Geotechnical Investigation for

Olien PV Solar Plant, Lime Acres, Northern Cape

REPORT TO

AE-AMD Renewable Energy

BY SMEC South Africa Consulting Engineers
REPORT NO.: PJ112/10/2013/04/2446

APRIL 2013

CONTENTS
1.

INTRODUCTION AND TERMS OF REFERENCE

1.1

Scope

1.2

Terms of Appointment

1.3

Aims and Methodology

1.4

Codes of Practice and Standards

1.5

Limitations of Assessment

2.

DESCRIPTION OF SITE AND SURROUNDING AREA

2.1

Information Sources

2.2

Site Location and Description

2.3

Drainage, Topography and Vegetation

2.4

Surrounding Area

2.5

Climate

3.

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION AND GROUND CONDITIONS

3.1

Overview

3.2

Previous Investigations

3.3

Geology

3.4

Ground Conditions

3.5

Earth Resistance Measurements

3.6

Laboratory Testing

4.

GEOTECHNICAL INTERPRETATION AND SUMMARY

10

4.1

Ground Conditions

10

4.2

Geotechnical Constraints to Development

12

4.3

Foundations

12

4.4

Roads and Materials

15

4.5

Drainage System

16

4.6

Flooding Risk

16

4.7

Excavatability and Cable Trenches

16

4.8

Stability of Trenches

16

4.9

Made Ground / Fill

17

4.10

Groundwater

17

4.11

Earth Resistance

17

4.12

Seismic Evaluation

17

4.13

Geotechnical Evaluation: Other

18

4.14

Further Investigation

19

5.

GEOTECHNICAL RECOMMENDATIONS

19

6.

CLOSING

20

7.

REFERENCES

21

APPENDICES Appendix A;

Appendix B;
Appendix C;
Appendix D;

Trial Pit Profiles

Profiling and Logging Parameters
Earth Resistance Measurements
Laboratory Test Results

Geotechnical Investigation for Olien PV Solar Plant

1.

INTRODUCTION AND TERMS OF REFERENCE

1.1

Scope
This report presents the findings of a geotechnical investigation and soils resistivity survey
undertaken near Lime Acres, Northern Cape. It is understood that the proposed
development will comprise a photovoltaic solar plant with associated access tracks,
roads, substation and maintenance depot (offices and stores). The proposed solar plant
will cover an area of about 200Ha.

1.2

Terms of Appointment
The work was carried out for AE-AMD Renewable Energy, in accordance with our quote
(Quote no. Q601B) dated 15 February 2013 and the instruction to proceed from Mr
Charlie Berrington dated 15 February 2013.

1.3

Aims and Methodology

The objectives of the study are:

To analyse the geotechnical conditions present, assess the general suitability of

the site and to make recommendations for site works for the proposed
development.

To provide foundation recommendations for the proposed development and to

comment on geotechnical factors that would have an impact on the development
of the site to enable economic design and construction of the proposed
development

To identify relevant ground-related features and determine the variability of ground

conditions and the effect of such variability on the proposed development

The following methodology was adopted to realise the aims of the study:

Review of available geological records and site plans.

Undertaking of a geotechnical site investigation comprising TLB excavated trial

pits to profile soils, investigate soil strengths/capacities and identify potential
problem soils on site.

Undertaking of laboratory testing to establish geotechnical and design parameters

of the soils.

Identification of relevant ground-related features and their influence on the

proposed development.

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1.4

Codes of Practice and Standards

The investigation was carried according to standard practice codes and guidelines.
Reference has specifically been made to:

SAICE and IStructE Code of Practice for foundations of single storey masonry
buildings

1.5

The 2010 SAICE Geotechnical Division Site Investigation Code of Practice.

Limitations of Assessment

The investigation comprised a limited number of trial pits and is not likely to reveal the
detail of the conditions that will become evident during construction. It is thus imperative
that a Competent Person inspects all excavations to ensure that conditions at variance
with those predicted do not occur and to undertake an interpretation of the facts supplied
in this report to apply to on-site conditions as exposed during development of the site.
It is possible that certain indications of ground contamination or ground water levels were
latent or otherwise not visible. Our opinions can only be based on what was visible at the
time the visit was conducted.
This report has been prepared for the exclusive use of the client, with specific application
to the proposed project.

2.

DESCRIPTION OF SITE AND SURROUNDING AREA

2.1

Information Sources
The following information sources were consulted and made available;

2.2

Geological Map, Sheet 2822 Postmasburg at a scale of 1:250 000

General layouts provided by the client

Published technical references (listed in Section 7 of this report)

Site Location and Description

The site for the proposed solar PV plant is located approximately 15km east of Lime
Acres. The site centre has approximate coordinates of 28.339426 S and 23.625251 E. A
site locality plan is given in Diagram 2.2.1 and proposed development areas in Diagram
2.2.2 below.

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THE SITE

Diagram 2.2.1. Site locality plan

N
Existing Olien
substation

Scale: 1.5km

Diagram 2.2.2. Proposed development areas

The site comprises two parcels or irregularly shaped land, split by the existing overhead
powerline servitude and Olien substation. The western parcel of land has an
approximate area of 134Ha and the eastern portion 60Ha. The site is generally flat and
level and is strewn with calcrete gravel and cobbles with occasional outcrop visible. A
railway line, which runs on a roughly north east south west alignment defines the
northern boundary of the site.

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2.3

Drainage, Topography and Vegetation

Ground levels on the site are in the order of 1450masl. Drainage is generally in the form
of sheetwash and the site is generally flat. Vegetation consists of grass over the western
part of the site with scattered trees on the eastern part.

2.4

Surrounding Area
The area immediately surrounding the site comprises natural, undeveloped land on all
sides. To the west of the site a non-perennial river flows on a roughly north south
alignment and is fed by drainage from a large pan (The Great Pan) approximately 1km to
the north west of the site. This river joins the Klien-Riet River to the south east of the site.

2.5

Climate
The site lies within the dry, semi-arid grassland climatic zone, comprising hot summers
and cool winters. Maximum average temperatures range between 32C in January and
16C in June, with corresponding average minimum temperatures of 16C and 0C
respectively. Lime Acres normally receives about 246mm of rain per year, with most
rainfall occurring mainly during summer. It receives the lowest rainfall (0mm) in July and
the highest (59mm) in March.
Climate determines the mode of weathering and rate of weathering. The effect of climate
on the weathering process (i.e. soil formation) is determined by the climatic N value
defined by Weinert. The N-value for the area is 12, which implies a deficiency of water.
The implication of the N-value in general (for an N>5 area) is that the soil profile is likely to
be shallow, and comprise physically disintegrated residual soils.

3.

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION AND GROUND CONDITIONS

3.1

Overview
The geotechnical investigation, which comprised 45 trial pits, was carried out on 4th and
5th March 2013. Trial pits were profiled according to standard practice and soil samples
were recovered from representative materials on site and submitted for laboratory testing.

3.2

Previous Investigations
The SMEC reports database was consulted. No previous site investigation reports have
been undertaken in the area.

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3.3

Geology
The geological map of Postmasburg shows the site to be underlain by surface limestone
(calcrete) of Tertiary to Quaternary age. However, dolomitic limestone (puckered
limestone) with subordinate coarsely crystalline dolomite (Ghaapplato Formation,
Campbell Group, Griqualand West Sequence) is documented approximately 2.7km to the
north east and 9km to the south west of the site. It is likely that the surface limestone lies
on top of the dolomitic limestone. An extract of the geological map with the site and
surrounding geology is given in Diagram 3.3 hereunder.

