A

Mini Project Report on

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF 132/33KV

SUBSTATION
A Mini Project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
For the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Submitted by
ADARI RAVI KUMAR

313126514001

ALLA MANIKANTA VEERA SAI

313126514002

GUNDANA ROHAN

313126514038

KARRI SUJIT KUMAR

313126514048

MOHAMMAD SOHAIL AHMED

313126514063
Under the guidance of

J KRISHNA MURTHY

P NAVEEN

ASST. DIVISIONAL ENGINEER,

ASST. ENGINEER (Maintenance)

EHT LINES, SIMHACHALAM

132KV SIMHACHALAM.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ANIL NEERUKONDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES

(Permanently Affiliated to Andhra University, Approved by AICTE & Accredited by NBA)

Sangivalasa 531162, Bheemunipatnam Mandal, Visakhapatnam Dt.

1

TRANSMISSION CORPORATION OF ANDHRA PRADESH LIMITED

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the mini project report Entitled OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE OF 132/33KV SUBSTATION carried out during period of
2weeks from 09-05-2016 to 23-05-2016 in partial fulfilment of the requirements for
the award of the degree of B.E in Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Anil
Neerukonda Institute of Technology and Sciences, Visakhapatnam is a record
Of bonafide work carried out under our guidance and supervision.

ADARI RAVI KUMAR

313126514001

ALLA MANIKANTA VEERA SAI

313126514002

GUNDANA ROHAN

313126514038

KARRI SUJIT KUMAR

313126514048

MOHAMMAD SOHAIL AHMED

313126514063

J KRISHNA MURTHY

P NAVEEN

ASST. DIVISIONAL ENGINEER,

ASST. ENGINEER (Maintenance)

EHT LINES, SIMHACHALAM

132KV SIMHACHALAM.

DECLARATION
We declare that the project report entitled is done by us, submitted in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree in BACHELOR OF
ENGINEERING.

ADARI RAVI KUMAR

313126514001

ALLA MANIKANTA VEERA SAI

313126514002

GUNDANA ROHAN

313126514038

KARRI SUJIT KUMAR

313126514048

MOHAMMAD SOHAIL AHMED

313126514063

PLACE: VISAKHAPATNAM

ABSTRACT

A substation receives electrical power from generating station via incoming

transmission line and delivers electrical power through feeders and this is used for
controlling the power on different routes. Substations are integral part of a power
system and form important part of transmission and distribution network of electrical
power system. Their main functions are to receive energy transmitted at high voltage
from the generating stations, reduce the voltage to a value appropriate for local
distribution and provide facilities for switching some sub-station are simply
switching stations different connections between various transmission lines are
made, others are converting sub-stations which either convert AC into DC or viceversa or convert frequency from higher to lower or vice-versa. The various circuits
are joined together through these components to a bus-bar at substation. Basically,
sub-station consists of power transformers, circuit breakers, relays, isolators,
earthing switches, current transformers, voltage transformers, synchronous
condensers/ capacitor banks etc. This mini project covers the important equipments
& their function in a sub- station. And also an attempt is made to cover the general
maintenance of substation and checks the observations to be made by shift engineer.
As a part of case study we are going to visit a 132/33Kv TRANSCO substation at
simhachalam, in Visakhapatnam.

LISTOFABBREVIATIONS

EHV Extra High Voltage

SLD Single Line Diagram
PT Potential Transformer
CT Current Transformer
HVCT - High Voltage CT
LVCT Low Voltage CT
CVT Capacitor Voltage Transformer
LA Lightening Arrestors
ES - Earth Switches
CB Circuit Breaker
HV side High Voltage Side
LV side Low Voltage Side
PLCC Power Line Carrier Communication
OLTC On load Tap Changer
HG Fuse Horn Gap Fuse
OTT Oil Temperature Indicator
WTI Winding Temperature Indicator
IDMT Characteristics Inverse Definite Minimum Time Characteristics.

INDEX
CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction of Substation

1.2 Introduction of APTRANSCO`
1.3 Construction of a Substation
1.3.1 Selection of Site
CHAPTER-2

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATION

2.1 According to the requirement

2.2 According to the Constructional Features
CHAPTER-3

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

3.1 Single line diagram

3.2 Feeder Circuit
CHAPTER-4
BRIEF DISCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS IN
THE SUBSTATION
4.1 Lightening Arrester
4.1.1 Expulsion type Lightening Arrester
4.1.2 Non Linear Surge Diverter
4.1.3 Lightening Frequency
4.2 Earthing
4.2.1 Earth Pits
4.3 Capacitor Voltage Transformer
4.4 Wave Trap
4.5 Instrument Transformer
4.5.1 Potential Transformer
4.5.2 Current Transformer
4.6 Circuit Breaker
4.7 Bus
4.8 Transformers
4.8.1 Basic Principle
4.8.2 Induction Law
6

4.8.3 Station Transformer

4.9 ACSR Conductors
4.10 Isolators
4.11 Station Battery
4.12 Substation Auxiliary Power Supply
4.13 Transmission Lines
4.14 Capacitor Banks
4.15 Buckholz Relay
4.16 Insulators
CHAPTER-5
PROTECTION FOR VARIOUS EQUIPMENTS
5.1
Transformer Protection
5.2
Feeder Protection
5.3
Important points to be kept in view while laying
Out the Substation
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION OF SUBSTATION
Substations are the points in the power network where transmission lines and
distribution feeders are connected together through circuit breakers or switches via
bus bars and transformers. This allows for the control of power flows in the network
and general switching operations for maintenance purposes.

The present-day electrical power system is A.C i.e. electric power is

generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of alternating current. It is
delivered to the consumers through a large network of transmission and distribution.
At many places in the line of the power system, it may be desirable and necessary to
change some characteristic (e.g. voltage, A.C. to D.C., frequency, power factor etc.)
of electric supply.

This is accomplished by suitable apparatus called sub-station. For example,

generation voltage (11KV or 6.6KV) at the power station is stepped up to high
voltage (say 132KV or 220KV) for transmission of electric power. The assembly of
apparatus (e.g. transformer etc.) used for this purpose is the sub-station. Similarly,
near the consumers localities, the voltage may have to be stepped down to
utilization level. This job is again accomplished by a suitable apparatus called
substation.

Transformers is a vital link in a power system which has made possible the
power generated at low voltages to be stepped up to extra high voltages for
transmission over long distances. This is then transformed to low voltages for
utilization at proper load centres. It is said to be the simplest equipment with no
motive parts.

