grit U(r SF Engineering‘The American Society of Plumbing Enj ‘The Plumbing Engineer's and Designer's Resource Profesional Materials Engineering Resources » Technical Data ‘Professional Development = Plumbing Design ‘Plumbing Specifications Piping Design + Engineering Information Books of Interest From the ASPE Bookstore Advanced Plumbing Techaology Domestic Water Heating Design Manual Englnered Design of Buldng Drainage Stes Engineered Plarbing Desien Fire Proton Systems Handboo: Pups & Pump Stent andovo: Solar Energy System Design Lesionalie Control im Heath Care Pciier Model Plmbing Codes: A Comparton Study Plumbing Techoleay Trashing he Planet Data Book Volume 4: Phabing Components and Equipment Data Boo Velame 3: Special Plumbing stems nen Fama 0 apr) Data Boot Vole 2: Plumbing Syste! (ing Fre ¥ Data Bort Veume 1: Fundamentals of Phang Engineer Fore —11 Crs 3 Practical Plumbing Engineering Cyril M. Harris, Ph.D. Editor in ChiefPractice Plumbing Ennerng is designed to provide cee snd athorttve infore- tion fo the exgn and spe of plombing systems, Information contind In this pubicatonhar been obey the American Society of Plumbing Engineer fom sources ecw tobe aie However, eit the Anwic Sev ity of Ping Engines itsedtrerathorsgarates he accuracy or competeness of sa nfrtion plished hepein and eitherthe American Society of Pumbing Engines or tseitororathore shall, tbe responshlefr any errs, omisions,or damages arsing ou of we of ths information. “his werk is pablshed with the understanding that the American Society of Plating Engincer td is editor an authors are spying infomation ut ae not atemping © render leg consuhing,englering or other professional services, If such ervizs ae required, asitance of an sppoprit profesional shoud be sought ‘American Society of Plumbing Engineers 3617 E. Thousand Oaks Blvd. Suite 210 ‘Westlake Village, CA 91362 (805) 495.7120 + Fe (8) 485-4865 Mat: aspeng@tcom Copyright © 1998 by American Society of Phumbing Engineers ‘ight esrvedncong rights of reproductio and use in any form by any mean, incline ‘the making of copie by any photograph process, orby any electronic o mechanical device, printed ‘oc writen or orl, recording for sound or visa reproduction, or for ase in any Knowle oF ‘eteval system o device, ules permisin in wetig ironed from the pbliher. ISBN 1.891255.04.5 ‘Printain the Unite! States of America 987654321 CONTENTS Pretece vil PART1 WATER SUPPLY SERVICES \ 1. Water Quality and Treatment 13 ‘Peer S. Cartwright, PE, Consling Engineer, Cartoright Conuling Co, Minneapoli MH 5505 2. Water Supply Requirements in Buildings 2a Louis S. Nile, PE, Consul Engineer Fresh Meadows NY 11965 3._Water Distribution Systems In Buildings 3a ‘Theodore Masalowaki CPE. Project Manier Stor, Mataonick & Wolberg Mechanical nd Eierical Consaling Engineers, Ei Monte, CA 91736 \ 4. Water Pressure in Domestic Water Distribution Systems 4a Michael Frankel, C1PE., OMe Plumbing Engineer, The Jacobs Engineering Group Mountainside, NI 07082 AND. Jonathan D, Ear, Senior Plumbing Designer, Lackwnad Greene. Engineers, New York, MY 10001 5._Plumbing Fixtures and Fittings: 5A ‘ovis S Nielsen, PEL, Coming Engineer. Fresh meadows, NY 11355 6. Water Pumps: 6a John H, Doolin. PE. Direcon, Technology, Drester Pam Division, Dresser Tis, Mountainside, NI O7692 7. Sizing a Water Supply System 7A ‘Loui . Nielsen, PE, ConulingEnginer Fresh meadows NF 11368 Piping Installation 8a Witt Irvin, Manager Technical Services, CetanToed Corporation, Willey Forge. PA 19482 8. Seismic Protection ga "ed E Jaco, CLPE. Ted Jacob Bgiecring Group, lc, Olan, CA 4610 10. Specifications 104 Wiliam W. Aid, PE, CSL, Aird Telcom AssciterAlesmdra, VA T2314: Chih Engineer (Reived), The American Isat of Archets,11, Installation of Water Systems in Buildings ComrenTs ua ‘George Kautinan, Pambing Contractor, George Kaui Phanbing, Vin Nays CA 9140! 12. Testing of Plumbing Systems. ig Demergan, PE, dAutrenonHelme & Associates, Lv Angele, CA B0042 13. Protecting Wator Supply Systems Paik A. Sylvester, Foundation for Crcomecion Corral and Fytanlic Revearch, Universe of Souther California, Lax Angeles, CA 90080 14. Hot-Water Supply Systems ‘Alles J Wanley M.Eng. Consling Enger, Alen Hanley, Consultan, Wesiwvant Qutbec narews 15. Fire Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems RossellPPleming, PE, Vice President ofEnginerng, Mani ire Sprinter Assocation, Panersn, NY 12363 PART2 16, Sanitary Drainage Systems ya 13a 14a 1 DRAINAGE SERVICES 163 ‘Louis S. Nien PE, Connling Engineer, Fresh meadows, WY 11385 17, Vent Syste ‘Louis 8. Nielsen, PE, Conling gine Fresh Meadows, RY 1385, 18. Drainage and Vent System Components 18a Michael Frankel CLPE. Chief Plumbing Engineer The Jacobs Engineering Group, Mounisinsde, WI 07072 19, Storm-Water Drainage Systems David L. Hiedeman, PE, CPE Preside, LE. Hledemun Co, Inc, St. Loin, MO 3141 PART 3 NOISE CONTROL 20. Noise Contro! in Plumbing Systems 194 203 Toba Von Houten, PE. JJ. Vn Houten & Asoc, nc, Anaheim, CA 92805 Index a (Follows Chapter 20) PREFACE ‘This book brings together in a single volume the various aspects of the field of plumbing engineering including the planning, design, and installation of plumbing systems. The methods employed are based on standard engineering practices anc the application of principles of engineering design that follow standard code regu lations. Each chapter is writen by an expert in the subject. ‘The design and installation of plumbing systems has a long history, generally accepted practice and code requirements have changed considerably over the ‘years—particularly during the past few decades. For example, Chapter 9 describes ‘one such recent development in some geographic areas, notably California, where ‘new regulations provide greater seismic protection in plumbing systems for build ings. Another recent change is the increased use of "master specifications” em- pleying an interactive computer system, described in Chapter 10. Using such @ system, specifications can be prepared quickly, more economically, and with fewer errors and/or omissions than in the pas. In other chapters, new materials and in- stallation techniques are described. Although new developments are emphasized, ‘raven traditional approaches are presented. Practical Plumbing Engineering is a working guide and reference for engi ‘neers, plumbing designers and engineers, plumbing officials, architects, plant engi ‘neers, inspectors, journeymen, students, contractors, builders, and all others asso- ciated with the construction industry. Because the text presents technical informa- tion in an easy to understand language, nonspecialist wil find the contents of this book especially useful. Lucid explanations and simple charts often replace deriva- tions and complicated technical formulas. Both the U.S. Customary System (LP. units and the International System (8.1) unis are used throughout [appreciate the resourcefulness and diligent labors of the contributing staf of this book toward the objective of presenting practical design information usefully and clearly, and 1 thank them all. Special mention should be given to Louis S. ‘Nilsen, whose major contributions were largely based on his book Standard Plumb- {ng Engineering Design. also appreciate te help provided by the American Soci- ‘ety of Plumbing Engineers. Cyril M HarrisABOUT THE EDITOR (Cyril M. Harris has been a professor at Columbia University since 1952, teaching inthe School of Engineering and Applied Science as well asthe Graduate Schoo! fof Architecture, Planning, and Preservation, where he served as chairman of the Division of Architectural Technology for 10 yeas, Dr Harti has achieved interna- tional recognition for his work in noise control and auditorium design. He served as acoustical consultant forthe Kennedy Center in Washington; Orchestral Hall in neapolis; Powell Symphony Hall in Salt lake City; the National Cente forthe Performing Arts in Bombay; Avery Fisher Hall (for its reconstruction), the New ‘York State Theater, and the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City; and ‘many other performing arts halls. He received the AIA Medal of the American Institute of Architects, the Gold Medal as well as the W.C. Sabine Medal of the ‘Acoustical Society of America, the Gold Medal ofthe Audio Engineering Society, ‘andthe Franklin Medal ofthe Franklin Institute. Dr Harris is a member of both the [National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering. He re- ceived his Ph.D. i physics from M.LT. and has been awarded honorary doctorates from Northwestern University and the New Jersey Institue of Technology. He is theauthor of many technical papers. Books written or edited by Dr. Harris include ‘Accustical Designing in Architecture, Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architec- ture, Handbook of Acoustical Measurements and Noise Control, Shock and Vibra- tir Handbook, and Dictionary of Architecture and Construction. [ peat Rere i | WATER SUPPLY SERVICESCHAPTER 1 WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT Peter S. Cartwright, P.E. Cartwright Consulting Co. INTRODUCTION “Anyrundesirable physical, chemical, or microbiological substance in a water 5 By can be considered a contaminana.* Al ater Ripples contain some contr {bunts la various concentrations, and no two supplies are identical inthe Kinds And concentrations of contaminants they contin. 1a contaminant is considered dangerous to human healt, it may be called pollutant" Many contaminants, natural and ard fall ito this ategory. The Fequiement to remove or redoce contaminants in Water supplies fs dictated by {he intended use of the water. The specie eaten ecology is determined by the kind of contaminant present, the total volume tobe teated, and the degre of removal or reduction tht is required, "This chapter defines waterborne contaminants and detls the various technol ogies available today for contaminant removal or redicticn. Various water qual Ay standards are discussed along with considerations relating tothe monitoring of water quality. WATERBORNE CONTAMINANTS Because virtually no water supply can be rendered completely free from measur- able levels of contamination, the term contaminated water is use-defined. Water {quality of sufficient purity for one application may be completely unacceptable for another. Contaminants found in water supplies can be classified as: + Suspended solids, i.c., particulate materials which (for any of several reasons) are in an insoluble form. This may occur because the contaminant wil not solve in water, or because its concentration is higher than its solubility limits, "Tiere aren indad deitons for these terms Inte fel of oeeconnection conte hey have diferent meanings. See Cup. 13. oe 8u“ ‘WATER SUPPLY SERVICES 0 that it has precipitated ott of solution. The term suspended solids includes ‘both inorganic and organic solids as well a immiscible liquids, such as oil and ‘grease. * Dissolved solids (also known as solutes, i ‘mate part af «liquid system, having » mein diameter of les than 0.000001 mm, Disoved solids canbe subdivided ina) saved salts and) dissolved or ganic material. * Dissolved salts, ie., solids that form ionic components when in solution. Typ- ically, they are inorganic and form charged ions, known as cations (posit charge) and anion (negatvaly charged} These ar lo commonly cled min * Dissolved organic materials, materials that generally do not dissociate into ions, but form covalent bonds with water molecules and become nonionic solute. *+ Microorganisms, i.., living water contaminants that are capable of reproduc- tion and propagation throughout the water system. These include bacteria, vi- ruses, and such plantike organisms as algae. * Dissolved gases, i.., gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sul- fide. All these gases dissolve in water and are released on heating or on reduc- tion of pressure in the water supply. ‘Awater supply may contain any one or all ofthe above contaminants in var- fous concentrations. METHODS OF WATER TREATMENT .A number of methods are avaiable for the removal of waterbome contaminants. ‘No single method is optimum for removal of all the different types of contami- ‘nants, and it is virtually impossible to remove: 100 percent of any contaminant. ‘The best treatment method is always a compromise between cost and practical application. "Table 1.1 lists water treatment processes appropriate for removal of various contaminants. Table 1.2 indicates types of technologies commonly applied to pro- ‘cess water for an entire building and to provide drinking water ata faucet. Figure {LL identifies various contaminants by size and indicates technologies recom mended for removal. Filtration Filtration is 2 mechanical prozess for removal or eduction of suspended solid contaminants, filer isa device ox system used to effect such removal by &po- yous medium.* Water passes through the medium, whose porosity is sulBicient to remove the suspended solid components. A fter can be either (a) a container “which i partially filed with a “bed” of « porous medium or () a manufactured eartridge,” (ypcally constricted of a synthetic porous medium, designed to process smaller flow rates thax a bed fer” “Typical bed-type ters are effective in removing suspended solids down to approximately 10 ym in size. Membrane filter cartridges are available for ro. moval of suspended solids down to 0.1 um. ‘TABLE 12 Tectmologics Commonly Applied in Procesing Water for an Entre Bulldng ‘Water Supply) and at a Drinking Water Faveet Entre building Drinking water faucet ¥ = x | Lee Le I xr tx Km x! 1 Bed-Type Fiters. In a bed-type flter, water is forced through the filter medium bby water pressure. The special bed-type filter shown in Fig. 1.2 contains several different hitration media (coal, sand, and garnet). For this reason itis called @ ‘multimedia filter. The water enters the top of a gravity-flow filter and perco- Tates down through the bed by the force of gravity. ‘The porous media in the bed accomplish the desired filtration as the filtered ‘water exits through the bottom of the filter. The flow of water can be ether from he16 ‘WATER SUPPLY SERVICES. = ‘meee T =a Gi" 1k soa] [oeoa] [i04 y0000 A vonaoe A o00000 A vasanane A oo aca. A ‘ow eaooin wooie| [oie] [ate tn 10e 1p 1000s 0» ecsirwe feo TOO TOO Lee MIG. 1.1. Recommended removal proceses for contaminnts a fonettoo oie. (Curtey of PS. Garsoight) bottom up of from top down. The porous media can be many types of inert, po- ous, uniformly sized material, Often, sand and anthracite coal are used. Concidge Fiters. 