4G & Beyond: LTE & LTE-Advanced

IEEE VTC 2015 Fall

2015.09.06
Dr. Hyung G. Myung, Qualcomm

Outline
Wireless Background

4G Enabling Technologies
Long Term Evolution (LTE)

LTE-Advanced
Summary and References

Wireless Background

Fundamental limits
Multiple access schemes
Broadband wireless channel basics
Cellular system

Fundamental Constraints
Shannons capacity upper bound
Achievable data rate is fundamentally limited by bandwidth and signal
-to-noise ratio (SNR).

Signal power

C BW log 2 1 [bits per second]

N
Channel bandwidth

Noise power

Wider Bandwidth
100 MHz

Demand for higher data rate is leading to

utilization of wider transmission bandwidth.
20 MHz

200 kHz
GSM

1.25 MHz
IS-95

5 MHz
UMTS/WCDMA

LTE

LTE-Advanced
4

Challenges of Wireless Communications

Multipath radio propagation

Spectrum limitations
Limited energy

User mobility
Resource management

Duplexing
Two ways to duplex downlink (base station to mobile) and
uplink (mobile to base station)
Frequency division duplexing (FDD)
Time division duplexing (TDD)

Downlink (Forward link)

Uplink (Reverse link)

Multiple Access Schemes

Multiple devices communicating to a single base station.
How do you resolve the problem of sharing a common
communication resource?

Multiple Access Schemes

- cont.

Access resources can be shared in time, frequency, code,

and space.

Time division multiple access (TDMA): GSM

Frequency division multiple access (FDMA): AMPS
Code division multiple access (CDMA): IS-95, UMTS
Spatial division multiple access (SDMA): iBurst

Wireless Channel
Wireless channel experiences multi-path radio propagation.

Multipath Radio Propagation

- cont.

10

Multi-Path Channel
Multi-path channel causes:
Inter-symbol interference (ISI) and fading in the time domain.
Frequency-selectivity in the frequency domain.

3GPP 6-Tap Typical Urban (TU6) Channel Delay Profile

Frequency Response of 3GPP TU6 Channel in 5MHz Band

2.5

1
2

Channel Gain [linear]

Amplitude [linear]

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.5

0.2

1.5

3
Time [ sec]

2
3
Frequency [MHz]

11

Multi-Path Channel

- cont.

For broadband wireless channel, ISI and frequency-selectivity

become severe.
To resolve the ISI and the frequency-selectivity in the channel,
various measures are used.
Channel equalization in the time domain or frequency domain
Multi-carrier multiplexing
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)

Frequency hopping
Channel-adaptive scheduling
Channel coding
Automatic repeat request (ARQ) and hybrid ARQ (H-ARQ)

12

Mobile User
When the user is mobile, the channel becomes time-varying.
There is also Doppler shift in the carrier frequency.

13

Time-Varying Multi-path Channel

Mobile speed = 60 km/h (111 Hz doppler)

Channel Gain [linear]

Channel Gain [linear]

Mobile speed = 3 km/h (5.6 Hz doppler)

0
5

0
5 5

4
3

3
2

4
3

2
1

1
0

3
2

2
1

Frequency [MHz]

Time [msec]

Frequency [MHz]

1
0

Time [msec]

14

Wireless Spectrum

15

Cellular Wireless System

A large geographical
region is segmented into
smaller cells.
Transmit power limitation
Facilitates frequency
spectrum re-use

Cellular network design

issues
Inter-cell synchronization
Handoff mechanism
Frequency planning

16

Cellular Wireless System

- cont.

Frequency re-use

F1
F1

F3
F1

F4

F1
F1

F1
F1

F1

F2

F5

F7
F6

Frequency re-use = 1
Frequency re-use = 7
- Higher spectral efficiency
- Lower interference for cell-edge users
- Higher interference for cell-edge users
- Lower spectral efficiency
17

Cellular Wireless System

- cont.

Sectorized cells

18

Cellular Wireless System

- cont.

Frequency re-use = 3

19

Outline
Wireless Background

4G Enabling Technologies
Long Term Evolution (LTE)

LTE-Advanced
Summary and References

20

4G Enabling Technologies

OFDM/OFDMA

Frequency domain equalization

SC-FDMA

MIMO
Fast channel-dependent resource scheduling

21

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

OFDM can be viewed as a form of frequency division
multiplexing (FDM).
Divides the transmission bandwidth into narrower equally spaced
tones, or subcarriers.
Individual information symbols are conveyed over the subcarriers.

Input data block

Serial-to-parallel

e j 2 f0t

Output symbol

e j 2 f1t

e j 2 f N 1t
22

OFDM

- cont.

Use of orthogonal subcarriers makes OFDM spectrally

efficient.
Because of the orthogonality among the subcarriers, they can
overlap with each other.

4 5 6
Subcarrier

23

OFDM

- cont.

Since the bandwidth of each subcarrier is much smaller than

the coherence bandwidth of the transmission channel, each
subcarrier sees flat fading.