A transformer is a static piece of device by means of which electric power in

one circuit is transformed into electric power in another circuit with the same
frequency. It can step-up or step-down the voltages in a circuit but with a
corresponding decrease or increase in current.
8

At 132KV SIMHACHALAM Sub-Station, there are four 10/16MVA,

132/33KV transformers. The rating 10/16MVA indicates 10MVA without cooling
and 16MVA with cooling. The transformer has two windings, namely HV side and
LV side. The HV supply is fed from 132KV bus and stepped-down to 33KV (LV).
The transformers are provided with Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN) or Oil Natural
Air Forced (ONAF) cooling facility.

1.2 INTRODUCTION OF APTRANSCO

APTRANSCO came into existence on 01/02/1999. From 1999 to June 2005
APTRANSCO remained as Single buyer in the state Purchasing power from
various Generators and selling it to DISCOMs in according with the terms and
conditions of the individual PPAs at Bulk Supply Tariff (BST) rated.
Subsequently, in accordance with the Third Transfer Scheme notified by GOAP,
APTRANSCO ceased to do power trading and has retained powers of controlling
system operations of Power Transmission.
The state of Andhra Pradesh has witnessed tremendous development in the
power sector in the 5 decades. The installed capacity rose from 213MW to nearly
1200MW and only 2496 villages electrified in 1960. The state has achieved 100%
electrification today.
The total number of consumers has risen from 3Lakhs in 1960 to about 2Crores. The
Agricultural connections which were hardly 13000 the rose to nearly 26Lakhs. The
existing power plants registered impressive PLFs and regularly break records year
after year.
The power sector operated till 1998 under the state owned undertaking. Andhra
Pradesh Electricity Board which was formed under the provision of supply Act 1948.
As a part of Power Sector Reforms, APSEB; the vertically integrated power utility
was unbundled in the first phase into generation and Transmission Corporation viz,
APGENCO and APTRANSCO under AP No.9, giving effect to transfer of assets,
properties, liabilities, obligations, proceedings and personnel of APSEB to the
successor entities. The objective of reform process is intended to improve customer
focus, reduce losses, support institutional capacity building and provide greater
accountability across the organization.
9

The work done in APGENCO is only to generate power and this generating power
is transferred to APTRANSCO for further transmission and distribution . Further,
unbundling of APTRANSCO and four Distribution Companies under Second
Transfer Scheme was notified by the Government vide G.O.Ms No: 35, Energy
(Power - 3) dated 31st March, 2000

Vision:
To plan, construct and maintain the Transmission Network in the State of Andhra
Pradesh in line with Demand Growth and Generation Expansion in an efficient
manner so as to ensure highest availability and lowest operational costs.

1.3 CONSTRUCTION OFA SUBSTATION

At the time of constructing a substation, we have to consider some factors
which affect the sub station efficiency like selection of site.

1.3.1 Selection of Site

Main points to be considered while selecting the site for EHV Sub-Station are
as follows:
The site chosen should be as near to the load centre as possible.
It should be easily approachable by road or rail for transportation of
equipments.
Land should be fairly levelled to minimize development cost.
The sub-station site should be as near to the town/city but should be clear of
public places, aerodromes, and Military/ police installations.
The land should behave sufficient ground area to accommodate substation
equipments, buildings, staff quarters, space for storage of material, such as
store yards and store sheds etc. with road sand space for future expansion.
Set back distances from various roads such as National High ways, State
While selecting the land for the substation preference to be given to the Govt.
land over Private land.

10

CHAPTER-2
CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATION
There are several ways of classifying sub-stations. However, the two most important
ways of classifying them are according to Service requirement and constructional
features.

2.1 According to the requirement

A sub station may be called upon to change voltage level or improve power factor
or convert A.C. power into D.C. power etc. According to the service requirement,
sub-stations may be classified into:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Transformer sub-stations
Switching sub-stations
Power factor correction sub-stations
Frequency changer sub-stations
Converting sub-stations
Industrial sub-stations

2.2 According to the Constructional Features

A sub station has many components (e.g. circuit breakers, switches, fuses,
instruments etc.) which must be housed properly to ensure continuous and reliable
service. According to constructional features, the sub-stations are classified as
1.
2.
3.
4.

Indoor sub-station
Outdoor sub-station
Underground sub-station
Pole-mounted sub-station

11

CHAPTER-3
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
3.1 SINGLE LINE DIGRAM
A Single Line Diagram (SLD) of an Electrical System is the Line Diagram of the
concerned Electrical System which includes all the required electrical equipment
connection sequence wise from the point of entrance of Power up to the end of the
scope of the mentioned Work. As in the case of 132KV Substation, the SLD shall
show Lightening Arrestor, C.T/P.T Unit, Isolators, Protection and Metering P.T&
C.T. Circuit Breakers, again Isolators and circuit Breakers, Main Power
Transformer, all protective devices/relays and other special equipment like CVT,
GUARDRINGS, etc. as per design criteria. There are several feeders enter into the
substation and carrying out the power. As these feeder sender the station they are
to pass through various instruments.

3.2. FEEDER CIRCUIT

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Lightening Arrestors
CVT
Wave trap
Isolators with Earth Switch
Current Transformer
Circuit Breaker
Feeder Bus Isolator
BUS
Potential Transformer in the Bus with a Bus Isolator.

12

CHAPTER-4
BRIEF DISCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS IN THE SUB
STATION
4.1 LIGHTENING ARRESTORS
Lightening arresters protects the equipment from lightening over
voltages and switching over voltages. Switching over voltages is predominant in
EHV systems. Lightening Arrester acts as a Non Linear Resistor i.e. it allows high
resistance for normal voltages and low resistance for high voltages. These are the
safety devices like pressure relief valves. We can say that, it is located at the
entrance of the Transmission Line into the Substation and as near as possible to the
Power Transformer Terminals.
Lightening Arrestors will be provided
on the support insulators to facilitate
leakage current measurements and to
count the number of surges
discharged through the LA
LA bottom flange will be earthed via
leakage Ammeter and surge counter,
Leakage current is to be recorded
periodically. If the leakage current
enters into the Red range from the
green range, the LA is prone for
failure. Hence, it is to be replaced.
There should be independent Earth
Pit for LA in each phase so as to
facilitate fast discharging and to
avoid the raise in earth potential.
Surge counter readings are to be
recorded once in a fortnight.
Las are to be meggered periodically. If there is more than one block per LA,
individual blocks shall be meggered.
Traditionally, the subject of lightening protection has developed in two directions.
1) Protecting Structures
2) Protecting electronic structures
13