Site

Surface
limestone
Dolomitic
limestone
Scale: 15km

Diagram 3.3. Extract from geological map Postmasburg 2822

3.4

Ground Conditions
Diagram 3.4 below shows the location of the trial pits (test pits AE/O1-45). The trial pits
were distributed across the site so as to provide an overall assessment of the in-situ
conditions for the proposed development.

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Scale: 900m

Diagram 3.4. Site Investigation Layout

The trial pits showed conditions across the site to be consistent, and comprised a thin
cover of gravelly topsoil overlying cemented to strongly cemented calcrete at very shallow
depth. The TLB refused on the strongly cemented calcrete at depths of between 0.1m and
0.5m.
A photograph of the typical soil profile encountered on the site is given below. Trial pit
profiles are included in Appendix A and an explanation of the logging parameters used is
given in Appendix B.

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Photograph 3.4: Typical soil profile

Additional observations made were as follows:
Excavatability: Trial pits were excavated using a CAT 428F TLB up to 0.5m depth. All
the trial pits refused on the strongly cemented calcrete.
Stability of Trenches: The side-walls of the trial pits were stable during excavation.
Ground water seepage: No ground water seepage occurred in any of the trial pits during
the investigation.
Made Ground/Fill: Made ground/fill was not encountered on the site.
3.5

Earth Resistance Measurements

Earth resistance measurements were carried out adjacent to six of the trial pits. The
measurements were made using the fall of potential, four pegs in a straight line method.
The pegs were spaced 0.3m, 0.5m, 1m, 2m, 4m, 6m and 12m apart and readings taken at
each location, with additional readings at 30m and 55m at the proposed substation site
(AE/07 north-south and east-west). The soil was dry on the day that the measurements
were made. The pegs were driven 150mm into the soil. These measurements should
reflect the worst grounding conditions. The following table contains the results.

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Table 3.5. Earth Resistance Measurements

Ground Resistance () at spacing (m)

Soil Resistivity (-m) at spacing (m)

Trial Pit
0.3

0.5

12

0.3

0.5

12

AE/O7*

580

334

204

24

13

1093

1049

1282

302

319

317

264

AE/O7#

652

372

130

25

12

1229

1169

817

317

292

287

83

AE/O4

845

170

80

119

64

130

160

1593

534

503

1496

1609

4902

12065

AE/O13

790

230

123

42

25

1489

723

773

528

633

79

309

AE/O25

770

260

148

60

60

100

50

1452

817

930

754

1508

3770

3770

AE/O45

410

610

111

36

200

120

120

773

1917

698

452

5027

4524

9049

AE/O42

640

380

200

22

422

12

292

1207

1194

1257

277

10607

452

22019

AE/O36
810
410
181
41
109
30
* - North-south alignment # - East-west alignment

20

1527

1288

1137

515

2740

1131

1508

The results of the resistivity testing are given in Appendix C.

3.6

Laboratory Testing
Laboratory tests were scheduled to confirm the on-site investigation and establish
engineering parameters for the soils. Tests were undertaken by our associated SANAS
accredited laboratory Simlab (Pty) Ltd in Bloemfontein. The various tests and pertinent
information from these tests are highlighted below and the detailed test results are
included as Appendix D. Tests undertaken include:

7 Foundation Indicator tests (including full grading and moisture content)

7 pH and conductivity tests

7 Chemical tests (sulphide, sulphate, chloride and redox potential)

Indicator Tests;
Particle size analyses (full grading) and indicator tests were undertaken on representative
samples of the materials on site. The tests showed the calcrete to be generally of low
plasticity.
The calcrete subsequently test as Low potential expansive according to the van der
Merwe method.
The test results are summarised in the table below:

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Table 3.6.1 Foundation Indicator Results

AE/O1

Depth of
sample
(m)
0.1-0.3

Calcrete

1.67

20

48

32

Low

AE/O6

0.1-0.4

Calcrete

1.26

22

60

15

12

Low

AE/O16

0.1-0.5

Calcrete

1.38

20

59

16

16

Low

AE/O23
AE/O35

0.1-0.2
0.1-0.2

Calcrete
Calcrete

1.82
1.71

0
0

16
15

44
51

40
34

10
5

Low
Low

AE/O40

0.1-0.3

Calcrete

1.42

18

56

24

Low

AE/O44

0.1-0.4

Calcrete

1.87

13

46

41

Low

Trial pit No.

Material
Type

Grading
Modulus

Clay
%

Silt
%

Sand
%

Gravel
%

PI

Expansiveness
classification*

* According to van der Merwe

Redox Potential tests were undertaken on seven samples. The results are outstanding
and will be issued as Addendum 1 to this report.
Chemical Tests were undertaken on eight samples. These comprised pH, conductivity,
sulphate, chlorides and sulphides. The results showed the soil to be generally neutral,
with a pH in the order of 6.5. The conductivity tests show the soils to be corrosive towards
steel. The results for the sulphate, chlorides and sulphides testing are outstanding and will
be issued as Addendum 1 to this report.
The results are summarised hereunder:
Table 3.6.2 Chemical Test Results
Trial pit No.
AE/O1

Depth of sample (m)

0.1-0.3

Material Type
Calcrete

pH
6.72

Conductivity (S/m)
0.002

AE/O6

0.1-0.4

Calcrete

6.41

0.001

AE/O16

0.1-0.5

Calcrete

6.83

0.003

AE/O23

0.1-0.2

Calcrete

6.30

0.002

AE/O35

0.1-0.2

Calcrete

6.39

0.000

AE/O40
AE/O44

0.1-0.3
0.1-0.4

Calcrete
Calcrete

6.49
6.62

0.002
0.010

From the above it can be seen that the results are generally consistent across the site

4.

GEOTECHNICAL INTERPRETATION AND SUMMARY

An evaluation of the impact of the geotechnical characteristics on the development, is
discussed below and summarised in Section 5.

4.1

Ground Conditions
The ground conditions encountered within the trial pits comprise a thin cover of gravelly
sand (topsoil), overlying cemented to strongly cemented calcrete.
However, the geological map indicates that dolomitic limestone (effectively dolomite) is
present in the area and is likely to lie beneath the calcrete. Dolomite rock comprises,

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essentially carbonates of magnesium and calcium. The groundwater in dolomite may be

regarded as a weak carbonic acid. Dolomite goes into solution in this acid and is carried
away as bicarbonates of magnesium and calcium. Downward percolation of the
groundwater leads to erosion and widening of joints in the dolomite and can lead to the
formation of slots extending down to the water table and, possibly, given the right
combination of circumstances, to the formation of sinkholes (where these slots break
through to surface).
Any development on dolomite must thus take into account the possibility of the formation
of subsidences (sinkholes, etc). South African National Standard (SANS) 1936 provides
regulations and norms to be applied whenever development on dolomite is contemplated.
SANS1936 covers the investigations to be carried out prior to development, the design
standards to be employed when planning development on dolomite and the risk
management procedures to monitor the performance of services to minimise the risk of
sinkhole formation.
Thus, any development on dolomite requires an intensive investigation to quantify the
hazard presented by the dolomite stability conditions ruling on the site. The investigations
include a gravimetric survey of the site followed by percussion drilling of features
identified by the residual gravity anomalies. An analysis of the findings is then carried out
and the site zoned in relation to its suitability for different types of development (housing,
industrial, etc), including any zones classified as being unsuitable (too risky) for
development. The dolomite stability report is submitted to the Council for Geoscience
(CGS) and to a peer review panel who then approve/disprove the report and
grant/withhold permission to develop the site. As part of this process a risk management
plan must be developed to cater for the on-site conditions.
When construction commences, the geospecialist who prepared the risk management
plan is required to monitor construction to ensure that this complies with the design and
related risk-management procedures.
Depending on the type of development, on-going monitoring during the life of the
project/development forms part of the risk management plan. This stage of the process
usually applies to the stormwater management and performance of wet services installed
as part of a residential development, so its application to a solar farm is questionable.
The solar project will have minimal wet services and people on site. Furthermore, the
potentially thick calcrete over the dolomite will act as an aquiclude and prevent water
ingress. Therefore, it is possible that a less onerous dolomite investigation process may
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be acceptable to CGS. Very preliminary discussion with CGS has indicated that this may
be a possibility and it is proposed to proceed as follows:

Phase 1: Desk Study. CGS is (supposedly) the repository of all dolomite stability
investigations. Its data bank was consulted to determine if any applicable data is
available, but none was located.

Phase 2: This phase would entail an investigation of the substation and office
block area to SANS 1936 standards. To cater for the possibility of unsuitable
areas being identified, a 5Ha area should be investigated. A gravity survey on a
30m grid will be undertaken, followed by percussion drilling of features identified
by the gravity work. Allowance should be made for 8 boreholes to a maximum
depth of 40m each. Stereographic study of large scale airphotos (better than 1:800
scale) will be undertaken to identify any subsidence (sinkhole) related features.
Over the remainder of the site it is proposed to carry out a less intensive
investigation comprising, firstly airphoto interpretation as above, followed by field
mapping and a walk-over survey. Drilling of boreholes will be undertaken on any
features identified. Allowance should be made for 12 boreholes to a maximum
depth of 40m each.

4.2

Geotechnical Constraints to Development

Based on the investigations, conditions on the site are generally good (provided the
dolomite conditions are found to be acceptable), and there appears to be no
(geotechnical) reasons for the development of the site not to continue, provided that
precautionary measures as discussed in this report are incorporated in the design and
development of the site.

4.3

Foundations
It is understood that the preferred foundation solution for this development is a rammed
pile. However, these are not recommended due to the presence of strongly cemented
calcrete over the site, which will prevent installation at very shallow depth. Whilst bearing
capacities on the strongly cemented calcrete will be high the shallow depth of penetration
will mean that resistance to the required moment and uplift forces will not be achieved
from the overlying soils alone.
Alternatively, two other foundation types may be considered
1. Cast in situ concrete piles it will be possible to adopt this foundation solution, as the
holes at the pile positions would be formed by drilling using conventional shothole rigs.

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This will overcome the problem of installation where strongly cemented calcrete is
present.
2. Concrete block foundations it should be possible to adopt this foundation solution,
which will bear on the calcrete at shallow depth. A bearing capacity of 300kPa may be
taken for the strongly cemented calcrete.
Normal spread foundations may be taken for any proposed structures at a nominal depth
of 0.5m, bearing on the calcrete. A bearing capacity of 300kPa may be taken for the
calcrete at this depth.
Foundation Analysis and Design
A conceptual analysis based on the findings of the investigation has been carried out to
evaluate the likely piling depths required if using the recommended percussion-micropile.
The type of tracking system that will eventually be used is at this stage unknown, and the
design given below is thus purely theoretical in order to evaluate the feasibility of the
recommendations given above and to allow the design engineers to develop a conceptual
costing model.
Foundation Loads
Theoretical unfactored loads for tracker system have been utilised (based on previous
project experience), as per the table below.
Table 4.3.1. Non-factored pile loads
Tracker loads

Lateral (kN)

Uplift (kN)

Down Force (kN)

90

100

150

Geotechnical and site specific information

No UCS testing was undertaken, Brink(1985) suggests that hardpan calcrete seldom
exceeds 10MPa uniaxial compressive strengths, although it is estimated that the calcrete
will conservatively have a strength exceeding 1-3MPa. The thickness of the calcrete is
unknown. The Modulus of Subgrade reaction will be assumed to be 120MN/m3 as an
equivalent only value, as the Modulus of Subgrade Reaction is strictly speaking not
applicable to the hardpan calcrete which has characteristics approaching a soft rock.
The following parameters have been utilised in the analysis:

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Table 4.3.2: Preliminary Design Parameters

1

Depth

Soil
Description

ABP
(kPa)

3
(kN/m )

C (kPa)

(deg)

K (MN/m3)

(kPa)

500+

Hardpan
calcrete

>1000

20 - 22

5 - 20

40 - 45

120

90

1. Allowable bearing pressure 2. Soil dry density 3. Effective cohesion 4. Effective friction angle 5. Modulus of subgrade
reaction 6. Pile adhesion

Pile design - Compression

A single micropile is suggested below the foundations, this will be achieved by percussion
drilling of a 250mm hole. Rigs to drill this size diameter hole are readily available in South
Africa.
For the standardised soil profile presented in the previous section, the small pile diameter
and the fact that very little overburden stress builds up in the top 0.5m, the capacity buildup is estimated to be 3.5kN, therefore majority of the compressive capacity will have to be
built-up in rock socket capacity.
The rock socket frictional capacity can be determined by using the following equation and
values for the variables provided by Tomlinson
Tave peak = UCS
where

= the reduction factor with respect to UCS (from Tomlinson, 1995),

= the reduction factor with respect to rock mass effect

The rock socket frictional capacity is estimated to be some 90kPa. Therefore, using the
strength limit state load, ignoring all capacity gained from the soil profile above the
calcrete and that gained in end bearing, the results in socket lengths as summarised in
Table 4.3.3.
Table 4.3.3. Pile Length For Compressive Load
Position

Diameter

Tracker loads

250 mm

Required Length from top of

existing ground level(m)
3.9 (3.4)*

* socketed into medium hard to hard rock

These designs have to be checked for uplift as described in the next section.
Pile design Uplift
As applicable to sedimentary rocks, it is recommended that the designs be checked for
piston-pullout and liftout of a cone of calcrete. Both at ultimate strength state
calculations and designed by using the following appropriate equations:

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Piston-pullout

Rug = gdLavepeak , and

Cone Liftout

Rug = gL2avepeak

The pile length is adequate to withstand both piston pull-out and cone-liftout.
Lateral loading
Lateral loading will cause moments to developed in the pile, these moments will vary
depending on the fixity of the pile head. Therefore both a free-head and fixed-head
scenario were analysed in finite element software and are as summarised in the
Diagrams below.

