Innovation Incubator
Innovation Incubator
Katarína Mathernová
Françoise Le Bail
Deputy Director General
Deputy Director General
DG Regional Policy
DG Enterprise and Industry
The guide was prepared by the EBN team, Mr. Giordano Dichter (Quality &
Page | 2
Table of Figures
Figure 1: the incubation process ............................................................................................................. 6
Figure 2: IBIs, where entrepreneurship meets innovation ..................................................................... 8
Figure 3: breakdown of project typology within the Business Innovation Centres (source EBN quality
system) .................................................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 4: Vision, Mission, Goals of an IBI .............................................................................................. 11
Figure 5: the pre‐conditions for setting up an IBI ................................................................................. 13
Figure 6: factors influencing the positioning of an IBI .......................................................................... 14
Figure 7: Incubators within Science and Technology Parks (Source: IASP) ........................................... 15
Figure 8: public support to the regional systems for innovation .......................................................... 15
Figure 9: main issues concerning the set‐up of an IBI ........................................................................... 16
Figure 10: the legal status within the EBN network (source: EBN quality system) ............................... 17
Figure 11: target beneficiaries and end‐users of an IBI ........................................................................ 18
Figure 12: key qualifications within the EBN network (Source: EBN Quality system) .......................... 19
Figure 13: the pre‐incubation stage ...................................................................................................... 19
Figure 14: the incubation stage ............................................................................................................. 20
Figure 15: some numbers on physical incubation in Europe (source: EBN Quality system) ................. 21
Figure 16: breakdown of access to finance services offered in Europe by the BICs (Source: EBN Quality
system) .................................................................................................................................................. 22
Figure 17: main services for SMEs offered by an IBI ............................................................................. 23
Figure 18: tools to ease the incubation process ................................................................................... 23
Figure 19: services most often provided in the UK IBIs (Source: UKBI) ................................................ 24
Figure 20: issues to consider when planning the internal organization of an IBI ................................. 24
Figure 21: the needed infrastructure .................................................................................................... 25
Figure 22: the human resources ........................................................................................................... 26
Figure 23: the size of the BICs networked by EBN (Source: EBN Quality system) ................................ 27
Figure 24: main sources of income of an IBI ......................................................................................... 27
Figure 25: main categories of expenses of an IBI .................................................................................. 28
Figure 26: examples of national networks of IBIs ................................................................................. 31
Figure 27: example of special‐purpose networks for IBIs ..................................................................... 32
Figure 28: SMART Indicators ................................................................................................................. 35
Figure 29: some indicators associated to the incubation process ........................................................ 36
Page | 3
1. To start with, a few questions… and their answers.
Innovation‐based incubation is not the most recent subject in Europe per‐se. it is over a quarter of a
century that the European Commission has triggered the phenomena through the establishment of
policies and actions aimed at boosting innovation within Europe as a method to support regional
development practices and SME competitiveness. Indeed it was over 25 year ago that DG‐Regio
launched the concept of the “European Commission Business and Innovation Centres” (EC‐BIC). This
was later on taken on board by DG Enterprise and Industry which developed a quality system to
manage the EC‐BIC Label. Over 150 fully certified BICs are now working in EU27 on more than 200
sites, networked and supported by EBN (the European BIC Network), an NGO based in Brussels,
created 25 years go at the initiative of the EC, as well! Many other non‐EC‐led experiences have
sprung around Europe, and innovation‐based incubators are now a reality all over the world. After
over 25 years of practices and policies lessons have been learned on the concept of innovation‐based
incubation and more specifically on the concept of innovation‐based incubators (IBI). It is nowadays
possible to understand what are the key elements of their success, what to take into consideration
when a region, or a local territory, is thinking to resort to this tool to strengthen and carry out
policies for innovation and SME support, and, mostly, what to do and what not to do when
positioning, engineering and organizing an IBI. Hence, the aim of the Smart Guide is to provide the
local stakeholders of a region including the Managing Authorities of Cohesion Policy Funds an insight
on the scopes of IBIs and on the paths and steps needed to set up successful ones. This Smart Guide
is addressed to them. It is composed of two parts, the first one highlighting the conditions to meet,
the actors to gather, the services to develop, the costs to face and the targets to measure, ²to create
successful IBIs, the second one describing study cases which have been analyzed in Europe and
beyond1.
Probably there are as many definitions of innovation as the number of innovation‐practitioners on
the field, so when assessing what innovation is, it is advisable to use the widest definition possible.
Whereas it can be stated that “To innovate is the application of something new for a specific use”.
Whoever will use the innovation will therefore perceive an added value in its introduction, added
value which may be measured in many ways, not only in financial terms. This leads to the following
definition of innovation:
“Innovation is a change that creates and/or adds value, and provides a competitive advantage HERE
and NOW”
1
To view the study cases please refer to the following URL:
http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docoffic/working/sf2000_en.htm
Page | 4
To innovate implies a very sharp understanding of the reality, and a high degree of creativity.
Understanding how things work, how they can be improved and what is actually missing (yet non‐
existing). Applying creativity and imagination to create, scout and find novelties which users would
perceive as having an added value, therefore providing a wider, if not completely new, market for
them, and therefore highlighting the existing links among innovation and entrepreneurs.
Already in 1934 the Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter, the first economist to address the
importance of innovation within the economic cycles, considered entrepreneurship with a specific
emphasis on innovation. In his view, still valid today, innovation deals with:
• new products,
• new production methods,
• new markets,
• new forms of organization
Moreover innovation and entrepreneurship are profoundly embedded in their territorial realities,
which in the EU27, differ enormously not only in terms of economic sectors, but also in terms of their
history, their cultures, their traditions and their political background. Therefore, while the basic
concepts of entrepreneurship, innovation and incubation and the associated terminology must be
commonly accepted and shared, when putting into practice actions towards the creation of new IBIs,
the different realities and situations must be taken into account since different worlds will have
different needs and therefore different answers to satisfy them.
Incubation is a process which tends to be activated whenever there is a need to support
entrepreneurs in developing their own business. The concept of innovation is not yet being
considered as innovation and entrepreneurship are two separate phenomena, albeit intertwined to a
great extent. The same definitions of entrepreneur vary within a range where at one extreme an
entrepreneur is “anyone who is self‐employed or in business”, and at the other an entrepreneur is “a
person who pioneers change”.
The process, or parts of it, is put in place whenever there is a need of nurturing would‐be
entrepreneurs to think over and further develop the business idea and transforming it into a viable
and sustainable activity.
There are three stages of incubation:
Pre‐incubation relates to the overall activities needed to support the potential entrepreneur in
developing his business idea, business model and business plan, to boost the chances to arrive to an
effective start‐up creation. It usually implies a first assessment of the idea, training, and direct one‐
to‐one assistance necessary to put the client in the conditions to write a fully complete business plan.
University‐affiliated incubators are usually pre‐incubators.
Page | 5
Incubation concerns the support given to the entrepreneur from the start‐up to the expansion
phase. Typically this is a mid‐term process, lasting usually for the first three years of activity of the
newly established company, which are the years in which it is safe to say whether the new venture is
successful and has a good chance to develop into a fully mature company. The actions activated
generally are access to finance, direct coaching and mentoring services, as well as hosting services
and specific training. Therefore physical incubation, although a very important service, is a subset of
the overall incubation process.
Post‐incubation, relates to the activities to be carried out when the company has reached the
maturity phase, and therefore is ready to walk on its own feet. It is the time when, If it has been
physically incubated, the company will leave the incubator. Various services might still be needed by
the SME for example to increment its sales or improve its productive processes, such as
internationalization services or innovation introduction through scouting and detection activities.
Incubators positioned as “post incubators” sometime rename themselves as “accelerators”.
Figure 1: the incubation process
An incubator is a place where the incubation activities are carried out, and where the would‐be
entrepreneurs and the existing SMEs find a suitable place, in terms of facilities and expertise, to
address their needs and develop their business ideas, and transform them into sustainable realities.
An incubator may still be an incubator even if it doesn’t provide physical incubation services, and
concentrates on virtual incubation2.
2
Virtual incubation: this terminology applies to “incubators without walls” and to e‐platforms of online services
deployed by incubators with physical premises.
Page | 6
Typologies of incubators:
Pre‐incubators typically offer the services related to the pre‐incubation phase of incubation. They
offer the expertise (coaching and direct advice) and the facilities (minimum a workstation) to support
potential entrepreneurs in the development of their business ideas and in the elaboration of the
business plan.