6 typical ter inthe form ofa carte fs shown in Fig. 1.3. Cartridge ters are thick-walled tubes measuring typically 2¥. i (7 cm) i out. se ete: by 10 nS nc 20 in 0c nga ty ar ented ot one ofa numberof synthetic materi rayon, polypropylene, cellulo- sicpolmersaylon, or Teflon, One type of onoturton ting wou”, ium (ina stringlike form) ie wow around the core in pttern that cre= ‘eet tortuous pal though which he water must Bow” Agctet pe of Ss. struction, which also frees the wate to flow ia such apa, i fabricated of non- ‘woven feitike materials. A third type contains « membrane Consisting of porous Polymer sheet through which the water forced. Such a cartrige is moat effec: tive in removing solid, suspended particles of very small size. "The unit of measurement used in filtration for contaminant removal is the mi- ) the neceseary com tos and timer required for operation and regencaton. The diferences between residential and commercial water softening equipment is ually only inthe size ‘ofthe tanks and piping. The baie principle tthe same for both, (Calcium and magnesiary are the ations atsoated with “hard water.” They form insoluble precipitates of calcium and magnesiom carbonate called scala. ‘The caleum and magnesiom ions tht are in contact with the sofeaing es ae exchanged forthe sodium Sn, which i very soluble in water and does not form 2 Scale, as llustrated in Fig. 8, The eallom and magnesium ions, which have been adsorbed onto the ream, canbe removed diring the magenerarion process By Soaking the resin In sodiom chloride solution. Ths soln featachos soa ions tothe resin allowing ito rever to its orginal rate. Deionization Deinization isan ionsxchange process used fr removal of al isscived salts from water. Deionization requires the Bow of water through to fon-enchange resin inorder to elect the removal of al salts. The paseage of water trough te first ion-exchange resin bed removes the calcium and magnesium fons, 20m the ‘nommal softening process iustrated in Fig. 1.4. Unlike the sotening proces, the resin sso removes all ther cations and re- places them with ons instead of sodium fons. As the cation inthe wa: {erate themselves to theca esi, it releases ts hydrogen fone on 2 chemically equivalent bass A sodium fon (Na) dipiaces a hydrogen ton (F-) from the exchanger; a calcium ion (Ca* *) displaces two; a ferric ion (Fe* **) TA spol te onan proces i only half complete, Altbogh the . proces iso . cat tons have been removed, he water now contains posite drogen fons and the associated anions orginally inthe raw water. The treated water now flows through e second unl, containing en resin. This second ex change material normally conaine replaceable hydronyl anions. The negative ions solution (anions) are adsorbed onto the anion-exchange resin, Released in [WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT 1 their place are hydroxyl jos. What emerges from such a two-unit aystem is ef {ectively ion free water. It stil contains th posive hydrogen fons released i he inital exchange plus the negative hydroxyl fons released inthe second exchange. These ns therfore combine f form wate. thine a Keach ofthe resins is kept in separate containers with the water running ne into the ote, the proses known Ss ao-ed dois, bth lag fare mixed together in & single container, the process i known a8 mlzed-hed deionzaton, which generally produces higher-quality. water than” two-ed ‘eionization. Mixed-bed deionizaton produces water Of the highest purity, in terms of fon removal, for industrial processes. Figure 15 illustrates the deen zation process in a two-bed system, Oxidising Fite. In addition to hardness ions, iron presents a precipitation problem in many water supplies. Soluble iron can react with dissolved air to form Insoluble ferric hydroxide. This can be a particular problem when the concentra-0 [WATER SUPPLY SERVICES. BO FIG. 1.5 The delnization process in a two‘bed system. (Courtery (of Water Quality Asoclaon) tion of he ion inthe wate is shove 0.3 ppm andthe pH ofthe water higher than 6 . "A particular resin known a manganese greensend can simultaneoudy oxidize the sll onto ferc hyérnide and iter n owt of the wate, Maoganese eenand fers canbe regenerated through the use of a tong oidang get. ‘Adsorption ‘Adsorption is a mechanism of contaminant removal making use ofthe adsorption ‘phenomenon, the act of physical adhesion of molecules or colloids to the surface: [WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT nat ‘of medium without chemical reaction. Certain very porous materials have the: ability to attract contaminants to their surfaces, thereby removing them from so- Tution. Activated carbon (sometimes referred to as activated charcoal) ie a powdered, ‘granular, or pellet form of amorphous carbon prepared in such a way thet it has ‘mn extremely large surface area per unit volume because of its enormous number of very fine pores. This material is particularly effective in removing dissolved crganicmatral in low concentrations, s wellas doled gate such co- rine. Activated carbon is available either in bedtype configurations or in car- {ridge constructions similar to filter cartridges. Various types of activated carbon tare available; the choice depends on the contaminant to be removed. Activated carbon is most widely used in the removal and reduction of dissolved organic contaminants. Activated alumina is an adsorption medium manufactured from aluminum ox- {ide which can selectively remove dissolved fluoride. It is most commonly used in Distiation Disa ithe proces of) changing wate tom iid to apo by bong i then () condznig the weer vapr by cooing. toon « hg. Three al the contaminants are et Behind, exept how wih te sane blag water. Figure 1 iaseates te principe of opetaon a ea aa 1G. 1.6 Pringle of operation of a pl inking water is {ikon wt (Csurtey of Water Qualys’)un [WATER SUPPLY SERVICES ing water distillation unt. An electric beating element rises the water tempera: ing, causing steam (water vapor) to rise and contact @ condensing coil ‘rater, This cold water causes the water vapor to condense back into » removing suspended solids and dissolved salts, 1s well as most microorganisms. Distillation also provides disinfection of water. Its shortcomings include high energy utilization and high maintenance costs. Membrane Seperation In membrane separation technologies, a semipermeable membrane is used to sep- arate waterborne contaminants from the water. This is accomplished by a pro- ‘cess known as crossflow filtration (also called tangential flow. 3). In this ‘process, the bulk solution flows over (and parallel to) the iter surface, and under ‘pressure, a portion of the water is forced through the membrane filter. The tar- Bulent flow of the solution over the membrane surface minimizes the accumula. tion of particulate matter on the membrane and facilitates continuous operation of the system. Figure 1.7 compares conventional medium filtration with Crossflow membrane filtration. In conventional filtration, the entire solution is Pumped through the filter medium, while only a portion of the solution goes through withthe crossflow filtration process. Comeniont fitaion Ger eren romfow ittion (angen) Moo 075 o ot he trccere M1G.1.7_A comparison of conventional media tree {wih confow fvsonby sseiperatie ee brane. Microfitration involves the removal of insoluble particulate materials ranging in sie from 0.1 to 10.0 zm (1000 to 100,000 A). Figure 1.8 depicts the mechanism St egosflow mierofiva Figure 1.9 depicts ullailtraion, whichis used to separate materials ia the (.001to 0.1 ua range (10 to 1000 A). Ultraitration is used to remove dissolved terials; mlrofration is used to remove suspended solids. Typical micro- and [WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT a Col, oli, Sioeed oe \ % MIG. 19 Utrafaton to remove dissolved materials ‘ultrafiltration membrane polymers include polysulfone, celulose acetate, and polyamide. ‘Reverse osmosis is a technique used primarily to remove silts from water. The ‘water is forced, under pressure, to pass through a membrane. The membrane will {ot pass sodiam or clorde ions ur macromolecules, Figure 110 Muses Te. ‘verse camosis, which typically separates materials less than 0.001 jm (10 A) in size. Reverse osmosis offers the added advantage of rejecing ionic materials ‘which are normally small enough to pass through the pores of the membrane. As ‘with ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis is used to remove dissolved materials, but its primary application isin salts or mineral reduction. Polymers used in reverse. ‘osmosis membranes include cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, polyamide, and, thin-film composite membranes. These last membranes are typically composed of 4 thin film formulated from one of a number of amide-ype polymers on & polysulfone layer. Ae 1G. 110 The pio ofthe reverse osmosis method, Th membrane permite water {0 pss trough bu blocks sas and macomolecdey Water a1 WATER SUPPLY SERVICES ‘The elecrodiabysis process is an electrochemical membrane separation pro- cess in which lons are ‘ansfered through a pair of fon-selective membranes, from a less concentrated toa more concentrated solution, asa result of the Dow of (dec) electri current, Electroialysis removes only the ionic solute. ‘An electrodialysis membrane device consists of alteating ion-exchange membranes that are each permeable to either anions or cations. The solution con ‘ining fons to be concentrated is pumped through every other cell. By spring. direct current to an ancde and cathode positioned parallel to the membranes, salts are attracted through the membrane tat is permeable to that particular ionic species and are held back by the impermeable membrane. In this way, two: Streams are produced, one containing the salts in concentrated frm, and the other containing relatively pure water. DISINFECTION Viable (growing) microerganisms are a parila dial contaminant 1 re- rove, The siguitous nature ofthese contaminants especially bacteria, an the {et that some microorgunsms grow under virally any conditions make tim Possible to eliminate them complctly from s wate treatment system. Dine Fon the process used oil these organisms. Most disinfectants are chemicals {hat are normally fed ino the water treatment sytem they ae allowed fo crc late fora te and are then ised out with clean water prior to returning the Sy tem to use. The del chomial disinfectant + Kil alsin of bacteria + Hla no deleterious effect on materials of construction or components of th wa- ter weatment system. 1 Te sable and reais i etfectivness during the disinfection proces. + 1 easly removed from the entire water eatment system. + Is easily monitored with a simple test kt ‘The ideal disnfectant doesnot exist. Therefor, the selection ofthe ches andlor proces used mus be based on careful evalation abd testing for cach ‘le application The dsnfection of plumbing systems in bulings fs descted in Chap Chemical Disinfectants ‘The following chemical disinfectants are used in water treatment systems: Chlorine. This is the most widely used disinfectant in municipal water supply’ systems in the U.S.A. Chlorine has been under scrutiny because of its propensity 1 form possible carcinogens (wihalomethanes) upon zeaction with naturally o¢- curring organic materials such as humic acid or with human-made organic efla- ‘ent. Bacteria can be maintained at low levels in the presence of Ito 2 ppm of fee available chlorine inthe water supply; however, chlorine is relatively ineffective ‘against acid-fast bacteria such as nontuberculous mycobacteria and cysts sich as. formed by Giardia lamblia. Care must be taken because excessive amounts. fof chlorine can cause corrosion as a result of its strong oxidation char- [WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT 8 acteristics. Chlorine is nom: into the system from a solution of so- dies iypochlore or as 8 a Clothe i toad femoved by acvaed catoon Ser, and can be ontored with simpletest Kt tis easly snsed out ofthe system. hloramines. These compounds, resulting from the reaction of ammonia with chlorine in water scution, are commonly used in municipal water supply systems because of the superior stability of chloramine compounds over chlorine. A fur- ther advantage is that chloramine compounds do not form tritalomethanes. How- ever, chloramines are not as strong an oxidant as chlorine and thus have less abi lay to kill bacteria, Concentrations of these compounds in the range of 5 to 10 pm are required. Chlorine Dioxide. Chlorine dioxide exhibits stronger disinfecting characteristics than chloramines, but there is litle evidence of extensive use ofthis disinfectant. Chlorine dioxide does not form teihalomethanes and exhibits rinsing, corrosion, and handling characteristics similar to those of chlorine. Recommended concen trations are 2 10 5 ppm, with removal by activated carbon. Iodine. This common relative of chlorine has been used for years by campers for disinfecting drinking water of unknown quality. Unfortunately, certain gram- negative bacteria sirains can become resistant t0 iodine. Much less reactive to dissolved organics than chlorine, it will nt form trihalomethanes. It is removed ‘with activated carbon and can be monitored with test kits. The recommended Concentration is 0.3 to 0:5 ppm. Oxae, This owe chemical which conta of mgs na te tm orm, SS oaed to disinfect some municipal water supply spats. itis x very effective actereldes however be pencated ofa ad fata raiely shoe ‘es ane a te commented onsusatian af pps scone ikl ba: tea, vires, spore and yt. Both uv iain hd slvated earbon st yomove bebe tom wee, Caremust be tie n handing any ofthe sbove chemical, and ier elect on thornton of onstruction of te sae Wenton pate unt Ue ovale Nonchemical Processes ‘The following nonchemical processes are used to reduce bacterial contamination in water treatment systems, Ulraviolet Irradiaton. Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a method of treating relatively small-scale water supplies. In this process, the waters ex- ‘posed to ultraviolet radiation after it has been filtered. Only momentary exposare 4 required to kil the bacteria, but this condition may not be fulfilled if the bac- teria are shielded by particles of sediment in the water. Then, bacteria that sur- vive may multiply rapidly in the tank storing the water after exposure to the ul ‘raviolet radiation, Furthermore, there is some evidence that certain bacteria may ‘merely be inhibited in growth, rather than killed. Such bacteria, after a period of radiation does not involve the addition of chemicals, the only costs in this pro-1 6 [WATER SUPPLY SERVICES cess are the investment in equipment, replacement of ultraviolet bulbs, electrical ower consumption, and the occasional cleaning of the bulb surfaces. ‘Hot Water. Heated water, 70°F (21°C) or higher, can be used to disinfect specific ‘componente in a water supply system for example, activated carbon filters. However, tis method is not practi for dsnecing an entre eaten because * The difficulty in handling water at such a high temperature += The special materials required in construction of the system + Excessive consumption of energy MONITORING A WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM eres nt em eres mere ct seteceere cart piece ree remem est ‘treatment system is performing adequately. Diffcrent types of contaminants re- Sangean ater eae eae a een sere hyper eon reare ie Seca enon a ductivity (reciprocal of resistivity) of the water is directly proportional to the total Encoeeeemnoae’ Ser acrenee arwaremares Segre a aero crane 3 aaa teresa so ctsemten see eee a Suitcase meee eee which relates the conductivity (or resistivity) of water to its dissolved solids con- Seecrnaaeataae issn verae cocci sper sa ee ee asec ere eae gf ieeeks tance eae ete NCEE ora mn penn oretaiy epee bacteria: * ® + 70C (totalorgenic carbon test. Thstest provides a good indication of baceris levels, although other organi constituents also conrfbue tothe TOC reading. Monitoring equipment is avaiable to continuously measure TOC levels. This parameter provides « good measure of dissolved organic solids concentration, tnd extremely low levels canbe ideatiied. Monitors are available that are ca- pablo of meecusing level a low as 0.001 ppm. Sul equipment is high a cont nd Fequtes tained operators. + LAL test. This tet for Limulus amebocyte lysate is avery useful technique for ‘measuring the presence of ll bacteria, both alive and deed. Monitoring equip- tment is avalable for performing such a teat continuously + FDC (fuorescence direct count test. This test requires the collection of bacte- SSSSSS5R5 353999959 383883899589998988 aggnngangr 2 8 SESR858985 § § 008 020 040 080 100 130 200 400 5.00 600 7.00 uo no Approxinste electrolyte contest, ppm 0.08 007 0m 058 135 20 2 340 680 200 1800 20.0 280 ino 360 Bo 850 ‘TABLE 1. Specific Conductance, Resistance, Approximate Elesroyte Content fr Delonized oF Distilled Water st PF O50). 33 -n+ewcageggesasy “Acavomans, 9S, my as exposed wx mlcromton, ‘Shen County of Iona Chorio Coapny. 4aa8 [WATER SUPPLY SERVICES ta, incubation ofthe bacteria for 48 h, then counting the bacteria colonies. This: {sa time-consuming task and involves highly trained personnel. WATER QUALITY STANDARDS Because it virally impossible o produce water completly fe from measa- £5 qontc of al contaminants erent qaity sandards have been devel pedo any ter eatin, ach nut ens ra cn ‘inant whch my resent role inte appropcnteappleaion With very ew ekopions, al wate supple nine USA mast met the Safe Denking Water ck REFERENCES 1, Water Treatment Fundamentals, Water Quality Assocation, Lisle, I. 60532, 1983. 