Pressure Velocity

Coupling

Arvind Deshpande

Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure

Linked Equations

1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.

Patankar and Spalding - Guess and Correct procedure

for calculation of pressure on staggered grid
arrangement
Initial guess for velocity and pressure field.
Convective mass flux per unit area F is evaluated from
guessed velocity components.
Guessed pressure field is used to solve momentum
equations to get velocity components.
Values of velocity components are substituted in
continuity equation to get a pressure correction equation.
Values of pressure and velocity are updated.
The process is iterated until convergence of pressure
and velocity fields.

4/11/2012

Arvind Deshpande(VJTI)

SIMPLE

a v a v P P A b
a u a u P P A b
a v a v P P A b
a u u a u u P P P P A
a v v a v v P P P P A
a u a u P P A
a v a v P P A
aeue anbunb PP PE Ae be
n n

nb nb

*
e e

*
nb nb

*
P

*
E

*
n n

*
nb nb

*
P

*
N

*
e

*
n

nb

nb

*
nb

nb

*
nb

nb

'
e e

'
nb nb

'
P

'
E

'
n n

'
nb nb

'
P

'
N

4/11/2012

Arvind Deshpande(VJTI)

*
P

*
P

*
E

*
N

Omit

u & a v

'
nb nb

'
nb nb

Ae
An
de
& dn
ae
an

P d
u d P P
v d P P
u d P P
v d P P

ue' PP' PE' d e

vn'
ue
vn
uw
vs

'
P

*
e

*
n

'
N

'
P

'
E

'
P

'
N

*
w

*
s

'
W

'
S

'
P

'
P

Aw
As
dw
& ds
aw
as
4/11/2012

Arvind Deshpande(VJTI)

Continuity equation

uA
A u
A v

i 1, J

*
e

*
n

uAi , J vAI , j 1 vAI , j 0

d P

P A v

P P 0

d e PP' PE' w Aw u w* d w PW' PP'

'
P

'
N

*
s

ds

'
S

'
P

dAe dAw dAn dAs PP'

dAe PE' dAw PW' dAn PN' dAs PS'

u A u A v A v A
*

aP P aE P aW P a N P aS P b
'
P

4/11/2012

'
E

'
W

'
N

Arvind Deshpande(VJTI)

'
S

'
P
5

aE dAe

aW dAw
a N dAn
aS dAs

aP aE aW a N aS

bP' u * A w u * A e v* A s v* A n
PP PP* PP'

ue ue* d e PP' PE'

vn vn* d n
4/11/2012

'
P

'
N

Arvind Deshpande(VJTI)

Discussion of Pressure Correction

Equation
1. Omission of a u & a v
'
nb nb

'
nb nb

2. Semi-Implicit
3. Justification of omission
4. Mass source is useful indicator of

convergence
5. Pressure correction equation is intermediate
step to get correct pressure field

4/11/2012

Arvind Deshpande(VJTI)

Under-relaxation
Pressure correction equation is susceptible to divergence unless

some under-relaxation factor is used during iterative process.

p, u, v,are under relaxation factors for pressure, u-velocity and
v-velocity. u and v are corrected values without under relaxation
and un-1 and vn-1 are values at the end of previous iteration.

P new P* p P'
u new u u (1 u )u n 1
v new v v (1 v )v n 1
4/11/2012

Arvind Deshpande(VJTI)

Under-relaxation
A correct choice of these factors is important for cost effective

simulation. Large value of leads to oscillatory behavior or even

divergence and small value cause extremely slow convergence.
There are no general rules for choosing the best value for .
Optimum values depends on nature of the problem, the number
of grid points, grid spacing, and iterative procedures used.
Suitable value of can be found by experience and from
exploratory computations for the given problem.
Suggested values are 0.5 for and 0.8 for p
X-momentum and Y-momentum equations are modified
considering under-relaxation factors instead of applying underrelaxing velocity correction as velocity values are continuity
satisfying.