Channel response

Frequency
Subcarrier
24

OFDM

- cont.

OFDM implementation using discrete Fourier transform (DFT)

Npoint
IDFT

Add
CP/ PS

*CP: Cyclic prefix

*PS: Pulse shaping (windowing)

Detect

Channel
inversion
(equalization)

Channel

Npoint
DFT

Remov
e CP

25

OFDM

- cont.

Design issues of OFDM

Cyclic prefix (CP): To maintain orthogonality among subcarriers in the
presence of multi-path channel, CP longer than the channel impulse
response is needed. Also CP converts linear convolution of the channel
impulse response into a circular one.
High peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR): Since the transmit signal is
a composition of multiple subcarriers, high peaks occur.
Carrier frequency offset: Frequency offset breaks the orthogonality
and causes inter-carrier interference.
Adaptive scheme or channel coding is needed to overcome the
spectral null in the channel.

26

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

OFDMA is a multi-user access scheme using OFDM.
Each user occupies a different set of subcarriers.
Scheduler can exploit frequency-selectivity and multi-user
diversity.

User 1

User 2
User 3

subcarriers

27

Frequency Domain Equalization

For broadband multi-path channels, conventional time
domain equalizers are impractical because of complexity.
Very long channel impulse response in the time domain.
Prohibitively large tap size for time domain filter.

Using discrete Fourier transform (DFT), equalization can be

done in the frequency domain.
Because the DFT size does not grow linearly with the length of
the channel response, the complexity of FDE is lower than
that of the equivalent time domain equalizer for broadband
channel.
28

FDE

- cont.

Time domain

x h 1 * y

Channel

y h x
Fourier
transform

Y HX
Frequency domain X

H 1 Y

29

FDE

- cont.

In DFT, frequency domain multiplication is equivalent to time

domain circular convolution.
Cyclic prefix (CP) longer than the channel response length is
needed to convert linear convolution to circular convolution.

CP

Symbols

30

FDE

- cont.

Most of the time domain equalization techniques can be

implemented in the frequency domain.
MMSE equalizer, DFE, turbo equalizer, and so on.

References
M. V. Clark, Adaptive Frequency-Domain Equalization and
Diversity Combining for Broadband Wireless Communications,
IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 16, no. 8, Oct. 1998
M. Tchler et al., Linear Time and Frequency Domain Turbo
Equalization, Proc. IEEE 53rd Veh. Technol. Conf. (VTC), vol. 2,
May 2001
F. Pancaldi et al., Block Channel Equalization in the Frequency
Domain, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 53, no. 3, Mar. 2005

31

Single Carrier with FDE

SC/FDE
xn

Add
CP/
PS

Channel

Remove
CP

Npoint
DFT

Equalization

Add
CP/
PS

Channel

Remove
CP

Npoint
DFT

Equalization

Npoint
IDFT

Detect

OFDM
xn

Npoint
IDFT

Detect

* CP: Cyclic Prefix, PS: Pulse Shaping

32

SC/FDE

- cont.

SC/FDE delivers performance similar to OFDM with essentially

the same overall complexity, even for long channel delay.
SC/FDE has advantage over OFDM in terms of:
Low PAPR.
Robustness to spectral null.
Less sensitivity to carrier frequency offset.

Disadvantage to OFDM is that channel-adaptive subcarrier bit

and power loading is not possible.

33

SC/FDE

- cont.

References
H. Sari et al., Transmission Techniques for Digital Terrestrial TV
Broadcasting, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 33, no. 2, Feb. 1995, pp. 100109.
D. Falconer et al., Frequency Domain Equalization for Single-Carrier
Broadband Wireless Systems, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 40, no. 4, Apr.
2002, pp. 58-66.

Single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) is an extension of SC/FDE to

accommodate multiple-user access.

34

Single Carrier FDMA

SC-FDMA is a new multiple access technique.

Utilizes single carrier modulation, DFT-spread orthogonal frequency
multiplexing, and frequency domain equalization.

It has similar structure and performance to OFDMA.

SC-FDMA is currently adopted as the uplink multiple access
scheme in 3GPP LTE.

35

Npoint
DFT

Subcarrier
Mapping

Mpoint
IDFT

P-to-S

S-to-P

TX & RX structure of SC-FDMA

Add
CP / PS

DAC
/ RF

*N<M
* S-to-P: Serial-to-Parallel
* P-to-S: Parallel-to-Serial

Npoint
IDFT

Subcarrier
Demapping/
Equalization

Mpoint
DFT

SC-FDMA:

S-to-P

Detect

P-to-S

Channel

Remove
CP

RF
/ ADC

OFDMA:

36

Why Single Carrier FDMA?

Single Carrier : Sequential transmission of the symbols
over a single frequency carrier.

Frequency
domain
Npoint
DFT

Subcarrier
Mapping

Time
domain
Mpoint
IDFT

P-to-S

Time
domain

Add
CP / PS

DAC
/ RF

FDMA : User multiplexing in the frequency domain.