2: Water Processing of Home, Farm and Buses, Wate Quality Astociaon Lie, TL 0832, 1888. CHAPTER 2 WATER SUPPLY ' REQUIREMENTS IN BUILDINGS Louis S. Nielsen, P.E. ‘Consulting Engineer INTRODUCTION This chapter discusses water supply requirements in buildings. Fist, the rate of, flow furnished by a water supply system to various types of plumbing fixtures and water outlets is described. Then a method is discussed for estimating the t0 tal demand of a water supply system in a building. WATER SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS FOR INDIVIDUAL FIXTURES AND EQUIPMENT Plumbing fixtures and equipment should be provided with water in suficint vol- lume, and at adequate pressures, to enable them to function satisfactorily without ‘excessive noise, under normal conditions of use. Water supply valves, piping, ‘and trim to individual plumbing fixtures and equipment should be selected and adjusted to supply the minimum quantity of water consistent with proper perfor- ‘mance and cleaning and should be maintained te prevent leakage and excessive waste of water, Demand is the rate of flow, usually expressed in gallons per minute (or liters per second), furnished by a water supply system to various types of plumbing ‘Sxtures and water outlets under normal conditions. Normal conditions are those conditions that provide adequate performance while avoiding objectionable ef- fects, such as excessive splashing or inadequate supply conditions. Excessive Pressure To avoid excessive flow rates and splashing at fictures where the available pres- sure is considerably higher than the minimum required, itis generally necessary ae 2122 (WATER SUPPLY SERVICES to provide some means of reducing the maximum flow rate to match the normal ‘Values. This is especially required at fixtures on the lower floors of high and tower type buildings, for at such locations the pressure in the individual foxture supply pipes is many times the minimum required at water outlets. (See Chap. 4.) ‘Where the available pressure at water outlets is more than twice the pressure required for satisfactory supply, itis recommended that means to con {rol the flow rate be provided in the individual fixture supply pipe. For this pur- ose individual rgaang valves, varible-crce control devices, of fied or ‘may be "A flush valve (Cashometet) is a valve designed to supply a fixed quantity of ‘water for flushing purposes; it i actuated by direct water pressure, without the tse ofa cistern or flush tank, It is usually equipped with adjustment screws for regulating valve operation and a throttling valve atthe valve inlet for reducing the available flow pressure to 25 or 15 psi (172 or 103 kPa), as may be required for Satisfactory function of water closets, urinals, bedpan washers, ushing-rim slop sinks, or dishwashing machines, For faucets and fush tank ball cocks, a throttling valve or flow-control orifice may be installed in the fixture supply pipe to reduce the meximum flow rate to ‘match normal demand, To control faucet flow, throttling valves should be ad- justed so that flow matches demand when the faucet is wide open. Flow-control orifices should be selected in accordance with desired demand and anticipated supply pressure. Domand at Individual Water Outlets Ordinary Pipe Outlet. The demand at ordinary pipe outlets lowing wide open at ‘maximum rate of discharge may be calculated from the following equation: Q = 2afp @1a) ‘where Q. = actual rate of discharge from the pipe outlet, .c., the demand in gpm. d = diameter of the outlet, in P = pressure measured in the supply pipe during flow, psi “The corresponding equation in the Intemational System of units is Q = 0482p! ew) where Q = actual rate of discharge from the pipe outlet, ic. the demand in Lis = diameter ofthe outlet, om P= pressure measured in the supply pipe during low, KPa Electrically Operated Supply Valves. Equipment having electically operated sup- ply valves varies considerably in demand requirements, depending on the type nd its performance characteristics. Information about the demand may be ob- {tained from data furnished by manufacturers of such equipment. In the absence of adequate information, the demand may be calculatedon the basi of flow pres- ture required and the outlet diameter, just aa for any ordinary pipe outlet. Uet- ally, electrically operated supply valves are kept wide open for maximum flow rate, [WATER SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS IN BUILDINGS. 23 Common Plumbing Flstures. The demands at individual water outlets at various plumbing fixtures and hose connections are given in Table 2.1. The values are ‘a the normal, suitable rates of flow for the outlets. The val- tes for faucets (which users may adjust manually according to their needs) are ‘ot the maximum flow rates which the faucets are capable of providing. Rather, they are the flow rates which are considered suitable for fixture usage without causing excessive splashing, which is related to the shape and depth of the fx- ture. Flow Control for Conservation of Water and Energy ‘As a water conservation measure, flow rates at certain faucet outlets may be re- ‘duced slightly below those shown in Table 2.1 without causing any noticeably ad- ‘verse effect in usage. Fixtures at which this may be applied and the minimum low rate recommended are as follows: lavatory faucets in private bathrooms, 1.5, pm (0.095 L/s); shower heads in private bathrooms, 2 gpm (0-126 1/s); and sink fucets at domestic kitchen sinks, 3 gpm (0.189 Lis). "As an energy conservation measure, the maximum flow rate for hot-water lavatory faucets in restrooms to which the general public has access is recom- mended to be limited by design to ¥4 gpm (0.032 L/s), and the outlet temper- ature limited to L10"F (43.4°C). This requirement may be found in state energy songervaton constuction cod, In view of ic requirement 0 maximus jow rate for the hot-water lavatory faucet in restrooms for the general public, itis recommended that the same limitation be observed for the cold-water lav- atory faucet. ‘TABLE 21 Demand at Individual Water Outlets Type of outlet me Le ‘rnary lavatory favcst 20, O16 Salelosing lavatory faucet 2s 0358 Sink facet, Yor Vin (1 oF 1.3 m) 4“ 0284 ‘Sink feet, Yin (9 em) 6 0378 ‘Bath faucet, ¥ i (1.8 em) 50 o3is ‘Shower head, ¥ In (1.8 em) 50 O35 Laundty faucet, in (1.8 om) 50 oss ‘Bll cock in water closet fush tank 30 0.189 hu @S-em) Bush valve, 25-pi (1724Pa) Now pressure 0 210 Lin @.S-em) feh valve, 15 pl (103-4Pa) Dow pressure 70 ims ‘Yein (9m) fash valve, 1p (15-EPa) flow pressure 150 0346 ‘inking fountaln et 075 007 ‘Dishwashing machine (domestic) 4a 0.252 [Laundry machine (domestic) 40 0252 ‘Aapirata (operating room oF laboratory) 25 ose Hooe bib oral cock, V4 (1.3 em) 50 031524 WATER SUPPLY SERVICES ESTIMATING THE TOTAL DEMAND IN A SUPPLY ‘SYSTEM ‘The objctves in designing water supply systems fr bldg are toenrare a- equate Water supply to all fixtures. achieve economical ‘every portion of the system, including the water service, main supply lines, ris- ers, and main bran ‘Demand in building water supply systems cannot be determined exactly. plumbing fixtures ia Sudings se teed ttertialy andthe probably of Inultancous use of sich fixtures cannot be definitely established, In addition, ach type of plumbing fixture imposes its own singular loading effect onthe eys- tem. This may be attributed to (a) average rate of supply required by a fixture for satisfactory service, (b) uration of fixture use, and (c) of fixture use. Nevers the demand imposed onthe bulding water suppl ses by inter mittently used fixtures is related to the number, type, and probable simultaneous use of the fixtures to be supplied. ‘For a method to be generally acceptable for estimating the demand of a build- ing water supply system, it must meet three basic requiremenis: 1. It must produce estimates greater than the average demand forall fxtures on the system during periods of heaviest demand; otherwise flue will occur in the supply to some fixtures during maximum demand periods 2. The method must yield reasonably accurate estimates of peak demand s0 8 to avoid oversizing of piping and uneconomical waste. 3. The method must be adaptable for estimating the demand of groups of like ix. ‘ures as well as of different kinds of fixtures and building occupancy classifi- Load Volues (WSFUs) Assigned to Fixtures ‘The demand imposed on a system by intermitenly used fxures i related to the ber, type, and probable simultaneous use of the fixtures to be supplied. the slandard nethod, atures using water ntrmiteny under several con- ditions of service are assigned specific load values in terms of water supply fix- ture units. The water supply fcure unit (WSFU) is a factor so chosen that the load-producing effects of different kinds of fixtures and their conditions of ser- vice can be expressed as multiples of that factr. Values assigned to diferent kinds of fitures are given in Table 2.2. For fix- tures having both hot- end cold-water supplies, the values for hot- and cold-water demands should be taken as being three-fourths of the total value as- signed to the fixture in each case. separate cold-water piping thereto should be taken as being 1.5 WSFU. TABLE 22 Demand Load of Foures [Load vale sasigned water ‘supply fara units Hot “Type of supply contol Occupancy g gr guonsenssennanammnane erquetand aden S2a2g9 28 une a8 mame by comparing he ie wi ted sng water26 [WATER SUPPLY SERVICES Demand Corresponding to Fixture Lood “The demand in gallons per minut or liters per second coresponding o any given load in water supply fixture units may be determined from Table 23. Toermedi- ste values may be interpolated for loads between those shown inthe table, “The demand corresponding to load of given nuber of water supply fixture nits is generally much higher for a system in which water closets are Gushed predominantly by mean of det supply connect Dash valves (Qushomete than for a system in which they are Hushed predcminantly by means of fh tanks. The difference in demand between the two systems gradually dimiishes 28 the total numberof fixture units of load rises, unt at 1000 water supply Gature ‘nits the demand for both types isthe same, 208 gpm (13.12 Lis) ‘Where a part of the system docs not supply any water cloacta, such asia the case with hot water supply piping and some cold-water supply branches, the de- ‘mand corresponding to given momber of water supely fixture unite tay be de termined from the values given for systems in which water closets are fushed predominantly by means of flush tanks. The demanis determined in such cases ‘undoubtedly are appropriate in view ofthe average of values assigned to fixtures fother than water closets having dieet suppiy-connected” fush valves (Gushometers) ‘Total Demand including Continuous Flow ‘To estimate the total demand in gallons per minute or liters per second in any: given water supply pipe which supplies outlets at which the demand is intermit- tent and also outlets at which demand is continuous, the demand for outlets which pose continuous demand uring peak periods should be calculated sepa- rately and added to the demand for plumbing fixtures used intermittently. Exam piles of outlets which impose continuous demand are those for watering gardens, ‘washing sidewalks, and irigating lawns and for air-conditioning or refrigeration. apparatus, ESTIMATED WATER SUPPLY DEMAND LOAD For purposes of estimating the water supply load, the demand load values, in ‘terms of water supply fixture units, for different plumbing fixtures under several ‘conditions of service, are given in Table 2.2. ‘The estimated demand load for fixtures used intermittently on any supply pipe, in gallons per minute corresponding tothe total number of water supply ix- {ure units, is given in two charts in Fig. 2.1. To estimate the total demand in gallons per minute, the demands for cutlets such as hose connections and air-conditioning apparatus, which impose. ‘continuous demand during periods of heavy use, should be calculated separately. and added to the demand for fixtures used intermittently, TABLE 2.3 Table for Estimating the Demand in a Water Supply System ‘Supply systems predominantly for ‘ushometer valves ‘Supply systems predominantly for ‘ssh tanks Toad ‘Water supply sixture anes (WSFU). pos 1 30 O49 2 50 om 3 65 oat ‘ 80 Ost 5 9408 ‘ 107 7 us OM 5 us om ° BI ake 10 us oom 2 160 Lon “ 10 Lo 16 ao 1 w ws 1 2 6 1 2 ms 136 , 2 Bs ola EY ws ® 3 16 “ m6 2 pi Le o mo 2M ” 38021 % mo 200 0 no 259 100 es 2m 120 ao 303 10 2s 3 10 0 30) 180 so 3s 200 60 410 20 so 4 500 so 536 0 so 6a 500 mo TR 730 mmo 107 1000 so 3.2 1250 290 15.08 1500 290 697 20 380 050 2500 300 27 3000 300 7132 ‘000 sso 32 00 30 371 Tod Demand Water fate (SFU). wos s 150095 s m4 140 3 ws 13s 8 m2 to 3 we 1s 0 zo im 2 ms Lo rr m2 is is aio i es a 302 2 sao 20 a ao is Fy ao tn a «0230 s a ie 0 mo as o so ha 2 ey) » 2 as * 63 kos 100 oS 425 12 no Ast 10 ras 10 mo Sar 19 Bs 59 20 sa 2 esr xo a ry so. S00 0 9a 150 mona 1000 mo Ba 1250 woo s8 1500 29.0 i697 200 iso 2050 2500 soo 3 5e00 ao Tn poy 0 Ba 00 30 Bat28 ‘WATER SUPPLY SERVICES CHAPTER 3 veo s0 . WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS ‘Theodore Musialowski, C.1.P.E. ‘Store, Matakovich & Wolfoerg, 20 ‘Mechanical and Electrical Consulting Engineers s00| 26 309] Demond, L/s 209] 10 100] No.2 fr system predeminay fr Hah an $ 5 3002500300 t INTRODUCTION ‘This chapter describes the systems used to distribute cold and hot water within atous Spe of buldigs. At ay pint within «bung, water datibuton | 4 system must deliver an adequate water pressure and volume to operate the fx. = 50 + ‘tures or equipment that it serves, without excessive nose, under all conditions of so ‘normal use. The various methods of water distribution described in this chapter ‘make use of upfeed systems, downfeed systems, or some combination thereof. ‘A upled system sa water tun system i which the water is supplied and fed ypward through the vertical piping tothe highest point of the system that Te 1 for ynemredoncony frtmvaes | 120 uy be fd using the available. A downfeed system is a water dstriba- fT | Ne te system resonant hah ne ‘ton system in which the water distribution main i located at the top of the pres- » 10 sure zone; the distribution main supplies the vertical piping (rises) that distrib. - ‘utes water downward tothe lowest point ofthe zone. A pressure zane isan area 408686 TOO HRO HOH 185200 22D of a building (k may be an entre Noor, several floors, or te entire building) sup- 2 pled with water having a common pressure origin or & common supply. Buildings a having more than one pressure zone are described as having multiple pressure of ter pet seo coneapondig to In iowsise buildings, the water pressure inthe public water mains is usually 1 ven load expensed a flare wis.) A dca of P21 for all demand suficient to distribute the water to the hyéraolically most remote point. When the pressure ofthe water main is not sufficeat for this purpose, the pressure mast be increased or “boosted,” as described in this chaptsr and the ane that follows. ‘The ilustrations inthis chapter are schematic representations, rather than ac- ‘ual lnsalations. They demonstrate the vanous methods and techniques used in water systems in low rise, mediumrise, and high-rise buildings. Pipe sizing and design criteria for such installations are described in Chap. 7. \ \ 8 \ \ \ \ i 430 Demons, L/e Denend, ooma2 WATER SUPPLY SERVICES DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS IN LOW-RISE BUILDINGS Upteed Systome; Single Pressure Zone ‘Where the pressure inthe water main is suficient to distribute water throughout. ‘an entire building, an wpfeed system such as that shown in Fig. 3.1 is used. In this. system, there is a single pressure all floors inthe building are supplied ‘with water using the pressure in the water main. te enon Branch shutoff lee frs_rebos Sth floor Setter tee] Shela [ale a Pfeles tole — fecfoe feces a ee elec as an Weter Sher S 1IG.3.1_Anupeed water distribution system fa low-rie buildings inthis ym thee fs 1 sng presate zone” ‘The height of building that may be served without pumps to boost the water pressure depends on the available pressure inthe water main, the requirements of the fixtures, and the applicable plumbing code. Most plumbing codes place re- sirictions on the maximam water pressure that may be delivered to a plumbing fixture. Minimum water pressure fequirements for representative plumbing fix: tures are described in Chap. 5. ‘The pressure availible under no-flow conditions is called the stad pressure. With water flow, there is a pressure loss due to friction 4s water flows the pipes. the residual pressure at the point of use under flow condl- tions is the static pressure minus the pressure loss due to friction. In Fig. 3.1, the static pressure ofthe water main is 80 pei (S51 kPa); the residual pressure is 70 psi (482 kPa). Since there is a pressure drop of 1 psi (6.9 kPa) for each increase’ height of 2.31 ft (0.7 m) and the floor-to-floor height is 11.3 f (3.4m, the loss in static pressure per floor is 5 psi (34 kPa). \WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS i BUILDINGS a3 If the piping in the water distribution system is sized according to the methods presented in Chap. 7, so as to limit the loss of pressure, more than adequate pres- ‘sure will be available atthe top floor to operate ordinary plumbing fixtures. The hhotwater distribution in such a building is discussed later in this chapter under “Fiot-Water Distribution Systems.” Upfeed Systems; Multiple Pressure Zones Ifthe pressure in a water main is sufficiently high, say 120 to 150 psi (827 to 1034 kPa), it can be used to distribute water ina high building without a pump to pro- vide addtional pressure. Many codes restrict the maximum pressure at any fix- ture, under no-low conditions (ie., under static pressure conditions), to 80 psi (S51 kPa). Therefore where the pressure in the main is high, itis necessary to splt the water distribution system into multiple pressure zones 80 thatthe pres- ‘sure in any zone does not exceed the value permitted by code. Figure 3.2 is a schematic diagram of an installation in a 15.story building in which the minimum pressure in the water main is 110 psi (759 kPa). The water- ‘main pressure is split into two zones. In this building the floor-o-foot height is 11,3 £6.46 m), the same asin Fig. 3.1. Therefore, since there is a pressure drop of 1 pi (6.9 kPa) for each increase in height of 2.31 ft (0.7 m), there isa statle pressure loss of 5 psi (34 kPa) per floor. ‘im order to reduce the water-main pressure to the maximum pressure permit- ted by code, a pressure-regulating valve (PRV), also called a pressure-reducing valve or pressure regulator, must be used in the water supply branch to the lower ore; such valves are described in Chap. 4. This valve may be adjusted so that delivery pressure has a maximum value of 80 pal (S51 kPa). \Direct-ting! pressure-reguating valves have a relatively large lowing pressure loss (referred to mduced pressure fll) which redves the number of for, served pet zone. (A pilot-operated type of pressure-regulating a much lower (al- ‘mow ng) reduced pena falloff propery celeced Therclore te pt peated typeof pressre regulating vale i recommended fo this application. I allows a greater umber of floors to be served in the pressure zone. In such an application, it is recommended that two or three such valves be piped in parallel {0 provide & continuous supply to the zone in the event of failure of one valve. A. ‘muitiple pressure-regulating valve installation for one zone is referred 10 2% 8 _PRY station. ‘The upper zone is served directly from the pressure of the water main. Note tha: at the 8th floor (the base of the upper zone), the static pressure does not exceed 80 psi (551 kPa). ‘The cold-water supply to the water heaters for Zones 1 and 2 provided from the top of a cold-water riser for each of these zones. For the lower zone, itis recommended thatthe riser closest tothe pressure-regulating valve(e) or the main riser be used; for the upper zone, itis recommended that the riser closest to the ‘upper-zone feed main riser be used. This arrangement reduces the size ofthe pipe to the downstream riser (Le, in the direction of flow) and reduces the potential ‘pressure loss in the cold-water supply line to the water heater. Figure 3.2 illustrates a system where the water-main pressure variation is only ‘5 psi (34 KPa), i.., from 110 to 115 psi (759 to 793 KPa). Ifthe minimum pressure is higher than 110 psi (759 kPa) or the pressure variation is greater, the design ‘must be modified to maintain code limitations on pressure within each zone. In some instances, it may be necessary to add one or more pressure-regulating aauu WATER SUPPLY SERVICES =". Penthouse root ==. Penthouse/root af ‘seanch shutoff 23y_pes sf fee 14 sie. SE SE =| — ee Si fob vf ff train ak a eter a sere 4 Ft te _ |" eee [Ste Noowteear [|__——ef coy pee , om 3 (typical) =e od < — Bp & i ei ao Public: te ne A Ne 171G.3.2 An upleed water dstibuion sytem ln 1-tory bull: this yatm there are two ‘reseure zones. ‘valves in the feed main riser ofthe upper zone. The preferred location is at the lowest oor of the upper zone. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS IN MEDIUM-RISE BUILDINGS Upfeed Systems; Multiple Pressure Zones igure 3.3 shows a 28-story building using an upfeed distibution system. Zone 1 \WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS IN BUTLDINGS. 38 A nt Ist Eien aes spun 2 ments i as 2 Lar rancho wate | EC Eb Zone 3 S03 E tee is Soon f be E co Pumped-cold: e Eevee crate wr al — G13 apn mi bine ren hy bg isn ew Riga cnc {isthe lowest zone and is an upfced system using the pressure of the water main to distribute the water. Zones 2,3, and 4 are supplied with water at constant pres- sure from a pumping system. Zones 2 and 3 are supplied at the lowest floor of each zone through pressure-regulating valves. Zone 4 is fed directly from the pump system; its pressure does not require regulation. The controls of the pup. Ing system must be set so thatthe static pressure in Zone 4 does not exceed ihe vvalue permitted by code. ‘The water heater for Zone 1 is located in the basement and is a combination of an upfeed and downfeed system. The water heaters for Zones 2, 3, and 4a8 ‘WATER SUPPLY SERVICES are located at the top floor of each zone and are arranged as downfeed/upfeed systems. Combination Upteed/Downfeed Systems; Multiple Pressure Zones Figure 3.4 shows a 31-story building in which a combination upfeed and down- feed cold-water distribution system is installed. Zone 1 isthe lowest zone. In this zone there isan upfeed system using the pressure ofthe water main to distribute the water. Zones 2, 3, and 4 are downfeed systems fed from a gravity tank, lo- cated on the roof, as described in Chap. 4. The gravity tank must be sufficiently Boor pump syste: Zone 8 ae bt: Zorn 8 Petouwe ot eontinte R ST octet (32) cee] Been le rene Zonet Foun 27 Zone fet Geary Fav ato, sel 80pt Zones (Ber ret {a ryeusn 20 Taree Fira see | , on Snes iceace sn ri J ede F1G.34/ A combination upeed and downfced water dstibation system ina 3-tory bull inthis sysem there ate maple prssore zones, me [WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS a high to provide adequate water pressure on the top floor. Sometimes the config- uration of a building may prevent such elevation ofthe gravity tank—the condi- tion illustrated. In this case, the gravity tank will not provide adequate pressure at the 28th through the 3ist floors (ie., in Zone 5). Therefore, pressure- ‘boosting system must be utilized. Zone 5 is a downfeed system fed at constant pressure from a pumping system wherein the pump suction is directly connected {o the gravity tank. A hydropneumatic system also can be used to feed this zone. Such pressure-boosting systems are described in Chap. 4. ‘Zone 4is supplied by a dowafeed system fed directly from the feed riser at the 2M floor. Pressure regulation isnot required since the static pressure atthe low- est floor of the zone does not exceed the maximum pressure permitted by code. Zones 2 and 3 are also supplied by downfeed systems {ed from the gravity riser, but they require a pressure-regulating valve or a pressure-regulating-valve station atthe top floor of each zone because ofthe higher static pressure ofthese ‘zones. The pressure-regulating valves are set to deliver the required pressure in these zones, DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS Grabity Tanks, A gravity sank, ilustrated in Fig. 4.1, i a water storage tank in which water i stored at atmospheric pressure. The water is distributed by gravity low in a downfeed sys tem, The gravity tankis usually located at, or elevated above, the roof ofthe building and is usually filed by a pumping system. Local codes may require that high-rise buildings be provided witha storage tank above the roof to supply fire protection ‘water. If permitted by the local code, the domestic water and the fire-protection wa- SE ank may be combine, a ead in Chap. 4 Te apes of the combined tank is usually governed by the fire-protection requirements. ‘A gravity tank offers a number of advantages, including the following: 1. It provides a reserve of water in the event of a water supoly or power failure, to the extent ofits capacity. . It requires only very simple control equipment. }. It requires only a minimum of maintenance because of its simplicity, It consumes less overall energy than a constant-preseure pumping system (tankless eystem), even though the water must be raised tothe highest point in the system. 5. Itacts as a water supply having minimal and predictable pressure variations. 6. The pumps required to raise water tothe gravity tank can be selected for max- imum efficiency. Some of the disadvantages of a gravity tank are as follows: 1. The combined weight of the tank and water increases the cost of the base the building structure must be strengthened to carry this addi-a [WATER SUPPLY SERVICES 2. The space or volume required forthe gravity tank is greater than that required for a tankless system. This results ina reduction of net usable building ares. 3. A lange volume of water could be released inthe event of a rupture of the grav- ly tank. Although water damage also may occur if there is ripe rupture in a Damped tankless system, potential damage is greater with rupture of a gravity Overall, the gravity tank isthe most efficent and therefore the most economical ofthe various distribution systems for tall buildings. Its use is recommended un- less other factors preclude incorporating it into the design. Sizing considerations for gravity tanks are discussed in Chap. 4. Multiple Pressure Zones “The water supply system fora highrise building is» combination of distribution systems. Figure 3.3 shows an Story highrise bung fa which several water Alstibution systems are installed. Zone { typically i supplied by the presare from the water main—~to the extent permitted bythe residual pessre ofthe war tee main: it an upteed cold water system. ‘Zanes 2 through 9 are dowateed systems. Zone 10, the top 0%, fed from a tankless pumping system. The gravity tank i not sufficiently elevated to supply foors 81 through 8. Note the sialarty between Figs. 3.4 snd 3.3. tt make a watertight joint between the pan and the outlet pipe. Where shower cont ‘partments are installed directly on the ground, they should have floors or recep fors made of smooth, noncorrosive, and nonabsozbent waterproof materials and be fastened securely to the fixture waste-outlet pipe so as to make a watertight pint therewith. Walls of shower compartments should be constructed of smooth, ‘noncorrosive, and nonabsorbent waterproof materials to a height of not less than 6 (1.8 m) above the floor. ‘SINKS AND LAUNDRY TRAYS ‘and laundry trays should be provided with waste outlets having a diameter of a least 1% in (3.8 cm) to provide fixture drainage ata satisfactorily rapid rate ‘Each waste outlet of laundry trays should be provided wit a suitable stopper so that water may be retained in the fixture. ‘A sink and one or two laundry trays, two or thre sinks, or two or three laun- dry trays, grouped immediately adjacent to each other in the same room, may have their waste-outlet piping branched together into a single outlet pipe for the ‘youp of fstures and may be connected to the drainage system as a combination ture. A one-piece combination fixture in whieh such sink or laundry tray com partments are grouped together should be treated and connected in the same ‘Where a food-waste-grinder units to be installed in a sink, the waste opening in the fixture should have a diameter of at least 3% in (9 em). Food-wastegrindet units should be equipped with either automatic or hand-operated water supply Controls so that the unit operates only when water flows. This feature is neces: sary to minimize the incidence of stoppage in the fixture drain, In some jurisdic. ‘ons, such units should be installed only in sinks which are connected to a sep. arate drainage system in order to avoid pumping ground food waste into the public sewer systems. In other areas, authorities may deliberately encourage di Fectly connected installations for their own reasons DRINKING FOUNTAINS Nozzles of crinking fountains should be of nonoxidizing, impervious material. “They shouldbe looated 20 that the lower edge of the nuetéufice a east eh (2m) above the lod level rim of the fate (he the tp edge of receptacle at ‘which water overtiows) and should be set at an ange so that no water can dip ‘back onto the nozzle when the fixture isin use. A nonoxidizing guard should be provided above and around the nazzle to prevent the mouths and noses of users from coming into contact withthe nozale. Guards should be designed to minimize the possiiliy of transmitng infection. Both nozzle and guard should be pos toned otha th waterjet dws ntsc the guard and eats sptering, Means ‘ust be provided for regulating and adjusting the supply of water tothe érinking. Iepuninrev at ft sulabe jt of water occre when te fountain tamed Drinking fountain bowls should be designed free of comers so ast facilitate cleaning and to prevent unnecessary splashing when the jet falls into the bow!58 WATER SUPPLY SERVICES ‘The waste outlet of the bow! should have a diameter of at least 1 in (2.5 em) and sheuld be provided with a durable strainer. The height of the bowl and nozzle of 8 drinking fountain should be suitable for convenient use by the persons for ‘whom its intended. Drinking fountains equipped with more than one nozzle above the receptacle should be deemed equivalent to the number of nozzles provided at reasonable spacing and accessible to users. Similarly, where properly installed drinking: fountain nozzles are provided and approved for ure at sinks or lavatories, such nozzles should be deemed equivalent drinking-fountain fixtures. DISHWASHING MACHINES AND FIXTURES Domestic dishwashing machines may be provided in dwelling units to serve as ‘orvenient,labor-saving devices for washing and cleaning dishes, glasses, and cutlery. Many well-designed and highly efficient models are available. However, they should not be considered equivalent to, or suitable substitutes for, kitchen sinks which are required to be provided in dwelling units. Domestic machines ‘ay dain by gravity or by integral drainage pumps. . 'A separate trap should be provided for each domestic dishwashing machine rained by gravity. Machines equipped with drainage pumps may discharge through 8 drect connection to the waste-outlet piping of an adjacent kitchen sink by ‘means of a Y-branch fitting on the inlet side of the sink trap, provided that the ‘pump discharge line rises to an elevation atleast as high as the underside of the Sink im or counter before connecting to the Y-branch fiting. This provision pre- verts backup of waste into the machine when the sink drain is clogged. Where the ‘machines are indirectly connected to the drainage system, they should discharge through an airgap (se “Air Gap,” Commercial dishwashing machines or type are required to be provided where food or drink is served for human con: sumption in public or employee dining establishments. In such establishments all dishes, glasses, and cutlery which are to be reused must be washed and sanitized in conformity with standards established by the health authority having jurisdic- tios. Hot-water supply for commercial dishwashing machines and dishwashing fxtures should be provided at 140 to 160°F (60 to 711°C) for washing and at 180, {0 190°F (62 to 88°C) for sanitizing. Commercial dishwashing machines must meet sanitary standards. Such machines are required to be indirectly connected to the sanitary drainage system, ‘A minimum flow pressure of 15 psi (100 kPa) should be available inthe 180°F (820) hot-water supply line to each commercial dishwashing machine during ‘al sanitizing rinse spraying. Where the flow preseure excoeds 30 psi (200 kPa), either a pressure-reducing valve or aflow-control valve should be installed in the ‘hot water supply lin in order to keep the pressure inthe line between 15 and 30, pel (100 and 200 kPa). FLOOR DRAINS ‘A floor drain isa fixture which provides an opening in the floor to drain water into a plumbing system. It should be of adequate size to serve the purpose for PLUMBING FDCTURBS AND FITTINGS ‘which it is intended without causing puddling at the drain inlet. The minima ‘size recommended for floor drains is 5 In (7.6 em). Floor-drain inlets should located so as to be readily accessible at all times and should be provided wit ‘removable strainers. The clear open area of such strainers should be atleast two- thirds ofthe cross-sectional area of the drain pipe to which the floor drain con- ects. Floot drains should be provided with traps of the deep-sea) type-"They should also be provided with convenient water supply by means of a faucet lo- ‘ated not more than 3 f (0.9 m) above the floor area drained, unless other suit- able means for maintaining the trap seal are permitted. Further information is sven in Chap. 18 (oce “Disdus"). ‘Objections to the unnecessary installation of floor drains sometimes are raised by authorities. Their objections are based on the fact thatthe water seals of floor rain traps evaporate when they receive no waste over extended periods of time, Thee, objectionable odors and gates escape from the dsinage System into the building space where the Noor drain is located. 