OVERVIEW - Router Config Tasks :

To configure your router or access server, you

must perform several tasks. Initially, you must
determine the following: Which network protocols you are supporting
The addressing plan for each network protocol
Which WAN protocols you will run on each
interface

External Configuration Sources

VIRTUAL
TERMINAL

CONSOLE
PORT
INTERFACES
ROUTER
AUXILARY
PORT

TFTP
SERVER

NETWORK
MANAGEMENT
STATION

Configuration Information can from many Sources

Internal Configuration Components

DRAM

Console
Auxiliary

NVRAM

FLASH

ROM

INTERFACE

Cisco routers can initialize the system (boot) in four

ways:
Netboot :Routers can boot from a server using the
TFTP.
Flash memory: Routers can boot from Flash
memory, a nonvolatile storage medium that can be
electrically erased and reprogrammed.
ROM : Routers can boot a system from built-in ROM.
PC Flash memory card: Routers can boot from a
removable Flash memory card.

FLASH MEMORY :
Depending on the platform, Flash memory is available
in the following forms:
1. Internal Flash memory : often contains the system
image. Some platforms have two or more banks of
Flash memory on one single in-line memory modules
(SIMM). If the SIMM has two banks, it is sometimes
referred to as dual-bank Flash memory. The banks
can be partitioned into separate logical devices.

FLASH MEMORY (Cont..)

2. Bootflash
Bootflash often contains the boot image.
Bootflash sometimes contains the ROM Monitor.
3. Flash memory PC cards or PCMCIA cards
A Flash memory card that is inserted in to a
PCMCIA slot. This card is used to store system
images, boot images, and configuration files.
The following platforms contains PCMCIA slots:
1600 - one PCMCIA slot
3600 - two PCMCIA slots
7200 - NPE contains 2 slots

FLASH MEMORY (Cont..)

Write Protection
Flash memory provides write protection against
accidental erasing or reprogramming.
Some platforms have a write-protect jumper which
can be removed to prevent reprogramming of Flash
memory. You must install the jumper when
programming is required. Some platforms have write
protect switched on Flash memory cards that you
can use to protect data. You must set the switch to
unprotected to write data to the Flash memory card.

NVRAM
Nonvolatile random-access memory (NVRAM) stores
the following information:
1. Startup configuration file for every platform.
2. The software configuration register, which is used
to determine which image to use when booting
the router.

EPROM / ROM
It sometimes contains the following :
ROM Monitor, which provides a user interface when
the router cannot find a valid image.
The boot loader/helper software (also called the
boot image), which helps the router boot when it
cannot find a valid Cisco IOS image in Flash
memory.

DRAM :
Dynamic random-access memory contains two types
of memory:
1. Primary, main, or processor memory, which is
reserved for the CPU to execute Cisco IOS
software and to hold the running configuration
and routing tables.
2. Shared, packet, or I/O memory, which buffers
data transmitted or received by the router's
network interfaces.

Router Modes
User EXEC Mode
Limited Examination of router and remote access
Router>
Privileged EXEC Mode
Detailed examination of Router, Debugging and testing.
File manipulation, Remote access.
Router#
ROM Monitor Mode
Used if the operating system dos not exist in Flash or
the boot sequence was interrupted during startup
> or romon>

Router Modes (Cont..)

Setup Mode
prompted dialog used to establish an initial configuration
RXBoot mode
Boot helper Software which helps the router boot when
it cannot find a valid cisco IOS image in flash memory.
Router <boot>
Global Configuration Mode
Router(config)#
Other Configuration Mode
Router(config - mode) #

Initialising a Router
POST

Enter ROM
Monitor Mode
Load From
ROM

Load IOS
Subset

Run RXBoot
image

Load IOS
subset

Check
conf reg

Read
NVRAM

Load from
TFTP Server

Load from
flash
Load IOS

ROUTER STATUS COMMANDS :

IOS version in DRAM

Router# show version

Programs loaded in DRAM

Router# sh processes CPU

sh protocols

Dynamic Configuration
information

Router# sh running-config

Routing table in DRAM

Router# sh ip route

Processor and I/O

memory usage

Router# sh mem

back-up configuration
file in NVRAM

Router# sh startup-config

ROUTER STATUS COMMANDS (Cont..)