37

Subcarrier Mapping
Data block size (N) = 4, Number of users (Q) = 3, Number of
subcarriers (M) = 12.

Terminal 1
Terminal 2
Terminal 3

subcarriers

Distributed Mode

subcarriers

Localized Mode

38

SC-FDMA and OFDMA

Similarities

Block-based modulation and use of CP.

Divides the transmission bandwidth into smaller subcarriers.
Channel inversion/equalization is done in the frequency domain.
SC-FDMA is regarded as DFT-precoded or DFT-spread OFDMA.

Dissimilarities
Lower transmit peak power.
Equalization performance.
Multi-carrier MIMO receiver algorithm.

39

SC-FDMA and DS-CDMA

In terms of bandwidth expansion, SC-FDMA is very similar to

DS-CDMA system using orthogonal spreading codes.
Both spread narrowband data into broader band.
Time symbols are compressed into chips after modulation.
Spreading gain (processing gain) is achieved.

40

SC-FDMA: Comparison
* Subcarrier mapping:
Frequency-selective
scheduling

* SC transmission:
Low PAPR

SC-FDMA

* Time-compressed
chip symbols
* Time-domain
detection

* DFT-based FDE
* Block-based
processing & CP

OFDMA

DS-CDMA
/FDE

41

MIMO
Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technique improves
communication link quality and capacity by using multiple
transmit and receive antennas.
Two types of gain; spatial diversity gain and spatial
multiplexing gain.

Transmitter

Receiver

MIMO channel
42

MIMO

- cont.

Spatial diversity
Improves link quality (SNR) by combining multiple independently
faded signal replicas.
With Nt Tx and Nr Rx antennas, NtNr diversity gain is achievable.
Smart antenna, Alamouti transmit diversity, and space-time coding.

Spatial multiplexing
Increases data throughput by sending multiple streams of data
through parallel spatial channels.
With Nt Tx and Nr Rx antennas, min(Nt,Nr) multiplexing gain is
achievable.
BLAST (Bell Labs Space-Time Architecture) and unitary precoding.

43

Basic Idea of Spatial Diversity

Coherent combining of multiple copies

y1

1
h2

y2
Coherent
combining

x1

x1

hNr
yNr
* Narrowband channel

44

Basic Idea of Spatial Multiplexing

Parallel decomposition of a MIMO channel
h11

h21
x1

y1

hNr 1
y2

x2

xNt

hNr Nt
* Narrowband channel

yNr
45

Basic Idea of Spatial Multiplexing

y1 h11

yN hN 1
r r
y Hxn

h1Nt x1

hNr Nt xNt

n1

n
Nr

- cont.

Singular value decomposition (SVD)

H UDV H

y UDV H x n

U H y U H U DV H x U H n
I

U H y DV H x U H n
y

y Dx n
Diagonal matrix
46

Basic Idea of Spatial Multiplexing

h11

h21
x1

d11

y1
x1

hNr 1
y2

x2

xNt

d 21

- cont.

y1
y2

x2

d Nt Nt

hNr Nt

xNt
yNr

yNr
* Nt < Nr
47

Multicarrier MIMO Spatial Multiplexing

Frequency domain for kth subcarrier
Y1,k H11,k

YN ,k H N 1,k
r r
Yk

H1Nt ,k X 1,k N1,k

H Nr Nt ,k X Nt ,k N N r ,k
Hk

Xk

Nk

Yk H k X k N k
Yk Dk X k N k
Yk U k H Yk

H
X k Vk X k

H
N

U
k Nk
k
48

Unitary Precoding

Xk

Unitary
Precoding

Xk

X k Vk X k

MIMO Channel
Hk

Hk X k

Yk

Receiver

Zk

Nk

Vk

U k DkVkH Vk X k
U k Dk X k

49

Channel-Dependent Scheduling
Channel gain

User 2
User 1
Frequency

Subcarriers
50

Channel-Dependent Scheduling

- cont.

Assign subcarriers to a user in good channel condition.

Two subcarrier mapping schemes have advantages over each
other.
Distributed: Frequency diversity.
Localized: Frequency selective gain with CDS.

CDS is a scheme to find an optimal set of subcarriers that are

allocated to each user that maximizes some utility based on
each users channel response.

51

Channel-Dependent Scheduling

- cont.

256 total subcarriers, 16 chunks, 16 subcarriers per chunk

3
User 1
User 2
2.5

|Channel gain| 2

Chunk allocated to user 1

Chunk allocated to user 2

1.5

0.5

0
0

50

100

150

200

250

Subcarriers
52

Outline
Wireless Background

4G Enabling Technologies
Long Term Evolution (LTE)

LTE-Advanced
Summary and References

53

LTE: Long Term Evolution

Standardized by 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project).
3GPP is a partnership of 7 regional standards organizations.