Academic incubators are based in universities and research centres and provide support to those
business ideas which either are elaborated by students or are spin‐offs of R&D activities.
General purpose incubators provide all the set of services from the pre to the post incubation phase
and provide the support to all those who have a feasible idea notwithstanding the provenance and
the economic sector involved.
Sector‐specific incubators provide all the set of services from the pre to the post incubation phase
and provide the support to all those who have a feasible idea within a specific economic sector (e.g.
environment, agro‐food, chemicals, etc.), which is the expression of the real endogenous potential of
the territory where the incubator is located. According to the specificities of the sector, these may
require specific infrastructure to meet the needs of the client companies.
The Esinet Network, bringing together IBIs active in Space & Sat technologies
ESINET was launched in 2002 with the main objective to create an interactive community of start-
ups, spin-off, entrepreneurs and early stage ventures sharing common interest for innovative Space
& Sat technologies, systems and applications.
ESINET has become the platform of successful space and satellite tech transfer applications that
leads to company creation and acceleration, anchored on a limited number of flagship Innovation
and Incubation Centres: the ESA-BICs, which are located in ESA sites (Noordwijk, Frascati-Rome,
Darmstadt, Redu-Wallonia, Vila Franca-Madrid) or ESA associated sites (Oberpfaffenhofen, Toulouse,
Harwell, etc), and EBN Incubation Centres (Bordeaux, Barcelona, Liège, Stevenage, Nottingham,
Burgos, Trieste, Sofia, Luxembourg, Caen, and others).
Moreover, ESINET brings together a community of SMEs and large corporate from both the space
sector and non-space sectors, major regional stakeholders and established entrepreneurs, all
supported by ESA and EBN on their road to success.
http://www.esinet.eu/
Enterprise hotels, while providing business services to the supported entrepreneurs, concentrate
their effort mainly in physical incubation activities and are a common reality in large metropolitan
areas, where production and office space represent an impeding factor.
Page | 7
1.5 What is an innovation-based incubator (IBI)?
An IBI is a business development center for new entrepreneurs and SMEs that intend to develop
innovative ideas
There is a subset where the domains of entrepreneurship and of innovation find a common ground,
where ideas are both innovative and profitable, which can be translated in sound businesses
addressing specific markets. If entrepreneurship can exist without innovation, the inverse cannot be
stated. An innovation requires entrepreneurship to finally exploit the added value the innovation
generates.
In this case the entrepreneur can be seen as the “agent” of change… the person who can create
value from an innovative idea in a context of change and uncertainty and the market is the trigger
for it to happen.
Figure 2: IBIs, where entrepreneurship meets innovation
Innovation‐based incubators work in the intersection between the sets of innovation and
entrepreneurship supporting entrepreneurs to profit from the added value of innovative ideas.
Page | 8
Demand‐pull innovation
• originates from the intention to satisfy the needs expressed by the market
• generates incremental innovation
• usually fits into already existing markets and their evolvements
Technology‐push innovation
• originates for R&D activities and from competitive advantages provided by
new technologies
• generates more radical innovations
• generates new markets
Innovation‐based incubators support innovative business projects which could be either
technologically‐oriented or non‐technologically oriented. Technology therefore is not the only unit
on which to measure the degree of innovation of a business idea.
Technological innovation ‐
oriented
Non‐technological innovation ‐ 2006
oriented
2007
2008
Other
Figure 3: breakdown of project typology within the Business Innovation Centres (source
EBN quality system)
Innovation can be found indeed in technology, but also in downstream applications (of a generic
technology), in advanced and in knowledge‐intensive services, in business models, in marketing and
customer‐led processes, in design, in standards, in organization and management,…
Page | 9
The EC-Business and Innovation Centres (EC-BICs)
BICs are support organizations for innovative small and medium
sized businesses (SMEs) and entrepreneurs.
Today there are more than 150 BICs networked by the European BIC
Network, the major network in Europe dedicated to innovation-based
incubators, covering more than 200 operational sites.
Page | 10
2. Se
etting up
p an Inno
ovation-b
based incubator
2.1 Th
he Mission
n statemen
nt and the
e strategic goals.
Innovation‐based incubators aree local economic develo opment tools, which favvoring the co onditions
for the creation
c d growth of novel busineess activitiess, contributee actively to the develop
and pment of
the regions where they operatte. In this sense IBIs also have a mission
m of ““public interrest” and
thereforre need to bee counted ass an actor, among otherss, which can influence reegional development.
An actorr who targetts a very specific domaiin of regionaal developm
ment and verry specific end‐users,
ultimatee beneficiariees of its actions being th he entrepren neurs with in nnovative bu usiness ideass and the
innovativve SMEs of tthe region.
V
Vision
••How do you dream the innovvation and entrepreneurial sysstems will be in n the mid‐term??
• How will you position the territory in the reegional and global market?
M
Mission
••supporting entrepreneurs an nd existing SMEs within the inn
novation fields
•
•Identifying, ex
xploring and developing regionnal competitiveeness
• contributing tto overall regional development and to an incclusive society
S
Strategic Goals
• Engineer and deliver services to the regionaal entrepreneurial communityy and to the pub
blic
authorities to accomplish thee mission and to
o realize the vission
• Create innovaative and sustaiinable start‐up companies
•
•Create high ad dded‐value and sustainable jobbs
• Stimulating loocal entrepreneeurship
• Develop innovvation in existin
ng SMEs
• Wealth creation
Figure 4: Vision, Mission, G
Goals of an IBI
IBIs therrefore must concentratee on fosteriing the creaation of new
w innovative enterprisess and/or
developiing innovatioon in existingg SMEs.
Page | 11
P
After this general overview, the IBI needs to go a step ahead, and take into account the specificities
of the region, in particular:
• identifying those economic sectors which hold a strategic position as being those with sound
innovation potential;
• identifying the network with which it will work to accomplish its mission, especially if the
region is active in R&D.
An IBI will hardly accomplish its mission if it doesn’t cooperate with the other actors in the region
involved in local development actions.
Strategic goals are even more closely related to the specificities of the regions in which an IBI
operates because they will be directly linked to the definition of the services and actions it will
undertake in the area it serves. They define clearly the direction that the actions of the IBI will follow,
as well as the quali‐quantitative objectives they should reach in the mid‐term
Given the mission statement, which should have already identified the areas of competitive
advantage, setting up strategic goals means mainly to have a vision of the future of the region in the
mid‐term and to quantify realistic and feasible quali‐quantitative objectives, and therefore being able
to identify the relevant actions and services that an IBI should put in place.
Before setting up an innovation‐based Incubator it is necessary to analyze the region and verify the
existence of some preconditions which, if absent, would impede its success.
• The potential for endogenous regional development – an innovation‐based incubator will work
supporting local entrepreneurs to develop sustainable businesses in those sectors where there is
a competitive advantage and where innovation is an essential ingredient.
• The existence of a specific local and global market demand – an innovation‐based incubator
should be set up where there is a request, although maybe not yet expressed, of incubation
services. It might be necessary to make the demand emerge through proper communication and
networking activities before the actual start‐up of the incubator, but a proper market research
must be undertaken in order to understand whether there is a need for such a specific
instrument or if it is better to start with other forms of business support organizations.
• A real need to cover gap(s) in the service supply chain – an innovation‐based incubator, as any
“public‐interest” service provider should be set up when real added value will be delivered in the
region. This means that among all the other business service providers there is none which is
tackling innovation, or that, if there is, the services delivered are different, or are directed to
entrepreneurs in different sectors, hence the new incubator will not be duplicating already
existing efforts.
Page | 12
P
Potential for
eendogenous
regional
development
b
based
incu
ubatorss
Necessity to
Exxistence of a
fill gap(s) in
market
the service
demand
supply chain
Figurre 5: the pre‐co
onditions for se
etting up an IBI
ositioning an IBI
2.3 Po
Positioning an IBI deepends on many factors, from the dirrections giveen from the n national andd regional
uthorities to
public au o the expectaations of thee local stakeh
holders, from
m the specificities of the needs of
the entrepreneurs to o the partnerships involvved.
