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A2 Reference Sheet 01

This document provides information about quadratic functions including the three forms of quadratic equations (standard, vertex, and intercept forms), how to graph quadratics, and properties of the quadratic parent function. It also discusses completing the square to rewrite quadratics in vertex form or solve quadratic equations. Other topics covered include the discriminant, the four methods for solving quadratics (factoring, square roots, completing the square, quadratic formula), and properties of polynomial and rational functions.

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162 views5 pages

A2 Reference Sheet 01

This document provides information about quadratic functions including the three forms of quadratic equations (standard, vertex, and intercept forms), how to graph quadratics, and properties of the quadratic parent function. It also discusses completing the square to rewrite quadratics in vertex form or solve quadratic equations. Other topics covered include the discriminant, the four methods for solving quadratics (factoring, square roots, completing the square, quadratic formula), and properties of polynomial and rational functions.

Uploaded by

rajbmohan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A2 Reference Sheet

Number Sets

Quadratic Functions
3 Forms
Form
Equation
2
Standard Form

y = ax + bx + c

Vertex Form

The x-coordinate of the vertex is

The axis of symmetry is

y = a ( x h) + k

The vertex is

y = a ( x p) ( x q )

The x-intercepts are

The x-coordinate of the vertex is the average of the x-intercepts.

Intercept Form

x = b

x = b

2a

2a

(h, k )
x = p and x = q .

Graphing Quadratics plot the vertex and two other points, one to the left and one to the right of the vertex.
Parent Function:

y = x2

y = ax 2 + bx + c , a > 0

y = ax 2 + bx + c , a < 0

MINIMUM value at the vertex

MAXIMUM value at the vertex

Complex Numbers: a + bi ( standard form)


Rationalizing with Complex Numbers
Imaginary
3+ i
Numbers:
Ex:

1 = i
Powers of i

i1 = i
i 2 = 1
i 3 = i
i4 = 1

7i

*MULTIPLY the numerator and denominator by

i
3+ i i

7i i
3i + i 2
7i 2
3i 1
7
1 3
i
7 7

Ex:

3+ i
7i

*MULTIPLY the numerator and denominator by


the conjugate of the denominator, 7 + i
3+ i 7 + i

7i 7+i
21+10i + i 2
49 i 2
21+10i 1
49 +1
20 +10i
50
2 1
+ i
5 5

Completing the Square


Use completing the square to
Rewrite a quadratic function from
standard form to vertex form.

To complete the
square:

! b $
# &
" 2a %

Solve quadratic equations in standard


form.

y = 2x 2 +12x +10

x 2 4x + 5 = 0

y = 2 ( x 2 + 6x ____ ) ____+10

(x
(x

y = 2 ( x + 6x + 9 ) 18 +10
2

4x ____ ) ____+ 5 = 0

4x + 4) 4 + 5 = 0

y = 2 ( x + 3) 8

( x 2) +1 = 0
2
( x 2) = 1
( x 2)

= 1

x2 =i
x 2 = i
x = 2i
4 Methods to Solve Quadratic Equations
Factoring Use when

Square Roots - Use when

Completing the Square


Use when

ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and ac

ax 2 + c = 0 or
2
a ( x h) + k = 0

(*Convenient when

has a set of factors that


sum to b

ax 2 + bx + c = 0

even)

b
is
a

Quadratic Formula
2

Use when ax + bx + c = 0
(*Convenient when a, b, c
are small.)

x=

b b 2 4ac
2a

The discriminant: b 4ac


*Use the discriminant to determine the number and type of roots(solutions) of a quadratic equation.
If

b 2 4ac > 0 ,
Number of Solutions: 2 distinct
Type of Solutions: real
2

The graph of y = ax
has two x-intercepts.

Factoring

+ bx + c

If

b 2 4ac = 0 ,
Number of Solutions: 1 repeated
Type of Solutions: real
The graph of y = ax
has one x-intercept.

+ bx + c

If

b 2 4ac < 0 ,
Number of Solutions: 2 distinct
Type of Solutions: imaginary
2

The graph of y = ax
has NO x-intercepts.

+ bx + c

Polynomial Functions
Exponent Properties

End Behavior

Finding Zeros Using The Rational Zero Theorem

Rational Exponents and Radical Functions


Rational Exponents
n

ex: Evaluate.

5/2

( 4)

Simplifying Roots

a m = a m/n

= ( 2 ) = 32

(easiest to take the root first!)