ARIB (Japan)
ATIS (USA)
CCSA (China)
ETSI (Europe)
TTA (South Korea)
TTC (Japan)
TSDSI (India)*

*Joined on Jan. 1, 2015

54

3GPP Evolution
Release 99 (2000): UMTS/WCDMA
Rel. 5 (2002): HSDPA
Rel. 6 (2005): HSUPA
Rel. 7 (2007) and beyond: HSPA+
Long Term Evolution (LTE)
3GPP work on the Evolution started in November 2004.
Standardized in the form of Rel. 8 (Dec. 2008).

LTE-Advanced (LTE-A)
More bandwidth (up to 100 MHz) and backward compatible with LTE.
Standardized in the form of Rel. 10 (Mar. 2011).
Meets IMT-Advanced requirements.
55

LTE Standardization Status

Rel. 10

Rel. 11

Rel. 12

Rel. 9

Rel. 8
LTE

LTE Enhancements

2008

2009

2010

LTE-A

LTE-A

LTE-A

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Source: 3GPP (http://www.3gpp.org/specifications/releases)

56

Requirements of LTE
Peak data rate
100 Mbps DL/ 50 Mbps UL within 20 MHz bandwidth.

Up to 200 active users in a cell (5 MHz)

Less than 5 ms user-plane latency
Mobility
Optimized for 0 ~ 15 km/h.
15 ~ 120 km/h supported with high performance.
Supported up to 350 km/h or even up to 500 km/h.

Enhanced multimedia broadcast multicast service (E-MBMS)

Spectrum flexibility: 1.25 ~ 20 MHz

Enhanced support for end-to-end QoS

57

Key Features of LTE (Rel. 8)

Spectrum flexibility: 1.25 ~ 20 MHz (100 MHz for LTE-A)
Multicarrier-based radio air interface
OFDM/OFDMA and SC-FDMA

Support for both FDD and TDD spectrums

Active interference avoidance and coordination
Peak data rate (theoretical max., TR 25.912)
Downlink (DL): 326.4 Mbps (20 MHz, 4x4 MIMO, 64-QAM)
Uplink (UL): 86.4 Mbps (20 MHz, no MIMO, 64-QAM)

58

LTE Device Category

Category
Peak rate
(Mbps)

DL

10

50

100

150

300

UL

25

50

50

75

RF bandwidth

20 MHz
DL

Modulation

QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM

UL

QPSK, 16-QAM

2 Rx diversity
2x2 MIMO (DL)
4x4 MIMO (DL)

QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

Assumed in performance requirements.

X

O
X

O
Source: 3GPP
59

LTE Standard Specifications

Freely downloadable from
http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-series.htm

Specification index

Description of contents

TS 36.1xx

Equipment requirements: Terminals, base stations, and repeaters.

TS 36.2xx

Physical layer.

TS 36.3xx

Layers 2 and 3: Medium access control, radio link control, and radio
resource control.

TS 36.4xx

Infrastructure communications (UTRAN = UTRA Network) including

base stations and mobile management entities.

TS 36.5xx

Conformance testing.

60

Protocol Architecture

Control / measurements

RRC: Radio Resource

Control

Layer 3

RLC: Radio Link Control

Logical channels

Layer 2

MAC: Medium Access Control

Transport channels

PHY: Physical layer

Layer 1

Physical channels

Transceiver

61

LTE Network Architecture

E-UTRAN (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network)
EPC (Evolved Packet Core)

UMTS 3G: UTRAN

MME
S-GW/P-GW

GGSN

MME
S-GW/P-GW

SGSN

S1

RNC

RNC
eNB

eNB
X2

NB

NB

NB

NB

NB: NodeB (base station)

RNC: Radio Network Controller
SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node
GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node

eNB

E-UTRAN
* 3GPP TS 36.300

eNB

eNB: E-UTRAN NodeB

MME: Mobility Management Entity
S-GW: Serving Gateway
P-GW: PDN (Packet Data Network) Gateway

62

LTE Network Architecture

- cont.

eNB
All radio interface-related
functions

MME

EPC (Evolved Packet Core)

MME
S-GW/P-GW

MME
S-GW/P-GW

Manages mobility, UE
identity, and security
parameters.

S1

S-GW

eNB

Node that terminates the

interface towards E-UTRAN.

eNB
X2
eNB

P-GW
Node that terminates the
interface towards PDN.

eNB

E-UTRAN

* 3GPP TS 36.300

eNB: E-UTRAN NodeB

MME: Mobility Management Entity
S-GW: Serving Gateway
P-GW: PDN (Packet Data Network) Gateway

63

LTE Network Architecture

- cont.
RRM: Radio Resource Management
RB: Radio Bearer
RRC: Radio Resource Control
PDCP: Packet Data Convergence Protocol
NAS: Non-Access Stratum
EPS: Evolved Packet System

eNB
Inter Cell RRM
RB Control
Connection Mobility Cont.
MME
Radio Admission Control
NAS Security
eNB Measurement
Configuration & Provision
Idle State Mobility
Handling

Dynamic Resource
Allocation (Scheduler)

EPS Bearer Control

RRC
PDCP
S-GW

P-GW

RLC
Mobility
Anchoring

MAC

UE IP address
allocation

S1
PHY

Packet Filtering
internet

E-UTRAN

EPC

* 3GPP TS 36.300

64

LTE Network Architecture

UE

User-Plane
Protocol
Stack

eNB
PDCP

PDCP

RLC

RLC

MAC

MAC

PHY

PHY

UE

eNB

MME

NAS

Control-Plane
Protocol
Stack

- cont.