89 be ih FIXTURE OVERFLOWS AND STRAINERS Integral overflow passageways and separate overflow pipes provide a means of removing excess water from fixtures and preventing overflow. Such passageway evel below the ood evel rin, a stated a ig. $3, are conected the waste-outlet fitting or pipe on the outlet side of the outlet stopper, plug, or ‘control valve; they are on the inlet side ofthe fixture trap. In this way, water may vertiow from the fur and be conveyed into the drainage sytem, andthe fx ture trap serves to prevent drainage system odors and gases from escaping ‘through the overflow. A standing waste is a device for the control of the outlet and overflow of a plumbing fixture; an overflow pipe is inserted in the outlet at the bottom of the fixture or tank permitting water to be retained. Standing-waste-and-overflow fit- Ovectow chanel510 WATER SUPPLY SERVICES Logs on foxures promote insanitary conditions. Therefore, the use of sich ft- tings fe generally prohibited, Whete overflows are provided on fixtures, the waste tings thould be arranged so that water cannot rise tn the overlow When the fixture is belng filed or remain in the overfiow when the fixture Ie Durable snes shuld be provided inthe waste outs fal phambing fx ture except hone which are desgned wth integral fare tsps, Hate stain ers should be provided except where specially foqled to be ofthe removable ‘ype. The clear waterway aa of strainers shobld be not es than that required of theca waste outlet so that stator Satrecrainage wil ot be pies. INTERCEPTING STRAINERS ‘An intercepting strainer, basket, or equivalent acceptable device should be pro- vided at the waste outlet of every fixture or receptacle which receives wastes ‘containing large, objectionable solid gubstances to prevent them from the drainage system where they could clog the piping. The device should be de- signed to intercept solids ¥4 in (1.3 em) and larger in size and should be easily removable for cleaning purposes. (Also see the discussion of grates in Chap, 18, under “Drain Components.) Such a device should be provided at the waste outlet ofa fixture or receptacle receiving the wash from garbage cans, or wastes containing strings, rags, but- tons, broken glass, botle tops, feathers, entralls, or similar substances. Fixtures which receive sewage containing large, objectionable solids from indirect waste pipes should be equipped with a readily removable metal basket or bechive ‘strainer having a height of not less than 4 in (10 em), installed at the waste outlet of the fixture. SPECIAL-USE FIXTURES ‘Fixtures intended to receive and discharge objectionable quantities of detrimental ‘wastes, such as substances which can clog pipes, destroy pipes or their joint, interfere unduly with the sewage disposal process, or produce explosive mix. tures, should not be connected to the building sanitary drainage system unless such fixtures are provided with efficient and suitable means for the satisfactory treatment and handling of such wastes to render them unobjectionable and harm less. Intercepting strainers or intercepting fixture traps may be used where suit able. Where such means are unsuitable, fixtures receiving detr should be connected to an independent drainage system specially designed to dis- pose of the wastes in an acceptable manner. Fixtures which recsive the discharge of indirect waste pipes should be of suit able shape and capacity to prevent splashing and flooding. No fixtures provided for domestic or culinary purposes should be used to receive the discharge of an rect waste pipe, except that a sink or laundry tray in a dwelling unit may Serve to receive indirect wastes from domestic appliances. However, in N0 case should’ water closet, urinal, bathtub, of shower be used to receive indirect ‘wastes, for such service would impede normal use of such fixtures and promote insanitary conditions. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS su FIXTURE INSTALLATION Plumbing foxtures should be located in spaces which are adequately lighted and ventilated in conformity with applicable building regulations, Ths is a basic san itary requirement. Wherever fixtures ae installed, moisture is added tothe ait ‘when wate fows, spattering is prone to occur, and fixture odors develop. Lack of ‘doqute lighting or ventlation promotes poor maintenance and insanity cont tions. Artificial light of suitable intensity should be provided inal rooms of spaces ‘where fixtures ate installed. Ventilation may be either natural or mechanical. ‘Water closes, urinals, bathtubs, and showers shouldbe located only in rooms ‘or compartments which are adequately ventilated directly tothe outer air or are provided with independent mechanical ventilating systems which exhaust aif from such spaces tothe outer als. For netral ventilation, the minimum openate area for windows should be atleast 1¥s€° (0-14 m’) fora private tile room or bathroom and atleast 1 (0.09 m*) per water close o urinal but no less than 3 { (0.28 m?) for a toilet room or bathroom used by the public or employees. For mechanical ventilation, ar should be exhausted at arate of 2s ft/min (0.012 m/s) for private bathrooms or toilet rooms, and ata rate of 40 fin (0.019 mf) pet ‘water closet or urinal for a toilet room or bathroom used by the public or em: Po Fours which he discharge of ind pes should not belo: tres which receive of indirect waste pipes should not ‘ated in any unventilated storeroom or closet, as insanitary conditions are bound to fesult. They should be located in well lighted and amply ventilated spaces where the use of such fixtures does not constitute a misance. Preferably, they should be located where any need for maintenance will be realy apparent to building occupants. In one. and two-family dwellings, iti recommended thatthe floors of toilet rooms and bathrooms be of materials tha! are impervious to moisture so that they ‘may be washed and cleaned thoroughly. In buldings other than one- and two. family énlings, tole rooms and bathrooms shouldbe provided with waterroct ‘oors and with waterproofing extending atleast 6 in (15 cm) above the floors, ‘except at doors. Tis i required so that floors of such rooms may be quickly and «easily maintained in sanitary condition by mopping or hosing. Walls and floors adjacent to urinals should be fished with noncorrosive and nonabsorbent mete ‘als extending atleast 1 ft (0.3 m) in front of the urinal ip, 1 (0.3 m) on each side ofthe urinal, and 4f (1.2 m) above the lor. This too has been found to be necessary as a sanitary measure for normal service, ‘Water closets, urinals, bathtubs, and showers should not be located on the floor directly above space used for the manufacture, preparation, packaging, storage, or display of food unless an adctonal watertight barrier is provided {© Intervet between the tot rom or batroom for and sac space immediately ‘In genera, its recommended that no drinking fountain or equivalent d fountain rte be laced tn bathroom or tibt rooms, Hotener ie kas tak deemed permissible to provide drinking fountains in rooms Contining no more than one water closet or urinal, such as may be considered to be the condition existing in bathrooms or toilet rooms for private use where driaking water nor. mally 1s obtained at lavatories. Fistures and equipment should be located so as not to interfere with the nor- ral operation of windows, doors, or exit openings. Fixtures should be set level and in proper alignment with adjacent wals. They shouldbe installed with regard to spacing so as fo be reasonably accesible for their intended use, and for deanBaz WATER SUPPLY SERVICES ing and repairs. Where fixtures are installed in contact with walls or Hoos, the spice atthe ouier edge of fixture contact shouldbe sealed against water seepage Sothat moistre cannot gt between the fxture andthe wall or oor end promote development of vermin. ‘Wherever practicable, fixture supply and drain pipes should be run to piping ‘comections on the nearest wall rather than through the floor. Similarly, wall: hhong and builtin fixtures are preferred over foor-standig types becaise of grater ease in cleaning and maintaining floors. Fiatures having concealed pack. Ing or gasket-ype slip int connections shouldbe provided with an access panel ‘or tly space to make the slip joint accessible for repair when necessary. Wall nung water closets, urinals, and lavatories should be rigidly secu aginst the wall and rigidly held in place by durable, concealed supports 80 {tat no strain is transmitted to the piping connections, Flature connections between drainage pipes and water closets, pedestal urinals, foor-outlet ser ‘ie sis and cartenware rp standards shoul! be made by mean of proved flanges. They should be soldered, screwed, oF otherwise secu {ached to the drainage pipes in a manner suitable forthe type of drainage Piping. The flange shouldbe installed on a firm base made of materials imper- “vious to moisture. An acceptable gasket, washer, of seting compound should beplaced between the earthenware fixtire outlet and the flange, and the fx- {re should be bolted ugh tothe lange so as to form «gastign flat. Com: Imercial putty and plaster of paris are unsutable for use a8 fixture gasket ma- {etal foF they tend to wash away in service. FIXTURE TRAPS Arup, illustated in Fig. 18.224, by device that maintains a water seal against the passage of sewer gas, ar, and odors originating inside a drainage system, “wile permitting unrestricted passage of liquid waste into the system. Each fix ture directly connected to the sanitary drainage system should be equipped with such a trap; the vertical distance from the fixture outlet to the trap weit must not exceed 2 ft (0.6 m), as illustrated in Fig. 5.4. Similarly, fixtures which discharge: ‘wastes indirectly through drainage pip- ing exceeding 4 ft (1.2 m) in developed length, measured from the fxture out- let, should be equipped with a trap. Foeete outlet ‘Any greater length of untrapped waste Maximum distance ping produces an excessive and ob- xin Jeeiionsble amount of odor and war- s| from fixture outlet 3 fomtene ‘ants installation of a trap to prevent ‘ir circulation through the fixture ‘waste outlet. ‘A single trap may be provided for a sink and ono wo ny aye, to for three sinks, or two ot three laundry ‘rays grouped immediately adjacent to Trap weir ‘each other in the same room. But in .- this combination or group of fixtures, FIG. 5.6 The distance between 8 fisure ou up of fixtu Jet ind the wer of a tap io which itis con. 10 sink should be equipped with 3 ected may nt exceed 8 in (8 food-waste-grinder unit because in the PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS 513 ‘event of a stoppage in the fixture trap or drain, ground food waste would be pumped into other fixtures of the group when the grinder was used. ‘Several designs of fixture traps used inthe past and found to be unsatisfactory and objectionable are stated in codes as prohibited types; they include traps which depend upon the action of movable parts for their seal, crown-vented traps, or bell traps except where installed in refrigerator safes or receptors. Bell {raps cannot perform thei function when the bells removed, displaced from nor- ‘mal position, or broken. Nevertheless, this type of trap is permitted for refriger- ator safes and receptors which are set at floor level. In this location, the bel is visible, may be easly removed, and may serve as a convenient means of access. for cleaning the indirect waste piping to which the trap connects. To avoid stoppages, fixture traps should be self-cleaning, except for those. {types that are specially designed to intercept grease or sediment. Traps which are integral with fixtures should have uniform interiors and smooth waterways, Traps should contain no movable parts, nor should they be designed with interior par- titions, except where they are integral with fostures or are designed for grease or sediment interception. The bodies of drum traps should have a diarcterof either 3 or 4 in (7.6 or 10 cm). In the design of intercepting traps, provision should be ‘made to prevent them from becoming airbound, ‘Fixture traps should have a water seal whose depth isnot less than 2 in (6.1 em) but not more than 4 in (10.2 em), except where permitted for ase in special conditions. Traps having a seal whose depth is less then 2in(S.1 em) should be avoided, because the criterion for sizing the vent piping system is based upon the ‘usé of traps having a minimum depth of seal of 2 in (3-1 om). Convenient access to th interior of fixture traps is necessary so that they may bbe readily cleared whenever stoppages occur. An accessible brass screw cleanott ‘or plug should be provided in the water seal of each common fixture trap, pret= ‘erably at the bottom of the trap where it may serve as a drain pleg. However, such a cleanout provision is unnecessary where the fixture tap it integral, of ‘combined withthe fixture, and the trap seal is readily accessible from the fixture, ‘or where a portion ofthe rap is easily removable for cleaning purposes. Where & fixture serves as a receptor for indirect wastes and is set below floor level, arun- ning trap witha cleanout extended to floor level should be provided adjacent to the fixture. (A running trap is a depressed U-shaped section of pipe in a drain; it allows the fee passage of uid, but always remains full, whatever the state ofthe Pipe, s0 that it forms a seal against the passage of gases.) Special fixture traps ‘esigned for interception of grease, hair, or similar substances may have gastight covers, handholes, or other cleanout provisions held in place by lugs or bolts. ‘Traps should be installed level with respect to their water seals 6 thatthe seal ‘strength for which they are designed may be fully effective in resisting pneumatic pressure fluctuations in the drainage system. They should be loctted in areas ‘where they are not subject to damage from freezing, or should be provided with adequate protection against frost conditions. It is recommended that fixture traps bo installed as close as practicable to the fxture waste Outlet to minimize loss of trap seal duc to momentum of waste flow when the fxture discharges and to min- imize odors from the fouled interior of piping between the fixture waste outlet and the trap. The maximum developed lengtht between the fixture waste outlet ‘and trap should be limited to 2 ft (0.61 m). However, this length may be as much ‘84 (1.2:m) where fixtures are remote from all wall, as in “island” sinks, wash Aon pie ve pevaped rei the eng of pti sured along the center of the pipe and fittings.51 [WATER SUPPLY SERVICES fountains, and lavatories, provided the fixture has a large interior flat bottom (120 in*(7.7 em*) or more in area} or is not equipped with a waste-outlet stopper ot plug. Excessive trap seal losses do not occur with such fetures when they dis- charge because of the high amount of tail low which refills the seal atthe ond of discharge. The greater length of piping between the trap and the waste outlet i ‘no more than would be exposed to room atmosphere where a combination fixture ‘at installed, and should be no more productive of objectionable odors. ‘The size of trap for any given fixture should be sufficient to permit satisfacto- rily rapid fixture drainage. In no case should a fixture trap be larger than the fx- ‘ure drain to which it connects, for then an obstruction or ledge would be formed atthe trap outlet and promote stoppage of the trap. Recommended minimum sizes for fixture traps are given in Table 5.3, Use of intercepting Fixture Traps Intercepting fixture traps should be provided only where they constitute the most suitable and acceptable means of removing objectionable substances from detri- ‘mental wastes. Such traps should be installed sticly in sccordance with their approvals in respect to type, size, rating, and location, No wastes should be dis- ‘charged through intercepting traps other than those which the traps are designed ‘handle. Each intercepting trap should be installed and located go as to provide ready access to the trap cover or access to other means for maintaining the de- _ vice in efficient operating condition. All intercepting traps require maintenance. Accumblated intercepted material must be removed periodically so that they can ‘operate efficiently and perform satisfactorily. ‘An approved grease-intercepting trap, stch as the one shown in Fig. 18:17, should be installed in the drain of any fixture through which an objectionable amcunt of grease usually enters the building drainage system, such as i taunnnt, cafeteria, commercial kitchen, or bar Kitchen. In such catablisharcis, rease-interoepting traps should be installed inthe fixture drains of pot, scullery, Or food-scrap sinks and in floor drains which receive waste or spillage from Soup tercepting traps should not be installed in the k that is equipped with a food-waste-grinder unit; in that case, the trap would interoept and be rapidly filled with ground food waste. 