COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY

SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE

Introduction
Geography is the study of the earth and its relationship to man and

his activities.
It was introduced by Greek scholars.
Geo- Earth and Graphein- to write.
The Modern Geography is not only concerned with earth.
It is also concerned with mans relationship with earth.
Geography is a human and dynamic subject.

What is Commercial
Geography?

Nature & Scope of Commercial

Geography

 Primary Activities
Secondary Activities
Tertiary Activities
Quaternary Activities

Primary Activities
These are activities directly concerned with obtaining

materials from nature directly.

Secondary Activities
These activities are concerned with activities adding value to

already existing products by changing their form, making

them more suitable to satisfy our needs and wants.

Tertiary Activities
Tertiary activities are concerned with providing material

goods . These activities include all personal and business

services.

Quaternary services
These include some special type of service work which

include professional and administrative services.

How Is Knowledge of Commercial

Geography Useful to Students ?

 It provides an understanding of the exchange of goods and

commodities between different countries.

It explains how some countries produce certain goods in surplus on

account of environmental advantage and exchange them with goods

which cannot be produced due to certain environmental constraints.

It also helps the students to understand the shifts of markets and

producing centers of certain goods on account of the development of

new transport and communication facilities.

The most important advantage of the study of the commercial

geography is that one can obtain information about how a particular

country has economically developed and others have not.

Advantages

Disadvantages

Road
Each
A
range
type
of of
advantages
transport has
andits
disadvantages
own
advantages
forand
each mode
of transport will appear below.
disadvantages.
Chose:
a) Which transport mode it
applies to, and
b) Whether it is an advantage
or a disadvantage.
CLICK in the appropriate part
of the table once you have
made your choice.
Press the right arrow
key to start.

Rail

Sea

Air

Door-to-door delivery
Quick and convenient

Advantages
Road
A range of advantages and
disadvantages for each mode
of transport will appear below.
Chose:
a) Which transport mode it
applies to, and
b) Whether it is an advantage
or a disadvantage.
CLICK in the appropriate part
of the table once you have
made your choice.

Disadvantages

Door-to-door delivery
Quick and convenient

Rail

Sea

Air

Slower than road transport

Lack of flexibility of
timetables and routes

Advantages
Road
A range of advantages and
disadvantages for each mode
of transport will appear below.
Chose:
a) Which transport mode it
applies to, and
b) Whether it is an advantage
or a disadvantage.
CLICK in the appropriate part
of the table once you have
made your choice.

Disadvantages

Door-to-door delivery
Quick and convenient

Rail

Sea

Air

Slower than road transport

Lack of flexibility of
timetables and routes

Advantages
Road
A range of advantages and
disadvantages for each mode
of transport will appear below.
Chose:
a) Which transport mode it
applies to, and
b) Whether it is an advantage
or a disadvantage.
CLICK in the appropriate part
of the table once you have
made your choice.

Disadvantages

Door-to-door delivery
Quick and convenient

Slower than road transport

Lack of flexibility of timetables
and routes

Rail

Sea

Air

Very fast
Closely supervised so
losses are minimal

Advantages
Road
A range of advantages and
disadvantages for each mode
of transport will appear below.
Chose:
a) Which transport mode it
applies to, and
b) Whether it is an advantage
or a disadvantage.
CLICK in the appropriate part
of the table once you have
made your choice.

Disadvantages

Door-to-door delivery
Quick and convenient

Slower than road transport

Lack of flexibility of timetables
and routes

Rail

Sea

Air

Very fast
Closely supervised so losses are
minimal

Very efficient at moving

bulky and heavy goods
Cheap over long distances

Advantages
Road
A range of advantages and
disadvantages for each mode
of transport will appear below.
Chose:
a) Which transport mode it
applies to, and
b) Whether it is an advantage
or a disadvantage.
CLICK in the appropriate part
of the table once you have
made your choice.

Rail

Disadvantages

Door-to-door delivery
Quick and convenient

Very efficient at moving bulky

and heavy goods
Cheap over long distances

Slower than road transport

Lack of flexibility of timetables
and routes

Sea

Air

Very fast
Closely supervised so losses are
minimal

Slow
Not door-to-door
Not convenient if located
away from port

Advantages
Road
A range of advantages and
disadvantages for each mode
of transport will appear below.
Chose:
a) Which transport mode it
applies to, and
b) Whether it is an advantage
or a disadvantage.
CLICK in the appropriate part
of the table once you have
made your choice.