4/11/2012

Arvind Deshpande(VJTI)

Under-relaxation

*
aeue anbunb
PP* PE* Ae be

ue

*
*
*
a
u

P
nb nb P E Ae be

ae

*
anbunb
PP* PE* Ae be
*
ue u e
ue
ae

*
anbunb
PP* PE* Ae be
*
ue u e u
ue
ae

ae
a *

*
ue anbunb
PP* PE* Ae be (1 ) e u e

an *
vn a v P P An bn (1 ) v e

an

4/11/2012

*
nb nb

*
P

*
N

Arvind Deshpande(VJTI)

10

SIMPLE algorithm
1)
2)

3)

Initial guess P*,u*,v*,*

Solve discretized momentum equations and calculate u*,v*
ae *
1 *
*
ue anbunb
PP* PE* Ae be
aeue

an *
1 *
*
vn anbvnb
PP* PN* An bn
an u n

Solve pressure correction equation and calculate P
aP P'P aW P'W aE P'E aS P'S aN P' N b'P

4)

Correct Pressure and velocities

PP PP* P PP'

ue u *e d e PP' PE'
vn vn* d n
4/11/2012

Arvind Deshpande(VJTI)

'

'

11

SIMPLE algorithm
5) Solve all other discretized transport equations
aPP aW W aEE aSS aNN b
6) Check for convergence. If converged, stop. Otherwise set

P* P, u* u, v* v, *
7) Goto step 2

4/11/2012

Arvind Deshpande(VJTI)

12

SIMPLER (SIMPLE Revised) Patankar

Discretised continuity equation is used to

derive discretised equation for pressure,

instead of pressure correction equation as in
simple.
Pressure field is obtained without correction.
Velocities are obtained through velocity
corrections as in SIMPLE.

4/11/2012

Arvind Deshpande(VJTI)

13

SIMPLER Algorithm
ue

vn

^
e

^
n

u
v

u be

nb nb

ae
v bn

nb nb

an

4/11/2012

An
PP PN
an

v be

nb nb

ae
v bn

nb nb

an

A P

ue ue^ d e PP PE
vn vn^

Ae

PP PE
ae

PN

Arvind Deshpande(VJTI)

14

Continuity equation

uAe uAw vAn vAs 0

A u
A v
e

P A v

P P 0

d e PP PE w Aw u w d w PW PP

^
n

dn

^
s

ds

dAe dAw dAn dAs PP

dAe PE dAw PW dAn PN dAs PS

u A u A v A v A
^

aP PP aW PW aE PE a N PN aS PS bP
4/11/2012

Arvind Deshpande(VJTI)

15

SIMPLER Algorithm
aE dAe

aW dAw
a N dAn
aS dAs

aP aE aW a N aS

d P P
d P P

bI , J u ^ A w u ^ A e v ^ A s v ^ A n
ue ue*
vn vn*
4/11/2012

'
p

'
E

'
P

'
N

Arvind Deshpande(VJTI)

16

SIMPLER algorithm
1)

Initial guess P*,u*,v*,*

2)

Calculate pseudo velocities u^, v^

ue^
vn^

3)

u be

nb nb

ae

v be

nb nb

an

Solve pressure equation and calculate Pressure at all points.

aP PP aW PW aE PE aS PS aN PN bP
4)

Set new value of P.

P PP
*
P

4/11/2012

Arvind Deshpande(VJTI)

17

SIMPLER algorithm
5)

Solve discretized momentum equations and calculate u*,v*

P A

*
aeue* anbunb
PP* PE* Ae be
*
an vn* anbvnb

*
P

*
N

bn

6)

Solve pressure correction equation and calculate P

aP P'P aW P'W aE P'E aS P'S aN P' N b'P

7)

Correct velocities

ue ue* d e PP' PE'

vn vn* d n
4/11/2012

'
P

'
N

Arvind Deshpande(VJTI)

18

SIMPLER algorithm
8) Solve all other discretized transport equations
aPP aW W aEE aSS aNN b
9) Check for convergence. If converged, stop. Otherwise set

P* P, u* u, v* v, *
10) Goto step 2

4/11/2012

Arvind Deshpande(VJTI)

19

SIMPLEC (SIMPLE Consistent)

Algorithm
Van Doormal and

Raithby
Momentum
equations
are manipulated so that
velocity
correction
equations omit terms
that are less significant
than those omitted in
SIMPLE.

4/11/2012

Arvind Deshpande(VJTI)

ue' d e PP' PE'

de

Ae

ae anb

vn' d n PP' PN'

dn

An

an anb

20

PISO (Pressure Implicit with Spliting

of Operators) - Issa
Developed originally for non-iterative computation of

unsteady compressible flows.

Adapted for iterative solution of steady state
problems.
Involves one predictor and two corrector steps.
Pressure correction equation is solved twice.
Though the method implies considerable increase in
computational efforts it has found to be efficient and
fast.
Extension of SIMPLE with a further correction step to
enhance it.