It will be appreciated that, although the topics are related, the sensitivity of the
two elements to lightning strikes differs considerably. It is essential that there should
be no confusion as to the precautions that need to ba taken for each condition. For
this reason this chapter has been divided into two stand-alone parts, which in some
instances duplicate important data.
Lightening is formed as a result of a natural build-up of electric charge
separation in storm clouds. The base of a storm cloud is commonly 5-10km above
the earths surface, with the cloud 12 km high. The charge at the base of the cloud
is usually negative and induces an equal and opposite charge on the earths surface
and earthed objects beneath the cloud. Buildings of masonry, concrete and timber
are sufficiently conductive to reach the same potential as the earths surface.
The following are the main types of lightening arrestors.
Expulsion type
Non Linear Surge Diverter
Metal Oxide Surge Arrester (MOA)

4.1.1 Expulsion type Lightening Arrester

This type of arrester is also known as expulsion gap of protector tube. It consists
of a fibre tube with an electrode at each end. The lower electrode is solidly grounded.
The upper electrode solidly forms a series gap with the line conductor, when a surge
appears on the conductor, the series gap breaks down, resulting in formation of arc
in the fiber tube between the two electrodes diverters or sure arresters. They are
connected between the line and ground at the substation and always act in shunt with
the equipment to be protected and perform their protective functions by providing a
low- independent path for the surge currents so that the surge arresters protective
14

level is less than the surge voltage withstanding capacity of the insulation of
equipment being protected.
A lightening arresters protective level is the voltage appearing across the
terminals of the arrester at speaks over or during the flow of current through the
arrester after spark over. The main purpose of lightening arrester is to divert or
discharge the surge to the ground.
The action of the surge diverter can be studied with the help of when the
travelling surge reaches the diverter; it sparks over at a certain prefixed voltage
shown by point P and provides a relatively low impedance path to ground for the
sure current. The current flowing to ground through the surge impedance of the line
limits the amplitude of the over voltage across the line and ground known as
residual voltage to such a value which will protect the insulation of the equipment
being protected. It is however, essential that the low-impedance path to ground must
not exist before the over voltage appears and it must cease to exist immediately after
the voltage returns to normal value.
An ideal lightening arrester or surge diverter should possess the following
characteristics.
It should not draw any current at normal power frequency voltage, i.e. during
the normal operation.
It should breakdown very quickly when the abnormal transient voltage above
it breakdown value appears, so that a low=impedance path to ground can be
provided.
The discharge current after break downshould not be so excessive so as to
damage the surge diverter itself.
This type of arrester is mainly used to prevnt flashover of the
line insulators, isolators and bus insulators.

4.1.2 Non Linear Surge Diverter

This type of diverter is also called valve type lightening arrester, or conventional
non-linear type lightening arrester, or conventional non-linear type lightening
arrester. It consists of a divided spark gap (i.e. several short gaps in series) in series
with non-linear resistor elements.
The functions of the diverters divided spark gap are as follows.
1) It prevents the flow of current through the diverter under normal conditions.
2) It sparks over at a predetermined voltage.
15

3) It discharges high energy surges without any change in spark over

characteristics.
4) It interrupts the flow of power frequency follow current from the power
system after surge has been dissipated.
The functions of the non-linear resistors are as follows;
a) The divided gap to interrupt the power frequency current i.e. resist against
system voltage they provide a low-impedance path for the flow of surge
current after gap sparks over.
b) They dissipate surge energy.
c) They provide a relatively high-resistance path for the flow of power
frequency follow current from the power system.
The main function of the diverter is the protection of the insulation against
dangerously high o0ver voltages and for this reason the breakdown dangerously high
over voltages and for this reason the breakdown voltage of the diverter at system
frequency is made greater than 1.8 times the normal value.
The earths atmosphere contains drifting pockets of ionized air, which also
take on a charge of opposite polarity to the closed base, and the presence of such a
pocket near the cloud can create a potential difference sufficient to cause electrical
breakdown of the air, and a downward leader stroke develops from the cloud, having
a current of a few hundred amperes. A step progression can then develop from
pocket to pocket of the leader stroke towards the earth in a few microseconds until
the tip of the leader is within a distance of 50-100 m from some point on the earth.
At this stage the potential difference is sufficient to initiate an upward discharge or
streamer from the earth or some object on it. The distance at which this occurs is the
striking distance of the stroke. The downward stepped leader and upward streamer
rapidly advance until they meet, forming a continuous ionized path from closed to
earth, initiating the full visible discharge.

Specifications:

Rated voltage(r.m.s)
: 120KV
Continuous operating voltage(r.m.s) : 102 KV
Discharge current
: 10 KA
Pressure relief current(r.m.s)
: 40 KA
Frequency
: 50 Hz
Unit rating
Bottom
: 60 KV
Top
: 60 KV
16

4.1.3 Lightening Frequency

Lightening is nothing more than a long spark. However, it is estimated that
about 2000 storms exist at any one time in the world, hurling 30 to 100 fleshes to
the correct, then each year over 3 billion lightning bolts bombard the earth

4.2 Earthing
The earthing practice adopted at generating stations, sub-stations and lines should
be in such a manner as to provide in units of ohms
Safety to personnel
Minimum damage to equipment as a result of flow of heavy fault currents
Improve reliability of power supply
Largesub-stations-1
Small sub-stations-2
Powerstations-0.5
Distributiontransformerstations-5
In all Sub-Stations there shall be provision for earthing the following
The neutral point of earth separate system should have an independent earth,
which in turn should be inter connected with the station grounding mat
Equipment frame work and other non-current carrying parts.
All extraneous metallic framework not associated with equipment (two
connections)
The earth conductor of the mat could be buried under earth to economical
depth of burial of the mat0.5 meters.

4.2.1 Earth Pits

Earth Pit resistance should be as low as possible for effective grounding.
Earth Pit to which power Transformer neutral is connected should be more effective.
It should be reconditioned periodically. Earth pits should not be used as dust bins.
Particularly, oil like liquids should not be poured in the earth pits. Earth pits should
be watered regularly and earth pits should be checked periodically. Connections at
earth pits should be tightened periodically.
Earth pit for LA should be exclusive to allow immediate discharging of the
surge.
Separate Earth Pit should be provided for the PLCC equipment and it should
not be linked with the Earth Grid.
Earth Pit provided for the Mid-Point earthing of the station Battery should
also be not mixed with the earth grid.
17

4.3 Capacitor Voltage Transformers

Capacitor Voltage Transformers (CVTs) are a series string of capacitors to
provide a voltage divider network. They are the most common form of voltage
transformer at rated voltages of 72KV and higher. A compensating device is
connected between the divider tap point and the secondary burden in order to
minimize phase and voltage errors. In addition a small conventional voltage
transformer is used to isolate the burden from the capacitor chain. Tapping
connections are added to this wound isolating transformer in order to compensate
for manufacturing tolerances in the capacitor chain and to improve the overall
accuracy of the finished CVT unit. Coupling transformers may also be added to
allow power network. A typical arrangement is shown. In addition to the accuracy
class limits described for electromagnetic transformers CVTs must be specified to
avoid the production of over voltages due to Ferro resonant effects during transient
system disturbances.