Rail

Door-to-door delivery
Quick and convenient

Very efficient at moving bulky

and heavy goods
Cheap over long distances

Slower than road transport

Lack of flexibility of timetables
and routes

Slow
Not door-to-door
Not convenient if located away
from port

Sea

Air

Disadvantages

Very fast
Closely supervised so losses are
minimal

High cost
Not door-to-door

Advantages
Road
A range of advantages and
disadvantages for each mode
of transport will appear below.
Chose:
a) Which transport mode it
applies to, and
b) Whether it is an advantage
or a disadvantage.
CLICK in the appropriate part
of the table once you have
made your choice.

Rail

Door-to-door delivery
Quick and convenient

Very efficient at moving bulky

and heavy goods
Cheap over long distances

Slower than road transport

Lack of flexibility of timetables
and routes

Slow
Not door-to-door
Not convenient if located away
from port

Sea

Air

Disadvantages

Very fast
Closely supervised so losses are
minimal

High cost
Not door-to-door

Large loads are difficult

Urban congestion
Damage to roads

Advantages
Road
A range of advantages and
disadvantages for each mode
of transport will appear below.
Chose:
a) Which transport mode it
applies to, and
b) Whether it is an advantage
or a disadvantage.
CLICK in the appropriate part
of the table once you have
made your choice.

Rail

Door-to-door delivery
Quick and convenient

Large loads are difficult

Urban congestion
Damage to roads

Very efficient at moving bulky

and heavy goods
Cheap over long distances

Slower than road transport

Lack of flexibility of timetables
and routes

Slow
Not door-to-door
Not convenient if located away
from port

Sea

Air

Disadvantages

Very fast
Closely supervised so losses are
minimal

High cost
Not door-to-door

Efficient at moving bulky

and heavy goods
Ships are adaptable to
many types of goods
Cheap over long distances

Advantages
Road
A range of advantages and
disadvantages for each mode
of transport will appear below.
Chose:
a) Which transport mode it
applies to, and
b) Whether it is an advantage
or a disadvantage.
CLICK in the appropriate part
of the table once you have
made your choice.

Rail

Sea

Air

Disadvantages

Door-to-door delivery
Quick and convenient

Large loads are difficult

Urban congestion
Damage to roads

Very efficient at moving bulky

and heavy goods
Cheap over long distances

Slower than road transport

Lack of flexibility of timetables
and routes

Efficient at moving bulky and

heavy goods
Ships are adaptable to many
types of goods
Cheap over long distances

Slow
Not door-to-door
Not convenient if located away
from port

Very fast
Closely supervised so losses are
minimal

High cost
Not door-to-door

A lot of the country is not

serviced by rail
Not door-to-door

Advantages
Road
A range of advantages and
disadvantages for each mode
of transport will appear below.
Chose:
a) Which transport mode it
applies to, and
b) Whether it is an advantage
or a disadvantage.
CLICK in the appropriate part
of the table once you have
made your choice.

Rail

Sea

Air

Disadvantages

Door-to-door delivery
Quick and convenient

Large loads are difficult

Urban congestion
Damage to roads

Very efficient at moving bulky

and heavy goods
Cheap over long distances

Slower than road transport

Lack of flexibility of timetables
and routes
A lot of the country is not serviced
by rail
Not door-to-door

Efficient at moving bulky and

heavy goods
Ships are adaptable to many
types of goods
Cheap over long distances

Slow
Not door-to-door
Not convenient if located away
from port

Very fast
Closely supervised so losses are
minimal

High cost
Not door-to-door

Flexible routes and times

Easy to transport all types
of goods

Advantages
Road

Rail

Sea

Air

Disadvantages

Door-to-door delivery
Quick and convenient
Flexible routes and times
Easy to transport all types of
goods

Large loads are difficult

Urban congestion
Damage to roads

Very efficient at moving bulky

and heavy goods
Cheap over long distances

Slower than road transport

Lack of flexibility of timetables
and routes
A lot of the country is not serviced
by rail
Not door-to-door

Efficient at moving bulky and

heavy goods
Ships are adaptable to many
types of goods
Cheap over long distances

Slow
Not door-to-door
Not convenient if located away
from port

Very fast
Closely supervised so losses are
minimal

High cost
Not door-to-door

Well done. You have completed the table correctly.