Page | 13
P
T
The regional
aand national
policies for
innovation
Thee pre‐
The regional
existing
economic
m(s) for
system
environmentt
Positionin
ng innovation
of the IBI
Thee needs and TThe key actors
typ
pology of the and the
enttrepreneurs partnerships
f
for innovation
Figu
ure 6: factors in
nfluencing the p
positioning of aan IBI
• Chambers off Commerce and Industryy
C
• Regional/Loccal Developmment Agenciees
• S
Science and Technology Parks / Tech
hnopoles
• Municipalitiees/Urban communities
• National/Go overnmental agencies forr SME and innovation sup
pport
• NGOs
• ME associatio
Industrial/SM ons
Page | 14
P
Furtherm
more the IB BI could be directly ho
osted within one of thee aforementtioned organizations
(generally Chamberrs of Commerce and Industry, Science an nd Technoloogy Parks, Regional
Development Agenccies, local collectivities
c s or Industrrial and SM ons), as a separate
ME associatio
“businesss unit” or deepartment.
10.0
00% 12.00% N..A.
8.00% STTP managed in
ncubator
Independently managed
incubator
Figure 7: Incub
bators within SScience and Tecchnology Parkss (Source: IASP))
The regiional and naational policiies for innovvation – as an IBI needs tto “fit” in thee regional in
nnovation
within the national and regional straategies for in
system, it needs to ““fit” as well w nnovation. In
nnovative
incubatioon processess should be part of the ccurrent, or fuuture, strateggies which p politicians envisage to
use in th
he effort to ccreate new iinnovative co ompanies, new stable jo obs and enhaanced added d‐value in
the regioon. The polittical expresssion of the teerritory musst endorse itts activities aand acknowledge the
IBI as an actor within
n the system, supportingg its activitiess also througgh financial eefforts.
Public ssupport to the rregional system
ms for innovatio
on
Establishment
of fundinng Puushing
opportunitties collaaborative
Devvelopment of
for the end‐ clustter‐based
Intervvening in Direct fin
nancial acctions to be
Infrastructure users of the IBI's sectoor‐specific
the regulatory support tto the im
mplemented
development services (ee.g. platfo
orms (poles
sysstem IBI (subssidies) with/through
grants, seeed of
the IBI
capital, compeetitiveness
guaranteee and in nnovation)
funds)
Figure 8: public supportt to the regiona
al systems for innovation
Page | 15
P
The reggional econo omic environ nment – IBIs should cooncentrate on developing the end dogenous
potentiaal of the reggion in orderr to create companies
c with
w higher chances
c of ssuccess. So the
t main
issue is w
whether thee IBI should be a generaal‐purpose or a sector‐baased incubattor, basing tthe latter
choice oon the econo omic sectors in which cleearly the region holds competitive ad dvantages an nd where
innovativve enterprises could be competitive in a globalizzed world. Furthermore it is fundam mental for
the IBI to
o be close to o the entreprreneurial com mmunity andd fully accesssible.
2.4 Engineering
g the IBI
Taken in
nto considerration the afforemention
ned factors, the proper positioning of the IBI should be
identified, and thereefore the various aspectss of its develo
opment musst be engineeered.
Typology of IBI
Action
ns to be
Legal sstatus
implem
mented
Factors
influencing
the
Services to be positioning Physical
delivered location
Target
P
Partnership
beneficiariees
aagreements
and end‐users
Figu
ure 9: main issu
ues concerning the set‐up of aan IBI
Page | 16
P
Legal status – an IBI could take the form of a private body, a public body, a public‐equivalent body,
or a mix public‐private organization. It could be incorporated as an equity‐based company or not, but
is generally operating on a not‐for‐profit mode. The main factors influencing the decision are the
activated partnership and the concrete involvement of the private and the public sectors. Another
concern is whether the innovation‐based incubator should be placed within an existing organization
(in this case it becomes a new department or unit of a bigger hosting body), or if a new organization
must be created.
Public body
14% 12%
Public equivalent
body
Private body
35% 39%
Mix public ‐ Private
Figure 10: the legal status within the EBN network (source: EBN quality system)
Physical location – the main question to respond to is where is it most convenient to install the
innovative enterprise development unit, which will activate the incubation process. The main factors
influencing the decision should be:
• The regional economic context – if regional economic sectors with competitive advantages
are also physically located in a specific area, the incubation services should be placed near
the area (e.g. an industrial district or a specific cluster). On the other extreme there might be
the need to establish more than one center in the territory to ensure the appropriate
proximity to the entrepreneurial community.
• The needs of the entrepreneurs – specific needs may call for specific organization within the
local environment.
• The pre‐existing system for innovation and the local partnership – these factors should be
considered since there is the need to not duplicate already existing services and to use the
resources that the partnership can activate in favor of the IBI.
Partnership agreements ‐ these should be prepared and signed with all the local actors with which
the IBI will interact in the delivery of the incubation process, making sure that it is clear who is doing
what, and how this is undertaken. This will vary according to the activated partnership for
innovation. It may be the case that specific partners can act as decentralized front offices of the IBI,
or that they can specialize on specific high quality services (e.g. internationalization services can be
offered by the chambers of commerce to the entrepreneurs and the client companies of an IBI
through the formal acceptance of a special agreement).
Page | 17
Target beneficiaries
b s and end‐ussers – who is mainly to benefit from the action
ns of an IBI must be
clearly id
dentified. Th he specificitiees of the reggional economic and sociial context w will help to cllarify this
he first distiinction to bee made is among the potential
point. Th p neww entreprenneurs of the territory
and/or tthe existing SSMEs of the region, since this decisio on could heaavily influencce the set off services
to be deployed. Then n further distinction can be made acccording to:
• The economic environ nment (leading sectors of the locaal economyy), and its industrial
i
characteristtics.
• The social eenvironmentt (the presen nce of vulneerable groups who may need specific actions
to be includded through entrepreneurship). Som me incubatorrs have posittioned themselves as
specialists in women in ncubation, arrtists’ incubaations, social inclusion in ncubation, immmigrant
incubationss, etc.
• The origin of the would‐be entrepreneur (e.g. from a univversity or a R&D institu
ution, the
academic world
w more in general, or spontane
eously‐driven n entrepreneurs with in nnovative
ideas and the will too make theem profitable), or even n coming o out of induustries in
reconversioon/restructurration.
T
Target ben
neficiariess and end
d‐users off an IBI's actions and servicces
Neew entrep
preneurs SMEs Pub
blic sectorr
The overrall existing com
mmunity of
The overall activee population S
SMEs, defined a as:
with an entrepreneeurial spirit, or
those defined by: ‐ innovattive (already ussing Locaal and regional
innovatioon but needingg support administrrations which need
‐ the economic conttext for various purposes (i.e e. support in rendering conccrete
‐ the social context commerccialization or their develo
opment strateggies by
‐ the origin internationalization) pushing innovative actio ons
novative (for the
‐ non‐inn
introduction of innovations)
Figurre 11: target be
eneficiaries and
d end‐users of aan IBI
Services to be deliveered and keyy qualificatio
ons – the deffinition of th
he services, aand therefore
e the key
qualificaations an IBI must hold, d
depends on tthe needs off the entreprreneurial com mmunity, onn the pre‐
existing innovation ssystem and oon the activaated partnerrship. As alreeady stated the services must be
expression of the real territorial needs and need to fit in
nto the inno ovation support system. Partners,
Page | 18
P
on the o
other hand, may have kn nowledge, competencies and resources that could enable the IBI to
t
concentrrate on otheer specific keyy qualificatio
ons which ne
eed to be devveloped with
hin the regio
on.
Key qua
alifications
s - Area off expertise
e 2008
Legal ad
dvice to enterprise creatiion / comme
ercial contrac
cts / Intellec
ctual Properrty Rights 53%
(IPR)
ancing / Seed capital and
SME fina d venture capital / Grow
wth financing
g 41%
Figurre 12: key qualifications withiin the EBN netw
work (Source: EEBN Quality sysstem)
training
•d
defining the
•on managerial b
business idea • completion of
•initally aassess the issues •d
defining the Innoovation the BP withh the
valildity of the •on more b
business model asseessment financial
idea specialized ttopics forecasts
• through internal
(i.e. IP rightss,
compeetencies Businesss Plan
legal and Orientation
first administration) • through an
nal
extern
appo ointment comm mittee
Figure 13: the pre‐incuba
ation stage
Subsequ n space, typiccally a worksstation with the main
uently the inccubator coulld offer a pree‐incubation
facilities (printing, in
nternet conn
nectivity, etc.), and should offer a series of appoointments to help the
Page | 19
P
entrepreeneur in bettter definingg their business idea up to the full elaboration
e of the busin
ness plan
coveringg all the aspeects needed tto understan nd the full feasibility of th he project id
dea.
