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Chapter Twenty-Seven: The Eisenhower Years 1952-1960

Eisenhower was elected president in 1952 and re-elected in 1956. His administration pursued a policy of modern Republicanism and oversaw economic prosperity. Eisenhower implemented the Interstate Highway System and signed civil rights laws. In foreign policy, Eisenhower contained communism through alliances like SEATO while also using diplomacy. The launch of Sputnik by the Soviet Union increased the space race. The civil rights movement made progress through figures like MLK and court cases like Brown v. Board of Education, despite southern resistance.

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82 views23 pages

Chapter Twenty-Seven: The Eisenhower Years 1952-1960

Eisenhower was elected president in 1952 and re-elected in 1956. His administration pursued a policy of modern Republicanism and oversaw economic prosperity. Eisenhower implemented the Interstate Highway System and signed civil rights laws. In foreign policy, Eisenhower contained communism through alliances like SEATO while also using diplomacy. The launch of Sputnik by the Soviet Union increased the space race. The civil rights movement made progress through figures like MLK and court cases like Brown v. Board of Education, despite southern resistance.

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TotallyInconspicuous
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Chapter Twenty-Seven

The Eisenhower Years


1952-1960
Eisenhower Takes Command
The Election of 1952
• Republican
– Eisenhower
• Democrat
– Adlai Stevenson
• Eisenhower won, possibly due to Nixon’s
‘Checkers’ speech about a dog
Domestic Policies
• Charles Wilson
– Secretary of Defense
• Modern Republicanism
– Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
• Controlled by Oveta Hobby, the first woman in a
republican cabinet
• Interstate Highway System
– Highway Act
• General prosperity abounded
The Election of 1956
• Adlai Stevenson was renominated for the
Republican ticket
• Due to Eisenhower’s recent heart attacks, his
re-election was in doubt
• This doubt was later crushed as Eisenhower
returned to office
Eisenhower and the Cold War
Dulles’ Diplomacy
• Believed Truman was too passive
• Used nuclear weapons to threaten their way
away from small wars
Unrest in the Third World
• Dutch East Indies became independent
• Covert Activity
– The CIA overthrew a government in Africa that did
not support the US
Asia
• Korean Armistice
– North Korea was disarmed
• Fall of Indochina
– The French tried to retake a colony in the pacific
– Indochina was divided into Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam
• Division of Vietnam
– Divided at the 17th parallel
– Ho Chi Minh established a Communist North Vietnam
– Ngo Dihn Diem established a Catholic South Vietnam
• SEATO
– Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
– United States, Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand,
Philippines, Thailand, and Pakistan
The Middle East
• Suez Crisis
– Led by Arab General Nasser
– Soviet helped Arabs rebuild a dam, in exchange for oil
and control of a canal
– Britain and France invaded Egypt to retake the canal
• Eisenhower Doctrine
– Pledged aid to all Middle Eastern countries threatened
by communism
• OPEC and oil
– Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
• Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and Iran, Venezuela
US-Soviet Relations (Here again?)
• Spirit of Geneva
– The arms race was slowed after Stalin’s death
– Soviet troops withdrawn from Austria
– Eisenhower and Bulganin (New Soviet Premier)
met in Geneva, Switzerland
• Hungarian Revolt
– Hungarians overthrew the Soviet control
– The Kremlin retook them pretty damn quick :P
Sputnik!
• In 1957, the Soviets launched the first
satellites
• National Defense and Education Act
– Increased grants for schools of science and foreign
language
• National Aeronautics and Space
Administration
More Problems
• Second Berlin Crisis
– Khrushchev threatened to kick the US out of
Berlin
– Eisenhower invited him to Camp David to speak
about a new treaty
• U2 Incident
– The U2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet
Union, causing tenser Soviet-US relations
Communism in Cuba
• Communist Fidel Castro overthrew the local
government of Cuba
The Civil Rights Movement
Origins of the Movement
• Jackie Robinson was hired by the Brooklyn
Dodgers
• Changing Demographics
– Blacks moved from the south to the North
Desegregating the Schools
• Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka
– Segregation violated equal protection
– Plessy vs. Ferguson overturned
• Resistance in the South
– In Arkansas, Governor Faubus use the National
Guard to keep African Americans from going to
school
Montgomery Bus Boycott
• Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat
• Martin Luther King Jr. helped begin the non-
violent protest
Federal Laws
• Eisenhower signed two civil rights laws, to
help blacks get more rights, including suffrage.
Nonviolent Protests
• Southern Christian Leadership Conference
– Started by MLK
– Helped ministers get into the Civil Rights
Movement
• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
– Formed to keep the Civil Rights Movement
organized
Popular Culture in the Fifties
Consumer Culture and Conformity
• Television
– 55 million television sets in the US
• Advertising
– ‘mom and pop’ restaurants were turned into
franchise operations
• Paperbacks and records became popular
Women’s Roles
• Women received more rights to do work and
do other things besides taking care of the
house

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