

S MS Fa S S 0.9 1.80 1.62

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-1}

S M 1 Fv S1 2.40.60 1.44

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-2}

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Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 07 Page 2 of 4

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Sample Design 7: Steel Pipe Support Transverse Direction

Design Spectral Acceleration Parameters

S DS

2
2
S MS 1.62 1.08
3
3

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-3}

S D1

2
2
S M 1 1.44 0.96
3
3

{ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-4}

Structural Systems

The Steel Pipe Support (Rack) is considered to be a Nonbuilding Structure Similar To Buildings. There are seven
(7) structural steel system options in ASCE 7 Table 15.4-1, each with different R values, height limitations, and
seismic detailing requirements, as summarized in the following table.

Option
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Structural System
Special
Steel Moment Frame
Intermediate
Steel Moment Frame
Intermediate
Steel Moment Frame
Intermediate
Steel Moment Frame
Ordinary
Steel Moment Frame
Ordinary
Steel Moment Frame
Ordinary
Steel Moment Frame

ASCE 7 Table 15.4-1, Selected Summary

Steel Pipe Rack Height Limit (ft) As
Detailing
R
Function of Seismic Design Category (SDC)
Requirements
A, B & C
D&E
F
AISC 341, Chapter 9

No Limit

No Limit

No Limit

AISC 341, Chapter 10

4.5

No Limit

65 feet

65 feet

AISC 341, Chapter 10

2.5

No Limit

160 feet

100 feet

AISC 341, Chapter 10

1.5

No Limit

No Limit

No Limit

AISC 341, Chapter 11

3.5

No Limit

65 feet

65 feet

AISC 341, Chapter 11

2.5

No Limit

100 feet

65 feet

AISC 360

No Limit

No Limit

No Limit

Notes:
(1) The steel pipe rack height is measured from grade to the top flange of the highest moment frame beam.
(2) The height limits for the Intermediate and Ordinary Steel Moment Frames are based on field-bolted end plate
beam-to-column moment connections.
(3) AISC 341 detailing requirements for Special and Intermediate Steel Moment Frames require tested
connections, such as those prescribed by the AISC 358.
(4) AISC 341 detailing requirements for Special and Intermediate Steel Moment Frames include stringent lateral
bracing requirements for the beams that may be difficult to implement in a typical pipe support.

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Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 07 Page 3 of 4

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Sample Design 7: Steel Pipe Support Transverse Direction

Seismic Design Category

S1 0.60 0.75 SDC E and F are not applicable

{ASCE 7 Sec 11.6}

For S DS 1.08 and Occupancy Category III , SDC D

{ASCE 7 Table 11.6-1}

For S D1 0.96 and Occupancy Category III , SDC D

{ASCE 7 Table 11.6-2}

Seismic Design Category = D

For this sample design, the steel pipe rack has been assigned SDC D with a height of 20 feet to the highest moment
frame beam. None of the seven structural system options are precluded by the steel pipe rack height limits. A
decision on structural system will be made after comparing the base shear results.
Seismic Response Coefficient And Base Shear
0.65 sec T T L 10 sec , need not consider ASCE 7-05 Eq. 12.8-4
S1 0.6 must consider Eq. 12.8-6

OPTION
Structural System =
Option =
R
S DS 1.081.25
Cs

R
R
I

2
4.5

IMF
3
2.5

4
1.5

5
3.5

OMF
6
2.5

7
1

0.17

0.30

0.54

0.90

0.39

0.54

1.35

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-2}

S D1
0.961.25

0.65 secR
T R
I

0.23

0.41

0.74

1.23

0.52

0.74

1.85

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-3}

C s min

Cs

SMF
1
8

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-5}

0.5S1 0.50.60 1.25

C s min

R
R
I

0.05

0.08

0.15

0.25

0.11

0.15

0.38

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-6}

Cs

0.17

0.30

0.54

0.90

0.39

0.54

1.35

V C s 125 K

21.2

37.5

67.5

101

48.8

67.5

169

Kips

Option 5 is selected based on the most economical tradeoff of base shear and seismic detailing requirements.
V = 48.8 K

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Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 07 Page 4 of 4

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Sample Design 7: Steel Pipe Support Transverse Direction

Vertical Distribution Of Seismic Forces

For 0.5 sec T 2.5 sec :

k 1.0 0.5T 0.5 1.0 0.50.65 0.5 1.075
C vx

wx hx k
n

w h

i i

i 1

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-12}

Fx CvxV Cvx 48.8 K

Level i
Flare Header
Upper Deck
Lower Deck

wx
(Kips)
2.0
48.0
75.0
125.0

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-11}

hx
(ft)
25
20
15

wx hx
(ft-K)
64
1202
1378
2644

C vx

0.024
0.455
0.521
1.000

Fx
(Kips)
1.2
22.2
25.4
48.8

Story Shear
(Kips)
1.2
23.4
48.8

Redundancy Factor

It is assumed that the pipeway has no horizontal bracing system that would serve as a diaphragm. If one individual
transverse frame fails, there is no load path for lateral force transfer to the adjacent transverse frame. As a result,
each frame line must be treated as an individual structure. For this transverse frame, the loss of moment resistance
at both ends of a single beam would in more than a 33% loss of story strength.
= 1.3
Seismic Load Effects
E E h Ev