There may be the neeed to underrtake trainingg activities, m
mainly on maanagerial top
pics, since th
he would‐
be entreepreneurs do
o not always have a businness educatio on background.
The incu
ubation stagee goes from the start‐up p creation, thhrough the eexpansion ph hase, up to tthe initial
maturityy of the comp delicate phasse in which tthe entrepreeneur will undertake the activities
pany. It is a d
needed to realize th
he business p plan, and thee services deelivered by aan IBI will diiffer accordin
ng to the
phase in which the nnew company is positioneed within the e terms idenntified by thee business plan itself.
• Access to ffinance Early‐staage
• Legal and
administrattive support • Definition of the exit
• Physical in
ncubation strategy
• Intellectuaal Property • Fun
nd raising
rights • Mentoring and coacching
• Nettworking
•Techhnology transfer Exp
pansion
SStart‐up
C
Creation
Figure 1
14: the incubatiion stage
IBIs are ffrequently assked to provvide, among others, the ffollowing serrvices:
Legal annd administrrative suppo ort – it referss to the supp
port needed to go througgh the admin nistrative
steps to
o legally form the company. In this sphere, the IBI, but also any non innovatio
on‐based
Page | 20
P
incubator, as well as any business support organization, could propose the public authorities to
intervene in the governance sphere, simplifying the processes which in some locations could be quite
cumbersome.
Physical incubation – physically hosting the new companies is usually regarded as one of the most
important service an IBI can provide, although it must be stressed how this is not coinciding with the
overall incubation process, but it is rather associated to the level of a service, albeit usually perceived
as having a high added‐value. Physical incubation is the provision of fully equipped office spaces and
production spaces with the provision of other services, facilities and utilities, which are provided to
the hosted companies who share them, thereby cutting the associated costs (i.e. secretarial costs,
meeting rooms, printing devices, etc.).
Figure 15: some numbers on physical incubation in Europe (source: EBN Quality system)
Intellectual Property rights – particularly fundamental in innovation‐based incubators, since it mainly
applies for the patenting of innovative products and services, the support on IP issues is also
necessary for non innovative companies, if they intend to enter an existing market with products
which may be already covered by patents.
Technology transfer – together with the intellectual property rights service, technology transfer falls
in the sphere of the services for innovation, when specific new technologies need enter in the
productive processes of start‐ups and of existing SMEs as well.
The early‐stage phase starts once the company has been established and makes the first attempts to
enter the market, and ends when the company has reached maturity and is ready to walk on its own
feet.
In this phase IBIs are frequently asked to provide, among others, the following services:
Access to funding – the need for investments might not be satisfied with early‐stage funding, and
other opportunities must be provided to the entrepreneurs, such as facilitating the encounters with
venture capitalists, through investment readiness services and mentoring.
Page | 21
Supply of financing from own resources
Contacts with informal investors/Business Angels
Entry to venture capital after the seed phase
Entry to seed capital providers
Entry to normal bank loans
Mentoring and coaching – a very fundamental service which should constantly be delivered by the
IBI. A business expert should always be present in the IBI and available for answering to the matters
daily brought forward by the assisted companies. It might be a good idea to enforce monthly
meetings to assess the improvements of the SME’s in their path towards maturity.
Networking and clustering– the companies can benefit immensely from networking opportunities
that can come from, for example, enacting commercialization services and business to business
meetings, as well as from the support deriving in facilitating the entrance to the targeted markets.
Providing access to clusters, or even animating/hosting clusters, is becoming a new profession for
IBIs.
The assisted company will reach the expansion phase when it is deemed to be able to stand on its
own feet and has reached a point where it has gained enough strength to exit the incubation
process. To support the successful cases, an IBI should have in place exit strategies support services
to ease the separation from the IBI and the full integration within the markets.
From now on the company can benefit from the services dedicated by an IBI to the existing SMEs of
the region.
Page | 22
2.5.3 Services fo
or existing SMEs
S
It might be the role o
of an IBI, and
d this sometimes can be preponderaant, to suppo
ort the region
nal tissue
of SMEs through servvices meant to increase within them the degree of innovation.
S
SME diagnostic
cs
••innovation gapps
•
•innovative stre
engths
S
SME Training
••IP Rights
•
•technology tra
ansfer
•
•etc.
S
Specific consult
tancies
• marketing
• internationalization
• innovative pro
ocesses
•
•etc.
I
Including SMEs in specific projjects
••clustering
•
•internationaliz
zation
•
•enterprise tak
ke over
•
•technology traansfer
Figu
ure 17: main se
ervices for SMEEs offered by an
n IBI
The servvices provideed by an IBI should be fo
ormalized ass much as po ossible and ssupported by various
tools thaat the IBI sho
ould design aand/or adoptt through the
e proper tran
nsfer of bestt practices.
T
Tools that can s
support the IBI in delivering th
he services morre efficiently
• first contact ssheet
• business plan template
• template for rrisk analysis
• software for bbudget forecastting
• contracts to regulate the serrvice delivery (tto SMEs and entrepreneurs)
• template for aanalyzing innovvation weaknessses
• tools for assessing the entrepreneurial capaacities
• databases of ffinancial tools
• databases of private consultants and other BSOs (indicatin ng their specializations)
• databases of resarch and tecchnology centrees
Figure 18: tools to ease the inccubation proce
ess
Page | 23
P
100.00
0%
90.00
0%
80.00
0%
70.00
0%
60.00
0%
50.00
0%
40.00
0%
30.00
0%
20.00
0%
10.00
0%
0.00
0%
General ad
dvise Specialist Help finding Mentoring Training, Marketing and Maanagement Acces to R&D
advise grow‐on spacee seminars and sales t
training
workshops
Figure 19: se
ervices most offten provided in
n the UK IBIs (SSource: UKBI)
2.6 Organizatio
O on of an In
nnovation--based incubator
When planning
p thee internal orrganization of an innovvation‐based d incubator, there are mainly 5
fundameental issues which need d to be takeen into conssideration, which
w are ussually intertw
wined as
every on
ne of them w will contribute in shaping all the otherrs.
Regional
ssynergies
Budget The Boaard of
Directtors
Orrganization
Human n Premises and
resourcees infrastruccture
Braanding and
visibility
Figgure 20: issues to consider wh
hen planning th
he internal orgaanization of an
n IBI
Page | 24
P
Regionaal synergies – as these will
w have beeen defined during the “positioning”
“ ” exercise of the IBI,
when deetailing the in
nternal organization of aan IBI, these need to be ttaken into co onsideration n because
probablyy some services to entreepreneurs and SMEs have already been
b engineered and de eveloped.
Thereforre, instead o
of providing them directtly, the IBI shhould develo op sign‐posting services,, through
which end‐users aree directed to the organ
nization whicch is alreadyy providing it. This will have an
influencee on the hum
man resourcees, the budget, the prem mises and thee action plan.
Board of – the board of directorss will nominaate the CEO and is the actual body that will
of directors –
decide upon
u the strategic goaals of the IBI.
I The me embers of the
t Board sshould there efore be
represenntatives of the local systtem for inno
ovation, ensu
uring that co
oordination takes place and that
the direcctor’s decisioons are compliant not on nly with the mandate off the IBI, but also with th he overall
scopes oof the regional system for innovation as whole.
Premisess – these sh
hould be adequate to the identified
d services an
nd to their efficient dellivery. Of
course this factor is not only influenced by th he overall poositioning of the IBI, but also on the n nature of
the catch
hment area and of the taarget beneficciaries of the e actions to bbe implemen nted and the e services
to be delivered.
Pre‐in
ncubation Post incubation
P Coaching an
nd
Incubation seervices Trainingg Services
seervices services mentoring servvices
•Room fo or pre‐ • Incubation sp pace • Co
onference rooms •Fully‐equ
uipped • Office space
incubattion • Secretarial sppace / • Reesearch centres training rooms • Meeting room ms
•Workstaations reception •Labboratories • Connectivitiy
•Connectivity • Meeting room ms
•Office faacilities • Coffee corner
• Conference rrooms
•Laboratories
• Office facilities
Figure 21: the needed inffrastructure
Human rresources – iinnovation‐b based incubaators should rely on a higgh specialized
d and qualifiied team.
