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Instrument To Set Out Right Angles: Cross Staff

This document discusses various instruments and methods used for surveying, including: - Cross staffs, optical squares, and other instruments used to measure right angles. - Obstacles that may be encountered during chain surveying like obstructed vision or chain. - The key differences between chain surveying which relies only on measured distances versus traverse surveying which also uses angular measurements to form a network of triangles. - The differences between closed and open/unclosed traverses, with closed traverses returning to the starting point to form a closed polygon and allow the work to be checked and balanced.

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Syed Azmat Ali Shah
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455 views20 pages

Instrument To Set Out Right Angles: Cross Staff

This document discusses various instruments and methods used for surveying, including: - Cross staffs, optical squares, and other instruments used to measure right angles. - Obstacles that may be encountered during chain surveying like obstructed vision or chain. - The key differences between chain surveying which relies only on measured distances versus traverse surveying which also uses angular measurements to form a network of triangles. - The differences between closed and open/unclosed traverses, with closed traverses returning to the starting point to form a closed polygon and allow the work to be checked and balanced.

Uploaded by

Syed Azmat Ali Shah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INSTRUMENT TO SET OUT RIGHT ANGLES

CROSS STAFF
Open cross staff
French cross staff
Adjustable cross staff

Contd . . .

OPTICAL SQUARE

OBSTACLES IN CHAINING
Various obstacles may be classed as,
CHANING FREE VISION OBSTRUCTED
CHAINING OBSTRUCTED VISION FREE
CHAINING AND VISION BOTH OBTRUCTED

CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS
TO PLOT A CHAIN SURVEY

CHAIN AND COMPASS TRAVERSING


In traverse surveying the directions of survey lines are fixed by
Angular Measurements
Unlike CHAIN SURVEY - forming a network of triangles
LENGTHS measured with chain or tape
ANGLES measured with Angular Instruments
Running of check lines is not necessary.

TRAVERSE
Traverse means to cover a distance or to pass
through a line.
May be classed as

CLOSED TRAVERSE
UNCLOSED / OPEN TRAVERSE

CLOSED TRAVERSE
A traverse is said to be closed
when a complete circuit is made
when it returns to the starting point forming a closed
polygon (Fig.1)
when it begins and ends at points whose positions on plan
are known (Fig.2)
The work may be checked and "balanced.
Suitable for locating the boundaries of lakes, woods, etc.
And for the survey of moderately large areas.

Fig.2

Fig.1

Fig.3

UNCLOSED OR OPEN TRAVERSE


A traverse is said to be open or unclosed when it does not
form a closed polygon. (Fig. 3)
It consists of a series of lines extending in the same general
direction and not returning to the starting point.
Suitable for survey of a long narrow strip of country e.g. the
valley of a river, the coast line, a long meandering road, or
railway etc.

METHODS OF TRAVERSING
The chief methods by which the direction of the survey lines may
be determined are as follows :

By the Chain Angles.


By the Free or Loose Needle Method.
By the Fast Needle Method.
By the Measurement of Angles between
Successive Lines.

ANY QUERIES

thank you . . . !

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