Rule
When n is
odd
When n is
even

Example

xn = x

64x 3 y 5 = 4xy 3 y 2

xn = x

32xy 4 x 8 = 2x 2 y 4 2x

ex: Simplify.
a)

3
5

b)

135 = 3 27 5 = 3 3 5
5

(look for perfect powers)

2
2
3
54
=

=
5
3
9 5 32 5 33

Function Operations
Operation
Definition
Addition
f +g x

Example: f ( x ) = x 2 3 , g ( x ) = x + 2

( f + g) ( x ) = x 2 3+ x + 2 = x 2 + x 1
( f g) ( x ) = x 2 3 ( x + 2) = x 2 x 5

(
) ( ) = f ( x) + g ( x)
( f g) ( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x )
( fg) ( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x )

( fg) ( x ) = ( x 2 3) ( x + 2) = x 3 + 2x 2 3x 6

Division

!f$
f ( x)
# &( x) =
g ( x)
"g%

!f$
x2 3
# &( x) =
x+2
"g%

Compositions

( f ! g ) ( x ) = f ( g ( x ))
( g ! f ) ( x ) = g ( f ( x ))

( f ! g) ( x ) = f ( x + 2) = ( x + 2) 3 = x 2 + 4x +1
( g ! f ) ( x ) = g ( x 2 3) = x 2 3+ 2 = x 2 1

Subtraction
Multiplication

Inverse Functions
Properties of Inverse Functions
If

f ( x ) and g ( x ) are inverse functions then

( f ! g) ( x ) = x AND ( g ! f ) ( x ) = x
The graphs of f ( x ) and g ( x ) are reflections

y=x
The domain of f ( x ) is the range of g ( x ) .

The range of

If

about the line

f ( x)

f ( x ) is the domain of g ( x ) .

contains the point (a, b) then g

( x)

To find an Inverse:
Ex:

contains

f ( x) = x3 + 4

the point (b, a)

1. switch x and y

x = y3 + 4

2. solve for y

y= 3 x4

f 1 ( x ) = 3 x 4

3. label appropriately

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


Exponential Functions: y = ab
b is the growth/decay factor
If 0 < b < 1 , then
decay.

!1$
Ex: y = 2 # &
"4%

( a 0 ,b > 0,

b 1)

y = ab x represents exponential

If b > 1 , then
growth.

" 5%
Ex: y = $ '
#2&

x2

= 27

2 x2

(3 )

2 x5

= (33 )

Cant make the bases equal

25
2 x5

*notice the right side of the graph MOVES AWAY from the
asymptote

*notice the right side of the graph APPROACHES the


asymptote

Solving Exponential Equations


Cases Make the bases equal

y = ab x represents exponential

x+4

9 = 3

5 x+4 = 3

32 x4 = 36 x15
2x 4 = 6x 16
12 = 4x

log 5 ( 5 x+4 ) = log 5 (3)

x=3

x = 3.318

Quadratic Form

32 x + 3x 12 = 0
x 2

(3 )

+ 3x 12 = 0

Let u=3x

x + 4 = log 5 3

u 2 + u 12 = 0

x = 4 + log 5 3

(u 3) (u 4) = 0
u = 3, u = 4
3x = 3, 3x 4
x =1

Logarithm Properties

Solving Logarithmic Equations

*Goal ONE term on each side


*CHECK FOR EXTRANEOUS SOLUTIONS

3ln ( x 4) + 2 = 4

log 2x + log ( x 5) = log (100 )

ln ( x 4) = 2

log ( 2x 2 10x ) = log (100 )

ln( x4)

= e2

x4=e

10

log 2 x 2 10 x

) = 10 log(100)

2x 2 10x = 100

x = 4+e
x = 4.135

2x 2 10x 100 = 0
x 2 5x 50 = 0

( x 10) ( x + 5) = 0
x = 10, x = 5
x = 5 is extraneous, the answer is x = 10
Compound Interest
Interest Compounded n times per year
A is the final amount
P is the initial amount
nt
r is the interest rate, in decimal
! r$
form
A = P #1+ &
" n%
t is the time in years
n is the number of times the
interest is compounded per year

Interest Compounded Continuously

A = Pert

A is the final amount


P is the initial amount
r is the interest rate, in decimal
form
t is the time in years

Domain Restrictions
Fractions:

y=

f ( x)
g ( x)

x2 + 9
, { x x 2}
x2
x2
Ex: y = 2
, { x x R}
x +9
Ex:

Domain:

{ x g ( x ) 0}

y=

Even Roots:

y = n f ( x ),
n is even

Domain:

{ x f ( x ) 0}

Ex:

y = 2 x + 7 3 , { x x 7}

Logarithms:

y = log b ( f ( x ))

Domain:

{ x f ( x ) > 0}

Ex:

y = 2 ln x + 4 , { x x > 0}

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