In termss of dimensio on it needs tto be appropriate to thee typology o n needs to deliver, to
of services in
the actio
ons and projjects it will im mplement and of course e to the qualitative and q quantitative levels of
target beeneficiaries iit will addresss.
Page | 25
P
… from tthe BIC Quality Mark Critteria…
“Busineess and Innovation Centrres are manaaged professionally and aautonomously, have a de edicated
team o opriately quaalified, experrienced and iinvolved in the core
of at least thrree full time staff ‐ appro
activityy of the businness supportt as e.g. business advisorrs – of which one must be the managger/CEO
w
with overall rresponsibilityy for the BIC.”
The Euuropean BIC Network
EExternal taalent
Managemen
nt Inteernal experts Other staff
pool
Autonoomous with respect to
Focused on the corre High qualified expeerts used
oth
her organizations Secretarial ssupport
activities for specific tasks
(esp
pecially if the IBI is
hostted within another
organization) Add value to thee core
Specific to the
activities through rrelevant Administrration
eentrepreneurial neeeds
specializations
Full‐time job
Full / Part Time (bu
ut
Externalized competencies Comunication
internalized)
Figure 22: the human rresources
Finally a
a fully operaating IBI will need secrretarial services which can be sharred with the
e hosted
companies (if any) and an adm ministration staff, being an indepen ndent organization with h its own
budget aand cost center.
Page | 26
P
30.00%
25.00%
20.00%
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
3 ‐ 6 7 ‐ 9 10 ‐ 14
1 15
5 ‐ 25 > 25
Figgure 23: the size of the BICs ne
etworked by EB
BN (Source: EB
BN Quality systeem)
Budget –– the budgett necessary ffor operatingg and IBI musst be:
• SSufficient to ensure the p
proper delivery of services and actions
• S
Secure enou ugh to allow tthe IBI’s susttainability in the mid‐term (at least 3
3 years)
• Independentt, managed tthrough an o own profit an nd loss accou
unt
Public fundiing Privaate funding
N
National and reggional public bo odies which Incomee from client SM
MEs and
fund the core acttivities of the IB
BI (subsidies) Entrepreneurs
Funding coming from prograams and Income from housing and
d incubator
projects implem
mented by the IBI for the services
pub
blic authorities
Other privvate income (e.gg. venture
European Regiional Developm
ment Fund capitalists in
nterested in susstaining the
(ERDF) / Regional Policy e
entrepreneurs) )
Private sponsorship (e.g. largge companies
interested in delegating to
o the IBI the
Income from EU projects detection of in
nnovation for th
heir processes
and products)
Figure 24: maiin sources of in
ncome of an IBII
Page | 27
P
The balaance betweeen public and d private fun nding may vvery well varry according to the nature of the
IBI. Mostly importan nt is to conceentrate the initial effortss in securing that the corre activities o
of the IBI
perly funded
are prop d, therefore fund‐raisingg activities need to be concentrated
d more on thhe public
sphere iff the IBI is aa public, or aa public equiivalent bodyy, while privaate channelss should be p preferred
otherwisse. Of coursse many IBIss have developed a mixx between the two optiions and are e able to
receive ffinancial support from bo oth public annd private so ources.
G
General cate
egories of expenses of an
n IBI
• Payroll
• Consultantts and externnal experts
• Overheadss
• Costs of inccubator build
dings
• financial co
osts
• Subsidies to entrepreneurs
Figure 25: main categories of e
expenses of an IBI
Page | 28
P
3. Networking of an IBI – for the benefit of an entrepreneur
The word “network” is defined as “a large system of many similar parts connected together to allow
movement or communication between or along the parts or between the parts and a control centre”
In the case of an IBI it is possible to define two main networking domains, the first one being the
region, where the main scope is to assure that the regional system for innovation, backed by the
regional innovation strategies, recognizes the function and the value from the IBI. The second one is
the over‐regional networking, where an IBI can find grounds to network and benchmark with its own
kind, other IBIs present at national and/or international level, in other regions of the country or of
the world.
While it has been already mentioned why regional networking is fundamental for the IBI once it has
been positioned, why should it network at an over‐regional level? There are many answers, but
experience has shown that the following are the most frequent:
• Networking enables to benchmark yourself with your peers, catch inspiration, and take
appropriate measures for continuous improvement.
• Networking provides chances to meet other practitioners and develop common ideas that
will benefit the regional system for innovation and the end‐users of the IBI.
• Networking provides chances to promote the innovations at an international level, which can
lead to commercialization and internationalization opportunities for the entrepreneurs
supported and the assisted SMEs.
• Some innovative companies are “born global” and can access international markets from the
onset. Networking projects like the “Euroffice‐Network” allow young companies to explore
international markets at very low costs, supporting them to take roots in many European
markets at a time (e.g. soft landing, business boosting).
All the aforementioned reasons will better support the IBI in promoting itself and simultaneously
increase its sustainability over time.
Networking is essential at all levels, international and national, and many networks exist, some being
dedicated solely to IBIs for more general purposes, while others try to respond to specific niches of
the IBI’s incubation processes and services.
Page | 29
T
The Europe
ean Businesss and Inno
ovation Centre Netwo
ork
Abbout EBN
EBN is now the lead ding non‐governm mental pan‐Europ pean network briinging together 2 200+ Business & Innovation Centre es (BICs),
and similar organisaations such as inccubators, innovattion and entrepre eneurship centres across the enlarged Europe.
The network is therrefore an umbrella organisation bringing together over 200 BICs fro om all around Europe and beyond d. It
proovides help and ssupport to these BICs by acting as an interface with h other organisattions including the European Commission
(which officially reccognises EBN), byy providing experttise in numerous areas including ffunding and by sttimulating the sharing of
best practices.
EBN follows closelyy the European Un nion Enlargemen nt and Neighbourhood Policies and d is developing ‘hhub and spoke’ ne etworking
con nnections with th he rest of the world.
Hisstory
198 84 1st EC‐Business Innovation Cen ntre (B.I.C.) open
ned in Liège, Belgium
European Business & Innovation Cen ntre Network (EB BN) officially established by the ECC and industry leaaders such as Brittish Steel
(industry), Cockerilll‐Sambre, Natwest, IRI Group, Gén nérale de Belgiqu ue, Fiat, Control D
Data Corp., EVCA,, Philips, Barclayss etc. The
firsst chairman of EBBN was Viscount EEtienne Davignon n, while Romano Prodi, Lord Carr and Alain Minc w were other influen ntial
Board members.
1991 First B.I.C.s ouutside the EU opeened in the Czech h & Slovak Repub blics
1999 B.I.C.s integraated into mainstreeam EC Structuraal Funds
200 02 The European n Commission officially granted EB BN the exclusive licence of the EC B.I.C. trademark
Inccreased recognition of the networrk by EC‐DG Enterprise & DG Rese earch & European n Space Agency (EESA). Launch of th he
European Space Inccubators Networkk (ESINET) as an eexperimental the ematic platform fo or the transfer off knowledge and
tecchnologies in the field of space.
200 04 BICs acceleratte cooperation w with the corporatee sector (BT, Proccter & Gamble, Gaaz de France, HP,, BASF, …)
200 07 ESA invited EB BN, the Europeann Business & Inno ovation Centre Ne etwork, to integraate ESINET as a structural thematic
com mponent of the EEBN Network and d to further profeessionalize and de eploy its operatio
ons.
200 08 Over 230 mem mbers in EBN including 155 BICs and 75 associate m members in the 2 27 E.U. Member sstates and in 11 o other
cou untries (Central aand Eastern Europe, North Africa and the Middle EEast, Canada, USA A, China,…).
Esttablishment of seectorial networks of BICs in maritime, agro‐food, ‘ccleantech’ and ICTT sectors as well as space.
200 09 EBN celebratees 25 years as a reeference point inn Europe on innovvation, spin‐offs, incubation, entreepreneurship, SM MEs, and
reggional economic d development
The EC‐BIC Label
In JJanuary 2002, EB BN was awarded aa trademark licen nsing contract froom the European Commission, witth DG Enterprise and
Inddustry. This contrract permits EBN to manage the licence of the BIC European tradem mark. EBN has thee mandate to graant, renew
and withdraw thesee licenses on beh half of the Europeean Commission.
