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Face Recognition Using Principal Component Analysis Method

Principal component analysis is used to perform face recognition by transforming faces into eigenfaces, which are the main components of training images. A new image is recognized by projecting it onto the eigenface subspace and comparing it to known individuals. The process involves initializing with a training set to calculate eigenfaces, then projecting new images into that eigenface space to determine if they are known or unknown faces. Testing on various users in different environments showed over 91% recognition success, though performance degrades with variations in lighting and head orientation.

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26 views2 pages

Face Recognition Using Principal Component Analysis Method

Principal component analysis is used to perform face recognition by transforming faces into eigenfaces, which are the main components of training images. A new image is recognized by projecting it onto the eigenface subspace and comparing it to known individuals. The process involves initializing with a training set to calculate eigenfaces, then projecting new images into that eigenface space to determine if they are known or unknown faces. Testing on various users in different environments showed over 91% recognition success, though performance degrades with variations in lighting and head orientation.

Uploaded by

Megha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Face Recognition Using Principal Component Analysis Method

INTRODUCTION
Face recognition systems have been grabbing high attention from commercial market point of view as well as pattern
recognition field. Face recognition has received substantial attention from researches in biometrics, pattern recognition field
and computer vision communities. The face recognition systems can extract the features of face and compare this with the
existing database. The faces considered here for comparison are still faces. The face recognition system extracts the Eigen
features from trainee set. It later compares with the database of faces, which is collection of faces in different poses. The
present system is trained with the database where the images are taken in different poses like head variation , light variation,
scale variation , feature variation means with glasses, with and without beard and then used to recognize the unknown face.

FACE RECOGNITION PROCESS


One of the simplest and most effective PCA approaches used in face recognition systems is the so-called eigenface approach.
This approach transforms faces into a small set of essential characteristics, eigenfaces, which are the main components of the
initial set of learning images (training set). Recognition is done by projecting a new image in the eigenface subspace, after
which the person is classified by comparing its position in eigenface space with the position of known individuals [3]. The
advantage of this approach over other face recognition systems is in its simplicity, speed and insensitivity to small or gradual
changes on the face. The problem is limited to files that can be used to recognize the face. Namely, the images must be
vertical frontal views of human faces. The whole recognition process involves two steps:
A. Initialization process
B. Recognition process
The Initialization process involves the following operations:
i. Acquire the initial set of face images called as training set.
ii. Calculate the Eigenfaces from the training set, keeping only the highest eigenvalues. These M images define the face
space. As new faces are experienced, the eigenfaces can be updated or recalculated.
iii. Calculate distribution in this M-dimensional space for each known person by projecting his or her face images onto this
face-space.
These operations can be performed from time to time whenever there is a free excess operational capacity. This data can be
cached which can be used in the further steps eliminating the overhead of re-initializing, decreasing execution time thereby
increasing the performance of the entire system [4]. Having initialized the system, the next process involves the steps:
i. Calculate a set of weights based on the input image and the M eigenfaces by projecting the input image onto each of the
Eigenfaces.
ii. Determine if the image is a face at all (known or unknown) by checking to see if the image is sufficiently close to a free
space.
iii. If it is a face, then classify the weight pattern as either a known person or as unknown.
iv. Update the eigenfaces or weights as either a known or unknown, if the same unknown person face is seen several times
then calculate the characteristic weight pattern and incorporate into known faces. The last step is not usually a requirement of
every system and hence the steps are left optional and can be implemented as when the there is a requirement.

EIGENFACE ALGORITHM
PROJECTION OF TRAINING SAMPLES INTO THE EIGENFACE SPACE
Next we have to project the training sample into the Eigenface space. The feature weight for the training images can be
calculated by the following formula:

TESTING SAMPLE CLASSIFICATIONS

IMPLEMENTATION IN MATLAB & RESULTS


CONCLUSION
The tests conducted on various users in different environments shows that this approach has limitations over the variations in
light and head orientation, however this method showed very good recognition in feature and Scale variations. The overall
success rate is above 91%. When an image is sufficiently close to face-like but is not classified as one of the familiar faces, it
is initially labelled as "unmatched". A noisy image or partially obstructed face would cause recognition performance to

degrade. The eigenface approach does provide a practical solution that is well fitted to the problem of face recognition. It is
fast, relatively simple, and has been shown to work more accurate in constrained environment.

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