Design and construction considerations

The power system design engineer should appreciate the following points
with regard to CVT design
Core materials.
Non Oriented silicon steel usually least expensive.
Gain Oriented cold rolled silicon steel gives a higher knee point voltage
and lower magnetizing current.
Numeral may be used for high accuracy metering CVTs having a very low
magnetizing current and low knee point voltage.
Special cores with air gaps may be used for linear output
18

Power Transformers are used to step up the voltage at the Generating Stations to
minimize the Transmission Losses while transmitting Power from Generating
Stations to Load Centres and to step down to Voltages to Distribution levels to
distribute the Power,
Power Transformers works on the following principle.
Voltage per turn on primary side = Voltage per turn on secondary
i.e. V1/N1 V2/N2 i.e. V1/V2 = N1/N2
Primary Ampere Turns Secondary Ampere Turns,
i.e. V1 * I1 = V2 * I2 i.e. V1/V2 = I2/I1
Therefore V1/V2 = N1/N2 = I2/I1
There are two types of Losses in Power Transformers
a) Iron losses or No load Losses which are related with the voltage.
b) Copper Losses or Load Losses which are related with the Current
c) Power Factor has no role in deciding the Power Transformer rating
Therefore, Power Transformer capacity is expressed in terms of Volt Amperes
instead of in Watts.

Power Transformers Loading:

1. Power Transformers are to be loaded such that Oil temperature should not
raise 50 Deg.Cen. Above ambient and winding temperature should not raise
55 Deg.Cen. Above ambient temperature.
19

2. Loading of the power Transformers are to be limited according to the

availability of the cooling system.
3. 16MVA Power Transformer Capacity is 10MVA only (ONAN) without
cooling system and it is 16MVA with 100% cooling system (ONAF).

4.4 Wave Trap

Wave traps are the equipment which is used for the
protection of the equipment of the equipment like
transformers from high frequency waves coming from
the lines. Now a days the communication for different
stations is done through the technique called PLCC
where the communication is done through the line
itself. In this system the power lines are used as the
communication lines. Communication is done in the
form of the high frequency components travelling from
one station to other. In such Communication the high
frequency components if enter the switch yard they
enter into the transformer. This may cause the
transformers to damage to a very high extent. To avoid
this wave traps are installed.
WAVE TRAP

Specification:

IR
Isc
L(mH)
Frequency
Weight

:
:
:
:
:

630 A
20 KA
0.2
50 Hz
41 Kg

Tuning unit specifications:

Frequency
Main coil inductance
Minimum resistence
Protective level(BIL)
Weight

: 180-260 KHz, 260-500 KHz

: 0.2 mH
: 570 Ohm
: 16.2 KVP
: 3 Kg

4.5 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS:

Instrument Transformers are used for measurement of current and voltages at
high levels safely for the purpose of protection and metering. For the purpose
20

voltage, Voltage Transformers (VT) or Potential Transformers (PT) is used and for
the purpose of current, Current Transformers
(CT) is used.

4.5.1 Potential Transformer (PT):

PT

Voltages can be measured directly up to

1000V. Beyond 1000V, they cant be
measured directly due to safety reasons and
instruments were not designed to measure
such high ranges and high insulation levels.
Hence, high potentials will be stepped down
to safe voltages. For this purpose, Potential
Transformers are used. Generally, the
voltages will be stepped down to 110V(phase
- phase) and 63.5V (Phase to Neutral) i.e. the
secondary voltage of the PT is 110V (Ph - Ph)
irrespective of the primary voltage. PTs
works, on the principle that: Voltage per turn
on Primary side is equal to voltage per turn on
the secondary side,
i.e. V1/N1 = V2/N2.
In PTs one end of the primary winding is
connected to phase and second end is
connected to earth via link (called as earth
link). This link is to be kept open while
measuring IR values - of the PT failure due to
appearance of rated primary voltage at the
second end of the primary winding.

4.5.2 Current Transformer (CT): Normal Currents at high potentials or high

currents at or high potentials or high currents at normal potentials cant measure
directly with an Ammeter. For this purpose, Current Transformers are used to step
the currents to safe and measurable levels. Generally, currents will be stepped down
to 1Amp, or 5Amps.
CT is cheaper than 1 Amp. CT. If the distance between the CT and measuring
instrument (either meters or relays) is appreciable, 1Amp. CTs are economical. CT
works on the principle of Primary Ampere Turns equal to Secondary Ampere Turns
(i.e. Primary mmf equal to secondary mmf).
21

N1.11 = N2.12
Unless in Power Transformers, CT secondary
current is proportionate to the primary current
i.e. load connected to CT secondary circuit
will not dictate the current flow in the CT
primary circuit. If the CT secondary circuit is
open circuited, there is no opposing mmf from
the secondary circuit is open circuited, there is
no opposing mmf from the secondary circuit
hence, high emf will be induced in the
secondary winding which will damage the
secondary winding insulation. Hence CT
secondary terminals should always be either
shorted or load (Metering or relaying) must be
connected to the secondary winding.

CT

Typed of Current Transformers:

Bar Primary
Wound Primary

Number secondary cores in the Current

Transformer are based on its usage. CTs used for 11KV and 33KV feeder will have
2 secondary cores. Core 1 is generally for Over Current and Earth Fault Protection
and Core 2 is for Metering. Usage of core is decided by the Accuracy class of the
CT. Core material decides the accuracy class.
Core with accuracy class 1.0, 0.5 and latest is 0.2 is used for metering.
Allowable errors are +/- 1.0% in case of 1.0 accuracy class CTs. CT secondary
current is proportionate up to 120% of rated primary current +/-1% error in case of
1.0 accuracy class CTs. This indicated that 0.2 accuracy class CTs are costlier than
0.5 and 1.0 Accuracy class CTs. Beyond 120% of the rated primary current, the
metering
core
get
saturated.
Core with accuracy class 5P10, 5P15 and 5P20 is used for O/C & E/F
protection. In 5P10, 5 denote allowable errors i.e. +/- 5%, P denotes protection and
10 denotes Accuracy Limit Factor (ALF). CT secondary current is proportionate up
to 10 times the rated primary current with +1 5% errors in case of 5P10 accuracy
22