Operating Systems

Router# sh flash

interfaces

Router# sh interfaces

Stack usage of
processes

Router# sh stacks

Password recovery procedure :

Attach a terminal or PC with terminal emulation to the
console port of the router. Use the following terminal
settings:
9600 baud rate
No parity
8 data bits
1 stop bit
No flow control
Type show version and record the setting of the
configuration register; it is usually 0x2102 or 0x102.
Using the power switch, turn off the router and then turn
it back on.

Password recovery (cont..)

Press Break sequence on the terminal keyboard within 60
seconds of the power-up to put the router into ROMMON.
Type confreg 0x2142 at the rommon 1> prompt to boot from
Flash without loading the configuration. Type reset at the
rommon 2> prompt. The router reboots but ignores its saved
configuration. Type no after each setup question or press
Ctrl-C to skip the initial setup procedure
Type enable at the Router> prompt.
You'll be in enable mode and see the Router# prompt.
Type enable secret <password> to change the enable
secret password.

Type config-register 0x2102, or the value you recorded in

show version .
Press Ctrl-z or end to leave the configuration mode.
Type write memory or copy running-config startup-config
to commit the changes.

Break Sequence
Hyperterm Win 2000

Ctrl-Break

Hyperterm Win98/95

Ctrl-F6-Break

Hyperterm Win NT

Break-F5
Shift-F5

Break Sequence(Cont..)
VT100 Emulation

F16

Minicom

Linux

Ctrl-a f

PCPLUS

DOS

Alt-b

Enabling TFTP server on Linux:

Step 1 Log in as root.
Step 2 If are running Linux with " inetd," add or
uncomment the following line in your /etc/inetd.conf file:
tftp dgram udp wait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.tftpd
If you are running Linux with "xinetd," Edit the /etc/xinetd.d/tftp
file as follows:
a. Change the line "disable = yes" to "disable = no."
b. Change the line "user = nobody" to "user = root.
c. If you want to specify a different TFTP directory, replace
"/tftpboot" in the line "server_args = -s /tftpboot" with the name
of your directory.

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Step 3 Enter the following command:

/etc/init.d/xinetd restart

Installing TFTP Server for Windows

Download the TFTP server for any version of Windows from
http://ftp.ren.nic.in/pub/intel/Windows98/tftp or search tftp
at http://ftp.ren.nic.in
The file TFTPServer1-1-980730.exe is a self-extracting
archive. Once the file is stored on your Windows system,
double-click it to start the setup program. Then follow the
prompts that appear to install the server on your system.

FLASH File System:

The Flash file system consists of two Flash devices
on which you can store files:
bootflash: onboard Flash memory
slot0: Flash PC card in the PCMCIA slot
(or flash: Flash memory)
1. Router#show flash
System flash directory: File Length Name/status
1 8407884 c2600-io3s56i-mz.121-6
[8407948 bytes used, 8369268 available, 16777216 total]
16384K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write)

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2. Display a list of deleted files on a Flash device.

Console> (enable) dir deleted
-#- ED --type-- --crc--- -seek-- nlen -length- ---date/time- name
1 .D ffffffff 81a027ca 41bdc 22 7004 Apr 01 1998 15:27:45
5002.config. 4.1.98.cfg
3. Deleting file in flash
Console>(enable) del C7200-js-mz.120-4.bin
4. Formatting flash
Console>(enable) format flash
format slot0

IOS Installation and Upgrade procedure :

Install a TFTP Server
Download the Cisco IOS Software image into your
workstation or PC where TFTP server is running.Store the
IOS image in appropriate directory. C:\tftp incase windows
and /tftpboot in case of Linux.
(You need to satisfy both the DRAM and the Flash
requirements to be able to use the software you choose.
If you do not meet the requirements, you can either add more
Flash or more DRAM in the router, or choose another Cisco
IOS Software release).

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Back up the existing IOS image stored in Flash.