1h commercial establishments, an approved sediment-intercepting trap, for in- tercepting plaster, har, silt, sand, or similar solid substances, should be installed i the fixture drain of each fixtare at which such substances are introduced Into the drainage system in objectionable quantities. For example, approved sedi- ‘ment intercepting traps of suitable type should be installed in the fixture drains of dental and orthopedic laboratory sinks, as well as sinks that receive wastes re- sulting from various activities such as hai-removal processes and commercial car ‘wasting. VAPOR RELIEF VENTS AND LOCAL VENTS FOR FIXTURES ‘A vapor relief vent (locale local vent or local ventilating pipe) i a pipe on the ture side of a tap through which vapor or ful ait ie teaoved fou the PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS 515 ‘TABLE 5.3_Minimum Sizes of Traps for Various Pambing Fiatures She Fisture 5 = ‘Bathtub (with or without overhead shower) 1% Bidet 1% ‘Combination sink and wash tay 1% ‘Combination sink and wash tray with food-wvaste grinder 1M" ‘Dental unit or euspidor ™ Dental lavatory m% Drinking fountain ™ Dishwasher, commercial 2 Dishwasher, domestic vs Floor dain 3 Kitchen sink, domestic 1% Kitchen sink, domestic, with food-vaste grader % Lavatory, common 1% Lavatory (barber shop, beauty patlor, or surgeon's) 1% ‘Lavatory, maltipleaype (wath fountain or wash sink) % Laundry tray (one or two compartments) % ‘Shower stall 2 Sink (surgeon's) 1% ‘Sink (lushng-rintype, lsh valve supplied) 3 ‘Sink (service-type with or out tap standard) 3 ‘Sink (service-type with Ptrap) 2 ‘Sink, commercial (pot, scully, or similar type)* 2 Sink, commercial (with food-wast-grinder unt) 2 ‘Urinal (pedestlaype integral type) 3 nominal ‘Urinal (a types with imegral traps except pedestal type) 2 nominal 3a ‘Urinal (tll-washout-type, separate trap) 2 34 ‘Urinal (wall hong washout-ype, separate trap) ™ 38 Water closet 3 nominal 1s “ag SON Hap eae for he wih yaad er he Sak compari! wit onan pinder ‘ype of fixtures used atthe time, These pipes were called local vents or local ventilation pipes, since they were intended to ventilate the odorous fixtures and remove al from adjacent areas, rather than to ventilate the interior of the sanitary drainage system. With the de- ‘velopment of modem sanitary types of water closets and urinals, andthe req516 WATER SUPPLY SERVICES ment of adequate ventilation of toilet rooms and bathrooms, the reed for insall- ing local ventilation pipes for such fixtures disappeared. Vapor rele pipes should bbe independent of other vent pipes, ventilating ducts, and flues. ‘Where vapor relief pipes ate provided for fixtures on two er more floors and they are connected as branches to a vapor relief stack, the stack should be ex- tended independently through the building roof, or o an approved location in the ‘open air, and terminated as required for stacks of the sanitary drainage system ‘Vapor relict pipes in which condensation can collect should be provided with drip pipes. The drip pipe for an individual vapor relief pipe may be cennected to the ‘waste outlet piping on the inlet side of the trap of the fixture served by the relief Pipe. Other drip pipes should drain in the same manner as indirect waste pipes tnd discharge into a fixture or receptacle approved for such us ‘The sizeof individual vapor relief pipes should be atleast as lage asthe relief ‘outlet ofthe fixture in each case. Vapor relief stacks and branch pipes serving ‘so or more individual vapor relief pipes should be at least one Standard size larger than the largest individual pipe connceted thereto, but in no ease having a diameter of less than 1¥ in (3.2 em). Vapor relief stacks should extend upward ‘undiminished in size from the lowest vapor relief branch to the vent terminal in the open ait. Drip pipes connected at the base of vapor relief stacks should have 4 diameter of at least 144 in (3.2 em), PLUMBING APPLIANCES AND THEIR VIBRATION ISOLATION (ALSO SEE CHAP. 20) “The tem plumbing appliance is defined in standards as any one ofa special class of plumbing fixture which i intended to perform a special funcior. Ie operation andor control may be dependent upon one or more energized components sich ‘motors, controls, heating clement, or pressure- or temperature-acnsing ele ments. Such fures may operate auiomaticaly through one or more of the Tol lowing: atime eycle, a temperature range, a presse range, or a measured vol- ume or weight. Or the fixture may be manually adjusted or contoted by the user ‘or operator. Automatic dishwashing machines, automatic clothes washing ma: chines, and food-waste-grinder units—domestc, household, snd. commercial {ypes—are included inthe term plumbing appliance lcetrcal connections to such equipment should conform to applicable prov- sions ofthe National Electrical Code# = Water-upply and drainaye connections to Such equipment should conform to applicable provisions of the National Stane dard Plumbing Code. ‘Use of energized components, such as electrical motors and sclenoid valves, 4s part of or in conjunction with Such fixtures may result in severe notse, shock, land vibration being transmitted into the building structure ‘wnless appropriate ‘means are provided to isolate, eliminate, of suppress such undesvable elects Plumbing appliances shouldbe installed wilt due consigeraton for vibration fsolation, Flexible connections bewween such appliances and the twilding plumb: ing system, and between the appliances andthe building structure, are necessary features for satisfactory instalation of plumbing appliances. For example Fig. 55 shows the installation of a gatbage-disposal (food-waste-rinder) unit, de- NHS Ein Cote ne NECY rept dems ef te Nao! re Practon Associnton Quingy, Minsachaets [PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS sar A= Rubber Gasket ~ Ring Pot F Go OipiFionge = Acoustic art 1 Ste asrer—fClarwao! = caine TT Rusber Waser N= Spt tousing Eo Maine coat J = Nut Rubber Sleeve P uber Hose N16. $3 tngataon o€ «food wase pine, dedgne wo edace {he tenamtion of bation the esbinet n whi iis tale, K=Ring Clamp ral Cover51 WATER SUPPLY SERVICES signed for quiet operation. The units resiliently isolated by a rubber gasket from, ‘the cabinet in which itis set. The cabinet is lined with a sound-absorptive mate- tial. The disposer housing is isolated from the sink by rabber gasketing. Its also. isolated from the waste line by a rubber sleeve. Figure 5.6 shows the design and installation of washing machine for quiet operation. Neoprene pads are under each of the legs to reduce the transmission of solidborne noise to the building structure. Adjustable leveling screws are used 10 prevent the unit from wobbling. The housing of the washing machine has been treated with a vibration-damping material to reduce nolse output. Rubber hose. ‘connects the unit to the water supply. REFERENCES |. National Asocition of Plumbing, Heating and Cooling Contractors (NAPHCC), 1016: 20th Steet. NW... Washington. DC 20036. 2. American Soci rs (ASPE), 15253 Ventura Blvd, Sherman’ Arvercan Society of Planting Enger (ASPE, 123 V. Oaks, 3. American National Standards Insitute (ANSI), 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, 4+ American Society of Mecha! Enger (ASME), 34 East th Suet, New York, Nv 10017. 5: AleCondlonng and Retigeraton Insite (ARN, 1501 Wilton Boulevard, Align, 1A 228, 6. Associaton of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM), 20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago, 1 osos. 7 American Society of Sanitary Engineering (ASSE), P.O, Box 9712, By Vilage, OH. CHAPTER 6 WATER PUMPS John H. Doolin, P.E, Dresser Pump Division, Dresser Industries INTRODUCTION amps a pity tice gp amiga emg onan. ne Sees ey oh i tei and ye acon Fe rau nd emer tu tee sz rs i oe i er eet cn alpen coating gu we sera a ee ee ate eile, termed Fe 0 nan npn at saps eg da ur ng ob Gal rare a ery rg a wi versal tsaoen a oF Aron nee dec rome Suh nf Sow, Ter mpl ced cesRotaon Grecton ot ow Targa conpenent thom Tepaer 1G. 62 Impeier is by far the most common in use in buildings because of its simple construction and relatively low cost. ‘This chapter describes the different types of centrifugal pumps, how they thei buildings, ist amps and their applications. PUMP TYPES AND NOMENCLATURE “The types of centrifugal pumps used in buildings are often confusing because such pumps are identified in a numberof different ways, according to (a the in- {eral design, () single-suction vs. doublesuction configuration, (e) the shape of the impeller and its operating characteristics, () the casing design, () the type of ‘connection between the motor and pump, (the postion of the pump in relation to the water being pumped, and (g) the number of stages of the pump. Internal Design ; ‘The casing of a pump is the housing that encloses the impeller and collects the liquid being pumped. The liquid enters at the eye, located at the center, of the Impeller. Its the impeller that ‘energy to the liquid. After being rotated Dyin fre on tine teil Scared ah « penly ceed wveloety tthe periphery, where i is guided tothe dlscharge Bozzi though 4 Spiralshaped pasagecaled a vole, This shape is designed fo result in an cqual flow velocity at ll points around the circmference. ‘The single-suction pump, illustrated in Fig. 6.3, has a spiral-shape casing and is WATER PUMPS. 63 Dischege HIG. 63. Slaglesuction, radilsplt, overuung impeller pump. (Courtesy of Dresser Pomp) ‘most commonly used. The water enters the impeller from only one side. In the ouble-suction pump, illustrated in Fig. 6.4, the water enters both sides of the double-suction impeller so that yc “Unbalance is practically eliminated. Siro only halt te How enter eae side ofthe nopeler, robles wih inlet de sign of Righerslow pumps are somewhat relieved. is, usually imouoted Between two Bearings, andthe caing Te i sl ‘mxilly (see “Casing Desiga,” below) to permit convenient servicing of the pump. ‘Shape of the Impeller Impellers are curved to minimize the shock losses of flow inthe liquid as it moves from the eye to the shrouds, which are disks that enclose the impeller vanes. If an impeller has no shrouds, as shown in Fig. 6.5, itis called an open impeller, this ‘ype usualy 1s used where the water being pumped contains suspended solids. Tr an impeller has two shrouds, itis called a closed impeller, it requires little main {enance and usually retains its operating efficiency longer than open impellers. If the impeller has one shroud, it is called a semilopen impeller Casing Design Casing are typed as radially split or axially spit. The axially split casing lus- ‘vated in Fig. 64 is one that is split parallel to the shaft axis so thatthe pump may bbe opened without disturbing the System piping, which makes it convenient t0 service. Radially split casings, illustrated in Fig. 6.3, ae spit perpendicular to the shaft axis, resulting in a simpler joint design. aea \WATER SUPPLY SERVICES lO. 64 Double scion, ana pit, between beaing pump. (Coury of reser Pang.) MIG. 65 Open impeter. ‘Type of Connection between Motor and Purnp ‘A separately coupled pump is one in which the electric motor drive is connected to the pump by means ofa flexible coupling. Both pump and motor are mounted ‘on a structural baseplate to provide support and maintain shaft alignment. “Acclose-coupled purp is one in which the same shafts used for both the and pump. This constriction results in low initial cost and installation cost and avoids alignment problems. It may also result in motor noise being transmited to the pump and piping. 'A motor-face-mounted pump is one in which the pump is separately coupled ‘with a face-mounted motor. This arrangement substitutes a structural ceanection. (WATER PUMPS 5 between the pump and motor. It eliminates the need for a structural baseplate and minimizes coupling alignment problems, ‘Support of the Pump Horizontal dry-pit support is one where the pump is located with the shaft in a hhorizonta position ina dry location such asa basement floor or even a special pit constructed for the pump. The pump assembly is supported by the floor, and the structural baseplate is usually grouted tothe floor. This is the most common sup- port arrangement. ‘In-line pumps are supported directly by the system piping; le. the piping car- ries the weight ofthe pump. The pump-motor assembly is usually mounted ver- tically in order to save floor space and center the weight over the piping. Some ‘smaller pumps may hang horizontally from the piping, and some larger vertically ‘mounted pumps may also rest on the floor. Werpit pumps are those which are immersed inthe liquid to be pumped. This fs most common with sump pumps where the pumping end is immersed in the liquid in the sump. The pump may be supportel on the floor of the sump, or it may be suspended from a structural floor above the sump. Bearing Support Shaft sapport is usualy provided by ball bearings which are lubricated by grease ‘rll Some types of pump, soch as submersite pump (descrbed below), de. Ped on the iguid being pumped to lsricte thebearings-In such pumps, seve journal bearings are eed, : a is centifugal pump whose impeller i supported by bearings on cach side, aa shown in ig 6 Tis delgn @ wualy Wet with < oubie-sction impeller and with he eating splitin the sual direction so that the lan be ited of and he ong semen renoeds "An overhung impeller pump in & centil pomp tht has the inpller mounted on te end of a shat that overhangs fe bearags as shown in Fig: 6, Iivine crulating pore are ofthis pe. ‘Single-Stage vs. Multistege Pumps. A single stage pump is one which has only one impeller. The total head is devel- ‘oped by the pump in one stage. ‘A multistage pump is one which has two or more impellers. The total head is developed in multiple stages. Vertical turbine pumps are a unique type of multistage pump. They are de- ‘signed primarily to pump water from deep wells and are long and slender. Materials (Centrifugal pumps used for most building services are built with castiron cas- ings, bronze impelters, and bronze small pars. Stainless-steel impellers and6s WATER SUPPLY SERVICES stainless-steel small pats also are common. Castiron impellers may be used, but te life of a cast-iron impeller is shorter than that of a bronze or stainless-steel impeller. Reference 2 has extensive tables on appropriate materials for pumping ferent types of liquids. Shatts, Seals, an “The shaft used to drive the impeller of the pump enters the casing through an ‘opening that must be cealed to prevent leakage around the shaft; i.e. the ‘ust prevent liquid from leaving and air from entering. Two types of seals are ‘used: soft fiber packing and mechanical face seals. Where packing is used, the shaft enters the opening through a stuffing box. Liquid is prevented from leaking ‘ont by filing this opening with a soft fiber packing. The packing material, which is relatively inexpensive, can usually be replaced without disassembling the pump, However, the packing wil leak about 60 drops per minute and requires Periodic adjustment, Mechanical seals are commonly used instead of packing be- ‘ause they are reliable, have good life expectancy, are practically leac-free, and so not require periodic adjustment. rings PUMP CHARACTERISTICS Capacity “he capacity of pusp isthe rate of fw of liquid through the impel ex: ‘resol in gllons per minut, gp (evbic meters per hot, 78). “Total Head ‘Head h isthe energy pe uit weight ofa fui due to (a) ts presure head hy (b) is velocity head he, and (c) is elevation head Z shove some datum. It is Com monly expressed a8 the height of a column of water in feet (or meters) which is tecessay to develop specfc pressure. The otal head developed by a pump is {yual to the discharge head hy minus the suction head hy. The discharge head {ie energy per nit weight of uid on the discharge sde ofthe pump. The suction ‘ead is the energy per unt weight on the suetion side of te pump. According > these definitions Discharge head y= ga + hes + Ze f() 6» Suction head hy = hye + Ig +2, (0) a ‘Therefore, by definition, the total head # is equal to the diference between Eqs. (61) and (6.2); ie, Total head = hy - hy f(a) co) Therefore, Hm hye + I + Za~ hge ~ oe = Ze 0) ay WATER PUMPS “7 there is some distance between the points of measurement ofthe discharge bead andthe sueton head, there will bea fiction loss head hy that must beaded 10 Ba. (64) Len Ho bya t Ing + Za ~ Fe ~ lag = Ze thy f(a) (68) ‘Values of hy in pipes and fittings can be determined from data given in several handbooks. "Reference 3 is recommended. ‘The pressure head h, is given by =2 nk oy ‘where p = pressure in pounds per square foot and y = specific weight of the liq- vid in per cubic foot. Tn the metric system A, is given by 2 om tok (66a) ‘where p = pressure in newtons per square meter, or pascals, and y = specific ‘weight of the liquid in newtons per cubic meter. nek on n where V = velocity of flow in feet per second and g = acceleration of gravity in feet per second per second. In the metric system h, is equal to v nem 670) payin Meade hood ste sai elevation meanre fet (meters) st the sane oit where he rents ib messed. Note a pee ease ‘used, the center of the gage is the measurement point for the static head. The Sin ah une apes ny el were po ch The sybol and unis used inthis secton ar the sane a thee ued bythe ytrade este tad pblohed whet where meters The Input Power ‘The input power or brake horsepower P, required o drive sucha punp also var- {es with capacity, as shown in Fig. 66.oe (WATER SUPPLY SERVICES. “ota (n) Bre ara RPS, ‘apa ao INT JIG. 6 Cenrtupa pomp performance characteristics. Output Power “The pump output power ot water horsepower Pi given by QXHxs Py = 2SEXS ip co) -vhere Q = capacity of the pump, gpm HI = tal toad, ft = specific gravity of liquid pumped Tn the mesre system, the pump output power is given by _QxHxS 367 where Q = capacity ofthe pump, "fe Hi = total head, m = specific gravity of liquid pumped Py iw (6.80) Eftiioncy ‘The eficiency in percent with which the pump operates is the ratio of the output power to the input power multiplied by 100. I is given by Pe Pump efficiency = 5 x 100 69 ificiency varies with capacity, as shown in Fig. 6.6, reaching a maximum value at one capacity where the sun of al losses is « minimum. WATER PUMPS so [Not Positive