4/11/2012

Arvind Deshpande(VJTI)

21

PISO
P P P'
**

u ** u * u '
v v v'
**

ue** ue* d e PP' PE'

v v dn
**
n

4/11/2012

*
n

'
P

'
N

Arvind Deshpande(VJTI)

22

PISO

a v a v P P A b
a u a u P P A b
a v a v P P A b
a u u a u u P P P
a v v a v v P P P
a u u

u u
d P P
*
aeue** anbunb
PP** PE** Ae be
**
n n

**
P

**
N

***
e e

**
nb nb

***
P

***
E

***
n n

**
nb nb

***
P

***
N

***
e

**
e

***
n

**
n

***
e

*
nb nb

***
n

**
e

4/11/2012

**
n

nb

**
nb

nb

**
nb

**
nb

nb

*
nb

*
nb

**
*
a
v

v
nb nb nb

**
P

***
P

*
nb

ae

an

***
P

''
P

d P
n

''
P

**
P

***
E

***
N

PE** Ae
PN**

''
E

PN''

Arvind Deshpande(VJTI)

23

PISO
aP PP'' aE PE'' aW PW'' a N PN'' aS PS'' bP''
aE dAe

aW dAw
a N dAn
aS dAs

aP aE aW a N aS
A

A
**
*
**
*
a
u

a
u

a nb nb nb a nb nb nb

e
''

bP
A

A
**
*
**
*
anb vnb vnb
anb vnb vnb

a n
a s

4/11/2012

Arvind Deshpande(VJTI)

24

PISO algorithm
1)

Initial guess P*,u*,v*,*

2)

Solve discretized momentum equations and calculate u*,v*

P A

*
aeue* anbunb
PP* PE* Ae be
*
an vn* anbvnb

*
P

*
N

bn

3)

Solve pressure correction equation and calculate P

aP P'P aW P'W aE P'E aS P'S aN P' N b'P

4)

Correct Pressure and velocities

PP** PP* PP'

d P

ue** ue* d e PP' PE'

vn** vn*
4/11/2012

'
P

'
N

Arvind Deshpande(VJTI)

25

PISO algorithm
5) Solve second pressure correction equation and calculate P
aP P' 'P aW P' 'W aE P' 'E aS P' 'S aN P' ' N b' 'P

6)

Correct Pressure and velocities again.

PP*** PP* PP' PP''

u
v

***
e

***
n

u de P P
*
e

'
P

'
E

v d e P PN
*
n

'
P

'

d P

PE''

d P

PN''

**
*
a
u

u
nb nb nb

ae

a v

nb

**
nb

an

*
vnb

''
P

''
P

7) Set P = P***, u = u***, v = v***

4/11/2012

Arvind Deshpande(VJTI)

26

PISO algorithm
8) Solve all other discretized transport equations
aI , J 'I , J aI 1, J 'I 1, J aI 1, J 'I 1, J aI , J 1 'I , J 1 aI , J 1 'I , J 1 b'I , J
9) Check for convergence. If converged, stop. Otherwise set

P* P, u* u, v* v, *
10) Goto step 2

4/11/2012

Arvind Deshpande(VJTI)

27

General Comments
Performance of each algorithm depends on flow conditions, the

degree of coupling between the momentum equation and scalar

equations, amount of under relaxation and sometimes even on the
details of the numerical techniques used for solving the algebraic
equations.
SIMPLE algorithm is straightforward and has been successfully
implemented in numerous CFD procedures.
In SIMPLE, pressure correction P is satisfactory for correcting
velocities, but not so good for correcting pressure.
SIMPLER uses pressure correction for calculating velocity
correction only. A separate pressure equation is solved to calculate
the pressure field.
Since no terms are omitted to derive the discretised pressure
equation in SIMPLER, the resulting pressure field corresponds to
velocity field.
The method is effective in calculating the pressure field correctly.
This has significant advantages when solving the momentum
equations.

4/11/2012

Arvind Deshpande(VJTI)

28

General Comments
Although calculations are more in SIMPLER, convergence is

faster and effectively computer time reduces.

SIMPLEC and PISO have proved to be as efficient as SIMPLER
in certain types of flows.
When momentum equations are not coupled to a scalar
variable, PISO algorithm showed robust convergence and
required less computational efforts than SIMPLER and
SIMPLEC.
When scalar variables were closely linked to velocities, PISO
had no significant advantage over other methods.
Iterative methods using SIMPLER and SIMPLEC have robust
convergence behavior in strongly coupled problems. It is still
unclear which of the SIMPLE variant is the best for general
purpose computation.

4/11/2012

Arvind Deshpande(VJTI)

29