Fixed Pile Head

(Concept Tracker load) ULS

Free Head
(Concept Tracker load)

Reinforcement
Piles will be assumedly constructed from 30MPa grout. Cover to spiral reinforcement
should be 50mm. It is recommended that the reinforcement in the 3.9m long piles, should
consist of 8Y20 with a R8 spiral at 200mm with a fixed pile head.
Summary
Although purely conceptual, the above analysis shows the recommended micropile
solution is feasible and results in pile lengths in the order of 3.5m based on theoretical
(typical) loads.
4.4

Roads and Materials

Whilst insufficient calcrete was able to be excavated to facilitate materials testing, the
surrounding gravel roads and access road for the existing Olien substation on site are
constructed from calcrete. There appears to be an existing borrow pit / quarry at the site

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entrance from which it is assumed that the access road for the substation has been
constructed. Given this, it is assumed that the calcrete on site will be suitable for
construction of access roads and tracks. However, calcrete roads are notoriously dusty
and this influence on the effectiveness of the PV panels should be borne in mind.
The calcrete outcrops on the site in several locations and is easily accessible for
construction purposes. Therefore, it is recommended that this material be used for access
roads within the site, although it must be noted that the calcrete must be inspected and
any that is excessively soft/clayey material, if present, should not be used
4.5

Drainage System
The main risk to the proposed development, with respect to water/drainage, is the
potential erosion of soils from around the foundations of the solar panels, thus affecting
their resistance to movement due to moment and uplift forces. Due to the consistent
alignment of these panels across the site, rainwater will wash off the panels and be
concentrated to specific channels, thus increasing the speed of soil erosion at these
locations. This can be overcome with traditional concrete open drainage, which will collect
this water and direct it away from the site.

4.6

Flooding Risk
The 1:50 and 1:100 year floodlines were not determined as it falls outside the scope of
this report. It is not anticipated that the site is within a floodline due to the distance of
perennial water bodies from the site, but it should be established as a matter of course.

4.7

Excavatability and Cable Trenches

As discussed above, the site is generally characterised by thin soil cover, observed as
0.1m in the trial pits, overlying cemented to strongly cemented calcrete.
However, due to the presence of strongly cemented calcrete at very shallow depth across
the site, blasting or breaking out of the calcrete will have to be undertaken to allow for
installation of the solar plant infrastructure, i.e. cables.

4.8

Stability of Trenches
The side walls of the trial pits remained stable during the investigations. In general, and
where such trenches are dry and not below the water table, excavations to 1.2m depth
can be excavated vertically. Excavations deeper than this will need to be shored or
battered. It must however be noted that the trial pits excavated during the geotechnical
investigation will give an optimistic indication of the stability of long trench excavations. It

PJ112/10/2013/04/2446
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Page 16

SMEC South Africa

Consulting Engineers

Geotechnical Investigation for Olien PV Solar Plant

remains the responsibility of the contractor and engineer on site to ensure that
excavations are safe.
The soils should be stable enough for the predrilled holes at the pile positions to remain
open prior to filling with concrete.
4.9

Made Ground / Fill

Made ground/fill was not encountered on the site.

4.10

Groundwater

No groundwater seepage was encountered in the trial pits dug on site. Due to the lack of
deeper investigation techniques, the natural groundwater table could not be determined,
but it is anticipated to be well in excess of 10m deep. Perched water tables can form,
particularly on the contact between the sand and underlying calcrete, after periods of
heavy or continuous rain.
4.11

Earth Resistance

The results indicate that the design team will be able to create an effective earth using a
combination of bare copper trench earth conductors and earth spikes. The earth
resistance will have to be measured at each site and only thereafter will the engineer be
able to design an effective earth system.
4.12

Seismic Evaluation

From the map below the site is located in an area with a peak ground acceleration of
approximately 0.08g. Therefore, potential damage from an earthquake of this magnitude
will be negligible.

PJ112/10/2013/04/2446
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SMEC South Africa

Consulting Engineers

Geotechnical Investigation for Olien PV Solar Plant

Approximate site
location

Diagram 4.12: Seismic Hazard Map of South Africa

4.13
1.

Geotechnical Evaluation: Other

Confirmatory investigations comprising inspection of foundations and trenches
during construction are according to Codes and Best Practices, mandatory.

2.

Mining activity and undermining. No evidence of mining was observed on site and
there are no known occurrences of economic mineral deposits on the site.

3.

Dolomite. The site is a dolomitic site and the restrictions relating to development
on dolomitic terrain are applicable.

4.

Slopes and cuttings; the area to be developed is generally flat and no terracing is
required.

5.

Contaminated soils (including tailings). No made ground was evident during the
fieldwork and the land is undeveloped. Therefore, the presence of contaminated
soils is highly unlikely on this site.

PJ112/10/2013/04/2446
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SMEC South Africa

Consulting Engineers

Geotechnical Investigation for Olien PV Solar Plant

4.14

Further Investigation

The foundation conditions encountered during the investigation were generally consistent
and correspond well to the anticipated ground conditions for the area.
It was not possible to penetrate the calcrete but it is expected to extend to depth.
Depending on the contractual model used, further investigations are generally not
considered necessary, but could prove useful and could be used to mitigate against
contractual claims related to ground risk.
Additional investigations to establish design parameters of the calcrete may also be useful
to develop a more accurate foundation design and costing model, as the assumptions
made above are generally considered conservative. This implies rotary core drilling over
the site in order obtain core samples. Foundation load tests may also prove useful to
verify designs.
Notwithstanding the above, a dolomite stability investigation (see 4.1 above) will be
required.

5.

GEOTECHNICAL RECOMMENDATIONS
Founding conditions are favourable for the proposed development and conventional
construction methods can be implemented. Depending on the design and loads to be
applied, the following recommendations are made;
1. A dolomite stability investigation (see 4.1 above) will be required. This will
comprise studying of large scale airphotos, a gravity survey and borehole drilling.
2. Two foundation types may be considered

Cast in situ concrete piles it will be possible to adopt this foundation solution,
as the holes at the pile positions would be formed by drilling using
conventional shothole rigs. This will overcome the problem of installation
where strongly cemented calcrete is present.

Concrete block foundations it should be possible to adopt this foundation

solution, which will bear on the calcrete at shallow depth. A bearing capacity of
300kPa may be taken for the strongly cemented calcrete.

3. Normal spread foundations may be taken for any proposed structures at a nominal
depth of 0.5m, bearing on the calcrete. A bearing capacity of 300kPa may be
taken for the calcrete at this depth.

PJ112/10/2013/04/2446
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SMEC South Africa

Consulting Engineers

Geotechnical Investigation for Olien PV Solar Plant

4. It is assumed that the calcrete encountered on the site is suitable for construction
of access roads and tracks, based on the existing access road for the substation
and the borrow pit on site.

6.

CLOSING
We trust that this report will assist you in the design and construction of the proposed
project. SMEC South Africa appreciate the opportunity of providing our services on this
project and look forward to working with you on future projects as you see necessary.
Should you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact us.
Respectfully submitted,

SMEC South Africa (Pty) Ltd Consulting Engineers

PJ112/10/2013/04/2446
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Page 20

SMEC South Africa

Consulting Engineers

Geotechnical Investigation for Olien PV Solar Plant

7.

REFERENCES
1. 1:250 000 Geological Sheet, 2822 Postmasburg, Council for Geoscience.
Pretoria 1977.
2. AEG, SAICE AND SAIEG. Guidelines for Soil and Rock Logging in South
Africa. 2nd Impression 2001, eds. A.B.A. Brink and R.M.H. Bruin, Proceedings,
Geoterminology Workshop. Johannesburg 2001.
3. BRINK A.B.A. Engineering Geology of Southern Africa, Volume 1 First Edition.
Pretoria 1985.
4. SANS 1936 Development on Dolomite SABS Standards Division, Pretoria.
5. VAN DER MERWE D.H. The prediction of heave from the plasticity index and
percentage clay fraction of soils. SAICE 1964.

PJ112/10/2013/04/2446
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SMEC South Africa

Consulting Engineers

Appendix

A
Trial Pit Profiles

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O1

X COORD:
3,135,479
Y COORD: Lo23
-60,674
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description

0.0

10

0.00

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine medium
and coarse. Topsoil.

