Full Scale Measurements Sea trials

Experimental Methods in Marine Hydrodynamics

Lecture in week 45
Contents:
Types of tests
How to perform and correct speed trials
Wave monitoring
Measurement
Observations
Motion measurement
Hull monitoring
Propeller cavitation observations
Performance monitoring
1

Covers Chapter 11 in the Lecture Notes

Dedicated sea trials are conducted under the

following circumstances:
Delivery of newbuildings (Contractual Trials)
Speed-power (compliance with contracted performance)
Bollard Pull test (tugs and offshore vessels compliance with
contracted performance)
Maneuvering (compliance with IMO criteria)
Sea keeping (only high speed craft)

If a special problem has arisen, for instance:

Propeller noise and/or erosion
Steering problems
Excessive fuel consumption

For research purposes (quite rare due to high costs)

3

Delivery Sea trials (Contractual trials)

Ship building contracts contain specific requirements for
speed-power performance
Failure to meet requirements means fees to be paid and ultimately
that the ship owner has the right to refuse to accept the ship

For tugs and offshore vessels, there will be requirements

for bollard pull as well
There might be requirements also for maneuvering trials :
Emergency stop test
Turning circles
Zig-zag tests

High speed craft requirements also for seakeeping tests

4

IMO: 2000 HSC Code (IMO 185E)

Applicable standards
ISO 19019:2005 Sea-going vessels and marine technology -Instructions for planning, carrying out and reporting sea
trials
ISO 15016:2015(E) Guidelines for the assessment of speed
and power performance by analysis of speed trial data
Replaced previous version in 2015. Significant differences!

ITTC Recommended procedure 7.5-04-01-01.1 Preparation

and Conduct of Speed/Power Trials
IMO: 2000 HSC Code (IMO 185E) Requirements for
testing of high speed craft
5

IMO HSC testing requirements

Stopping
Normal stop from max speed to zero
Emergency stop
Crash stop

Cruise performance in two sea states

Normal conditions
Worst intended conditions
Measurements of accelerations, speed, relative wave heading

Failure tests
Check that the ship, crew and passengers are not at risk if for
instance the steering fails
6

Organization of Delivery Trials

The Shipbuilder is responsible
Trial Leader
From the shipbuilder
Responsible for the execution of all phases of the trial

Ship masters
There is one ship master hired by the shipbuilder who is in charge
of handling the ship
There is usually one or more ship masters hired by the shipowner
who is going to take over the ship

Measurements are performed by shipbuilder or by third

party (like Marintek or Maskindynamikk)
7

Execution of speed trials

Always run back and forth at same engine setting

Run back and forth at the same track
Perform runs at different speeds (at least three)
If possible, orient the track with and against the wind
direction
> 5 min and 1 mile
Steady Approach

Steady Approach
> 5 min and 1 mile

Wind, current
8

Measured mile

Trial Conditions max acceptable

Sea state
Preferably sea state 3
Ultimately sea state 5 (or up to sea state 6 for ships with L>100 m)

Wind
Beufort 6 (20 knots) (for ships with L>100 m)
Beufort 5 (for ships with L 100 m)

Water depth h
h>6.0*Am2 and h>V2
Smaller depths require corrections for shallow water

Current
Current of more than a few knots is unacceptable
10

Trial Conditions Contractual

Sea state
No waves
In practice: Beufort 1 (Wave height 0.1 m)

Wind
No wind
In practice: Beufort 2 (Wind speed 6 knots)

Water depth h
Deep,
In practice: h>6.0*(Am) and h>V2

Current
No current
No practical limit for when corrections are made. Use of double runs
means that corrections are always included
11

Correction of trial results

When trial conditions are not fulfilled corrections must be
made
Typical corrections:
Draught interpolation in model test results on two draughts
Wind calculation of wind resistance using empirical drag coef. or
results from wind tunnel tests
Shallow water empirical formulas
Waves calculation of added wave resistance and speed loss

Standards for how corrections shall be performed:

ISO 15016 Guidelines for the assessment of speed and power
ITTC Procedure for the Analysis of Speed/Power Trial Data
STAWAVE by Marin
12