EBN implements a ccertification and quality system en nabling the development of a network of excellence through the in ntegration
of a quality approacch. The BICs that have been grantted the BIC tradem mark commit theemselves to respeect their obligatio ons within
thee quality process of the network.
EBN, through an en ngineered quality system assures tthat EC‐BICs, the full members of EBN, respect thee BIC Quality Mark Criteria,
wh hich refer to:
• Global Mission
• Organization
• Services to En
ntrepreneurs, Start‐ups and SMEs
• Performance
• Quality
EBN, through the Q Quality System:
• Ensures the reespect of the EC‐BIC Criteria and ttherefore quality services through hout the entire neetwork
• Collects annuaally data from thee BICs from which it produces its annual BIC Obserrvatory
• Elaborates, uppon request, benchmarking action ns
• Provides moree accurate partneering and networrking actions
Page | 30
P
Examples o
of National N
Networks of IBIs
ADT ‐ Asso
ociation of Germ
man Technology NBIA ‐ National Business PBICA ‐ Polish
h Business
Incub
bator Association
n Innovation Centres Association
and Bussiness and Incuba
ation Centres
http://www.nbia.orgg http://www.so
ooipp.org.pl/
htttp://www.adt‐on
nline.de
Hungarian Association for Innovation Association o
of Wallonian BICss
http://www.innovacio.hu/en
n_index.html http://www..ceeiwallons.be//
Figgure 26: examp
ples of national networks of IBIs
Page | 31
P
ŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƵƌŽƉĞEĞƚǁŽƌŬ
ͻ >ĂƵŶĐŚĞĚŝŶϮϬϬϴďLJƚŚĞƵƌŽƉĞĂŶŽŵ ŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ͕ƚŚĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƵƌŽƉĞEĞƚǁŽƌŬĐŽŵďŝŶĞƐĂŶĚďƵŝůĚƐŽŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĞĞƌ/ŶŶŽǀĂƚŝŽŶZĞůĂLJ ĞŶƚƌĞƐĂŶĚ
ƵƌŽ/ŶĨŽĞŶƚĞƌƐ;ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚŝŶϭϵϵϱ ĂŶĚϭϵϴϳƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞůLJͿ͘dŚĞŶĞǁŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚEĞƚǁŽƌŬŽĨĨĞƌƐĂ͞ŽŶĞͲƐƚŽƉƐŚŽ
Ă ŽƉ͟ƚŽŵĞĞƚĂůůƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ
ŶĞĞĚƐŽĨ^DƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐŝŶƵƌŽƉ ƉĞ͘dŚĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƵƌŽƉĞEĞƚǁŽƌŬŝƐƵŶŝƋƵĞďŽƚŚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝƚƐǁŝĚĞŐĞŽŐƌĂĂƉŚŝĐƌĞĂĐŚĂŶĚŽĨƚŚĞǁŝĚĞ
ƌĂŶŐĞŽĨŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐƚŽ^DƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĂĐƚŽƌƐ͘dŚŝƐŝƐŵĂĚĞƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƚŚĂŶŬƐƚŽƚŚĞĐŽŽ
ŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂĐƚŝŽŶŽĨŶĞĂƌůLJϲϬϬ
ůŽĐĂůƉĂƌƚŶĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƚŝŽŶƐ͕ĞŵƉůŽLJŝŶŐĂƌŽƵŶĚϯϬϬϬĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĚƐƚĂĨĨǁŽƌŬŝŶŐƚŽƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚĞĐŽŵƉĞƚŝƚŝǀĞŶĞƐƐŽĨhďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐ͘
ͻ KŶĞͲƐƚŽƉƐŚŽƉͲ /ŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞďƵ ƵƐŝŶĞƐƐƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐĞĂƌĐŚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƚŝŽŶĚĂƚĂďĂƐƐĞƐĂŶĚĨĂƐƚĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶŽŶĨƵŶĚŝŶŐŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚŝĞƐ͘ /ŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŽŶͲƐŝƚĞǀŝƐŝƚƐƚŽĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐƚŽĂƐƐĞƐƐƚŚĞŝƌŶĞĞĚƐĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚƌĂŶŐŐĞŽĨƉƌŽŵŽƚŝŽŶĂŶĚ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘ZĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚŝǀĞƐŽ ŽĨƚŚĞEĞƚǁŽƌŬĐĂŶĂůƐŽŚĞůƉďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚhůĂǁ͕ŚŽǁŝƚĂƉƉůŝĞƐƚƚŽƚŚĞŝƌďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĂŶĚŚŽǁƚŽ
ŵĂŬĞƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŽĨƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůŵĂƌŬĞƚĂĂŶĚhƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ͘
ͻ džĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐďĞƐƚƉƌĂĐƚŝĐĞƐƚŽďŽŽƐƚĐŽŵ ŵƉĞƚŝƚŝǀĞŶĞƐƐĂŶĚƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůĞdžĐĞůůĞŶĐĞͲ dŚĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƵƌŽƉĞEĞƚǁŽƌŬŽĨĨĞƌƐĞĂƐLJĂĐĐĞƐƐĂŶĚƉƌŽdžŝŵŝƚLJƚŽ
ĞŐŝŽŶĂůďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐŐĂƚĞǁĂLJƐ͘ZĞŐŝŽŶĂůĐŽŶƐŽƌƚŝĂĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƚĞƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂĐŽŚĞƌĞŶƚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĨŽƌůŽĐĂů
ůŽĐĂůƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĨŽƌ^DƐ͕ƚŚƵƐĐƌĞĂƚŝŶŐƌĞ
ĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐ͕ƐƚŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶ͛ƐƉƌŽĨŝůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĐŽŵƉĞƚŝƚŝǀĞŶĞƐ
džĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨ^ƉĞĐŝĂůͲWƵƌƉŽƐĞ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƚŝŽŶĂůEĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ
ͻ ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞͲĞƵƌŽƉĞͲŶĞƚǁŽ
ŽƌŬ͘ĞĐ͘ĞƵƌŽƉĂ͘ĞƵ
ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶƐƐŽĐŝĂƚŝŽŶŽĨĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ
ŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ
ͻ hZ͕ƚŚĞƵƌŽƉĞĂŶƐƐŽĐŝĂƚŝŽŶŽĨ
ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŐĞŶĐŝĞƐŝƐĂŶŽŶͲƉƌŽĨŝƚŵĂŬŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƚŝŽŶĂŝŵŝŶŐƚŽƉƌŽŵŽ
ŽƚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƵƌŽƉĞĂŶŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ŝŶƚĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŐŽŽĚƉƌĂĐƚŝĐĞĂŵŽŶŐŵĞŵ ŵďĞƌƐ͕ƚƌĂŶƐŶĂƚŝŽŶĂů ĐŽͲ
ŽƉĞƌĂƚŝŽŶĂŵŽŶŐŵĞŵďĞƌƐ͕ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůĚĞĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐĂƐĂĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ͘
ͻ hZŚĂƐĂŵĞŵďĞƌƐŚŝƉŽĨĂďŽƵƚϭϱ ϱϬƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐĨƌŽŵĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞƵƌŽƉĞĂŶhŶŝŽŶ͕ĂƐǁĞůů ĂƐƐƚƌŽŶŐŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƚŝŽŶĂůůŝŶŬƐ
ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽ ŽƵŶĐŝů;/ͿĂŶĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐŝŶŚŝŶĂ͕:ĂƉĂŶ͕ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂĂŶĚEĞǁĞĂůĂŶĚ͘
ͻ ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĞƵƌĂĚĂ͘ŽƌŐ
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƚŝŽŶĂůƐƐŽĐŝĂƚŝŽŶŽĨ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞWĂƌƌŬƐ
ͻ dŚĞ/^WŝƐƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚǁŝĚĞŶĞƚǁŽƌŬŽĨ^^ĐŝĞŶĐĞĂŶĚdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJWĂƌŬƐĐŽŶŶƚĞĐƚŝŶŐ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞWĂƌŬƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůƐĨƌŽŵĂĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞŐůŽďĞĂŶĚƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ
ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƚŚĂƚĚƌŝǀĞŐƌŽǁƚŚĂŶĚĞĨĨĞĐƚŝǀĞ
ĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌƚŚĞŵĞŵďĞƌƐ͘
ͻ dŚĞŵĞŵďĞƌƐĞŶŚĂŶĐĞƚŚĞĐŽŵƉĞƚŝƚŝǀĞĞŶĞƐƐŽĨĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐĂŶĚĞŶƚƌĞƉƌĞŶĞƵƌƐŽĨƚŚĞŝƌĐŝƚŝĞƐĂŶĚƌĞŐŝŽŶƐ͕ĂŶĚĐŽŶƚƌŝŝďƵƚĞƚŽŐůŽďĂůĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŝŶŶŽǀĂƚŝŽŶ͕ĞŶƚƌĞĞƉƌĞŶĞƵƌƐŚŝƉ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌŽĨŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ͘
ͻ dŚĞ/^WŝƐĂŶE'KŝŶ^ƉĞĐŝĂůŽŶƐƵůƚĂƚƚŝǀĞ^ƚĂƚƵƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂŶĚ^ŽĐŝĂůŽƵŶĐŝůŽĨƚŚĞhŶŝƚĞĚEĂƚŝŽŶƐ͘
ͻ ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ŝĂƐƉ͘ǁƐ
hZKĨĨŝĐĞͲ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ
ͻ K^ĐŽŵƉƌŝƐĞƐϴϬŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƚŝŽŶƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƐĐŝĞŶĐĞƉĂƌŬƐ͕ŝŶĐƵďĂƚŽƌƐĂŶĚŝŶŶŽǀĂƚŝŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶůŽĐĂƚŝŽŶƐĂƐĚŝǀĞƌƐĞĂƐŚŝŶĂ͕DĞdžŝĐŽ͕LJƉƌƵƐ͕h^͕
ŚŝůĞ͕dƵƌŬĞLJĂŶĚŵƵĐŚŽĨƚŚĞƵƌŽƉĞĂŶhŶŝŽŶ͘
ͻ K^ŝƐĂŝŵĞĚĂƚŚĞůƉŝŶŐďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐĨĂĐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƚŝŽŶĂůŵĂƌŬĞƚƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚǀĂƌŝŽƵƐĚŝƌĞĐƚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐ͗
ͻ ^ŽĨƚ>ĂŶĚŝŶŐ;ĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌŝŶŐďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐůŽĐĂƚŝŽŶƐ͕ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝŶŐƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĞdžƉĞƌƚƐ͕ĐƵƐƚŽŵŝƐĞĚǁĞůĐŽŵĞƚŽĨŽƌĞŝŐŶŝŶǀĞƐƚƚŽƌƐͿ
ͻ EĞƚǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ;/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƚŝŽŶĂůŵĂƚĐŚŝŶŐ͕Ƶ ƵƌŽĞdžƉŽͿ
ͻ ƵƐŝŶĞƐƐŽŽƐƚŝŶŐ;ƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĚǀŝƐŽƌ͕ƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ͕ŵĞŶƚŽƌŝŶŐ͕ŚƵŵĂŶƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ƐĞůůŝŶŐĂĐĐƌŽƐƐďŽƌĚĞƌƐͿ
ͻ ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĞƵƌŽĨĨŝĐĞͲƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘ĞƵ
ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶƵƐŝŶĞƐƐŶŐĞůƐEĞƚǁŽƌŬ
ͻ EƐĞƌǀĞƐďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĂŶŐĞůƐ͕ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĂŶŐĞůŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ͕ƐĞĞĚĨƵŶĚƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌĞĂƌůLJƐƚĂŐĞŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůƐĂĐƌŽƐƐƵƌŽƉĞ͘
ͻ EŝƐƚŚĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚŝǀĞŝŶƌƵƐƐĞůƐƚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĚŝƌĞĐƚĂŶĚŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚŵĞŵďĞƌƐŚŝƉŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϮϱϬďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĂŶŐĞůŶĞĞƚǁŽƌŬƐŝŶƵƌŽƉĞ͘dŚĞƐĞŝŶƚƵƌŶ
ĨĞĚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽŵĞϮϬ͘ϬϬϬĂŶŐĞůƐ͕ĂŶĚƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĂďŽƵƚϰϬ͘ϬϬϬďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐƉůĂŶƐĂLJĞĂƌ͘EďƌŝŶŐƐƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌŽǀĞƌϭϬϬŵĞŵ ŵďĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƚŝŽŶƐŝŶϮϳ
ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐƚŽĚĂLJ͘
EŝƐƚŚĞŶĞƚǁŽƌŬŝŶŐƉůĂƚĨŽƌŵĞŶĂďůŝŶŐŝƚƐŵĞŵďĞƌƐƚŽ͗
ͻ ^ƚĂLJŽŶƚŽƉŽĨƚƌĞŶĚƐŝŶƚŚĞĞĂƌůLJƐƚĂŐĞŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚŵĂƌŬĞƚŝŶƵƌŽƉĞ
ͻ ƵŝůĚŶĞǁƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶƐŚŝƉƐ͕ŶĞǁďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐŽ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚŝĞƐďLJŶĞƚǁŽƌŬŝŶŐǁŝƚŚƉĞĞƌƐĂĐƌŽƐƐďŽƌĚĞƌ͘
ͻ 'ĞƚĂŶƐǁĞƌƐƚŽĚĂLJͲƚŽͲĚĂLJĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ͗ĚŽŶ͛ƚƌĞŝŶǀĞŶƚƚŚĞǁŚĞĞů͕ǁĞŵŝŐŚƚŚĂǀĞƚŚĞƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶ͊
ͻ ĐĐĞƐƐƚŚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞĐĞŶƚĞƌĂŶĚŐĞƚŽŶŐŐŽŝŶŐĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJďƵŝůĚŝŶŐŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚŝĞƐ
ͻ ĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚƵŶĚĞƌŽŶĞǀŽŝĐĞƌĞƉƌĞƐƐĞŶƚŝŶŐƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐŽĨĞĂƌůLJƐƚĂŐĞŝŶǀĞƐƚŽƌƐŶĞĂƌƵƌŽƉĞĂŶƉŽůŝĐLJŵĂŬĞƌƐ
ͻ ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĞďĂŶ͘ŽƌŐ
/ŶĨŽĞǀ
ͻ ŝŶĨŽĞǀŝƐĂŐůŽďĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĨŝŶĂŶĐŝŶŐƉƌŽŐƌĂŵĂŵŽŶŐŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƚŝŽŶĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ͕ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂŶĚƐƐĞƌǀĞĚďLJĂŶĞdžƉĞƌƚ^ĞĐƌĞƚĂƌŝĂƚ
ŚŽƵƐĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ'ůŽďĂů/dĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ;''/dͿ ŽĨƚŚĞtŽƌůĚĂŶŬ͕ŽŶĞŽĨŝƚƐŬĞLJĚŽŶŽƌƐĂŶĚĨŽƵŶĚĞƌƐ͘
ͻ ŝŶĨŽĞǀΖƐǁŽƌŬ ĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶ ƚŚƌĞĞŵĂŝŶƚƚŚĞŵĞƐ͗
ͻ ŶĂďůŝŶŐĐĐĞƐƐ&Žƌůů
ͻ DĂŝŶƐƚƌĞĂŵŝŶŐ/dƐdŽŽůƐKĨĞǀĞůůŽƉŵĞŶƚŶĚWŽǀĞƌƚLJZĞĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ
ͻ /ŶŶŽǀĂƚŝŽŶ͕ŶƚƌĞƉƌĞŶĞƵƌƐŚŝƉĂŶĚ'ƌƌŽǁƚŚ
ĚƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƚŝŽŶĂůƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŵĂdžŝŵŝnjĞƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶĂŶĚŝŵƉĂĐƚŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝǀĂƚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĚŝƌĞĐƚ
ͻ ŝŶĨŽĞǀŚĞůƉƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐĂŶĚ
ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĨŽƌ/dͲĞŶĂďůĞĚŝŶŶŽǀĂƚŝŽŶ͕ŶĞǁďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĂŶĚƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉŵŽĚĞůƐĂŶĚƚŽŽůŬŝƚƐ͕ĂŶĚŶĞƚǁŽƌŬŝŶŐĂŵŽŶŐĞŶƚƚƌĞƉƌĞŶĞƵƌƐ͕ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌ
ŝŶǀĞƐƚŽƌƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĚŽŶŽƌĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͘dŚ ŚĞŶĞƚǁŽƌŬŽĨŽǀĞƌϰϬŝŶĐƵďĂƚŽƌƐĂƌŽƵŶĚƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐǁŽƌůĚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐƵŶŝƋƵĞŝŶƐŝŐŚƚŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ
ĨĂĐŝŶŐ/dŝŶŶŽǀĂƚŽƌƐĂŶĚĞŶƚƌĞƉƌĞŶĞƵƌƌƐŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͘
ͻ ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ŝŶĨŽĚĞǀ͘ŽƌŐ
&ŝŐƵƌĞϮϳ͗ĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨƐƉĞĐŝĂůͲƉƵƌƉŽƐĞŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐĨŽƌ//Ɛ
WĂŐĞͮϯϮ
4. Th
he impact assess
sment of an IBI
4.1.1 What
W is “m
monitoring”?
