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Class23 Lorentz 1

μ = (φ/c, A) 2. Covariant: Aμ = (φ, −A) Ø Maxwell’s equations can now be written in a covariant form using four vectors and four potentials. Ø These covariant forms are invariant under Lorentz transformation. Ø Maxwell’s equations in their original form are not manifestly Lorentz invariant. [1] This document discusses the concept of four vectors in special relativity and how they can be used to write Maxwell's equations in a covariant form. [2] It introduces position, energy-

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58 views23 pages

Class23 Lorentz 1

μ = (φ/c, A) 2. Covariant: Aμ = (φ, −A) Ø Maxwell’s equations can now be written in a covariant form using four vectors and four potentials. Ø These covariant forms are invariant under Lorentz transformation. Ø Maxwell’s equations in their original form are not manifestly Lorentz invariant. [1] This document discusses the concept of four vectors in special relativity and how they can be used to write Maxwell's equations in a covariant form. [2] It introduces position, energy-

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SupriyoNaskar
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© © All Rights Reserved
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PH424 Electromagnetic Theory I

Four Vector

ENDSEM Exam: 21/04/2015 : 9.30 12.30


M.Sc., M.Sc.+M.Tech, M.Sc.+Ph.D. IC3
B.Tech., DD (B.Tech.+M.Tech.)

IC4

vFour Vectors
Lorentz Transformation

y!

x! = ( x ct )

y! = y
z! = z
#
t! = % t
$ c

&
x(
'

x!

Let us define the four vectors in 4-d Minkowski space.

x = (ct, r ) = (ct, x, y, z), = 0,1, 2, 3

Contravariant

These four vectors would transform under Lorentz transformation


as follows.

x = x
3

vFour Vectors

Position four vectors: x = (ct, r ) = (ct, x, y, z), = 0,1, 2, 3

Lorentz Transformation:

ct! = ( ct x ) = ( )ct + ( ) x + (0)y + (0)z


x! = ( x ct ) = ( )ct + ( ) x + (0)y + (0)z
y! = y
z! = z
"
$
$
$
$
#
4

% "
' $
' = $
' $ 0
' $$
z! & # 0

ct!
x!
y!

= (0)ct + (0) x + (1)y + (0)z


= (0)ct + (0) x + (0)y + (1)z

0
0

0 0 % ! ct
'#
0 0 '# x
'
1 0 '# y
#
'
0 1 &" z

$
&
&
&
&
%

x = x ,

vFour Vectors

!
Position four vectors: x = (ct, r ) = (ct, x, y, z), = 0,1, 2, 3
Covariant

Lorentz Transformation:

ct! = ( ct x )

ct" = (ct) + (x) + 0(y) + 0(z)

x! = ( x ct ) x# = (ct) + ( x) + 0(y) + 0(z)


y! = y
z! = z
#
%
%
%
%
$

& !
( #
( = #
( # 0 0
( ##
z! ' " 0 0

ct!
x!
y!

y# = 0(ct) + 0(x) +1(y) + 0(z)


z# = 0(ct) + 0(x) + 0(y) +1(z)
0 0 $ " ct
& $
0 0 & $ x
&
1 0 & $ y
$
&
0 1 % # z

%
'
'
'
'
&

! x
x =

vFour Vectors

#
%
%

= %
0
%%
$ 0

0
0

0 0 &
(
0 0 (
(
1 0 (
(
0 1 '

"
$
$

= $
$$
#

0 0 %
'
0 0 '
'
0 0 1 0 '
'
0 0 0 1 &

These two matrices are inversely related.

( )

det ( ) = 1 = det

( )

These Lorentz transformation is very much similar to the rotation


of a vector in 3-dimensions.
6

vFour Vectors
In rotation, the magnitude of a vector remains invariant.
Here, the question is what remains invariant under
Lorentz transformation?
We have seen that

x x = c 2 t 2 r 2 = x 2

is invariant under Lorentz transformation.


We can also define

"
$
= $
$
$
#

x 2 = x x = x x

1 0 0 0 %
'
0 1 0 0 '

=
0 0 1 0 '
0 0 0 1 '&

vFour Vectors

"
$
= $
$
$
#

1 0 0 0 %
'
0 1 0 0 '

=
0 0 1 0 '
'
0 0 0 1 &

It follows that these matrices are inverse of each other.

The metric tensor allows us to raise or lower the Lorentz indices.

x = x
8

x = x

vMagnetism as a Relativistic Phenomenon

v
++++++++++
d

S!

v+
++++++++++

uFrame S:

uFrame S:

Line of +ve charge moving with velocity v Line of +ve charge moving with velocity v+
Line of ve charge moving with velocity v Line of ve charge moving with velocity vTest Charge +q is moving with velocity u
(u<v)
9

Test Charge +q is at rest

vMagnetism as a Relativistic Phenomenon

v
++++++++++
d

S!

v+
++++++++++

uFrame S: Analysis
uTotal current, I = 2v
uBecause of current, there will be magnetic field
uSince the charge +q is moving in the presence of magnetic field,
it will experience Magnetic force.
10

vMagnetism as a Relativistic Phenomenon

v
++++++++++
d

S!

v+
++++++++++

uFrame S: Analysis
uSince the charge +q is at rest, there will not be magnetic force.
uBecause of relativity, the velocities of +ve and ve charges
are different.
uDue to this there is net charge in the conductor, which will generate E.
uSince the charge +q is at rest in the presence of electric field,
it will experience Electrostatic force.
11

vMagnetism as a Relativistic Phenomenon

v
++++++++++
d

S!

v+
++++++++++

uFrame S: Magnetic force, No Electrostatic force


uFrame S: Electrostatic force, No Magnetic force
uQ: Can one derive Magnetic force from the Electrostatic force?