NAS

RRC

RRC

PDCP

PDCP

RLC

RLC

MAC

MAC

PHY

PHY

* 3GPP TS 36.300

65

Frame Structure

Two radio frame structures defined.

Frame structure type 1 (FS1): FDD.
Frame structure type 2 (FS2): TDD.

A radio frame has duration of 10 ms.

A resource block (RB) spans 12 subcarriers over a slot

duration of 0.5 ms. One subcarrier has bandwidth of 15 kHz,
thus 180 kHz per RB.

66

Frame Structure Type 1

FDD frame structure

One radio frame = 10 ms

One slot = 0.5 ms

#0

#1

#2

#3

#18

#19

One subframe = TTI (Transmission Time Interval)

67

Frame Structure Type 2

TDD frame structure

One radio frame = 10 ms

One half-frame = 5 ms
One subframe = 1 ms
One slot = 0.5 ms
Subframe #0

DwPTS

Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4 Subframe #5

GP UpPTS

DwPTS

Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9

GP UpPTS

68

Resource Grid
One radio frame
Slot #0

#19

N symb

Subcarrier (frequency)

Resource block

N symb N scRB resource elements

N RB N scRB

N scRB

Resource element

12

OFDM/SC-FDMA symbol (time)

69

Length of CP

Configuration

Nsymb

Normal CP

Extended CP

Extended CP (Df = 7.5 kHz)

Configuration

CP length NCP,l [samples]

Normal CP

160 ( 5.21 ms) for l = 0

144 ( 4.69 ms) for l = 1, 2, , 6

Extended CP

512 ( 16.67 ms) for l = 0, 1, , 5

Extended CP (Df = 7.5 kHz)

1024 ( 33.33 ms) for l = 0, 1, 2

Only in downlink

70

LTE Bandwidth/Resource Configuration

Channel
bandwidth [MHz]

1.4

10

15

20

Number of
resource blocks (NRB)

15

25

50

75

100

Number of
occupied subcarriers

72

180

300

600

900

1200

IDFT(Tx)/DFT(Rx) size

128

256

512

1024

1536

2048

Sample rate [MHz]

1.92

3.84

7.68

15.36

23.04

30.72

Samples per slot

960

1920

3840

7680

11520

15360

*3GPP TS 36.104
71

Bandwidth Configuration
1 slot
Zeros

DL or UL symbol

frequency

Resource
block

N scRB

UL
N RB
N scRB

12

300

512

(180 kHz)

(4.5 MHz)

(7.68 MHz)

Zeros
time

* 5 MHz system with

frame structure type 1
72

LTE Physical Channels

DL

Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)

Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH)
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)

UL
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

73

LTE Transport Channels

Physical layer transport channels offer information transfer to
medium access control (MAC) and higher layers.
DL

Broadcast Channel (BCH)

Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH)
Paging Channel (PCH)
Multicast Channel (MCH)

UL
Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH)
Random Access Channel (RACH)

74

LTE Logical Channels

Logical channels are offered by the MAC layer.
Control Channels: Control-plane information

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Multicast Control Channel (MCCH)
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

Traffic Channels: User-plane information

Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)
Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH)

75

Channel Mappings

PCCH BCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH MCCH MTCH

PCH

BCH

DL-SCH

PDSCH PBCH

MCH

PMCH PDCCH

Downlink

Logical
channels
Transport
channels

Physical
channels

CCCH

RACH

PRACH

DCCH

DTCH

UL-SCH

PUSCH

PUCCH

Uplink

76

LTE Layer 2
Layer 2 has three sublayers
MAC (Medium Access Control)
RLC (Radio Link Control)
PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol)
Radio Bearers

Radio Bearers
ROHC

ROHC

ROHC

ROHC

Security

RLC

ROHC

ROHC

Security

Security

PDCP

PDCP

Segm.
ARQ etc

...

Security

Security

Segm.
ARQ etc

Segm.
ARQ etc

Security

...

Segm.
ARQ etc

RLC
BCCH

PCCH

Segm.
ARQ etc

...

Segm.
ARQ etc
Logical Channels

Logical Channels

Scheduling / Priority Handling

Scheduling / Priority Handling

MAC

Multiplexing UE1

Multiplexing UEn

HARQ

HARQ

MAC

Multiplexing

HARQ
Transport Channels

Transport Channels

DL
ROHC: Robust Header Compression

UL
* 3GPP TS 36.300

77

RRC Layer
Terminated in eNB on the network side.
Functions

Broadcast
Paging
RRC connection management
RB (Radio Bearer) management
Mobility functions
UE measurement reporting and control

RRC states
RRC_IDLE
RRC_CONNECTED

78

Resource Scheduling of Shared Channels

Dynamic resource scheduler resides in eNB on MAC layer.