0.30

Strongly cemented CALCRETE

20

30

40

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete

End of Log

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: Sample: AE/O1/1 @ 100 - 300mm
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 4 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O2

X COORD:
3,135,978
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,063
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description

0.0

10

0.00

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine medium
and coarse. Topsoil.

20

30

40

Strongly cemented CALCRETE

0.50

0.5

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete

End of Log

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 4 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O3

X COORD:
3,135,659
Y COORD: Lo23
-60,713
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description

0.0

10

0.00

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine medium
and coarse. Topsoil.

20

30

40

Strongly cemented CALCRETE

0.40
Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete

0.5

End of Log

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 4 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O4

X COORD:
3,135,611
Y COORD: Lo23
-60,902
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description

0.0

10

0.00

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine medium
and coarse. Topsoil.

0.20

20

30

40

Strongly cemented CALCRETE

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete
End of Log

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 4 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O5

X COORD:
3,135,876
Y COORD: Lo23
-60,672
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description

0.0

10

0.00

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine medium
and coarse. Topsoil.

20

30

40

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete

End of Log
0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 4 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O6

X COORD:
3,135,821
Y COORD: Lo23
-60,892
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description

0.0

10

0.00

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine medium
and coarse. Topsoil.

20

30

40

Cemented to strongly cemented CALCRETE

0.40
Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete

0.5

End of Log

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: Sample: AE/O6/1 at 100 - 400mm
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 4 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O7

X COORD:
3,135,805
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,138
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description

0.0

10

0.00

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine medium
and coarse. Topsoil.

0.30

Strongly cemented CALCRETE

20

30

40

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete

End of Log

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 4 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O8

X COORD:
3,136,098
Y COORD: Lo23
-60,570
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description

0.0

10

0.00

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine medium
and coarse. Topsoil.

0.30

Strongly cemented CALCRETE

20

30

40

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete

End of Log

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O9

X COORD:
3,136,026
Y COORD: Lo23
-60,838
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description

0.0

10

0.00

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine medium
and coarse. Topsoil.

20

30

40

Cemented to strongly cemented CALCRETE

0.50

0.5

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete

End of Log

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O10

X COORD:
3,135,978
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,063
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description

0.0

10

0.00

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine medium
and coarse. Topsoil.

0.20

20

30

40

Strongly cemented CALCRETE

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete
End of Log

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O11

X COORD:
3,135,926
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,274
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description

0.0

10

0.00

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine medium
and coarse. Topsoil.

0.30

Strongly cemented CALCRETE

20

30

40

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete

End of Log

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O12

X COORD:
3,136,337
Y COORD: Lo23
-60,533
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description
0.00

0.0

10

20

30

40

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine to
medium. Topsoil.

0.30

Strongly cemented CALCRETE

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete
End of Log

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O13

X COORD:
3,136,252
Y COORD: Lo23
-60,757
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description
0.00

0.0

0.10

10

20

30

40

Ground Surface
Loose, silty, gravelly SAND
Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine to
medium. Topsoil.
Strongly cemented CALCRETE

0.40
Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete

0.5

End of Log

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O14

X COORD:
3,136,190
Y COORD: Lo23
-60,992
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description
0.00

0.0

10

20

30

40

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine to
medium. Topsoil.

0.30

Strongly cemented CALCRETE

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete
End of Log

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O15

X COORD:
3,136,146
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,221
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description
0.00

0.0

10

20

30

40

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine to
medium. Topsoil.

0.30

Strongly cemented CALCRETE

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete
End of Log

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O16

X COORD:
3,136,566
Y COORD: Lo23
-60,645
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description
0.00

0.0

0.10

10

20

30

40

Ground Surface
Loose, silty, gravelly SAND
Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine to
medium. Topsoil.
Strongly cemented CALCRETE

0.50

0.5

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete

End of Log

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: Sample: AE/O16 at 100 - 500mm
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O17

X COORD:
3,136,468
Y COORD: Lo23
-60,824
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description
0.00

0.0

0.10

10

20

30

40

Ground Surface
Loose, silty, gravelly SAND
Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine to
medium. Topsoil.
Cemented to strongly cemented CALCRETE

0.50

0.5

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete

End of Log

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O18

X COORD:
3,136,405
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,040
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description
0.00

0.0

10

20

30

40

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine to
medium. Topsoil.

0.30

Strongly cemented CALCRETE

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete
End of Log

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O19

X COORD:
3,136,366
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,260
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description
0.00

0.0

10

20

30

40

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine to
medium. Topsoil.

0.30

Strongly cemented CALCRETE

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete
End of Log

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O20

X COORD:
3,136,322
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,442
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description
0.00

0.0

0.20

10

20

30

40

Ground Surface
Loose, silty, gravelly SAND
Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine to
medium. Topsoil.
Strongly cemented CALCRETE

0.40
Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete

0.5

End of Log

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O21

X COORD:
3,136,743
Y COORD: Lo23
-60,873
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description
0.00

0.0

0.10

10

20

30

40

Ground Surface
Loose, silty, gravelly SAND
Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine to
medium. Topsoil.
Strongly cemented CALCRETE

0.40
Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete

0.5

End of Log

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O22

X COORD:
3,136,650
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,099
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description

0.0

10

0.00

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine medium
and coarse. Topsoil.

0.20

20

30

40

Strongly cemented CALCRETE

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete
End of Log

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O23

X COORD:
3,136,568
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,354
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description

0.0

10

0.00

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine medium
and coarse. Topsoil.

0.20

20

30

40

Strongly cemented CALCRETE

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete
End of Log

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: Sample: AE/O23/1 at 100 - 200mm
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O24

X COORD:
3,136,911
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,087
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description

0.0

10

0.00

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine medium
and coarse. Topsoil.

0.20

20

30

40

Strongly cemented CALCRETE

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete
End of Log

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O25

X COORD:
3,136,784
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,325
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description
0.00

0.0

10

20

30

40

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine to
medium. Topsoil.

0.30

Strongly cemented CALCRETE

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete
End of Log

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 4 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O26

X COORD:
3,136,652
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,558
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description

0.0

10

0.00

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine medium
and coarse. Topsoil.

0.30

Cemented to strongly cemented CALCRETE

20

30

40

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete

End of Log

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O27

X COORD:
3,137,045
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,293
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description

0.0

10

0.00

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine medium
and coarse. Topsoil.

0.30

Strongly cemented CALCRETE

20

30

40

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete

End of Log

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O28

X COORD:
3,136,903
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,533
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description

0.0

10

0.00

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine medium
and coarse. Topsoil.

20

30

40

Cemented to strongly cemented CALCRETE

0.40
Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete

0.5

End of Log

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O29

X COORD:
3,137,109
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,635
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description

0.0

10

0.00

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine medium
and coarse. Topsoil.

0.20

20

30

40

Strongly cemented CALCRETE

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete
End of Log

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O30

X COORD:
3,135,238
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,649
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description
0.00

0.0

0.10

10

20

30

40

Ground Surface
Loose, silty, gravelly SAND
Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine to
medium. Topsoil.
Cemented to strongly cemented CALCRETE

0.50

0.5

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete

End of Log

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O31

X COORD:
3,135,239
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,819
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description

0.0

10

0.00

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine medium
and coarse. Topsoil.