Suction Head ‘Net positive suction head (NPSH) isthe total suction head in feet (meter) of ig uid im absolute pressure terms determined atthe pump impeller, minus the vapor pressure of the liquid in feet (meters). The nt postive suction head required (NPSHR) by the pump ie determined by test and isthe NPSH value at which the Pump total ead hus deereased by 3 percent because of low suction head and e- Solting cavitation within the pump. Jn multstage pumps, the 3 percent bead fe- dton refers 0 the at tage ead ‘As lotrel in Fig, 66, the NPSHR in ‘creates with capacity. Spood Usually @ centrifugal pump is driven by a constart-speed electric motor. How- ver, itis more efficient to control a pump by a variable-speed drive. The extra. cost of variable-speed drives can be justified by the resultant savings in electric power. ‘Centrifugal pump characteristics vary with speed according to the following. % , cont n= et «9 ras ot Pa Nay? Tnput power = (Ri) (6.2 Na = second rotating speed. zor Qi = capac tN gm of) ‘capacity at Nx gpm (af) ‘tal head at Ny f(r) ‘P, = input power at Wj, Pi = input power at Ni, ‘The total head vs. capacity characteris {ferent speeds are illustrated in Fig. 6.7. for s typical pump at several dif ‘System Head Curve In order to move liquid through any system of pipes, the pump must produce @ ‘tal head equal to or greater than the total head required by the system. The ‘system head usually increases with flow rate, and if plotied vs. capacity, it is called the system head curve. ‘The shape of the system head curve is an important consideration in the [Proper selection of a pump in building services. The total head required to pump ‘he610 [WATER SUPPLY SERVICES asa aoe CRT FIG. 67 Varibespeed pump curve. liquid through a system is the sum of the static head and the head duc to friction Joss inthe system, For example, to pump water to the top ofa S0-ft (15m) bulld- ing, the total head required is 50 ft (15 m) plus some fticton loss. Ifthe friction 4s at the required flow is equivalent to a head of 10 ft (3 m), the total head re- quired is 60 ft (18 m). When the low is zero, there is no friction loss so the total hhead required is only 50 ft (15 m). As the head due to friction loss gradually in- creases, the total head required asa function of capacity looks like curve 1 in Fig. 658. In circulating water systems where overcoming fiction is the principal con cer, the system head curve for 0 (18 m) total ead looks like curve 2in Fig. ita typical pump characteristic curve from Fig. 6.6 s combined with either of the above system head curves, aresult such as that shown in Fig. 6.9is obtained. Creaiy, mm cops, er MIO. 68 System head curves WATER PUMPS an 100 ns copsey som IG. 63 Pump curve pat system head curve ‘The pump will operate where te pump curve intersects with the system head uve; at ia pot the il ow regued wl be pumped Because the pump is subject fo wear, the total hesdoutpt is redvced. As a tester is & reduction inflow. However, note thatthe reduction is grater when there ia high static head tna when the hear due only to fiction ses, Fence is important that the sytem head curve abd pun characterise curve be compared a the me of pump sslecton fo ensure that 10 perent reduction in pump outpet, due to wear, dees nok reat n'a significant feduetion in ow Pump Efficiency CCentsifugal pumps are more efficient at high low rates and moderate heads than alow flow rates and high heads Figure 6-10 shows a char of total bead vs, ea pacity. The char fe divided into four regions indeating tne type of controgal Dump required to provide good eicency: ‘Region 1._tn this region, pump, inching many single-stage pumps that are used in building applications, operate efficently and at low Gost at 3600 rpm. 2. I this region, where pump capacities may exceed 1000 gpm (25 th), single-stage pumps are efficient, but the pump operating speeds must be [ess than 3600 rpm Beeause of imitations of performance onthe suction sie of the impeller. Region 3. In this region, whee th total head has a high value, single st ‘Pumps operating at 3600 rpm se inefficlest. Tere mlistage pump are com only used, but single-stage pumps with gear drives or vanable frequency ‘rves, operating at high speed (upto 20,000 rpm), are sometimes used. Region 4. In this repion, where the capacity is very low, small multistage Dumps with as many 2828 stages muy be roqeied, aea WATER SUPPLY SERVICES 1009 300 wattage P| potas iL sent ai PA uw [LO] LE FIG. 6.10 Pump type selection cart, ‘To use this chart, simply plot the capacity and total head required and the chart will indicate the type of pump most suitable for the application. For exam- pl, ifthe required capacity is 50 gpm (11 m'/h) sta total head of $00 f (152 m), {he conditon point isin Region 4and a mulstage pump is most efficent, PUMP APPLICATIONS IN BUILDINGS pump used to increase the pressure in a water supply line. ‘Water usually is supplied by most utility water companies at a pressure of 75 psig. (500 kPa) Ths is adequate for most relatively low buildings but is inadequate for buildings ofS to 10 stories or higher. To provide additional pressure, one or more Booster pumps may be requted a ested in Cha. 4; Boose pumps require ‘no special design features; most of those described inthis chapter can be used if properly selected for head and capacity. On the other hand, the expacity demand fn such pumps may vary from a daytime maximum to a nighttime low of practi- cally nothing. Such operation wastes power and causes rapid wea: in pumps. For these reasons, water reserve tanks on the roof of the building or tanks under air pressure shouid be used to even out demand as described in Chap. 4. A pressure Switch and check valve should be used to shut down the booster pump automat: feally when iis not reqieed Pumps for Circulating Hot and Cold Water Central heating and air-conditioning systems may requize the circulation of hot oF ‘cold water for space heating or cooling. In such applications, quiet operation of WATER PUMES 612 the cirulator pump is important, Pump noise can be carved through the piping system and be a source of disturbance in quit rooms some distance away. To ‘minimize noise generation, besides implementing other noise control measures, the rotational speed of the pump is often limited to 1800 rpm. It is also helpful to select a pump that provides wide clearance between the mpeler and casing vo- ‘te tongue, with a minimim value of 15 percent ofthe impeller radius; since this ‘will minimize hydraulic pulsations and therefore the generation of noise. or water cculation systems, an inline eiculator pump is usually used. ‘These pumps are generally operated at low speeds with avery flexible coupling between the pump and motor and cushioned motor mountings to minimize the ‘wanemitsion Of motor noise tothe circulation system. “The circulation of water in high-rise buildings sometimes presents problems bbocaus a high-pressure system may be required to accommodate the height of the verial pipes, Stel pump casings may be required to withtand the high sy tem pressure; care mus! be taken to ensure that mechanical seals also can with: stand these pressure, gartcularly in hotwater systems. A high-pressure hot-water system is difficult to seal because the hot water turns to steam between the sea faces, thereby eliminating any lubricating or cool ing action. As a result, the seal faces wear quickly. Fire Pumps Fire pumps are designed for connection to automatic sprinkler systems; they are rarely, ifever, used. However, they are usually tumed on periodically fora short time to ensure their proper operation if needed. Most fie insurance companies require that pumps be certified by Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., or Factory ‘Matual Research Corperation to show that they meet the requirements for fire pump service. The horizontal axal-split, double-suction pump, Fig. 64, is most ‘Commonly used. Howevet, in some smaller sprinkler systems, the end suction ‘Pump, illustrated in Fig. 6.3, s used. For sprinkler systems that use well water as ‘source of supply, vertical turbine pumps are available. ‘All fire pumps are certified by Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.» or Factory ‘Mutual Engineering and Research Corporations for a specific capacity in gallons per minute and total head in pounds per square inch gage and carry a special ‘nameplate to that effect.* Sewage Service and Sump Pumps ‘A.sump is tank or pit, ocated below the normal grade of the gravity system that reocives and temporal stores sewage or iid wast, and is emplied by means ‘of a pump called sump pump of sewage pump. Sewage pumps are exnrifugal pumps of special design, having impellers that can pump large pices of solid matter without clogging. Even the emallest pups ofthis ype ere subject o the requlrement thatthe impeller pas a sphere? in {6.cm) in dameter, In dition to wide impellers, handholes are provided inthe ‘Pump casing for accesso remove obstacles that may lodge inthe pump. Such & ‘Pump usually is mounted vercally to save float space ia the conned ea of Sump. This arrangement raises the motor relatively high 80 that tis protected in {he event of flooding ofthe sump. Many installations purposely raise the motor ‘even higher with an extended drive shat. aeoa WATER SUPPLY SERVICES Other installations inclade the vertical sump pump of the volute type. If used for handling sanitary sewage, the impeller of such a pump must have the same sollds-handing capability described above. Ifthe pump is used to remove storm Arnage and other runoff water, « more conventional impeller can be used. In either ease, the design and lubrication ofthe lower support bearing is of para ‘mount importance since ths bearing isthe weakest componea inthe structure. A. hard shaft sleeve which ran in a wear-resistant material i important. 1¢ wil pro- long the lfe ofthe pump if this Bearing i fushed periodically with an indepen- dant source of clean water. Submersible pumps are frequently used in sewage and sump application. A submersible pump is usually of close coupled construction with the electric mo- tr protected by waterpo! Howing tht permit the pnp and otf be submerged inthe liquid to be pumped: Such a pump may be mounted on aside o permit femval rom fie sup forsee wks ima ef. Tae Pressure connection between the casing andthe piping is designed for automatic ‘lease when the pump is removed from the sump. ‘eral tp pump are med othe or pve the np. foo s- poring the pump is extremely important to avold vibration problens. The floor should have’ natural frequency of vibration well above the operating speed ofthe amp. Pump Installation ‘The pump manufacturer’s instruction manual is the first place to rele to for in- fermation on the proper installation of a centrifugal pump. The Hyéraulic Insti- ‘ue standards” provide much helpful information on this subject. Experience has shown that the most critical steps in any installation include the following: + Rigidly support the foundation of a pump. This is particularly important with vertically mounted pumps, which are more likely to vibrate excessively be- ‘cause of resonance with relatively flimsy supports. ‘+ Minimize piping strain where practical. Pumps should not be used as pipe hang- ‘rs or supports. Excessive forces on pumps from expanding or heavy pipes should be avoided. * Accurately align the pump and drive shaft to minimize vibration and load on pump and motor bearings. + Ensure that the inlet piping is relatively straight where itis connected to the pump so that flow entering the impeller is uniform. + Avoid water hammer (described in Chap. 11) by avoiding contro valves or check valves which quickly stop the flow of water, thereby creating a surge in pressure. ‘When noise and vibration are of particular concer, itis best to install pumps ox an inertia block whichis in turn mounted on vibration isolators. Such arrange- ments are described in Ref. 5. CContritugal Pump Operation Centrifugal pumps are usually designed to operate continuously without prob- lems for atleast 5 years. Proper lubrication of bearings and adjustment of stuffing WATER PUMPS as box packing at regular intervals are important. Its also common to replace me- chancal seals regularly. In addition, to ensure proper operation of the pump, + Opzrate the pump as closely as possible to itspoins of highest efficiency. When pumps operate below 50 percent of this value, recirculating flow within the im- peller can result in cavitation and excessive forces on the shaft and bearings, causing damage. + Avoid pumping abrasive solids. Most centrifugal pumps are not designed to hanale liquid with abrasive solids. Although this is generally not a problem in ‘building services, sump pumps may collect dirt with water runofl. Therefore & setiing chamber upstream of the sump pump is helpful. + Provide NPSH margin. The value of net positive suction head re- ‘quired by the pump is indicated by the pump manufacturer. This value is based ‘on a pump test with some eavitation occurring. Experience shows that to avoid cavitation, about 5 times this value may be required. However, i the output power of « pump is below 300 hp (400 kW), an NPSH value equal to the NPSH Fequited by the pump will usually result in satisfactory pump life, 7, Karassk, W. C. Krutach, W. H. Fraser, and J. P. Messina (es.), Pump Hand- ook, 24 ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY 1002, 1986. 2, Hyrule Insttute Standard, Hydraulic Institate, Cleveland, OH M17, 1983. 3. Engineering Data Book, Lt ed, Hydralic Tstute, Cleveland, OH 44107, 1979. 4 Pani 2, National Fre Proton Aavociton, Baterymarch Pak, Quine, MA 5. C.M, Haris, Shock and Vibration Handbook, 34 ed, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY 10020, 1988.CHAPTER 7 SIZING A WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM Louis S. Nielsen, P.E. Consulting Engineer DESIGN OBJECTIVES ‘The most important design objective in sizing the water supply system is the sat- {stactory supply of potable water to all fixtures, at all times, and at proper pres- ‘sure and flow rate for normal fixture operation. This may be achieved only if ad- ‘equate sizes of pipes and appurtenances are provided. The sizes established must bbe large enough to prevent eccurrence of negative pressures in any part of the system during periods of peak demand in order to avoid the hazard of water sup- ply contamination due to backflow and backsiphonage from potential sources of pollution. Hence, the sizing of building water supply systems is a matter of vital ‘Soncern in protecting health and must be regulated by codes. ‘Other important objectives in the design of water supply systems are: (a) 10 achieve economical sizing of piping and eliminate overdesign; (b) to provide talost potential supply flere due to gradual reduction of pipe bore with the ‘passing of time, such as may result from deposits of corrosion or hard-water scale (¢) to avoid erosion-corrosion effects and potential pipe failure or leakage con: to corrosive characteristics of the water andjor to ex- cessive design velocities of low; and (d) to eliminate water hammer damage and objectionable whistling noise effects in the piping duc to excessive design veloc- ites of flow. DESIGN FOR MINIMUM AVAILABLE PRESSURE ‘The water supply system should be designed in accordance with the minimum pressure available at the public water main, or other source of water supply pres- sure, and the minimum pressure required at all times at water outlets of the sys- tem, Where the pressure available at the public main is insufficient to maiatain the minimum required at the highest water outlet of the system, a pressure- booster pump system, approved as to capacity and reliability, or an automatically controlled water supply tank of either the hydropneumatic pressure type of 7:2 [WATER SUPPLY SERVICES {he elevated gravity type should be provided. Such methods are described in D ‘AS a general rule, the minimum pressure required at ordinary faucets of plumbing fixtures is § psi (S5 kPa). However, at drect-supply-connected flush ‘valves (fushometers), the minimum is 25 pai (172 kPa) for blowoutype water closets and 15 psi (103 kPa) for other types of fixtures. At electrically operated supply vaives of equipment, where higher than pressure frequently recommended, the minimum should be that suggested by the manufacturer for satisfactory equipment performance, + PRELIMINARY INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR ‘SIZING A SYSTEM ‘At the outset, obtain all information necessary for establishing a proper basis for sing the bug water soppy sytem. The appropriateness of the basis for si ing depends on the accuracy and reliability of the information applied. Thus, such {information should be obtained from responsible partis and appropriate athor- ities. ‘The kinds of piping materials to be installed in the system should be deter- mined. This is a matter of selection by the owner of the building or an authorized representative, who may be the architect, engincer, or contractor. Charactatistcs of the Water Supply ‘The corosvty of a given water supply wrth respect to various kinds of piping materials, and its scale forming tendency, is information which most officials, ar a0 60 100 a 2 210 190 2190 soe ee TT zo e's "Bo 260 “abd "ioo 2000 (o) FIG.7.3 Pie friction chart for headless ed brass and copper pipe (ASTM BD), () Fay Smooth sracecondion:() fly rough surface condkions 1S0°F (66°C), and all branch piping to such water outlets as automatic Nush valves, solenoid valves, pneumatic valves, or quick-closing valves or fau- cets, Provide on the schematic elevation all the necessary information ob- tained as per Step 1. ‘3, Matk on the schematic elevation, for each section of the complete system, the hot: and cold-water loads conveyed thereby in terms of water supply fx. ture units in accordance with Table 2.2. cent to all fixture unit notations, the ‘demand in gallons per minute or liters per second corresponding to the var= fous fixture unit loads in accordance with Table 2.3. 