Radio resource assignment based on radio condition, traffic
volume, and QoS requirements.
Radio resource assignment consists of:
Physical Resource Block (PRB)
Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS)

79

Radio Resource Management

Radio bearer control (RBC)
Radio admission control (RAC)
Connection mobility control (CMC)
Dynamic resource allocation (DRA) or packet scheduling (PS)
Inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC)
Load balancing (LB)

80

Other Features
ARQ (RLC) and H-ARQ (MAC)
Mobility

Rate control
DRX (Discontinuous Reception)

MBMS
QoS

Security
81

DL Overview
DL physical channels

Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)

Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH)
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)

DL physical signals
Reference signal (RS)
Synchronization signal

Available modulation for data channel

QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM
82

DL Physical Channel Processing

Scrambling

Modulation mapping

Layer mapping
MIMO-related
processing

Precoding

Mapping onto one or more

transmission layers

Generation of signals for

each antenna port

Resource element mapping

OFDM signal generation

IDFT operation

83

DL Reference Signal

Three types of DL reference signals (Rel. 8)

Cell-specific reference signals
Associated with non-MBSFN transmission

MBSFN reference signals

Associated with MBSFN transmission

UE-specific reference signals

84

DL Reference Signal

- cont.

Cell-specific 2D RS sequence is generated as the symbol-bysymbol product of a 2D orthogonal sequence (OS) and a 2D
pseudo-random sequence (PRS).
3 different 2D OS and ~170 different PRS.
Each cell (sector) ID corresponds to a unique combination of one OS
and one PRS ~510 unique cell IDs.

CDM of RS for cells (sectors) of the same eNodeB (BS)

Use complex orthogonal spreading codes.

FDM of RS for each antenna in case of MIMO

85

DL Reference Signal
One antenna port

R0

- cont.

R0

R0

*With normal CP
*3GPP TS 36.211

R0

R0

R0

R0

R0

l 0

l 6 l 0

l 6

Resource element (k,l)

Two antenna ports

R0

R0

R0

R0

R0

Four antenna ports

R0

l 6

R0

l 0

R0

R1

odd-numbered slots

Antenna port 0

l 0

R1
l 6 l 0

even-numbered slots

R3

R3

R2

R3

R3

R2
l 6

odd-numbered slots

Antenna port 1

R2

R2

R1

R1
l 6

l 6

R1

R1

R0
l 6 l 0

even-numbered slots

R1

R1

R0

R0

Reference symbols on this antenna port

l 6 l 0

R1

R0

Not used for transmission on this antenan port

R1

R1

l 6 l 0

R0

R1

R1

R0

l 0

R1

R1

R0

l 0

R1

R0

l 0

l 6 l 0

even-numbered slots

l 6

odd-numbered slots

Antenna port 2

l 0

l 6 l 0

even-numbered slots

l 6

odd-numbered slots

Antenna port 3

86

DL MIMO
Supported up to 4x4 configuration.
Support for both spatial multiplexing (SM) and Tx diversity
(TxD).
SM
Unitary precoding based scheme with codebook based feedback
from user.
Multiple codewords (up to two).

TxD: SFBC and CDD (Cyclic Delay Diversity).

MU-MIMO supported.
3G Americas, MIMO Transmission Schemes for LTE and HSPA
Networks, Jun. 2009, available at http://3gamericas.org
87

UL Overview
UL physical channels
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

UL physical signals
Reference signal (RS)

Available modulation for data channel

QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM

Single user MIMO not supported in Release 8.

But it is addressed in Release 10.
Multi-user collaborative MIMO supported.
88

UL Resource Block
*PUSCH with normal CP

Reference
symbols (RS)

Subcarrier

Frequency

Resource
block (RB)

1 slot (0.5 ms)

One SC-FDMA symbol

Time
89

UL Physical Channel Processing

Scrambling

Modulation mapping

Transform precoding
SC-FDMA
modulation

DFT-precoding

Resource element mapping

SC-FDMA signal generation

IDFT operation

90

SC-FDMA Modulation in LTE UL

Localized mapping
with an option of
adaptive
scheduling or
random hopping.

, xN 1

N-DFT

Zeros

MIDFT

Parallel
-toSerial

x0 , x1

, xM 1

One SC-FDMA
symbol

x0 , x1

SerialtoParallel

subcarrier

Zeros

M1

Subcarrier
Mapping

91

UL Reference Signal
Two types of UL RS
Demodulation (DM) RS Narrowband.
Sounding RS: Used for UL resource scheduling Broadband.

RS based on Zadoff-Chu CAZAC (Constant Amplitude Zero

Auto-Correlation) polyphase sequence
CAZAC sequence: Constant amplitude, zero circular autocorrelation, flat frequency response, and low circular crosscorrelation between two different sequences.

j 2 r k 2 qk ,
L 2

e
ak
r k ( k 1)
j 2 L 2 qk
e

k 0,1,2, , L 1; for L even

* r is any integer relatively prime

with L and q is any integer.