class CTs. This indicates that, 5P20 accuracy class CTs are costlier than 5P15 and
5P1G CTs.
Special Protection (PS Class): PS class is used for Transformer differential
Protection, Restricted Earth Fault (REF) Protection, Distance Protection and Bus
Bar Protection. In PS class, there will be true reflection of primary current in the
secondary upto the knee point voltage. PS class can be used for O/L & E/L Protection
also. But, it is costlier. But, 5P class should not be used either for differential
protection (Differential Relay May mal operate) or Distance Protection (Over reach
or under reach problems).
CT with 2 cores (Protection core and Metering) is used for 11KV & 33KV
Feeders and Capacitor Bank Protection. CT with 3 cores (Protection, Special
Protection and Metering) is used for 132/11, 132/33KV PTRs & 132KV Feeders
protection. 220/132KV PTR LV CT is also having 3 cores. CT with 4 cores
(Protection, Special Protection, Special Protection and Metering) is used for 220KV
Bus Couplers and CT with 5 cores (Special Protection 4 cores and Metering) is
used for 220KV Feeder Protection in all the above cases. Protection means
Differential Protection and REF Protection in case of Power Transformers, Bus Bar
Protection (Bus Differential Protection) in case of Bus and Distance Protection in
case of Feeders.
Specifications:

Highest system voltage : 145KV

Rated system voltage : 132KV
Frequency
: 50Hz
Rated primary current : 600 A
Rated secondary current : 1 A
Idyn
: 78.75 KAP
Rated short circuit currents : 31.5 KA rms for 1sec
Oil quantity
: 140 Ltrs (approx)
Total weight
: 430 Kgs(approx)
Insulation Level
: 275/650 KV

Burden: Burden is the maximum load (VA) permitted to connect in series to the
secondary winding. It includes CT secondary winding resistance, lead resistance
(Cable Lead) and metering burden. Same is the case with 5p class also. In case of
PS class, it is mentioned in terms of Knee Point Voltage with maximum allowable
23

excitation current. Maximum Knee Point Voltage with less excitation Current CTs
are costlier.
Generally up to 33KV, the CTs live tank and beyond 33KV, the CTs are
dead tank. In the tank is at rated potential. Secondary winding is brought form live
tank to the bottom through an insulator. Where as in dead tank CTs Primary winding
is brought to bottom of the bushing through graded insulation. Now a days, live tank
CTs are coming at 132KV and above also.
Head portion of the CT tank is always kept at rated potential by giving jumper
either from Primary Terminal P1 or P2 to maintain zero potential difference between
Primary terminals and the tank.
a)
CT secondary circuit and PT primary should never be open circuited. It is
vulnerable to the CT/PT.
b)
CT primary circuit and PT secondary should never be short circuited.
NOTE: Loose connections should not be allowed in the Electrical circuit. It
increased the contact resistance which in turn rises the temperature in that area due
to load current. It damages the oil seals in CTs and Transformer Bushings causing
oil leaks and in turn entry of moisture into the equipment causing falling of IR values
and damages O rings in SF6 Gas Circuit Breakers causing SF6 Gas leakage. Entry
of moisture into VCB insulator chamber Vacuum interrupter failure and pull rod
failure due to electrical Breakdown. Hence, loose connection should not be allowed.

24

4.6 CIRCUIT BREAKERS

These are Load Switches. It is able to make or break the normal load currents
as well as the fault currents. The basic construction of any circuit breaker requires
the separation of contacts in an
insulating fluid which serves two
functions. It extinguishes the arc
drawn between the contacts when
the CB opens and it provides
adequate insulation between the
contacts and from each contact to
earth. For successful operation of
the Circuit Breaker, two functions
are to be performed,
a)
Operating
mechanism
function and b). Arc quenching
function.
There are various
mechanisms;

operating

Spring charge mechanism

Pneumatic mechanism
Hydraulic mechanism

Arc Quenching Medium:

Bulk Oil (called Bulk Oil

Circuit Breakers - BOCB)

Minimum
Oil
(called
Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker MOCB)

Natural Air (called Air

Circuit Breaker - ACB)

Forced AIR (called Air

Blast Circuit Breaker - ABCB)

Vacuum (called Vacuum Circuit Breaker - VCB)

SF6 Gas (called Sulphur Hexa Fluonde SF6 gas CB)

The present trend is up to 33KV, VCBs are preferred and beyond 33KV, SF6 Gas
Circuit Breakers are preferred.
25

1.
VCB is to be meggered periodically to know the healthiness of the Vacuum
Interrupter and the Insulating Pull Rod.
2.
Vacuum Integrity Test is the correct test to know the healthiness of the
Vacuum Interrupter. 2SKV is to be applied across interrupter for 1 minute in case of
11KV VCB and 70KV in case of 33KV VCB.
3.
To know the healthiness of the VCB, snatch gap can also be observed
periodically. It is generally mentioned on the pull rod of the pall limbs with the red
paint by the manufacturer.
4.
SF6 Gas Pressure is to be noted in Log Sheets at least once in a shift. If it is
reaching to alarm stage, it is to be brought to the notice of the Maintenance
personnel.
5.
SF6 Gas Circuit Breakers goes to Lockout condition after falling to lockout
pressure. Close and trip circuit will be blocked and circuit breaker operation cant
be performed in the lockout condition. N/O contacts of 63GLX were used in Close
and Trip circuit of the CB and 63GLX contactor is in picked up condition when the
Gas pressure is sufficient.
6.
Some of the SF6 Gas Circuit Breakers automatically trips while going to
lockout stage. In these Circuit Breakers, N/C contacts of 63GLX contactor were used
in Close and Trip Circuits and 63GLX is in drop off condition when the Gas pressure
is sufficient.
Ex: 132KV CGL make CB Type: 32B
132KV BHEL make CB Type: 3ARS
33KVNGEF make CB Type: SF.E, 36.12.25
7.
In the case of Pneumatic Circuit Breakers, Oil condition in the Air
Compressor is to be checked periodically and it is to be replaced based on the
condition of oil and moisture is to be drained at regular intervals from the air
reservoirs. If moisture is not drained, it enters into the CB mechanism during
operations and it damages the mechanism. It particularly damages the O rings
which leads to Air Leaks.

4.6.1 SULPHUR HEXAFLUORIDE CICUIT BREAKERS:

SF6 is a heavy, chemically inert, non toxic and non flammable gas, which
is odourless and colourless. Its outstanding insulating and arc extinguishing
properties have made it the automatic choice for transmission applications to the
highest voltages (52-800KV). At atmospheric pressure its dielectric strength is

26

between two and three times that of air, while at an absolute pressure of about three
bars it equals the dielectric strength of insulating oil.