Router#copy flash tftp
Source filename []? C7200-js-mz.120-4.bin
Address or name of remote host []?164.100.9.31
Destination filename [C7200-js-mz.120-4.bin]?
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
3802992 bytes copied in 27.276 secs (140851 bytes/sec)

Copy the new software image from the TFTP server to the
router server using the procedure below:
Router# copy tftp flash
When prompted, enter the IP address of the TFTP server as
Address or name of remote
host [255.255.255.255]? 164.100.21.131
Source file name? c2600-io3s56i-mz.121-6
Destination file name? c2600-io3s56i-mz.121-6
Erase flash device before writing? [confirm] yes/no
Router#reload
*Mar 1 00:30:49.972: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I:
Configured from console by console
System configuration has been modified. Save?
[yes/no]: no Proceed with reload? [confirm] yes

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Common Interface types supported on CISCO routers

Asynchronous serial
Dialer
Ethernet
High-Speed Serial Interface (HSSI)
ISDN Basic Rate Interface (BRI)
ISDN Primary Rate Interface (PRI)
Serial interface (Low Speed)
Synchronous serial

ETHERNET INTERFACE CONFIGURATION :

For example, to configure Ethernet interface 1 with the IP
address 192.168.52.46 using a subnet mask of
255.255.255.0, enter the following commands:
C400# conf t
C4000(config)#interface e1
description "MGMT LAN via Cat5k"
C4000(config-if)#ip address 192.168.52.46 255.255.255.0
C4000(config-if)# no shutdown
C4000(config-if)# cntl Z
C400# wr memory / wr ter
wr memory - changes both startup and running config
wr ter - changes only running config

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SERIAL INTERFACE CONFIGURATION :

The wan link will be connected to the serial interface.
Configure the serial interface as below
Router#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.
End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#interface serial 0
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.1.1.5
255.255.255.252
description VSAT WAN LINK
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#cntl Z
Eouter# wr m

Serial
interface configuration (cont..)
S
encapsulation
Router# conf t
Router(Config)# int serial0
Router(Config-if)# encapsulation ppp / hdlc /sdlc
hdlc - serial hdlc synchronous(cisco)
ppp - point-to-point protocol
sdlc - SDLC
Router(Config-if)# bandwidth <in kilobits>

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Other Vital configurations :

hostname NICnet>
!
no logging console (logging console 3)
no logging monitor (logging monitor 3)
enable secret rgb123
enable password cisco98
!
no ip finger
no ip http server
no ip bootp server
ip domain-name nic.in
ip name-server 164.100.3.1
ip name-server 164.100.10.18

line vty 0 4
password zigma2k
login
!
banner login ^C
*******************************************
This is NIC - HQ New Delhi
*******************************************
^C
banner motd ^C
==========================================
Un-authorised access is prohibited
==========================================
^C

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Static IP Routing :
If dynamic default information is not being passed to the
router, candidates for the default route may be specified with
the ip default-network subcommand. In this usage, ip
default-network takes a nonconnected network as an
argument. If this network appears in the routing table from any
source (dynamic or static), then it is flagged as a candidate
default route and is subject to being chosen as the default
route for the router. Multiple ip default-network commands
may be given. All candidate default routes, both static
(that is, flagged by ip default-network) and dynamic,
appear in the routing table preceded by an asterisk.

In the following example, a static route to network 10.0.0.0 is

defined as the static default route.
ip route 10.0.0.0 131.108.3.4
ip default-network 10.0.0.0
If the following global configuration command was issued on a
router not connected to network 129.140.0.0, then the router
might choose the path to that network as a default route when
the network appeared in the routing table.
ip default-network 129.140.0.0

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Ip default-gateway 164.100.191.166
This specifies default gateway if not routing IP
ip route 10.0.0.0 131.108.3.4 110
ip route 10.0.0.0 131.108.3.8 120
This implies that packets for network 10.0.0.0 will
be routed to the router at 131.108.3.4. if dynamic
information about network 10.0.0.0 is not available.
If you specify an administrative distance, you are
flagging a static route that may be overridden by
dynamic information

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