, k 0,1,2, , L 1; for L odd

B. M. Popovic, Generalized Chirp-like Polyphase Sequences with Optimal Correlation Properties,

IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, vol. 38, Jul. 1992, pp. 1406-1409.
92

UL RS Multiplexing

User 1
User 2
User 3
subcarriers
FDM Pilots

subcarriers
CDM Pilots

93

UL RS Multiplexing

- cont.

DM RS: Associated with PUSCH or PUCCH

For SIMO: FDM between different users.
For MU-MIMO: CDM between RS from each antenna

Sounding RS: Not associated with PUSCH or PUCCH

CDM when there is only one sounding bandwidth.
CDM/FDM when there are multiple sounding bandwidths.

94

Radio Procedures

Cell search

Random access
Power control

Uplink synchronization and uplink timing control

Hybrid ARQ related procedures

95

LTE Release 9
Completed in Mar. 2010.
Enhancements to Release 8

Enhanced DL beamforming (dual layer)

Vocoder rate adaptation
Self-organizing network (SON)
Multimedia broadcast/multicast service (MBMS)
Circuit-switched (CS) domain services
UE positioning
IMS emergency

96

Outline
Wireless Background

4G Enabling Technologies
Long Term Evolution (LTE)

LTE-Advanced
Summary and References

97

4G: IMT-Advanced

Source: 3G Americas, Defining 4G: Understanding the ITU Process for the Next Generation of Wireless Technology, Aug. 2008
98

LTE-Advanced Requirements
Peak data rate:
1 Gbps DL and 500 Mbps UL

Latency
Less than 10 ms within Connected mode
Less than 50 ms from Idle to Connected mode

Spectrum
Up to 100 MHz bandwidth
Support for non-consecutive bands (spectrum aggregation)

Peak spectrum efficiency

30 bps/Hz DL and 15 bps/Hz UL
99

LTE-A Features
Release 10 (Completed in Mar. 2011)

Carrier aggregation
Enhanced MIMO
Heterogeneous network (HetNet): Macro-cell + small-cell
Relaying

Release 11 (Completed in Sep. 2012)

Coordinated multi-point (CoMP) transmission and reception
Advanced inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC)
Enhanced PDCCH

http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Information/WORK_PLAN/Descripti
on_Releases/
100

LTE-A: Carrier Aggregation

- cont.

In order to support up to 100 MHz bandwidth, two or more

component carriers aggregated
Component carrier (CC): Basic frequency block which comply with R8
LTE numerology
Each CC is limited to 20 MHz bandwidth (110 resource blocks).
Maintains backward compatibility with R8 LTE.

Supports both contiguous and non-contiguous spectrum.

Also supports asymmetric bandwidth for FDD.

101

LTE-A: Carrier Aggregation

- cont.

100 MHz
CC

20 MHz

60 MHz
Noncontiguous
60 MHz
Contiguous
20 MHz
R8 LTE

102

LTE-A: Carrier Aggregation

- cont.

Spectrum aggregation scenarios

Intra-band adjacent
Intra-band non-adjacent
Inter-band

Asymmetric bandwidth for FDD

Number of DL CC Number of UL CC

103

LTE-A: Carrier Aggregation

- cont.

Downlink multiple access scheme

OFDMA with CC-based structure: Re-use R8 spec for low cost & fast
development
One transport block is mapped within one CC.

Uplink multiple access scheme

N-times DFT-spread OFDM: Clustered DFT spreading

104

LTE-A: Enhanced MIMO

Downlink MIMO

Up to 8x8 (8 layer) configuration

Additional RS: CSI-RS and UE-specific DM RS
Support for MU-MIMO
Enhancements to CSI feedback

Uplink MIMO
Introduction of UL transmit diversity
Introduction of up to 4x4 SU-MIMO
Use of turbo serial interference canceller

105

LTE-A: Relaying
Improves coverage and cell-edge performance.
Relay node is wirelessly connected to RAN via a donor cell.

Backhaul link

Relay node

Donor cell

106

LTE-A: Heterogeneous Network Support

Heterogeneous network (HetNet): Low power nodes/cells are
placed throughout a macro-cell deployment as an underlay.
Low power cell: Pico/femto-cell, relay, remote radio head (RRH), etc.
Macro-cell

Pico/femto-cell

107

LTE-A: HetNet Support

- cont.

Supports interference coordination for both CA-based and

non-CA-based HetNets.

Ways to coordinate interference

Time domain coordination
Introduction of ABS (Almost Blank Subframe)
Coordinated CSI-RS
Backhaul coordination between macro and underlay cells

Power control

Release 11 adds more enhancements.