20

30

40

Cemented to strongly cemented CALCRETE

0.40
Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete

0.5

End of Log

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O32

X COORD:
3,135,428
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,504
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description

0.0

10

0.00

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine medium
and coarse. Topsoil.

20

30

40

Strongly cemented CALCRETE

0.40
Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete

0.5

End of Log

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O33

X COORD:
3,135,421
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,735
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description
0.00

0.0

0.10

10

20

30

40

Ground Surface
Loose, silty, gravelly SAND
Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine to
medium. Topsoil.
Strongly cemented CALCRETE

0.40
Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete

0.5

End of Log

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O34

X COORD:
3,135,427
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,986
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description

0.0

10

0.00

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine medium
and coarse. Topsoil.

20

30

40

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete

End of Log
0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O35

X COORD:
3,135,623
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,521
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description

0.0

10

0.00

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine medium
and coarse. Topsoil.

0.20

20

30

40

Strongly cemented CALCRETE

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete
End of Log

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: Sample: AE/O35/1 at 100 - 200mm
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O36

X COORD:
3,135,611
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,763
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description
0.00

0.0

10

20

30

40

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine to
medium. Topsoil.

0.30

Strongly cemented CALCRETE

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete
End of Log

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O37

X COORD:
3,135,628
Y COORD: Lo23
-62,001
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description
0.00

0.0

10

20

30

40

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty, gravelly SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine to
medium. Topsoil.

0.30

Strongly cemented CALCRETE

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete
End of Log

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 4 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O38

X COORD:
3,135,818
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,165
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description
0.00

0.0

0.20

10

20

30

40

Ground Surface
Loose, silty SAND
Slightly moist, light brown. Topsoil.
Cemented to strongly cemented CALCRETE

0.50

0.5

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete

End of Log

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O39

X COORD:
3,135,820
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,915
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description
0.00

0.0

0.10

10

20

30

40

Ground Surface
Loose, silty SAND
Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine to
medium. Topsoil.
Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete
End of Log

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O40

X COORD:
3,136,038
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,644
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description
0.00

0.0

10

20

30

40

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine to
medium. Topsoil.

0.30

Strongly cemented CALCRETE

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete
End of Log

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: Sample: AE/O40/1 at 100 - 300mm
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O41

X COORD:
3,136,041
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,922
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description

0.0

10

0.00

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine medium
and coarse. Topsoil.

20

30

40

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete

End of Log
0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O42

X COORD:
3,136,280
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,745
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description

0.0

10

0.00

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine medium
and coarse. Topsoil.

20

30

40

Strongly cemented CALCRETE

0.40
Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete

0.5

End of Log

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 4 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O43

X COORD:
3,136,279
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,989
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description

0.0

10

0.00

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine medium
and coarse. Topsoil.

20

30

40

Cemented to strongly cemented CALCRETE

0.40
Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete

0.5

End of Log

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O44

X COORD:
3,136,519
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,855
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description

0.0

10

0.00

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine medium
and coarse. Topsoil.

20

30

40

Cemented to strongly cemented CALCRETE

0.40
Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete

0.5

End of Log

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: Sample: AE/O44/1 at 100 - 400mm
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 5 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

TRIAL PIT LOG

HOLE NO: AE/O45

X COORD:
3,136,787
Y COORD: Lo23
-61,949
ELEVATION:
PAGE 1 of 1

Depth

CLIENT: AE AMD Renewable Energy

PROJECT: Olien PV Power Plant
PROJECT NO: PJ112/10
SITE: Lime Acres, Northern Cape

Dynamic Probe Light

Equivalent SPT-N

Description
0.00

0.0

10

20

30

40

Ground Surface

0.10

Loose, silty SAND

Slightly moist, light brown. Calcrete gravel. Fine to
medium. Topsoil.

0.30

Strongly cemented CALCRETE

Refusal on strongly cemented calcrete
End of Log

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0
NOTES 1: No seepage
2: No samples
3:
4:

SMEC South Africa

MACHINE: CAT 428F
DIAM: Trench
FILE REF: PJ112/10/Olien/Winlog
Template: SMEC TP04

Consulting Engineers

DATE PROFILED: 4 March 2013

South Africa

PROFILED BY: R.Roberts

Prof Reg:

CHECKED BY:

Prof Reg:

+27 (0)12 481 3800

www.smec.com

Appendix

B
Profiling and Logging Parameters

1. SOIL DESCRIPTIVE TERMS

DESCRIPTIVE ORDER:
1. CONSISTENCY 2. SOIL TYPE

3. MOISTURE CONDITION

2.

GRAVELS & SANDS

Generally free draining soils

6. ORIGIN

TYPICAL
DRY
DENSITY
3
(kg/m )

SPT
N

< 1450

<2

VERY Pick point easily pushed in 100mm.

SOFT Easily moulded by fingers

SILTS & CLAYS and combination with

SANDS
Generally slow draining soils

UCS
(kPa)

<4

VERY
LOOSE

Crumbles very easily when scraped

with geological pick

4-10

LOOSE

Small resistance to penetration by

sharp pick point

1450-1600

2-4

Pick point easily pushed in 30-40mm.

SOFT Moulded by fingers with some pressure.
Easily penetrated by thumb.

10-30

MEDIUM
DENSE

Considerable resistance to
penetration by sharp pick point

1600-1750

4-8

FIRM

Pick point penetrates up to 10mm. Very

difficult to mould with fingers. Indented by
thumb with effort. Spade just penetrates.

125500

30-50

DENSE

Very high resistance to penetration

by sharp pick point. Requires
many blows of pick for excavation

1750-1925

8-15

250500

> 50

VERY
DENSE

High resistance to repeated blows

of geological pick. Requires power
tools for excavation

Slight indentation by pushing in pick point.

Cannot be moulded by fingers.
STIFF
Penetrated by thumbnail. Pick necessary
to excavate.

> 1925

15-30

VERY Slight indentation by blow of pick point..

STIFF Requires power tools for excavation.

5001000

SOIL TYPE
SOIL TYPE

3.

DRY

CLAY

< 0,002

SLIGHTLY MOIST

SILT

0,002 0,06

MOIST

0,06 2

VERY MOIST

GRAVEL

2 60*

WET

COBBLES

60 200*

Described at natural moisture content, as seen in profile (unless

otherwise specified).
SPECKLED
Very small patches of colour < 2 mm
MOTTLED
BLOTCHED
BANDED

Irregular patches of colour 2 6 mm

Large irregular patches 6 20 mm

STREAKED

Randomly orientated streaks of colour

STAINED

Local colour variations: associated with

discontinuity surfaces

Described using bedding thickness criteria. (e.g. thickly banded, thinly

streaked, etc.)

6.

Water easily discernable

Water can be squeezed out
Generally below the water table

No structure present

FISSURED

Presence of discontinuities, possibly cemented

SLICKENSIDED

Very smooth, glossy, often striated discontinuity

planes

SHATTERED

Presence of open fissures. Soil breaks into gravel

size blocks

MICROSHATTERED

Small scale shattering, very closely spaced open

fissures. Soil breaks into sand size crumbs

RESIDUAL
STRUCTURES

Approximately parallel bands of varying colour

Water just discernable

SOIL STRUCTURE
INTACT

COLOUR

Relict bedding, lamination, foliation, etc.

ORIGIN
TRANSPORTED
RESIDUAL
PEDOCRETES

Alluvium, hillwash, talus, etc.