12

vMagnetism as a Relativistic Phenomenon


uVelocity of +ve and ve charge

vu
v+ =
vu
1 2
c

v+u
v =
vu
1+ 2
c

v
d

S!

v+
++++++++++

v+ < v
uIn Frame S, +ve particles will slow down and ve particles will
move fast.
uThere will be a net charge per unit time.
uWe need to calculate how the line charge density transforms.
13

vMagnetism as a Relativistic Phenomenon


uSay, +ve charges are moving with
velocity +v.
uOne can say that in the charge
frame the charge is at rest and
the conductor is moving in the
opposite direction.

++++++++++

uBecause of this the length of the conductor will be contracted.


uThe line charge density will increase by the Lorentz contraction factor.

= 0
=

1
1 ( v c )

14

And 0 is the line charge density when charged particle


and the conductor both are at rest.

vMagnetism as a Relativistic Phenomenon

uFrame S:

u+ve line charged density

+ = + 0

+ =

1
1 ( v+ c )

S!

v+
++++++++++

u-ve line charged density

= 0 =

1
1 ( v c )

tot = + + = 0 ( + )

" 2 u v
= 0 $
$ c 2 1 u 2 c 2
#

uElectric field due to this line charge at d: E(d) =


15

%
2 u v
'=
' c 2 1 u 2 c 2
&

2 tot
d

vMagnetism as a Relativistic Phenomenon


uFrame S:
uElectric field due to this line charge at d: E(d) =

2 tot
d

uForce (electrostatic) on the test charge q: FS! = E q =

4 uvq
dc 2 1 u 2 c 2

uWe can transform this force to S:

" 2I %
" 2(2 v) %
u"2 I %
1
4 uvq
= q u $ 2 ' = q $ '
= q u $
FS = FS! =
'
2
2
# dc &
# dc &
c # dc &
u
dc
!
# u !&
FS = q % B ( This is the force due to the magnetic field.
$c
'

16

vFour Vectors

"
$
= $
$
$
#

1 0 0 0 %
'
0 1 0 0 '

=
0 0 1 0 '
'
0 0 0 1 &

It follows that these matrices are inverse of each other.

The metric tensor allows us to raise or lower the Lorentz indices.

x = x
17

x = x

vFour Vectors
In Euclidean space (3-d), the length of a vector is always positive.
In Minkowski space (4-d), the length of a vector
is not necessarily positive.
t

1. Time like:

x 2 = x x = c 2 t 2 r 2 > 0

Time-like

2. Space like:
2

2 2

x = x x = c t r < 0
3. Light like:

x 2 = x x = c 2 t 2 r 2 = 0
18

Space-like

vFour Vectors
In Minkowski space (4-d), there are two kinds of vectors.
1. Contravariant
2. Covariant
If A and B are two arbitrary vectors in M.S., the scalar (inner)
product of two vectors can be defined by


A.B = A B = A B A. B
2

0 2
A.A = A A = ( A ) A

( )

Both of these are Lorentz invariant.


19

vFour Vectors
Let us define derivatives (gradients) on this manifold.
1. Contravariant

$1 '
=
=&
, )
(
x % c t

2. Covariant

#1 &
= = %
, (
x $ c t '

DAlembertian operator is defined as

= 2

2
! 2'
$
1

= = & 2 2 )
% c t
(

This is a Lorentz scalar.


20

vFour Vectors
Similarly, energy and momentum are combined into a four vector.
1. Contravariant

! E $
p = # , p&
"c %

2. Covariant

" E %
p = $ , p '
#c
&

The length of this four vector

2
"
E 2 %
2

p = p p = $ 2 p '
#c
&

This is also a Lorentz scalar.

2 2

p =m c
2 2
2
2 4
E = p c +m c
m is the rest mass of the particle.

21

vCovariance of Maxwells Equations


Charge density and current density combine into a four vector form
1. Contravariant:

J = c, J

2. Covariant:

( )
= ( c, J )

The equation of continuity can be written in the covariant form

+ . J = 0
J = 0 J 0 + i J i =
t

Continuity equation is nothing but the vanishing of the four


divergence of the four vector current density.
Four divergence is a scalar quantity. This implies that the equation of
continuity is invariant under Lorentz transformation.
22

vCovariance of Maxwells Equations


Scalar potential and Vector potential combine into a four potential
1. Contravariant:

A = , A

2. Covariant:

( )
= (, A)

Given a vector potential, we can construct a second rank


anti-symmetric tensor

F = A + A = F
Since F is an anti-symmetric tensor, it has only six independent
components.
Let us find out each components.
23

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