The superior arc quenching ability of this gas is partly attributable to the fact
that it is electronegative, which means that its molecules rapidly absorb the free
electrons in the arc path between the circuit breaker contacts to form negatively
charged ions, which are relatively ineffective as charge carriers due to their much
greater mass compared with that of the free electrons. This electron gathering action
results in a rapid build up to dielectric strength at current zero. In order to interrupt
fault currents of the magnitudes found in todays distribution systems its necessary
to cause significant relative movement between the arc and the gas. In typical
distribution circuit breakers of the ratings being considered here, this can be
achieved in two or three ways.
Until comparatively recently the most used technique was to have a piston
connected to the moving contact which generated a blast of gas through a nozzle
surrounding the contact gap. In this type of gas blast circuit breaker, usually
referred to as a puffer circuit breaker, the extinguishing energy is supplied from
the operating mechanism. At the highest
ratings this makes for a powerful
mechanism, but this technique still has to
be used for the highest ratings.
This type of circuit breaker is
usually limited to voltages up to about
15KV and breaking currents up to 20kA,
In addition to the virtual elimination of
fire risk in the new technologies of
vacuum and SF6 circuit breakers, these
devices are sealed for life
equipments, where it is not expected to
make repairs or to replace the contact
system during a normal service life. This makes the effectiveness of the sealing
almost the most important aspect of performance. The vacuum interrupter is usually
sealed by a brazing or welding technique, the most difficult part being the seal
between the metal parts and the insulating enclosure. Many years of experience show
that this is very reliable. One of the original advantages claimed for the SF6 circuit
breaker was the facility that a pressurized device gave for the checking of its
27

contents for leakage. Today, the emphasis on a sealed for life enclosure leads to
efforts to omit pressure measuring devices so as to reduce possible leakage sites.

Specifications:

Nominal voltage
Highest voltage
Rated impulse withstand voltage
Rated power frequency voltage
Frequency
Rated normal current
Rated short time current
Rated short circuit duration
First pole to clear factor
Rated making current
Symmetrical breaking capacity
Rated operating duty
Rated SF6 gas pressure
Rated closing coil voltage
Rated trip coil voltage
Auxiliary A.C voltage
Weight of SF6 gas
Minimum creepage distance of insulator
Minimum clearance between phases
Minimum clearance to earth

: 132 KV
: 145 KV
: 650 KVP
: 275 KVP
: 50 Hz
: 1600 A
: 31.5 KA
: 3 Sec
: 1.3
: 79 KAP
: 31.5 KA
: O-0.3sec-CO-3min-CO
: 7 Kg/cm^2-g (AT 20 deg C)
: 220V DC
: 220V DC
: 415/240 V.50 Hz
: 25 Kg
: 4092 mm
: 1475 mm
: 1270 mm

4.7 BUS
The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders come into and get into the
instruments for further step up or step down. The first bus is used for putting the
incoming feeders in a single line. There may be double line in the bus so that if any
fault occurs in the one the other can still have the current and the supply will not
stop. The two lines in the bus are separated by a little distance by a conductor having
a connector between them. This is so that one can work at a time and the other works
only if the first is having any fault.

28

4.8TRANSFORMERS
Transformers come in a range of
sizes from a thumbnail-sized
coupling transformer hidden inside
a stage microphone to huge units
weighing hundreds of tons used to
inter connect portions of national
power grids. All operate with the
same basic principles, although the
range of designs is wide. While new
technologies have eliminated the
need for transformers in some
electronic circuits, transformers are
still found in nearly all electronic
devices designed for household ("mains") voltage. Transformers are essential for
high voltage power transmission, which makes long distance transmission
economically practical.

4.8.1 Basic Principle

The transformer is based on two principles: firstly, that an electric current can
produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism) and secondly that a changing magnetic
field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil
(electromagnetic induction).
Changing the current in the primary
coil changes the magnetic flux that is
developed. The changing magnetic
flux induces a voltage in the
secondary coil.
An ideal transformer is shown in the
adjacent figure; Current passing through
the primary coil creates a magnetic
field. The primary and secondary coils
are wrapped around a core of very high magnetic permeability, such as iron, so that most
of the magnetic flux passes through both primary and secondary coils.

4.8.2Induction law
The voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calculated from Faraday's law of
induction, which states that, where VS is the instantaneous voltage, NS is the number of
turns in the secondary coil and F equals the magnetic flux through one turn of the coil. If
the turns of the coil are oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, the flux is the
product of the magnetic field strength and the area a through which it cuts. The area is
29

constant, being equal to the cross-sectional area of the transformer core, whereas the
magnetic field varies with time according to the excitation of the primary.

Since the same magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary coils
in an ideal transformer, the instantaneous voltage across the primary winding equals
taking the ratio of the two equations for VS and VP gives the basic equation for
stepping
up
or
stepping down the
voltage Ideal power
equation. The ideal
transformer as a
circuit element.
If the secondary coil
is attached to a load
that allows current to flow, electrical power is transmitted from the primary circuit
to the secondary circuit. Ideally, the transformer is perfectly efficient; all the
incoming energy is transformed from the primary circuit to the magnetic field and
into the secondary circuit. If this condition is met, the incoming electric power must
equal to the outgoing power.
Giving the ideal transformer equation Transformers are efficient so this formula is a
reasonable approximation. If the voltage is increased, then the current is decreased
by the same factor. If an impedance ZS is attached across the terminals of the
secondary coil, it appears to the primary circuit to have an impedance of
ZS= (VS/IS).

4.8.3 STATION TRANSFORMER:

A 250 KVA, 33KV/415V station transformer is provided in the switchyard for
auxiliary station supply. The AC three phase 415V supply is used for battery charger,
spring charge motors of SF6 circuit breakers, lighting etc.A standby 63KVA,
11KV/415V station transformer is also provided for station auxiliaries in case of
failure of 33KV supply. Instruments, meters and relays are designed for the
transformers.
At 132KV SIMHACHALAM sub - station, there are three 132KV PTs in
service. These PT's are used for both measurement and protective purposes .The PT
is connected across the line and earth. The secondary winding has two cores and
they are taken out for connecting them to meters and relays.
30

4.9 ACSR CONDUCTORS

The equipments in the switchyard are connected through conductors
technically known as ACSR (Aluminium Cored Steel Reinforced) conductors.
ACSR conductor is a bundle conductor made up of large number of sub conductors
(strands) and is used as one phase conductor.