Weathered from parent rock e.g. residual granite
Ferricrete, laterite, silcrete, calcrete, etc.

UCS
(MPa)

DEGREE OF CEMENTATION OF PEDOCRETES

VERY WEAKLY
CEMENTED

50-125

No water detectable

SAND

5.

< 50

MOISTURE CONDITION

PARTICLE SIZE (mm)

BOULDERS
> 200*
* Specify aver/max sizes, hardness, shape and proportion

4.

5. SOIL STRUCTURE

1(b) CONSISTENCY: COHESIVE SOILS

1.(a) CONSISTENCY: GRANULAR SOILS

SPT
N

4. COLOUR

Some material can be crumbled between finger and thumb. Disintegrates under knife blade to a friable state.

0,1 0,5

WEAKLY
CEMENTED

Cannot be crumbled between strong fingers. Some material can be crumbled by strong pressure between
thumb and hard surface. Under light hammer blows disintegrates to friable state.

CEMENTED

Material crumbles under firm blows of sharp pick point. Grains can be dislodged with some difficulty by a knife
blade.

25

STRONGLY
CEMENTED

Firm blows of sharp pick point on hand-held specimen show 1-3mm indentations. Grains cannot be dislodged
by knife blade.

5 10

VERY STRONGLY
Hand-held specimen can be broken by single firm blow of hammerhead. Similar appearance to concrete.
CEMENTED

0,5 2

10 - 25

REFERENCE: Guidelines for Soil and Rock Logging (SAIEG AEG SAICE) (1990)

Tel. No. (+27 12) 481-3800

Fax. No. (+27 12) 803-7943
C:\Documents and Settings\pequeninof\My Documents\Technical Library\19 Templates and Masters\soil descriptors.doc/FP/28/01/2013

2. ROCK DESCRIPTIVE TERMS

DESCRIPTIVE ORDER: 1. HARDNESS 2. ROCK TYPE 3. WEATHERING 4. COLOUR 5. FRACTURE SPACING
6. DISCONTINUITY SURFACE DESCRIPTION
7.
GRAIN SIZE
8.
ROCK FORMATION NAME
1.

2.

ROCK HARDNESS
HARDNESS

DESCRIPTION

UCS
(MPa)

VERY SOFT

Material crumbles under firm blows of pick

point. Can be peeled with a knife. SPT
refusal. Too hard to cut triaxial sample by
hand

13

SOFT ROCK

Firm blows with pick point: 2-4mm indents.

Can just be scraped with a knife

3 - 10

MEDIUM
HARD ROCK

Firm blows of pick head will break handheld specimen. Cannot be scraped or
peeled with a knife.

10 - 25

HARDNESS
HARD ROCK

> 200

COLOUR
Described in the dry state unless otherwise indicated

EXTENT OF
DISCOLOURATION
None

FRACTURE
CONDITION
Closed or stained

SURFACE
CHARACTERISTICS
Unchanged
Partial discolouration.
Often unweathered
rock colour
Partial to complete
discolouration.
Not
friable except poorly
cemented rocks

ORIGINAL
FABRIC
Preserved

GRAIN BOUNDARY
CONDITION
Tight

SLIGHTLY
WEATHERED

< 20% of fracture spacing on

both sides of fracture

Discoloured, may
contain thin filling

Preserved

Tight

MODERATELY
WEATHERED

>20% of fracture spacing on

both side of fracture

Discoloured, may
contain thick filling

Preserved

Partial opening

HIGHLY
WEATHERED

Throughout

Friable,
pitted

Mainly
preserved

COMPLETELY
WEATHERED

Throughout

Resembles a soil

DISCONTINUITY SPACING
SEPARATION (mm)

SPACING (foliation,
cleavage, bedding,
etc.)

<6

very intensely

6 20

intensely

20 60

very thinly

60 200

thinly

SPACING (fractures,
joints, etc.)

CLEAN

highly

200 600

medium

moderately

600 2000

thickly

slightly

> 2000

very thickly

very slightly

possibly

Partially
preserved

Partial separation.
Not
easily indented with knife.
Does not slake
Complete
separation.
Easily indented with knife.
Slakes

6. DISCONTINUITY SURFACE DESCRIPTION

6.1 JOINT FILLING
JOINT FILL
DEFINITION (wall separation specified in
TYPE
mm)

very highly

6.3 ROUGHNESS OF DISCONTINUITY PLANES

CLASSIFICATION
DESCRIPTION

No fracture filling

STAINED

Colouration of rock only. No recognisable filling

material

FILLED

Fracture filled with finite thickness filling material

6.2 DISCONTINUITY ORIENTATION

Discontinuity inclinations (i.e. of joints, bedding, faults
7.

GRAIN SIZE
CLASSIFICATION

SIZE (mm)

RECOGNITION

SMOOTH

Appears smooth and is essentially smooth to

the touch. May be slickensided *

VERY FINE
GRAINED

< 0.2

SLIGHTLY ROUGH

Asperities on the fracture surface are visible

and can be distinctly felt

FINE GRAINED

0.2 0.6

MEDIUM GRAINED

0.6 2

Grains clearly visible under

hand lens, just visible to the
naked eye

COARSE GRAINED

26

Grains clearly visible to the

naked eye

VERY COARSE
GRAINED

>6

MEDIUM ROUGH
ROUGH
VERY ROUGH
*

70 200

WEATHERING
DEGREE OF
WEATHERING
UNWEATHERED

5.

Breaks with difficulty, rings when struck

Point load or laboratory test results
necessary to distinguish between
categories

VERY VERY
HARD ROCK

Quartzite, sandstone, granite, limestone, etc.

3.

UCS
(MPa)
25 70

VERY HARD
ROCK

4.

ROCK TYPE

DESCRIPTION

Asperities are clearly visible and fracture

surface feels abrasive
Large angular asperities can be seen. Some
ridge and high side angle steps evident
Near vertical steps and ridges occur on the
fracture surface

Where slickensides occur the direction of the slickensides should

be recorded

Individual grains cannot be

seen with a hand lens
Just visible as individual grains
under hand lens

Grains measurable

8. ROCK FORMATION
Brixton Formation, Halfway House Granite Dome etc.

REFERENCE: Guidelines for Soil and Rock Logging (SAIEG AEG SAICE) (1990)

Tel. No. (+27 12) 481-3800

Fax. No. (+27 12) 803-7943
C:\Documents and Settings\pequeninof\My Documents\Technical Library\19 Templates and Masters\soil descriptors.doc/FP/28/01/2013

Appendix

C
Earth Resistance Measurements

LIME ACRES
RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS
1

Earth resistance measurements. 2.05.2012

1.1

Method used

1.2

Meter used:

ET5 MEGGER Earth Tester. Frequency used is 126 Hz.

1.3

Date Calibrated

2011.12.07

1.4

Results:

In tables below.

TheWenner fall of potential method was used to measure the soil resistivity on the site.