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-1}

E E h Ev

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-2}

Q E V 48.8 K

{ASCE 7 Sec. 12.4.2.1}

Eh QE 1.348.8 K 63.4 K

{ASCE 7 Eq. 12.4-3}

E h = 63.4 K

The Operating Weight is treated the same as a Dead Load

Ev 0.2S DS D 0.21.08125 K 27.0 K

{ASCE 7-05 Eq. 12.4-4}

E v = 27.0 K

Copyright 2009, Fluor Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

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Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 08 Page 1 of 9

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

R Values For Nonbuilding Structures

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Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 08 Page 2 of 9

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

R Values For Nonbuilding Structures

R Values for Nonbuilding Structures (contd)

Configuration

Detailing Requirements

Ordinary Concrete
Moment Frame (OMRF)
[w/ height limits]

ACI 318, excluding Chapter 21

Ordinary Concrete
Moment Frame (OMRF)
[w/ permitted height increase]

0.8

ACI 318, excluding Chapter 21

NOTE: R values used for base shear calculations for

the structure only.

Vertical Vessels
(Supported on a structure)

(for vessel and anchorage use component force, Fp)

3

R Values for Nonbuilding Structures (contd)

Configuration

Detailing Requirements

Steel Special Moment Frame

(SMRF) [w/ height limits]

AISC 341

Steel Intermediate Moment

Frame (IMRF)
[w/ height limits]

4.5

AISC 341

Steel Intermediate
Moment Frame (IMRF)
[w/ permitted height increase]

2.5

AISC 341

Steel Intermediate
Moment Frame (IMRF)
[w/ unlimited height]

1.5

AISC 341

Vertical Vessel
(Supported on a structure)

NOTE: R values used for base shear calculations for

the structure only.
(for vessel and anchorage use component force, Fp)
4

Copyright 2009, Fluor Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 08 Page 3 of 9

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

R Values For Nonbuilding Structures

R Values for Nonbuilding Structures (contd)

Configuration

Detailing Requirements

Steel Ordinary Moment Frame

(OMRF)
[w/ height limits]

3.5

AISC 341

Steel Ordinary
Moment Frame (OMRF)
[w/ permitted height increase]

2.5

AISC 341

Steel Ordinary
Moment Frame (OMRF)
[w/ unlimited height]

1.0

AISC 360

Vertical Vessels
(Supported on a structure)

NOTE: R values used for base shear calculations for

the structure only.
(for vessel and anchorage use component force, Fp)
5

R Values for Nonbuilding Structures (contd)

Vessel and anchorage

Wp

Configuration

Seismic Load Effect

Calculation

For WP 25% (WS + WP)

Use component force, Fp [Sect.13.3.1]

Rigid or flexible vessel

using ap = 2.5, Rp = 2.5 & z = h

For WP > 25% (WS + WP)

Use component force, Fp [Sect.13.3.1]

using ap = 1 & z = h
Rp = R of vessel

Rigid vessel

Ws
For WP > 25% (WS + WP)
Flexible vessel

Use base shear, V

[Section 12.8.1 & 15.4.1]
Using min. R of vessel or frame

Vertical Vessels
(Supported on a structure)
6

Copyright 2009, Fluor Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 08 Page 4 of 9

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

R Values For Nonbuilding Structures

Copyright 2009, Fluor Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 08 Page 5 of 9

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

R Values For Nonbuilding Structures

R Values for Nonbuilding Structures (contd)

Configuration

Detailing
Requirements

Base Shear, V

Longitudinal Steel OCBF

w/ height limits

3.25

AISC 341

[Section 12.8.1

Longitudinal Steel OCBF

w/ permitted height increase

2.5

Longitudinal Steel OCBF

[w/ unlimited height]

1.5

Transverse Steel OMRF

w/ height limits

3.5

Transverse Steel OMRF

w/ permitted height increase

2.5

Transverse Steel OMRF

[w/ unlimited height]

1.0

Using

& 15.4.1]

Aircooled exchangers
(fin fans)
mounted at grade

AISC 341
AISC 360
AISC 341

AISC 341
AISC 360

R Values for Nonbuilding Structures (contd)

Using

Configuration

Detailing

Base Shear, V

Transverse Steel SMRF

AISC 341

[Section 12.8.1

Transverse Steel IMRF

w/ height limits

4.5

Transverse Steel IMRF

w/ permitted height increase

2.5

Transverse Steel IMRF

[w/ unlimited height]