Voltage
of

Scientific name of conductor

strands/dia of each strand)

220KV
mm

moose

132KV
61/3.18 mm

zebra

33KV
mm

panther

size (no.
61/3.53

61.3.00

Specifications:

Total weight
: 380 Kg
Rated burden
: 100 VA
Minimum creepage distance : 3870 mm
Rated power frequency voltage : 275 KV
Rated impulse withstand voltage : 650 KV

4.10 ISOLATORS:
While carrying injection or repair in a sub-station installation it is essential to
disconnect reliably the unit or the section on which the work is to be done from all
other live parts on the installation in order to ensure complete safety of the working
staff. To guard against mistakes it is desirable that this should be done by an
apparatus is called an isolator. It may be defined as a device used to open or close
either when negligible current is interrupted or establishment. The type of isolators
employed at 132KV SIMHACHALAM sub-station are post type isolators.

31

An isolators should always be operated no-load condition only. For this

purpose, it will have an interlock with the circuit breaker above 220Kv voltage
level.

4.11 Station Battery

Observe me every day is a slogan mentioned on the batteries
provided for the vehicles. This held good to battery at substations also. Battery is the
heart of the substation and this is the uninterrupted power source to operate the
switch gear and protection.
Periodical works on batteries:
Pilot cell voltages and specific gravities are to be recorded by the shift
personal in the incoming shift by switching off the battery charger. While
switching off the battery charger, one should observe the battery for the sparks
if any due to loose connection. Once charger is switched off, entire dc load of
the station is to be met by the battery.
Voltages of all the cells and their specific gravities are to be recorded once in
a month by the maintenance personnel. If any deviation is found, in either in
cell voltages or specific gravities, the battery may be kept in boost mode duly
topping up the electrolyte level with the distilled water and keep the cell caps
in open position.
Specific gravity of the healthy cell is 1200+/-20 i.e. it ranges from 1180 to
1220 and the voltage is about 2.1V.

32

During Boost Charging:

Boost charger can be switched on duly keeping the Course and Fine selected
switches in minimum position (position 1) to maintain the boost charger
output voltage at minimum sop that boost charge current is minimum during
starting. Later, course and fine selector switches are to be adjusted as per the
requirement.
Boost charging should not exceed 1/10 of the Battery Ampere Hour capacity
i.e. 8 amperes per 80AH battery.
Cell temperature should not exceed 50Deg.Ccn.
Boost charger voltage should not exceed 297V (i.e 2.7V /cell).
Float charger shall not be kept in service during boost charging, otherwise
load will be connected across first 84 cells and boost charger will be connected
across 110 cells leading undercharging of first 84 cells or overcharging of
85th cell to 110th cell causing damage to the cells. Once float charger is
switched on automatically connects across the float charger as float charger
output voltage is generally more than the first 84 nos. cells voltages.
At the end of the boost charging, all the cells shall be thoroughly cleaned, cap
shall be kept back and petroleum jelly is to be applied at the cell terminals to
33

avoid exposing of electrodes direct to atmosphere which will cause formation

of sulphating on the terminals due to oxidation.
Cell terminals shall be tightened periodically duly keeping brass bolts and nuts
as spares to meet the requirement.

4.12 Substation Auxiliary Power Supplies:All but the smallest substations include auxiliary power supplies. AC power
is required for substation building small power, lighting, heating and ventilation,
some communications equipment, switchgear operating mechanisms, anticondensation heaters and motors. DC power is used to feed essential services such
as circuit breaker trip coils and associated relays, supervisory control and data
acquisition (SCADA) and communications equipment.
Battery and charger configurations:
The battery and battery charger combination to be used for a specific
installation, the comparison gives in describes the advantages and disadvantages of
three such combinations. Details the main electrical features associated with these
battery and charger combinations. To provide an autonomous DC supply or a
battery/inverter combination to provide an autonomous AC supply. This level of
autonomy is usually defined in terms of the number of hours or minutes the
equipment will enable a specified load to function correctly after loss of input mass
AC supply.
The capacity of the charger must also be such that after a severe discharge it
has the capacity to supply the full DC system load current and full charging current
simultaneously. The technique used for battery charging is called FLOAT charging
and involves the battery being permanently connected to the load in parallel with a
charger. Therefore the charger must satisfy the requirements of both the battery and
the load. In general the charger must provide a combination of constant voltage
inconsistent current charging profiles within close tolerances.

4.13 Transmission Lines

It is an LRC network i.e.
Transmission lines consumes active power (I**2.R losses) due to resistance
of the conductor.
Consumes reactive power (I**2.WL) due to series inductive reactance of line.
Generates reactive power (V**2.WC) due to the shunt capacitance of the line.
Mismatch between reactive power generation and consumption leads to variation in
voltage at the receiving end voltage.
1. Lightly loaded lines: Vr > Vs (V**2.WC > I**2.WL).
34

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Heavily loaded lines: Vr < Vs(I**2.WL>V**2.WC).

Surge impedance loading of lines: Vr=Vs (V**2.WC-I**2.WL).
Transmission lines are always loaded more than surge impedance loading.
Cables are always loaded less than surge impedance loading.
Series inductive reactance not only consumes reactive power, but also limits
the flow of active power in EHT grid.

Power transmitted between two buses = (V1*V2/X)*sin delta. X is the series

reactance of the transmission lines and delta is load angle between the two buses.
Active power always flows from high delta to low delta.
Reacti9ve power always flows from higher voltage to lower voltage.

4.14Capacitor Banks:Capacitor banks supplies reactive power (MVAR) to the system. As, it is
compensating part of the MVAR requirement, net MVA flow (in turn resistant
current) on the Transmission lines and the PTRs will be reduced. It helps in reducing
the burden on the generating station also. In other words we can say that the effective
utilisation of generators, transmission lines and PTRs can be increased by locally
compensating the MVAR requirement. Capacitor bank should be provided as near
as possible to the loads. Hence, top priority may be given foe keeping the capacitor
bank in service at 33/1KV substations. Reactive power flow on 33KV feeders is to
be observed by the shift personnel and if any deviation is found in the drawl of the
MVAR, respective 33KV substations may be contacted byb either shift person or by
the maintenance engineer to keep their bank in service.

35

Capacitor banks improve the voltage profile and reduces the transmission
losses. Capacitive banks should always be kept in service unless if there is stepping
up of MVAR into the grid. Capacitor banks should not be used for controlling the
voltage (as an alternate to the OLTC). IF THE BUS VOLTAGE IS ON HIGH SIDE
and there is drawl of MVAR from the system, then bus voltage is to be reduced by
operating the OLTC of the PTR and Capacitor Bank, is to be kept in service. This
allows to self-discharge the capacitor cells to safe voltage levels. If the capacitor
bank is charged prior to 5 minutes, the cells are prone for failure due to super
imposition of system voltage on the cell voltages.