Comes with a free software package for performing the analysis

IMO Energy Efficiency Design Index EEDI

Increases the need for standardized trial and correction
procedures
The speed at 75% MCR in calm water must be accurately
determined
Now longer just a matter for yard and ship owner
Shall be approved by classification society

13

Recent developments
The ISO 15016 is about to be discarded
Too complicated to use
Too much freedom to manipulate results
Outdated correction methods

IMO has tasked ITTC to develop a new standard

ITTC works with Marin, and the new guideline is based on
the STAWAVE methods

14

Speed measurement
Speed over ground and Speed through water
Timing a measured mile
the old-fashioned way, only applicable to dedicated speed trials
Gives speed over ground

GPS
The obvious choice, always used
Gives speed over ground

Speed log
Device to measure speed through water
Always installed on ships
Doppler log is most common on large ships
Measures speed at about 10 m below bottom, close to bow
15

The accuracy is questionable!

Measurement of shaft power

Strain gauges glued directly to the shaft
Calibration factor must be calculated, so shaft dimensions and
material properties must be known exactly
Tachometer to measure shaft speed

Commercial power meters

Made for permanent installation
The best, but most expensive alternative

Poor, but cheap alternatives are

16

fuel rack measurements (measurement of fuel consumption,

combined with supplier data for fuel quality)
measurement of cylinder pressure (used on large, slow speed
engines)
For diesel-electric drive-trains, the frequency converter (drive)
will usually be able to output information about power supplied to
the electric motor

Shaft measurements

Torque measurement
17

Thrust measurem.

Optical torque sensor

18

Optical thrust and torque measurement

Required accuracy for thrust measurement is

25 naonometers!
Challenging, but possible, according to
supplier VAF Instruments
19

Bollard Pull
Tests

Good location
20

Poor location

Bollard pull test

21

Bollard pull test

2x460 kW

22

Maneuvering trials
Trial types and execution same as in model scale
Measurements:

23

(D)GPS position measurement

Gyro compass course
Rate of turn (if possible)
Rudder angle
Propeller revs

Types of Ship Maneuvers

IMO standard maneuvers:
Zig-zag tests
10/ 10 to both sides
20/ 20 to both sides

Turning circle test

35 rudder angle

Full astern stopping test

Additional maneuvers:
Spiral test
Reverse spiral test
Pull-out maneuver
normally added at the end of a turning test
24

Zig-zag test

25

Test 2011: 20-20 zig zag

26

Turning circle

27

Testing of position-keeping ability and

thruster performance at zero speed
Important for vessels that have requirements to Dynamic
Positioning performance
No standard tests or commonly recognised procedures
There is a need for development of standardized tests and analysis
procedures for this purpose

A way to characterise thruster performance at zero speed:

Run the thrusters in different combinations (one by one, and in
specific combination) for a short time
Measure the acceleration of the ship in the horisontal plane
Compute the impulse required to create the acceleration
Compare the effective impulse with the impulse provided by the
thruster(s) to arrive at a kind of efficiency
28

Measurements environmental conditions

Water depth
Echo sounder (ship instrument) or nautical charts

Water quality
Temperature: Cooling water intake temperature can be used
Density: From nautical charts or density measurements

Wind
Velocity and direction from anemometer
A separate, calibrated instrument is preferable
Watch out for influence of superstructure on the measurement

Current

Nautical charts and tables

the difference in speed between double runs
a 360 turning test at low speed
The difference between log speed and GPS speed
often, one doesnt trust the speed log sufficiently for this purpose

29

Wave measurements
Visual observation and estimation
Estimates by yard representative, ship-owner representative, and
possibly a neutral third party are compared and averaged

Mobile wave buoy

Accurate (but only at a single point)
Recovery of the buoy is difficult (risk of loosing it)

Fixed weather station

Good solution if one is nearby

Wave radar (Wavex)

Bow-mounted altimeter
Wave information without measurement: Hindcast data
30

Wave buoys
Fugro Oceanor Wavescan

Directional wave spectrum

Wind
Current
Water temperature and salinity
Must be moored; large, heavy, costly

Smaller, spherical buoys

31

Drifting or moored
Simple buoys measure wave height only by use
of an accelerometer
Advanced buoys can measure the directional
wave spectrum through use of the Doppler shift
of the GPS signals
Usually measures position for a drifting buoy
this can be used as an estimate of current
Can be brought along for a full scale test