?
4.1.2 What
W is “Be
enchmarkin
ng”?
4.1.3 Why
W monitor and benchmark?
Why monittor and benchmark you
ur IBI?
• Efficiency and perfo
ormance cheeck‐up
• Reporting to stakehoolders and sshareholders
• Promotioon towards the end‐users (entrepreneurs and
d SMEs of th
he region)
• Lobbyingg and fund‐rraising
• Networkking
Page | 33
P
Performance and efficiency check‐up – some IBIs may have found more efficient ways to provide
services to innovative entrepreneurs and SMEs, and these practices could be transferred to IBIs
which could in their turn improve their own performances. If an IBI doesn’t compare regularly with
those of its own kind (IBIs with similar characteristics) it will be much harder to find ways to enhance
the delivery of services, making best use of the available scarce resources.
Reporting – Shareholders and stakeholders would like to have an idea of their return on investment
(ROI), and whether this can be incremented in some way, and are interested in learning if the overall
regional system for innovation is producing results according to the expectations. Being able to
report concrete figures and comparisons with other IBIs could highlight specific strengths (good for
fund‐raising purposes) and weaknesses (good for developing actions to increase the efficiency
levels).
Promotion – there is nothing better than good numbers to convince other entrepreneurs and SMEs
to resort to the services of an IBI.
Fund‐raising – attracting more resources to the IBI to increase its potentialities can be better done if
it demonstrates that there is a high return on the investment.
Networking – benchmarking provides a means to scout best practices and to understand how to
transfer them to your IBI. Definitely an opportunity to start positive networking experiences with
incubators which share a similar profile.
4.2 Indicators
Key Performance Indicators are quantifiable measurements, agreed beforehand, that reflect the
critical success factors of an organization. They must be quantifiable and reflect the goals of the
organization.
Process Indicators intend to provide an indication on the degree of efficiency reached in the
achievement of the overall performances.
Specifically, performance indicators are associated to the final objectives of an IBI while process
indicators are associated to the activities and services activated to reach the final goals.
Since Indicators per‐se loose much of their meaning if they are not related to the reality in which
they have been calculated, it is advisable to use cost‐benefit ratios, that will allow to understand the
quantified indicators in relations with the resources used to achieve the results.
Benchmarking with other IBIs requires:
1. The use of the same indicators
2. Making sure that these are interpreted homogenously
3. Making sure that the data collection activities are up‐to‐date
A practical method of identifying the right indicators is making sure that they are SMART indicators.
Page | 34
SMART indicators
• Specifiic: measu ures as closely ass possiblee the resu
ult it is
intendeed to meeasure
• Measu urable: quantitatiive, it pro ovides noo ambigu uity
on wha at is bein
ng measu ured
• Achievvable/Atttainable:: it is techhnically ppossible to
obtain data at a reason nable cosst
• Result‐‐oriented d: reliablle, there is a geneeral
agreemment oveer interprretation o of the ressults
• Time‐b bound: d data can b be colleccted frequuently en
nough
to inform the p progress a and influ
uence thee decisionns
Figure 28: SMART Ind
dicators
Monitoring the incu ubator requests the deevelopment of specific tools
t that ccan be more e or less
sophisticcated (from a regular sprreadsheet to o ad‐hoc devveloped softw ware solution ns) dependin ng on the
scope of the monittoring proceesses and on n the amount of data that needs to be colleccted and
processeed. It is anyw
way recomm mendable to have clear in mind the indicators tthat the IBI needs to
calculatee and to bu uild the monitoring system accordingly. Figuree 30 reportss some process and
performance indicattors, as well as cost ben which could be adopted and used fo
nefit ratios, w or any of
the aforeementioned purposes.
Page | 35
P
Process indicators
• Number o
of events orrganized to promote en ntrepreneurrship
• Number o
of people seensitized thrrough the eevents
• Number o
of training eevents organnized
• Number o
of people atttending thee training evvents
• Number o
of first contaacts
• Number o
of project seelected afteer feasibilityy study
• Number o
of enterprisses hosted in incubatorr buildings
• Number o
of patents reequested
Performancce indicatorrs
• Number o of Business Plans produced
• Number o of Start‐upss
• Number o of Jobs creaated in startt‐ups / SMEEs
• Number o of jobs creaated within tenants hossted in the iincubators
• Enterprise survival raate after three years frrom their crreation
• Number o of Patents ggranted
• Number o of SMEs sup pported
• Number o of spin‐offs (academic//research/in ndustrial)
C
Cost‐benefi
it ratios
• Cost per JJob created d
• Public fin
nancial contribution per job createed
• Average n number of sstart‐ups created per 1 100K of IBI income
• Average n number of jjobs createdd per 100K of IBI incom me
• Average n number of business pllans created d per 100K oof IBI incom
me
• Average n number of SMEs assistted per 100 0K of IBI inco
ome
• Average n number of sstart‐ups peer FTE (Full time equivvalent) of the IBI
• Average n number of JJobs created d per FTE (Full time eqquivalent) o
of the IBI
• Average nnumber of B Business Plaans per FTEE (Full time equivalent))
employee e of the IBI
• Average nnumber of SSMEs assisteed per FTE (Full time eequivalent)
employee e of the IBI
Figure 29:: some indicato
ors associated tto the incubatio
on process
Page | 36
P
5. To
o summarize… 12
2 tips if you
y are planning
g to set-up an IB
BI
Look for
f best praactices ‐ paarticipate in
n regional, national an
nd international netwo
orks
(such as EBN).
Make sure to geet the best expertise ‐ it's the life of people you will contributee to
shapee!
Securee proper funding for thhe years to come... beetter an yeaarly allocateed budget th
han
relyingg solely on projects.
Page | 37
P
6. Bibliographic references
6.1 Publications
− “The European Business and Innovation Centres (BICs), European Commission, DG Regio
Regional Policy, 2000
− “Benchmarking of Business Incubators”, European Commission, DG Enterprise and Industry,
February 2002
− “BIC Observatory 2007” , European BIC Network, 2008
− “BIC Observatory 2009”, European BIC Network, 2009
− “Incubators’ manual for innovative projects – A guide throughout MEDA countries, Ahmed
Gdoura, Lassaad Mezghani, Pedro Almeida, Medibitkar Program, June 2009
− “Measuring Your Business Incubator’s Economic Impact – A Toolkit, Meredith Erlewine, NBIA,
2007
− “The BIC Quality Mark Criteria”, approved by the BIC Quality Mark Committee and by the EC
Commission, DG Enterprise and Industry on June 2008.
− “The Business Incubation Landscape in the UK”, UKBI Mapping Survey 2008
6.2 Websites
− European Commission, DG Regio: http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/index_en.htm
− European Commission, DG Enterprise and Industry:
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/index_en.htm
− European Business and Innovation Centre network (EBN): http://www.ebn.eu
− UK Business Incubation (UKBI): http://www.ukbi.co.uk/
− International Association of Science Parks (IASP): http://www.iasp.ws/
− European BIC Network Quality Website: http://quality.ebn.be
− European Space Incubators Network (ESINET): http://www.esinet.eu/
− National Business Incubation Association (NBIA): http://www.nbia.org/
− Information for Development Program (InfoDev): http://www.infodev.org
Page | 38
European Commission
ISBN 978-92-79-14859-0
doi: 10.2776/16668
Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers
to your questions about the European Union
ISBN 978-92-79-14859-0
doi: 10.2776/16668
Printed in Belgium