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CH 14

This document discusses parametric and non-parametric tests. Parametric tests assume a normal distribution and test parameters like the mean and proportion. Non-parametric tests make no distributional assumptions and can be used when data is not normally distributed or sample sizes are small. Chi-square tests are a common type of non-parametric test used to test goodness of fit, independence between variables, and equality of proportions using contingency tables. The chi-square value is calculated and compared to critical values based on degrees of freedom to determine significance.

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Manish Malik
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192 views13 pages

CH 14

This document discusses parametric and non-parametric tests. Parametric tests assume a normal distribution and test parameters like the mean and proportion. Non-parametric tests make no distributional assumptions and can be used when data is not normally distributed or sample sizes are small. Chi-square tests are a common type of non-parametric test used to test goodness of fit, independence between variables, and equality of proportions using contingency tables. The chi-square value is calculated and compared to critical values based on degrees of freedom to determine significance.

Uploaded by

Manish Malik
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER-14

NON-PARAMETRIC TESTS

Parametric Vs Non-parametric
Tests
Parametric Tests:
The population mean (), standard deviation (s)

and proportion (p) are called the parameters of a


distribution.
Tests of hypotheses concerning the mean and

proportion are based on the assumption that the


population(s) from where the sample is drawn is
normally distributed.
Tests based on the above parameters are called

parametric tests.

Parametric Vs. Non-parametric


Tests
Non-Parametric Tests: There are situations where the populations under study are

not normally distributed. The data collected from these


populations is extremely skewed.
Therefore, the
parametric tests are not valid.
The option is to use a non-parametric test. These tests are

called the distribution-free tests as they do not require any


assumption regarding the shape of the population
distribution from where the sample is drawn.
These tests could also be used for the small sample sizes

where the normality assumption does not hold true.

Advantages of Non-Parametric
Tests
They can be applied to many situations as they do not

have the rigid requirements of their parametric


counterparts, like the sample having been drawn from the
population following a normal distribution.
There can be applications where a numeric observation is

difficult to obtain but a rank value is not. By using ranks, it


is possible to relax the assumptions regarding the
underlying populations.
Non-parametric tests can often be applied to the nominal

and ordinal data that lack exact or comparable numerical


values.
Non-parametric tests involve very simple

computations
compared to the corresponding parametric tests.

Disadvantages of Non-Parametric
Tests
A lot of information is wasted because the exact numerical

data is reduced to a qualitative form. The increase or the


gain is denoted by a plus sign whereas a decrease or loss
is denoted by a negative sign. No consideration is given to
the quantity of the gain or loss.
Non-parametric methods are less powerful than parametric

tests when the basic assumptions of parametric tests are


valid.
Null hypothesis in a non-parametric test is loosely defined

as compared to the parametric tests. Therefore, whenever


the null hypothesis is rejected, a non-parametric test yields
a less precise conclusion as compared to the parametric
test.

Difference between Parametric &


Non-parametric Tests

Types of Non-Parametric Tests


Chi-square Tests - For the use of a chi-square test, the data is
required in the form of frequencies. The majority of the
applications of chi-square are with the discrete data. The test
could also be applied to continuous data, provided it is reduced
to certain categories and tabulated in such a way that the chisquare may be applied. Some of the important properties of the
chi-square distribution are:
Unlike the normal and t distribution, the chi-square distribution is
not symmetric.
The values of a chi-square are greater than or equal to zero.
The shape of a chi-square distribution depends upon the
degrees of freedom. With the increase in degrees of freedom,
the distribution tends to normal

Applications of Chi-square
1. Chi-square test for the goodness of fit
2. Chi-square test for the independence of variables
3. Chi-square test for the equality of more than two population proportions.

Common principles of all the chi-square tests are as under:

State the null and the alternative hypothesis about a population.

Specify a level of significance.

Compute the expected frequencies of the occurrence of certain events under the
assumption that the null hypothesis is true.

Make a note of the observed counts of the data points falling in different cells

Compute the chi-square value given by the formula.

Applications of Chi-square

Compare the sample value of the statistic as obtained in


previous step with the critical value at a given level of
significance and make the decision.

Applications of Chi-square
Chi-square test for goodness of fit
The hypothesis to be tested in this case is:
H0 : Probabilities of the occurrence of events E1, E2, ..., Ek are
given by the specified probabilities p1, p2, ..., pk
H1 : Probabilities of the k events are not the pi stated in the null
hypothesis.

The procedure has already been explained.

Applications of Chi-square
Chi-square test for independence of variables
The chi-square test can be used to test the independence of two
variables each having at least two categories. The test makes a
use of contingency tables also referred to as cross-tabs with the
cells corresponding to a cross classification of attributes or events.
A contingency table with three rows and four columns (as an
example) is as shown below.

Applications of Chi-square
Assuming that there are r rows and c columns, the count in the cell
corresponding to the ith row and the jth column is denoted by Oij,
where i = 1, 2, ..., r and j = 1, 2, ..., c. The total for row i is denoted
by Ri whereas that corresponding to column j is denoted by Cj. The
total sample size is given by n, which is also the sum of all the r row
totals or the sum of all the c column totals.

The hypothesis test for independence is:


H0 : Row and column variables are independent of each other.
H1 : Row and column variables are not independent.
The hypothesis is tested using a chi-square test statistic for
independence given by:

Applications of Chi-square
The degrees of freedom for the chi-square statistic are given by
(r 1) (c 1).
The expected frequency in the cell corresponding to the ith row and the
jth column is given by:

For a given level of significance , the sample value of the chisquare is compared with the critical value for the degree of freedom
(r 1) (c 1) to make a decision.

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