1.5

Transverse Steel OMRF

w/ height limits

3.5

Transverse Steel OMRF

w/ permitted height increase

2.5

& 15.4.1]

Transverse Steel OMRF

[w/ unlimited height]

AISC 341
AISC 341
AISC 341

AISC 341
AISC 341
AISC 360

1.0
Steel Pipe Rack
(Transverse direction)
w/ or w/o Aircooled exchangers (fin fans) Mounted on top of pipe rack
(less than 25% of combined weight of NBS and support structure)

Copyright 2009, Fluor Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

10

Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 08 Page 6 of 9

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

R Values For Nonbuilding Structures

R Values for Nonbuilding Structures (contd)

Using
Base Shear, V
[Section 12.8.1

Configuration

Detailing

& 15.4.1]

Longitudinal Steel SCBF

AISC 341

Longitudinal

Longitudinal Steel OCBF

w/ height limits

3.25

Longitudinal Steel OCBF

w/ permitted height increase

2.5

Longitudinal Steel OCBF

[w/ unlimited height]

1.5

AISC 341
AISC 341
AISC 360

Steel Pipe Rack

(Longitudinal direction)
w/ or w/o Aircooled exchangers (fin fans) Mounted on top of pipe rack
(less than 25% of combined weight of NBS and support structure)

11

R Values for Nonbuilding Structures (contd)

Using
Base Shear, V
[Section 12.8.1
& 15.4.1]

Configuration
Inverted Pendulum

Remarks

Note difference between

pipeway and inverted
pendulum

Steel/concrete cantilever stanchion

(Inverted Pendulum)
12

Copyright 2009, Fluor Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 08 Page 7 of 9

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

R Values For Nonbuilding Structures

R Values for Nonbuilding Structures (contd)

Using

Configuration

Base Shear, V
[Section 12.8.1

Sphere and braced frame

design

Remarks

3.0

Non building structure

Use same base shear for
design of anchorage and
support structure

& 15.4.1]

Sphere
(without top girder or stiffening ring)
13

R Values for Nonbuilding Structures (contd)

Using Base Shear, V [Section 12.8.1 & 15.4.1]

Sketch

Configuration
Horizontal box heater/furnace
OCBF or shear panel design (usually
redundant system)
w/ height limits
w/ permitted height increase

Horizontal box heater/furnace

OMRF
w/ height limits
w/ permitted height increase
Horizontal box heater/furnace
Pier/pedestal

Remarks

3.25

Non building structure with

structural system similar to
building

2.5

3.5

Non building structure with

structural system similar to
building

2.5
2.0

Inverted pendulum type

system

Tall concrete pier/pedestal

14

Copyright 2009, Fluor Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 08 Page 8 of 9

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

R Values For Nonbuilding Structures

R Values for Nonbuilding Structures (contd)

Using Base Shear, V [Section 12.8.1 & 15.4.1]

Configuration

Remarks

3.0

Non building structure with

structural system NOT
similar to building

Steel braced legs

Steel cantilever legs

2.0

Non building structure with

structural system NOT
similar to building

Concrete cantilever legs

2.0

Non building structure with

structural system NOT
similar to building

Stack/cylindrical furnace, vertical vessel, or hopper on cantilever or

braced legs (without top girder or stiffening ring)
15

R Values for Nonbuilding Structures (contd)

Using Base Shear, V [Section 12.8.1 & 15.4.1]

Transverse

Longitudinal

Configuration

Light steel framed wall

2.0

Steel braced frame where

bracing carries gravity
(OCBF)
w/ height limits
w/ permitted height increase
Steel OMRF
w/ height limits
w/ permitted height increase

3.25

Remarks
Non building structure with
structural system similar to
buildings
Non building structure with
structural system similar to
buildings

2.5
3.5
2.5

Non building structure with

structural system similar to
buildings

BOILERS
(Elevations)
16

Copyright 2009, Fluor Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

Structural Engineering

Guideline 000.215.1216
Date 20Aug09
Attachment 08 Page 9 of 9

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

R Values For Nonbuilding Structures

R Values for Nonbuilding Structures (contd)

Using Base Shear, V [Section 12.8.1 & 15.4.1]

Transverse
Configuration

Wooden braced frame

3.5

Remarks
Non building structure
with structural system
similar to buildings

Longitudinal

Cooling Towers
(Elevations)
17

R Values for Nonbuilding Structures (contd)

In cases where the piping systems are less than 25% of the
combined weight of the piping system and supporting
structure, the seismic component forces of ASCE 7-05,
Chapter 13, will be used as the design seismic loads.
For piping systems that fall under the following category:
"Piping in accordance with ASME B31, including in-line
components with joints make by welding or brazing"
Table 13.6-1 yields ap=2.5 and Rp=12
Note: Using these values the minimum equation governs
Eqn (13.3-3)
Fp = 0.3 SDS Ip Wp
18

Copyright 2009, Fluor Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

Structural Engineering