108

LTE-A: CoMP TX & RX

Release 11 feature.
Improves coverage, cell-edge performance, and system
throughput.
DL: Joint processing, coordinated scheduling/beamforming
UL: Multi-point reception

109

LTE Release 12
Specification freeze date of Dec. 2014.
Work items
Enhancements to LTE-A features, Machine-Type Communications
(MTC), FDD-TDD Carrier Aggregation, Enhancements to LTE TDD for
DL-UL Interference Management and Traffic Adaptation (eIMTA),
Device-to-Device (D2D) proximity services, Network-Assisted
Interference Cancellation and Suppression, WLAN/3GPP radio
interworking

New study items

Small cell enhancements, 3D MIMO, energy saving enhancement,
interference cancellation, Group Communication,

110

LTE Release 12

- cont.

3GPP, Overview of 3GPP Release 12

http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Information/WORK_PLAN/Description_Rele
ases/Rel-12_description_20130317.zip

Further references
http://www.3gpp.org/Release-12

111

LTE Release 13
LTE in unlicensed spectrum (aka Licensed-Assisted Access)
Carrier Aggregation enhancements
LTE enhancements for Machine-Type Communications (MTC)
Enhancements for D2D
Elevation Beamforming / Full-Dimension MIMO
Enhanced multi-user transmission techniques
Indoor positioning
Single-cell Point-to-Multipoint (SC-PTM)
http://www.3gpp.org/news-events/3gpp-news/1628-rel13
112

LTE: Beyond
Cell densification is a major trend to increase network
capacity.

*Source: Qualcomm
113

LTE: Beyond

- cont.

Cellular network evolution: Traditional macro-based

1:M=(# of BS):(# of mobile)

114

LTE: Beyond

- cont.

Cellular network evolution: Small cells

1:N (where N << M)

115

LTE: Beyond

- cont.

Cellular network evolution: Ultra-densification through small

cells, remote radio heads, distributed antennas, relays, etc.

1:1

# of access nodes equals

# of mobile devices (?!?).

116

LTE: Beyond

- cont.

Many technologies are emerging to address cell densification,

network capacity increase, and user experience.

Advanced heterogeneous network (HetNet)/small cells

Small Cell-as-a-Service (SCaaS)
WiFi/cellular integration
LTE in unlicensed spectrum
Interference cancellation & suppression
Device-to-device (p2p)
Self organizing network (SON)
Software defined networking (SDN)/Network Functions Virtualization
(NFV)
Distributed antenna system (DAS)
Massive MIMO
mmWave frequency communication

117

Outline
Wireless Background

4G Enabling Technologies
Long Term Evolution (LTE)

LTE-Advanced
Summary and References

118

Summary

Key technologies of 4G systems

Multicarrier-based radio air interface
OFDM/OFDMA and SC-FDMA

Frequency domain equalization

IP-based flat network architecture
Multi-input multi-output (MIMO)
Active interference avoidance and coordination
Fast multi-carrier frequency-selective resource scheduling

119

Summary

- cont.

Key features of LTE

OFDM/SC-FDMA air interface

Flexible 1.25 ~ 20 MHz bandwidth (up to 100 MHz in LTE-Advanced)
Support for both FDD and TDD
Advanced MIMO
Peak data rate (20MHz): DL - 326.4 Mbps (4x4 MIMO), UL - 86.4 Mbps
Low latency

120

References and Resources

4G enabling technologies
OFDM/OFDMA
R. van Nee and R. Prasad, OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications,
Artech House, 2000.

Frequency domain equalization

D. Falconer et al., Frequency Domain Equalization for Single-Carrier
Broadband Wireless Systems, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 40, no. 4, Apr. 2002,
pp. 58-66.
H. Sari et al., Transmission Techniques for Digital Terrestrial TV
Broadcasting, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 33, no. 2, Feb. 1995, pp. 100-109.

SC-FDMA
H. G. Myung & D. Goodman, Single Carrier FDMA: A New Air Interface for Long
Term Evolution, John Wiley & Sons, Nov. 2008
H. G. Myung et al., Single Carrier FDMA for Uplink Wireless Transmission,
IEEE Vehicular Technology Mag., vol. 1, no. 3, Sep. 2006.

121

References and Resources

- cont.

MIMO
A. Paulraj et al., Introduction to Space-Time Wireless Communications,
Cambridge University Press, May 2003.
G. L. Stber et al., Broadband MIMO-OFDM Wireless Communications,
Proceedings of the IEEE, Feb. 2004, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 271-294.

Multicarrier scheduling
G. Song and Y. Li, Utility-based Resource Allocation and Scheduling
in OFDM-based Wireless Broadband Networks, IEEE Commun. Mag.,
vol. 43, no. 12, Dec. 2005, pp. 127-134.

122

References and Resources

- cont.

LTE
Spec
http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-series.htm

4G Americas
http://4gamericas.org

LTE books
http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Section/id-WILEY2_SEARCH_RESULT.ht
ml?query=lte

http://www.LTEwatch.com

123

Questions? Thank you!

IEEE VTC 2015 Fall

2015.09.06
Dr. Hyung G. Myung, Qualcomm