3 Measurements on site results

3.1 SITE SUBSTATION AE / O7 Centre of substation site.( North South direction)
SOIL RESISTIVITY TESTS
Spacing of
electrodes (cm)
[a]

Multiplier

Ground
Resistance

Reading Dials

Soil Resistivity
Ohm-cm =2ar
[-cm]

Ohm-m

30

580

580.00

109341.60

1093.42

50
100
200
400
600
1200
3000
5500

1
1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.01
0.01

3
2
2
1
0
0
1
1

3
0
4
2
8
3
3
4

4
4
0
7
4
5
2
3

334
204
240
127
084
035
132
143

334.00
204.00
24.00
12.70
8.40
3.50
1.32
1.43

104942.80
128193.60
30163.20
31922.72
31671.36
26392.80
24884.64
49423.66

1049.43
1281.94
301.63
319.23
316.71
263.93
248.85
494.24

Soil Resistivity (-cm) Site Substation AE / O7)

140000.00

Resistivity (-cm)

120000.00
100000.00
80000.00
60000.00
40000.00
20000.00
0.00
30

50

100

200

400

600

Electrode Spacing (cm)

1200

3000

5500

3.2 SITE SUBSTATION AE / O7 Centre of substation site.( East West direction)

SOIL RESISTIVITY TESTS
Spacing of
electrodes (cm)
[a]

Multiplier

30
50
100
200
400
600
1200
3000
5500

1
1
1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1

Ground
Resistance

Reading Dials
6
3
1
2
1
0
0
0
0

5
7
3
5
1
7
1
2
3

2
2
0
2
6
6
1
1
2

652
372
130
252
116
076
011
021
032

652.00
372.00
130.00
25.20
11.60
7.60
1.10
2.10
3.20

Soil Resistivity
Ohm-cm =2ar
[-cm]
122915.04
116882.40
81692.00
31671.36
29157.76
28655.04
8294.88
39589.20
110598.40

Ohm-m
1229.15
1168.82
816.92
316.71
291.58
286.55
82.95
395.89
1105.98

Soil Resistivity (-cm) Site AE / O7 Substation

140000.00
Resistivity (-cm)

120000.00
100000.00
80000.00
60000.00
40000.00
20000.00
0.00
30

50

100

200

400

600

1200

3000

5500

Electrode Spacing (cm)

3.3 AE / O4
SOIL RESISTIVITY TESTS
Spacing of
Reading Dials
electrodes (cm)
Multiplier
[a]
30
1
8
4
5
50
1
1
7
0
100
1
0
8
0
200
1
1
1
9
400
1
0
6
4
600
1
1
3
0
1200
1
1
6
0

845
170
080
119
064
130
160

Ground
Resistance
[r]
845.00
170.00
80.00
119.00
64.00
130.00
160.00

Soil Resistivity (-cm) SITE

Soil Resistivity
Ohm-cm =2ar
[-cm]
159299.40
53414.00
50272.00
149559.20
160870.40
490152.00
1206528.00

Ohm-m
1592.99
534.14
502.72
1495.59
1608.70
4901.52
12065.28

AE / O4

Resistivity (-cm)

1400000.00
1200000.00
1000000.00
800000.00
600000.00
400000.00
200000.00
0.00
30

50

100

200
Electrode Spacing (cm)

400

600

1200

3.4 SITE AE / O13

SOIL RESISTIVITY TESTS
Spacing of
Reading Dials
electrodes (cm)
Multiplier
[a]
30
10
0
7
9
50
10
0
2
3
100
1
1
2
3
200
1
0
4
2
400
0.1
2
5
2
600
0.01
2
1
0
1200
0.01
4
1
0

079
023
123
042
252
210
410

Ground
Resistance
[r]
790.00
230.00
123.00
42.00
25.20
2.10
4.10

Resistivity (-cm)

Soil Resistivity (-cm) SITE

Soil Resistivity
Ohm-cm =2ar
[-cm]
148930.80
72266.00
77293.20
52785.60
63342.72
7917.84
30917.28

Ohm-m
1489.31
722.66
772.93
527.86
633.43
79.18
309.17

AE / O13

160000.00
140000.00
120000.00
100000.00
80000.00
60000.00
40000.00
20000.00
0.00
30

50

100

200

400

600

1200

Electrode Spacing (cm)

3.5 SITE AE / O25

SOIL RESISTIVITY TESTS
Spacing of
Reading Dials
electrodes (cm)
Multiplier
[a]
30
1
7
7
0
50
1
2
6
0
100
1
1
4
8
200
1
0
6
0
400
1
0
6
0
600
10
0
1
0
1200
10
0
0
5

770
260
148
060
060
010
005

Ground
Resistance
[r]
770.00
260.00
148.00
60.00
60.00
100.00
50.00

Soil Resistivity (-cm) SITE

Soil Resistivity
Ohm-cm =2ar
[-cm]
145160.40
81692.00
93003.20
75408.00
150816.00
377040.00
377040.00

Ohm-m
1451.60
816.92
930.03
754.08
1508.16
3770.40
3770.40

AE / O25

Resistivity (-cm)

400000.00
300000.00
200000.00
100000.00
0.00
30

50

100

200
Electrode Spacing (cm)

400

600

1200

3.6 SITE AE / O45

SOIL RESISTIVITY TESTS
Spacing of
Reading Dials
electrodes (cm)
Multiplier
[a]
30
1
4
1
0
50
1
6
1
0
100
1
1
1
1
200
1
0
3
6
400
10
0
2
0
600
10
0
1
2
1200
10
0
1
2

Ground
Resistance
[r]
410.00
610.00
111.00
36.00
200.00
120.00
120.00

410
610
111
036
020
012
012

Soil Resistivity (-cm) SITE

Soil Resistivity
Ohm-cm =2ar
[-cm]
77293.20
191662.00
69752.40
45244.80
502720.00
452448.00
904896.00

Ohm-m
772.93
1916.62
697.52
452.45
5027.20
4524.48
9048.96

AE / O45

Resistivity (-cm)

1000000.00
800000.00
600000.00
400000.00
200000.00
0.00
1

Electrode Spacing (cm)

3.6 SITE AE / O42

SOIL RESISTIVITY TESTS
Spacing of
Reading Dials
electrodes (cm)
Multiplier
[a]
30
10
0
6
4
50
10
0
3
8
100
1
2
0
0
200
1
0
2
2
400
1
4
2
2
600
1
0
1
2
1200
1
2
9
2

064
038
200
022
422
012
292

Ground
Resistance
[r]
640.00
380.00
200.00
22.00
422.00
12.00
292.00

Soil Resistivity (-cm) SITE

Soil Resistivity
Ohm-cm =2ar
[-cm]
120652.80
119396.00
125680.00
27649.60
1060739.20
45244.80
2201913.60

Ohm-m
1206.53
1193.96
1256.80
276.50
10607.39
452.45
22019.14

AE / O42

Resistivity (-cm)

1000000.00
800000.00
600000.00
400000.00
200000.00
0.00
30

50

100

200
Electrode Spacing (cm)

400

600

1200

3.6 SITE AE / O36

SOIL RESISTIVITY TESTS
Spacing of
Reading Dials
electrodes (cm)
Multiplier
[a]
30
10
0
8
1
50
1
4
1
0
100
1
1
8
1
200
1
0
4
1
400
1
1
0
9
600
10
0
0
3
1200
10
0
0
2

081
410
181
041
109
003
002

Ground
Resistance
[r]
810.00
410.00
181.00
41.00
109.00
30.00
20.00

Soil Resistivity (-cm) SITE

Soil Resistivity
Ohm-cm =2ar
[-cm]
152701.20
128822.00
113740.40
51528.80
273982.40
113112.00
150816.00

Ohm-m
1527.01
1288.22
1137.40
515.29
2739.82
1131.12
1508.16

AE / O36

Resistivity (-cm)

1000000.00
800000.00
600000.00
400000.00
200000.00
0.00
30

50

100

200

400

Electrode Spacing (cm)

600

1200

Appendix

D
Laboratory Test Results