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Design Principles in Environmental Engineering: Instructor: Jayant M Modak Course: UES 302

This document provides an overview of a course on Design Principles in Environmental Engineering. It discusses the evolution of environmental engineering from ancient water and sanitation practices to modern applications like hazardous waste management. The course will cover fundamentals like mass and energy balances, chemical and biological transformation processes, and transport processes. It will also apply these principles to areas like water, air, and hazardous waste treatment. The goal is to teach students to analytically solve environmental engineering problems by translating physical systems into mathematical models.

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70 views22 pages

Design Principles in Environmental Engineering: Instructor: Jayant M Modak Course: UES 302

This document provides an overview of a course on Design Principles in Environmental Engineering. It discusses the evolution of environmental engineering from ancient water and sanitation practices to modern applications like hazardous waste management. The course will cover fundamentals like mass and energy balances, chemical and biological transformation processes, and transport processes. It will also apply these principles to areas like water, air, and hazardous waste treatment. The goal is to teach students to analytically solve environmental engineering problems by translating physical systems into mathematical models.

Uploaded by

mrvenkatesh
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DESIGN PRINCIPLES IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Instructor: Jayant M Modak



Course: UES 302

INFORMATION
Schedule

M-W 10-11 AM

Textbook

Principles of Environmental Engineering &
Science

Office: Rm 14

Phone: 3108

Email: modak@chemeng.iisc.ernet.in

Davis, M.L and Masten S. J., McGrawHill(India) 2e, 2013.

EVOLUTION OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING: 1860S -1930S


Industry/Technology driven

Coal derived chemicals

Bulk inorganic chemicals caustic soda, soda ash

Oils, fats, waxes

Soaps and detergents

Ammonia and its derivates





EVOLUTION OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING: 1940S-1960S


Coal

Polymers

Unit Operation
Ammonia

Inorganics

Oils, fats

Distillation
Drying
Mixing
Crushing/Grinding
Heat Exchange
Combustion
Oxidation
Hydrolysis

Petroleum

Petrochemicals

Fermentation

EVOLUTION OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING: 1960S -1990S


Industry

Hydrolysis

Combustion

Oxidation
Heat
exchange

Electronics

Separations

Chemical Engineering
Science

Distillation

Thermodynamics
electronic
Transport
processes
Reaction Engineering
Mathematical Modeling
Process Control
Environment

Drying

Crushing

Biotech

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Different from other disciplines

Does not have a product of its own

It is a service discipline

Other disciplines are composite in nature

!

Scope of Chemical Engineering



Based on tools, techniques, rather than products

Learn new techniques and enter new disciplines

!

All pervading, ever-expanding?

EVOLUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING


Water supply, sanitation and treatment

Early civilisation

2000 BC Ousruta Samghita and Sussruta samhita

Air pollution control

19th century fabric filters, cyclone collectors, scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators

Solid waste management

20th century incinerators, landfills

Hazardous waste management

Late 20th century remediations

!

Closely associated with Civil Engineering (19th century) but started emerging as distinct
discipline in 1970s and 80s

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Application of basic fundamentals of mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology to
the protection of human health and the environment.

Fundamentals of Environmental Engineering, Mihelcic

!

Discipline is largely defined by problems rather than by technical/scientific methods.



!

Typical problems:

!

Remediation of a contaminated site (= fixing the past)



Treatment of a dirty effluent (= dealing with the present)

Pollution avoidance (= planning for future).

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
!

Breadth, interdisciplinary (systems thinking, various engineering disciplines, even


non-engineering disciplines).

!

Challenges: Avoidance of moving one waste from one phase to another (ex. water
to solid waste); Prevention is harder than treatment; Environmental benefit versus
economic burden (trade-off).

!

Role of the public sector:



In other areas of engineering, a need creates a market and the market drives
technology development

In environmental engineering, it starts with a problem, which drives regulations,
regulations create the market, and the market drives the technology.

ENGINEERING ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS


Objective

to predict how they will behave

to explain why they behaved as they did.

Key steps

Translate the physical system into a mathematical representation.

Solve the mathematical problem to obtain the result.

Interpret the significance of the result for the physical system.

ENGINEERING ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS


Translate the physical system into a mathematical representation.

Identify and specify symbols to represent the unknowns.

Identify and quantify the known parameters and variables in the system.

Identify and write relationships based on physical, chemical, or biological
principles that link the unknowns to the knowns. For the problem to be fully
specified, there must be one relationship for each unknown, and these
relation- ships must be independent of one another

SITUATION 1: MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT

http://www.saskatoon.ca/DEPARTMENTS/Utility Services/Water and WastewaterTreatment/


Wastewater Treatment Plant/Pages/default.aspx

SITUATION 1: MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment

SITUATION 1: MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT


How do I design, construct and operate a treatment plant to treat specific
water, given that I must treat certain volume of wastewater daily, and influent
water has certain characteristics?

!

How large a reactor must I construct, can I speed up a chemical or biological


reaction?

!

If I have several types of reactors which one do I choose?



!

How much of a particular waste can I discharge?

SITUATION 2: ACID RAIN

http://science.howstuffworks.com/
nature/climate-weather/atmospheric/
acid-rain.htm

SITUATION 2: ACID RAIN

http://go.hrw.com/hrw.nd/gohrw_rls1

SITUATION 2: ACID RAIN


How do I design, construct and operate a physical, chemical, or biological
treatment method to scrub SO2 and NOx from stack gas?

!

If I scrub acid-rain precursors, do I create a water-pollution which I will have to


treat as well?

!

What is the atmospheric chemistry of acid-rain production, and how fast do the
reactions take place?

!

How are air emissions mixed and transported downwind?

Hazardous material

corrosivity (i.e., possesses very high or
very low pH)

ignitability

reactivity (e.g., may cause an explosion)

toxicity (i.e., causes harm to biological
systems)

PESTICIDES

Aldrin, Dieldrin, Chlordane, DDT, Endrin,
Heptachlor, Mirex, Toxaphene

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

PCBs, HCB

UNINTENDED BYPRODUCTS

Dibenzodioxins, Dibenzofurans

Production (billion
Kg/year)

SITUATION 3: HAZARDOUS WASTE

1200
900
600
300
0

1930 1950 1970 1985 2005 2015


Year

DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT REACTOR


Objectives

!

Technological

Maximum possible treatment in minimum time

Desired quantity in minimum time

Maximum possible treatment in desired time

!

Economic

Minimize cost

DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT REACTOR


Constraints

Market

Influent water availability quality and quantity

Daily and seasonal variations in influent water

Society/Legislative

Safety

Effluent discharge norms

Political pressures

Inadequate space

Technological

Thermodynamics

Stoichiometry

Kinetics

OUTLINE OF COURSE
Fundamentals

Mass and Energy Balances

Transformation processes: Chemical and Biological

Transport processes

!

Applications

Water

Air

Hazardous waste

SELECTION OF TOPICS
Impossible to include all the elements of environmental engineering in a single
course.

!

I am a Chemical Engineer and it is possible that courses elsewhere might have


different emphasis

!

Provide a balanced view of the many elements comprising environmental


engineering

!

Emphasise topics that can be approached analytically rather than descriptively.

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