4.15 Buckholz Relay

A buckholz relay is connected in the oil feed pipe connecting the conservator to the
main tank.

The relay is designed to

Detect free gas being slowly produced in the main tank, possibly as a result
of partial discharging. Under such conditions the relay may be set to give an
alarm condition after a certain amount of gas has evolved. Examples of
incipient adults include broken down core bolt insulation on older
transformers, horded laminations, bad contacts and overheating in the part of
the windings.

36

 Detect a sudden surge movement of oil due to an internal transformer fault.

Under such conditions the relay is normally set to trip the high and low voltage
transformer circuit breakers. Examples of each oil surge faults include earth
faults, winding short circuits, puncture of bushings and short circuits between
phases.
Provide a chamber for collection and later analysis of evolved gas. Chemical
analysis of the gas and transformer oil can give maintenance staff an
indication as to the cause of the fault.

4.16 Insulators
The overhead line conductors should be supported on the towers in such a
way that current from the conductor do not flow to earth to support, line
conductors must be properly insulated from support. This is achieved by securing

line conductor supports with the help of line insulators. The insulator provides
37

necessary insulation between line conductors and supports and prevents the
leakage current from conductors to earth. The most commonly used material for
the insulators of overhead line is porcelain but glass, steatite and special
composition material also are used in limited extent. Porcelain is produced by
firing at high temperature a mixture of kaolin, feldspar and quartz. It is stronger
mechanically than glass, given less trouble from leakage.
Types of Insulators:The types of insulators are:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Pin type
Suspension type
Strain type
Shackle type

Pin Type Insulators:This type of insulator is commonly

applied for operating voltages upto 25kv through
two-piece, three pice and four piece insulators
can be constructed for working voltages of 45,
66 and beyond66kv. The tendency is tp use pin
insulators for voltages up to 50kv only because
they become uneconomical for higher voltages.

Suspension Type
Insulators:The cost of pin type insulators increases rapidly as
the working voltage is increased. Therefore, this type of
insulator is not economical beyond 33kv. For high
voltages (>33kv), so it is necessary to use suspension
type insulators. They consist of number of porcelain
disks connected in series by metal links in the form of a
string. The conductor is suspended at the bottom end of
the string, while the other end of the string is secure to
cross arm of the tower. Each unit or disk is designed for
low voltages (1kv). The number of disks in series would
obviously depend upon the working voltages. The
working voltage is 66kv, then 6 disks are provided in
series will be on the string.
38

Strain Insulators:When there is a dead end of a line or a corner or there is shape curve, the line is
subjected to greater tension. In order to relieve the line of excessive tension, strain
insulators are used. For low voltage lines (<11kv), shackle insulators are used as
strain insulators. However, for high voltage transmission lines, strain insulators
consist of an assembly of suspension insulator. The disks of strain insulators are used
in vertical plane. When the tension in the lines is high, as Long River spans, two or
more strings are used in parallel.

Shackle Insulators:-In early days the shackle insulators are used as strain
insulators. But now a days they are frequently used for low voltage transmission
lines. Such insulators can be used either in horizontal position or in vertical
position. They can be directly fixed to the pole with a bolt to the cross arm.

39

CHAPTER 5
PROTECTION FOR VARIOUS EQUIPMENTS
5.1 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Station Transformer: HGF use protection on HV side and fuse protection on LV
side and Vent pipe.
Power transformers up to7.5MVA: HV side: O/L & Directional E/L
protection with highest element in O/Lrelays.LV side: O/L & E/L protection
Buchholz Relay OLTC Buchholz Relay OTI and WTI
Power transformers from 8.0MVA and above: HV side O/L &Directional
E/L
Protection with high set element in O/L relays. LV side O/L & E/L
protection: differential protection Buchholz Relay OLTC Buchholz Relay
OTI, WTI and PRV.
Power transformersfrom31.5MVAandabove: Over flux protection &
LVWTI in addition to protection.

5.2FEEDER PROTECTION
33KV feeders: Non directional O/L&E/L protection with highest and IDMT
characteristics.
132KVfeeders: Main protection: Distance protection. Back up protection:
Directional O/L&E/L protection.
220KV feeders: Main-1protection: Distance protection Main-2protection:
Distance protection, LBB protection, pole discrepancy Relay.

5.3 IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE KEPT IN VIEW WHILE

LAYING OUT THESUBSTATION
Substations are important part of power system. The continuity of supply depends
to a considerable extent upon the successful operation of sub-stations. It is,
therefore, essential to exercise utmost care while designing and building a
substation.
The following are the important points which must be kept in view while laying
out a substation:
It should be located at a proper site. As far as possible, it should be located
at the centre of gravity of load.
It should provide safe and reliable arrangement. For safety, consideration
must be given to the maintenance of regulation clearances, facilities for
carrying out repairs and maintenance, abnormal occurrences such as
possibility of explosion or fire etc. For reliability, consideration must be
given for good design and construction, the provision of suitable protective
gear etc.
It should be easily operated and maintained and involve low cost.
40

CONCLUSION
Transmission and distribution stations exist at various scales throughout a
power system. In general, they represent an interface between different levels or
sections of the power system, with the capability to switch or reconfigure the
connections among various transmission and distribution lines.
The major stations include a control room from which operations are
coordinated. Smaller distribution substations follow the same principle of receiving
power at higher voltage on one side and sending out a number of distribution
feeders at lower voltage on the other, but they serve a more limited local area and
are generally unstaffed. The central component of the substation is the transformer,
as it provides the effective in enface between the high- and low-voltage parts of the
system. Other crucial components are circuit breakers and switches. Breakers serve
as protective devices that open automatically in the event of a fault, that is, when a
protective relay indicates excessive current due to some abnormal condition.
Switches are control devices that can be opened or closed deliberately to establish
or break a connection.
An important difference between circuit breakers and switches is that
breakers are designed to interrupt abnormally high currents (as they occur only in
those very situations for which circuit protection is needed), whereas regular
switches are designed to be operable under normal currents. Breakers are placed on
both the high-and low-voltage side of transformers. Finally, substations may also
include capacitor banks to provide voltage support.

41

REFERENCES
1. Principles of Power Systems by V.K.Mehtha
2. Electrical Power Systems by C.L.Wadhwa
3. Power System Engineering by ML.Soni

42