Wavex by Miros AS

32

Bow-mounted altimeter

SM - 094

Measures relative wave motion

Ship motions must also be measured
in order to calculate absolute wave
height

SM - 055

33

Using the ship as wave buoy

Measurement of ship motions and accelerations
Knowledge of ship motion transfer functions can be used
to find the wave spectrum from the measured ship motion
power spectrum
Current research topic
Can hardly work for short waves, since then the ship
doesnt move

34

Beufort wind scale with related sea conditions

36

Sea Description term

Beufort state Wind
0
0 Calm
1
0 Light air
2
1 Light breeze
3
2 Gentle breeze
4
3 Moderate breeze
5
4 Fresh breeze
6
5 Strong breeze
7
6 Near gale
8
7 Gale
9
8 Strong gale
10
9 Storm
11
9 Violent storm
12
9 Hurricane
13
9 Hurricane
14
9 Hurricane
15
9 Hurricane

Wave
Calm
Ripples
Small wavelets
Large wavelets
Small waves
Moderate waves
Large waves
Large waves
Moderately high waves
High waves
Very high waves
Exceptionally high waves
Exceptionally high waves
Exceptionally high waves
Exceptionally high waves
Exceptionally high waves

Wind sp. [knots] Wave height [m] S

min
max
Probable Max
D
0
1
0
0c
1
3
0.1
0.1 R
3
6
0.2
0.3 S
6
10
0.6
1L
10
16
1
1.5 S
16
21
2
2.5 M
21
27
3
4L
27
33
4
5.5 S
33
40
6
7.5 M
40
47
7
10 H
47
55
9 12.5 V
55
63
11.5
16 E
63
71
14
16 A

71
80
89

80 >14
89 >14
99 >14

>16
>16
>16

37

Illustrations of Beufort wind (and wave) scale

From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_scale

38

Hindcast data
Information about wave and wind condition in the past
Data collected by meteorological institutes
From wave buoys, weather stations, satellites, observations

Many different sources

Might be hard to find the right source for your test
National Oceanic and Athospheric Administration www.noaa.gov
is the main source
Many different applications are using their open data

From hindcast data you can get information about sea state
and wind in your area
You can of course not get wave elevation time series!

Generally only available for open ocean areas

39

Measurement of motions

Accelerations: Conventional accelerometers

Angles: Gyros, compass, accelerometers
Rate gyro to measure rate of change of angles
Inertial Measurement Units (IMU)
Consists of a number of accelerometers built into one compact unit
Gives out accelerations, velocities and motions at any point
Konsberg Seatex MRU is a good example of a commercial IMU

Kongsberg Seapath
Combination of DGPS and IMU for accurate position
measurement

41

Kongsberg Seatex MRU 5+

42

Kongsberg Seapath 330

43

Measurement of forces:
Hull Monitoring
Hull Monitoring System:

Strain gauges most

common sensor
Short and long gauges
Cabling exposed to
damage, gauges work
loose
Sensors based on fiberoptics - polarimetric and
bragg-grating suggested as
alternative

Strain gauge in protective casing:

44

Rolls-Royce Health and Monitoring

System - HEMOS

45

Example: Monitoring of loads

on an azimuthing thruster of a
seismic vessel
Measurement of ship motions and
position with Seapath
Measurements on the port
azimuthing thruster
Automatic triggering of data storage
Data acquisition system remotely
monitored from land

46

Performance monitoring
Typical merchant ship application:
To monitor the development of speed and fuel consumption
over time, in order to detect need for maintenance
Challenges:
Monitoring and correcting for environmental conditions
Waves, wind, water temperature

47

Accurate measurement of shaft power and speed through water

Measuring and correcting for loading condition
Data processing
Setting-up and running automatic data transmission

Propeller Cavitation
Observations

Seen from below

48

Seen from the side

Cavitation observation techniques

2. generation borescope

49

Source: marin.nl

1. generation borescope

Sample picture from full scale propeller cavitation observation

Summary:

50

Types of tests
How to perform and correct speed trials
Wave monitoring
Measurement
Observations
Motion measurement
Hull monitoring
Propeller cavitation observations