When printing it off for your notes, make sure to print Slide 12 only.
Ask for assistance if you are unsure.

Advantages
Road

Rail

Sea

Air

Disadvantages

Door-to-door delivery
Quick and convenient
Flexible routes and times
Easy to transport all types of
goods

Large loads are difficult

Urban congestion
Damage to roads

Very efficient at moving bulky

and heavy goods
Cheap over long distances

Slower than road transport

Lack of flexibility of timetables
and routes
A lot of the country is not serviced
by rail
Not door-to-door

Efficient at moving bulky and

heavy goods
Ships are adaptable to many
types of goods
Cheap over long distances

Slow
Not door-to-door
Not convenient if located away
from port

Very fast
Closely supervised so losses are
minimal

High cost
Not door-to-door

The Basic Modes of Transportation:

Domestic Water Carriers
Available along the Atlantic, Gulf and

Pacific coasts, along the Mississippi,

Missouri, Tennessee and Ohio River
systems and the Great Lakes.
Regulated common and contract
carriers haul about 5% of the freight,
while private and exempt carriers
haul the other 95% of the ton-miles.

30

Management of Business Logistics, 7th Ed.

Chapter 9

The Basic Modes of Transportation:

Domestic Water Carriers
Relatively low cost mode; do not

own the rights-of-way; easy entry

and exit.
Typically a long distance mover
of low value, bulk-type mineral,
agricultural and forest products
Low rates but long transit times
Low accessibility but high
capability
31

Management of Business Logistics, 7th Ed.

Chapter 9

The Basic Modes of Transportation:

International Water Carriers
General cargo ships
Large high capacity cargo holds
Engaged on a contract basis
Many have self-contained cranes for

loading/unloading
Bulk carriers
Specially designed to haul minerals
Can handle multiple cargoes

32

Management of Business Logistics, 7th Ed.

Chapter 9

The Basic Modes of Transportation:

International Water Carriers
Tankers
Specially designed for liquid

cargoes
Largest vessels afloat, some VLCCs
at 500k+ tons
Container ships
High speeds for ships; increasingly
more common and important
Larger vessels can handle up to
5,000 containers.
33

Management of Business Logistics, 7th Ed.

Chapter 9

The Basic Modes of Transportation:

International Water Carriers
RO-RO (Roll on-Roll off)
Basically a large ferry that facilitates

the loading and unloading process

by using drive on/off ramps
May also have the capacity to haul
containers
Other
OBO multipurpose carriers
Barges (not transoceanic)

34

Management of Business Logistics, 7th Ed.

Chapter 9

SEA PORTS IN INDIA

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
KANDLA PORT
JAWAHAR LAL NEHRU PORT
MUMBAI PORT
MORMUGAO PORT
MANGALORE PORT
COCHIN PORT
PORT BLAIR
TUTICORIN PORT

CHENNAI PORT
VIZAG PORT
PARADIP PORT
HALDIA PORT
KOLLAM PORT

INTRODUCTION

India has a vast coast line of about 7400 kilo meters

served by 13 major ports and about 184 minor ports and

private ports

Port is important in international trade. Since a seaport

is the nerve of foreign trade permitting import of goods

INTRODUCTION
The major ports are those ports which are under the preview

of the central government and the minor ports also known as

non major ports. However, only 61 of the 185 minor ports
provide round the year berthing facilities.

KANDLA PORT
Kandla Port- Gujarat:
The Kandla Port is situated on the Gulf of

Kutch near the Gandhidham city in Kutch

District of Gujarat.

The Growth Engine of India host of the

major seaport of west coast,

The Port of Kandla is the first special

economic zone in India as well as in Asia,

KANDLA PORT
Kandla Port is hub for major imports like petroleum, chemicals and iron

also export grains , salt and textiles.

Port of Kandla is one of the highest earning ports of India, another port

in Gujarat is Mundra Port , Indias largest private port.

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU PORT

Jawaharlal Nehru Port first name is
Nhava Sheva.
Nehru port is situated at the mainland of

Konkan area across the Navi Mumbai

Maharashtra.

Jawaharlal Nehru Port is the largest

container port in India

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU PORT

Jawaharlal Nehru Port is the king port of Arabian Sea at west cost.
JNP handle a large volume of international container traffic and

domestic cargo traffic.

The major exports are textiles , carpets , boneless meat and main

imports are machinery , vegetable oils and chemicals.

MUMBAI PORT
The Mumbai Port is located in the

mainland of west Mumbai on the West

coast of India.

Mumbai Port is natural deep-water

harbour.

Mumbai Port is the largest port in

India.

MUMBAI PORT
Mumbai Port handles bulk cargo traffic with its four jetties for handling

Liquid chemicals, Crude and petroleum products

International container traffic of Mumbai Port is directed to the new and

big

Jawaharlal

Nehru

port.

MORMUGAO PORT
The main port of Goa, Marmagao port

is a best natural harbours of India

located in South Goa

Marmagao port is one of the leading

iron ores exporter port in India

raw materials

MORMUGAO PORT
The port of Marmagao is one of the major attraction of Goa along

with the beautiful city of Vasco da Gama. International Airport

Dabolim.

The natural harbour of Goa is one of Indias earliest modern ports.

MANGALORE PORT
First name of Manglore port is

Panambur Port.

Seaport located near to Surathkal

railway station in Dakshina Kannada

district of Karnataka.

New Mangalore Port is a deep water

all weather port and the only major

port of Karnataka and one of the
largest port in India.

MANGALORE PORT
Port of Mangalore export major commodities like manganese, granite stones,

coffee and cashew.

main imports includes timber logs , LPG , petroleum products and cargo

containers.

There is a beautiful beach at south of sea port of Panambur along with the shore

of the Arabian Sea.

COCHIN PORT
The Cochin port is one of the largest

port in India.

the major port on the Arabian Sea and

Indian Ocean sea route.

The port of Cochin lies on two islands

ofWillingdon andVallarpadam.

The largest container trans shipment

facility in India.

COCHIN PORT
Kochi Port is equipped with maritime facilities Cochin Shipyard, Kochi

Refineries and Kochi Marina.

Kochi city is famous for its traditional spices.

Well known as the port city of Fort Kochi during the European

colonials.

It also get its individual Kochi International airport, third International

airport in the state of Kerala.

PORT BLAIR
Port Blair is the capital city of

Andaman Nicobar Islands

Andaman Nicobar Islands, a Union

Territory of India located at the

juncture of the Bay of Bengal and
Andaman Sea.

Port Blair is the youngest sea port in

India and one of the 12 major port of

the country.

PORT BLAIR
The only port of Andaman islands are connected to mainland of India through

flight and ship.

Port Blair is the principal hub for shipping in the islands of Andaman.
one of the most popular tourist destination with several places of interest

around like virgin beaches, scuba diving and water sports.

TUTICORIN PORT
Tuticorin Port is an artificial deep-sea

harbour and one of the 12 major ports of

India.

It is also known asTuticorin Port.

It is also the second largest port in Tamil

Nadu.

First is Chennai Port.

one of the largest container terminal in

India.

TUTICORIN PORT
The artificial port of Tuticorin is a all weather port and who receive a large

volume of international traffic.

Port of Tuticorin are a used to be best port for maritime trade and pearl fishery

on the bay of Bengal.

CHENNAI PORT
Madras Port is the one of the oldest

port of India.

second largest port in the country.

Chennai Port also the largest port in

the Bay of Bengal.

Hub port for cars, big containers and

cargo traffic in the east coast of India.

CHENNAI PORT
Port of the Coromandel Coast handles a variety of cargo containers.
Automobiles.
Coal.
Fertilizers.
petroleum products.
Chennai Port terminals have lighthouses around, Intra port connectivity,

Pipelines

and

railway

terminus.

VIZAG PORT
The port city Visakhapatnam is located on

the southeast coast of India in the state of

Andhra Pradesh.

Visakhapatnam or Vizag has one of the

Indias largest seaport and the oldest

shipyard of country.

The Visakhapatnam harbours is the only

Natural harbours in the bay of Bengal

shore.

VIZAG PORT
Vizag is second largest city in Andhra.
The government aims to triple india's total port capacity to 3.1 billion tonnes

by 2020.

Coal is manually unloaded from vessels and shovelled onto trucks that take it to

an open stack yard from where winds carry coal dust to the city.

PARADIP PORT
The artificial, deep-water port of east

coast of India is located in the

Jagatsinghpur district of Orissa state.

Port of Paradip is the major port in the

east cost shore.

Port is situated at the confluence of

great river Mahanadi and the Bay of

Bengal.

PARADIP PORT
Paradip Port has its own railway system.
Cold handling plant and a national highway connects the port with rest

of

Indian

road

networks.

HALDIA PORT
Haldia port is also known as Calcutta

port.

Haldia port or Calcutta Port is a major

seaport situated near the Hooghly

River in the state ofWest Bengal.

Port of Haldia is one of the major

trade centre for Calcutta.

HALDIA PORT
Calcutta port receive bulk cargoes of Chemicals, Petrochemicals and
oils.
Port of Kolkata is also a base of Indian Coast Guard.

KOLLAM PORT
Kollam Port is one of the

major ports in India.

Port is situated 4 km away

from heart of the City of

Kollam- The Cashew Capital of
theWorld.

It is the second largest port in

Kerala by volume of cargo

handled and facilities..

KOLLAM PORT
It is located on the west coast of India.
Kollam city was one the most famous trade hubs in India during AD 800-1800

period.

The Port is governed by the Directorate of Ports Department of Government

of Kerala.

The modern Cargo Port in Kollam was commissioned on 19 October 1997

and inaugurated by Sri.V.S.Achuthanandan, the then Chief Minister of Kerala.

Now a customs clearance centre and cement packing terminal is working in

the port.The wharf can easily handle ships up to 200 Meters in length.

 Indian government has a federal structure, and according to its constitution,

maritime transport is to be administered by both the Central and the State

governments. While the central government's shipping ministry administers
the major ports, the minor and intermediate ports are administered by the
relevant departments or ministries in the nine coastal states Andhra Pradesh,
Odisha, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra and
Gujarat. Several of these 187 minor and intermediate ports have been
identified by the respective governments to be developed, in a phased
manner, a good proportion of them involving publicprivate partnership.

World Continents and Oceans

Objectives
You will be able to:
Name each of the seven continents,
and the five oceans
Locate each of the continents and
oceans on a map

North America
North America is made up of four

countries: Canada is the furthest

North, The United States is in the
middle, and Mexico is the furthest
south. Greenland is an Island of North
America, lying Northeast of Canada.
There are three Oceans that touch
North America, The Arctic to the
North, The Pacific to the West, and the
Atlantic to the East.

South America
South America is made up

of twelve countries.
The Pacific Ocean
borders South America to
the West, and the Atlantic
to the East.

Europe
Europe is made up of forty-

eight countries.
The Atlantic Ocean is
Europes western border.
The Arctic Ocean is north
of Europe.

Asia
Asia is made up of

numerous countries, the

largest of which include
Russia, China, and India.
The Pacific Ocean lies to
the east, while the Indian
Ocean falls on the
southwest.

Africa
Africa is made up of fifty-

three countries.
Africa is surrounded by the
Atlantic Ocean to the west
and the Indian Ocean to the
East.

Australia
Australia as a continent

includes the mainland of

Australia along with
Tasmania and many of the
Islands throughout the
Pacific Ocean.
The Indian Ocean
borders the west and
south, while the Pacific is
on the east.

Antarctica
Antarctica is made of five

regions and one island

Chain.
The Ocean surrounding
Antarctica has been
recently renamed as the
Southern Ocean.

The Oceans
The Pacific Ocean stretches 64,186,000 square miles and has

an average depth of 15,215 feet.

The Atlantic Ocean stretches 33,420,000 square miles and
has an average depth of 12,881 feet.
The Indian Ocean stretches 28,350,000 square miles and has
an average depth of 13,002 feet.

The Oceans (contd)

The Arctic Ocean stretches 5,106,000 square miles and has

an average depth of 3,953 feet.

The Southern Ocean stretches 7,848,300 square miles and
has an average depth of 13,100 - 16,400 feet.