5. Mark on the schematic elevation, for appropriate sections ofthe system, the demand in gallons per minute of liters per second for outlets at Which de- ‘mand is deemed continuous, such as outlets for watering gardens, irrigating conditioning apparatus, refrigeration machines, and other similar equipment using water at a relatively continuous rate during peak demand SIZING A WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 7a 196/100 = 21Po] 08769 p00 Perm OOF bao 10 2 4 6 8 2 40 60 100 as a 210 190 2100 TES 2 "We" Wo #0 “aed ""TOo0 2000 ©) H1G.13. Coninued. periods. Add the continuous demand to the demand for intermittently used fixtures, and show the total demand at those sections where both types of ‘demand occur. 6, Size all individual fixture supply pipes to water outlets in accordance with the ‘minimum sizes permitted by regulations. Minimum fixture supply pipe sizes for common plumbing fixtures are given in Table 7. 7. Size all other parts of the water supply system in accordance with velocity limitations recognized as good enginecring practice, with velocity limitations recommended by pipe manufacturers for avoiding accelerated deterioration and failure of their products under various conditions of service, and with ‘velocity limitations generally recommended for minimizing the cost of pump- ing where water supply pumpe are provided. (Sizing tables based on sich ve- locity limitations and showing permissible loads in terms of water supply fix- ture units for cach size and kind of piping material have been provided (Fables 7.3 through 7.8) and may be applied advantageously in this step.) 8. Assuming conditions of no flow inthe system, calculate the amount of pres-78 (WATER SUPPLY SERVICES «1999 600] 200[!8059pm-175 9 5 oss Preset pd lon, i/10 1 TES ao a's "bo 200 “ab ""YOo0 BH00 to) FIG. 14" Pipe tition chart for copper water tbe, ‘ype K (ASTM BES) a) Fatly smth frfaesondton 1. aly rough surface condtion- sure available at the topmost fixture in excess of the minimum pressure re- quired at such fixture for satisfactory supply conditions. The calculated ex- ‘cess pressure is te limit to which friction losses may be permitted for flow uring peak demand in the system. (I fof water column = 0.433 pei pres- ‘sure, and I'm of water column = 9.795 kPa pressure.) Determine which piping circuit of the system is the basic design cicult for ‘which pipe sizes in main lines and risers should be designed in acooreance- ‘with fiction oss limits. This circuit is the most extreme run of piping through. ‘which water flows from the public main, or other pressure source of supply, 1 the highest and most distant water outlet. The basic design circuit should. bbe specially identified on the schematic elevation of the system. Maré on the schematic elevation the rated pressure loss due to ftiction cor- responding to the demand through any water meter, water softener, of it~ stananeoUs or tankless hot-water heating coll that may be provided ia the basic design circuit. SIZING A WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 725 c0p63 1900 = w "om 000308 4s 199 8 2 | be BG Biol 2% oey * oft 2 sm eo cos ore 04 08 10 “2-4 6 820-40 00 Tes 2 "We Wo zo aod "100 2000 Pressure oso veto tchen, Pom el pee (») MIG. 74. Continued 1, Calealate the amount of pressure remaining and avilable for dissipation as tition los during peak demand through the pip, valves, nd fitings inthe basic design circuit Deduct from th excess sac pressure avalabe atthe topmost fixture (determined in Step 8) the rated fection esos for any water reters, water softener, or istancinoous or tankless hot-water heating cols provided inthe basic design ccut (determined in Step 10). ‘18 must be considered just tentative at this stage but may be deemed appro- gf fx determining corresponding envlent ngs of ings and valves 43. Caleulte the permissible uniform pressure las fr ftom in piping ofthe basic design cirult. The amount available for dissipation as fric- tion loss due to pipe, fittings, and valves in the circuit (determined in Step 11) should be divided by the total equivalent length ofthe circuit (determined in Step 12). This establishes the pipe friction limit for the circuit in terms of he7126 WATER SUPPLY SERVICES seg 805} So ees 29 By 8 Biol 2” capes 0 2 1 pu/od 21 Pa] Loos OL rr br OF da 0s 10 2 4 6 8K a 40 GO 100 Preae s e fo rcten p00 Mo ine 2 2 20 11p0_ 2100 ar rr rere Te" 20 We to 200 "abo ""To00 2000 to) IG. 75 ip ton char for copper water tbe, type L (ASTM BES) a) Fat smooth [ret condion hry tog etc cnaon, Ye) Fa pressure loss, in pounds per square inch pet foot (pascals per meter) {psitc (parm} ror the total equivatent pipe length. Multiply this value by 100 in order to express the pipe friction limit in terms of psi per 100 ft of length, Setup a ing table showing the rates of flow, for various sizes ofthe kind of Piping to be used, corresponding to the permissible uniform pressure loss for pipe friction calculated forthe basic design circuit (determined in Step 13) Such rates may be determined from an accurate pipe friction chart appropti- ate for the kind of piping to be used and for the effects upon the piping of the ‘quality of water tbe conveyed thereby for excended service. Size all parts of the basic design circuit, and all other main lines and risers ‘which supply water upward to the highest water outlets on the system, in ac- cordance withthe sizing table set up in Step 18. Where sizes determined in ss a WAT SUL STEM 1 © oe co 60 5 2 pet 210mm 04769 pu/t00« Fem | a a a ee) oe re oe TED a "we Woo abo aod ToG0 2000 wo) FIG. Contned. this step are larger than those previously etablished in Stop 7 (based just om velocity limitations), the increased size is applicable for limitation of fiction, 16. Due consideration must be given tothe action ofthe water on the interior of the piping, and proper allowance must be made where necessary as a design consideration, such as where the kind of piping selected and the characteris- tics of the water conveyed are such that an appreciable buildup of corrosion products or hard-water scale may be anticipated to cause a significant reduc- tion in bore ofthe piping system and inadequate capacity for satisfactory sup- ply conditions during the normal service life ofthe system. A reasonable al- lowance in such cases may be considered to be provision of at least one Standard pipe size larger than the sizes determined in the preceding steps. ‘Where the water supply is treated in such manner a8 to avoid buildup of cor rosion products or hard-water scale, no allowance need be made in sizing Piping conveying such treated water18 [WATER SUPPLY SERVICES. cos6s 1990 20 Goof ara.25srt 62 200)!888som=1075 2 38 ‘2.047619 puv100- 1 Par ALL 02 040810 2 4 68m 2 40% 100 as a 20 11902100 Sepp ope ee TED 2 “HG Bo edo “aod Too0 2000 ol TG. 7.6 Pipe fiton chart for galvanized ron and ste standard weight pipe (ASTM A72, ‘ATO. (e) Fury rough surface codon (2) rough surface condition, APPLICATION OF DETAILED METHOD TO ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS oblem 7.2 Draw a schematic elevation, and size the piping of the following water distribut- ing system using the detailed sizing method: ‘A 102-family multiple dwelling, 7 stories and basement in height, fronts on a public street and is 10 be supplied by direct street pressure from an #in public ‘water main located beneath the street infront of the building. The public system is of cast iron and a hydrant fow test indicates a certified minimum available pressure of 75 psi. Top floor fixture outlets are 65 ft 8 in above the public main and requite 8 psi flow pressure for satisfactory operation. ‘Authoritative water analysis reports show that the public water supply has a 1H of 6.9, carbon dioxide content of 3 ppm, dissolved solids content of 40 ppm, and is supersaturated with air. Reports show that the public water supply has 10 significant corrosion effect on red brass for temperatures up t0 50°F SIZING A WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 729 500] Bi ears = T 200) 53100] 3 5 0 5 2 08 10 | — | puriod + 21 Par 70084 os Pet Tt till “TYE 2 “W's "Wo 20 “abd “Woo 2000 oh FIG. 7.6 Continued. Cementined cast iron, class B, corporation water pipe, valves, and fiings hhave been selected for the water service pipe. Red brass pipe, standard pipe size, hhas been selected for the water distributing system inside the building. ‘Water supply for the building is to be metered at the polat of entry by a com- pound meter installed in the basement. The system is to be of the upfeed riser ‘ype. A horizontal hot-water storage tank is to provide hot water to the entire building and isto be equipped with automatic tank control of water temperature set for 140°F. The tank is to have a submerged heat exchanger. ‘The most extreme run of piping from the public main to the highest and most remote outlet is 420 ft in developed length, consisting of the following: 63 ft of ‘water service, 110 fof cold-water piping from the water service valve tothe hot- ‘water storage tank, and 227 ft of hot-water piping from the tank to the top ‘oor hot-water outlet atthe kitchen sink. Plans of the entire water supply system are available, ‘The building has a basement and 7 above-grade stories. The basement floor 3 £08 in below curb level, the frst floor is 5.0 ft above curb level, and the public ‘water main is 5.0 ft below curb level. Each of the above-grade stories is 94 in in height trom floor to floor. The highest fixture outlet is'3 ft above floor level.730 (WATER SUPPLY SERVICES e083 1009) $09 = 00 wre 1 apm 20.083091/5 + $9 2| eee perenne br ‘zo 06 19 Fe 8 8 8 4D ew WO 2 2 20 1190 2100 pee re “TEE go We o 200 "400" T000 2000 (o) FIG.1.7_ Pipe friton chart or Schedule 4 plastic pipe: FE (ASTM D2109, ABS (ASTM. DLE, PVE (ASTM DI, ) Fay smoot sas coon () fay ough urtce 1. Thore are 17 dwelling units on cach of the wecund, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh floors, and each dwelling unit is provkied with a sink and domes: tic dishwashing machine in the kitchen and a close-coupled water closet and ‘Mish tank combination, a lavatory, and a bathtub with shower head above private bathroom. 2, The first floor is occupied for administrative and general purposes, and has the fellowing, provisions for such occupascy: one flush-valve supplied water closet and one lavatory in an office tollet room; one fush-valve-supplied water coset, one flush-valve-supplied urinal, and one lavatory in a men’s toilet ‘om; two flush-valve-supplied water closets and one lavatory in each of two ‘women's toilet rooms; a sink and domestic dishwashing machine in « demon. stration kitchen; one sink in an office kitchen; one sink in a craft room; and two drinking fountains in the public hall '3. The basement is occupied for building equipment rooms, storage, utility, laun- SIZING A WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 78 Soop e420 1 gm -0.088091/8 oss 19] 2| 128/100» 2PM 8.087619 1100+ Porm 0083 LLL. br 02 BF 06102 8m BO 40 6 100 TEs go we Wo eo ABO ) 100 2600 Fig. Continued. dry, and general purposes and has the following provisions for such occu- ppancy: one flush-valve-supplied water closet and one lavatory in a women’s foilet room; one flush-valve-supplied water closet, one lavatory, and one shower tll in a men’s toilet room; one service sink and six automatic laundry ‘washing machines in a general laundry room; one faucet above a loor drain in the boiler room; and one valve-controlled primary water supply connection to the buiding heating system. ‘At each story and in the basement, a service sink is provided in a janitor’s closet in the public hall. '. Four outside hose bibs (only two to be used at any time) are provided for lawn ‘watering at appropriate locations on the exterior of the building. Fixture arrangements are typical on the six upper floors ofthe building, and 24 sets of risers are provided. Of these, 5 sets are for back-to-back bathrooms, 2 sets are for back-to-back kitchens, 4 sets are for back-to-back kitchen and bathroom groups, 9 sets are for separate kitchens, 3 sets are for separate bathrooms, and (ne Set is for a service sink on each floor above the basement. Fixtures on theesien aus xenon em Sea" ine beidng. ue Sumy SYSTEM feelin ble Myre tw Tica aes ware irtenseraives ip 00°F. ‘ Se sess] in Bes wae sete Disoied aie ~sehroes Be Einar Tags BR oo iooss CER see nt mesons evELoPED LeNcri cr NG FROM NOer"eytem ton oat oo IG. 7 Water supply sytem design sheet fr Prob. 7.2 first floor are connected to adjacent risers. Basement fixtures are connected to ‘overhead mains, which also supply directly the four outside hose bibs Solution ‘Step 1. All information required for establishing a proper design basis has been ‘obtained from appropriate sources. 732 traces 1G. 78 Continued. ‘Stop 2 A schematic clevation ofthe building water supply system is provided in Fig. 7.8. This drawing was developed from the plans of the system. All piping Connections have been shown in prope sequence a per the pany andthe de ‘veloped lengths of each section of the basic design circuit have been determined. therefrom. Fixtures and risers have been identified by combinations of letters and ‘numbers, and those fixtures and branches having quick-closing valve outlets have. ‘been specially idemtfied by means of an asterisk. All information requited for x. 73974 WATER SUPPLY SERVICES a = Lae MIG. 7.8 Coninued. tablishing a proper design basis has been shown on the left side of the design sheet. ‘Step 3. For each section of the system, notations have been made showing the hots and cold-water loads conveyed thereby in terms of water supply fixture. units. Fiture unit values have been shown inenclosed by parentheses. ‘Step 4 Adjacent to fixture unit oad notations, the demand in gallons per minute: correszonding to such loads has been shown in parentheses. The demand in gal- SIZING A WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 735 Jons per minute was determined from Teble 23 by appying the values shown therein under the heasing “Supply sytem predominantly or fash anor ll Piping except for short branch ping which supplies water fo water closets and {nals equipped with fash valves onthe fist floor and inthe basement. Stop § The continuous demand posed by the four outside hose bibs, only two of with are tobe ued at any Unt, has Deen shown on tne Geslgn shee Ths ez ‘mand has been specially underined and included in parentheses as gallons pet738 [WATER SUPPLY SERVICES. FIG. 1.8 Continued. rite, or otherwise designated CL, where added to fixture uit of loud. The ‘normal demand posed by & hose bib was obtained from Table 2.1. Step. Allindvidual Fare supply pipes to water oxtets have been sized on the design sheet in accordance withthe minimum ses shown i Table 7.2. Step All other parts ofthe system have beca sized in this step in accordance with the velocity lmitaons established fr this sytem as the proper bess for design, 8 for al piping, except 4s for branches to quick closing valves as noted by asterisks onthe design sheet, Sizing was done In accordance with ‘oul fitue unis of load corresponding fo toial demand in each secon, For those sections ofthe cold-water Reader inthe basoment which convey both de SIZING A WATER SUPPLY sySTEM 2 ‘mand of intermittently used fixtures and continuous demand of hose bibs, the to- tal demand in gallons per minute was converted to equivalent water supply fix- ‘units of load and proper sizes were determined therefor, although proper ing could also have been done simply on the basis of demand rates in gallons per minutes. Slaing wae done using Tables 7-3 through 7.8, specifically Tables da and 7-4, for sizing piping inside the building. ‘Step 8 Assuming conditions of no flow in the system, the amount of excess pres- sure available at the topmost fixture in excess ofthe minimum pressure required A the fare for satisfactory supply conditions was determined as flows (se ‘Table 7.5): [Excess pressure available = 75 psi - 8 psi ~ (65.67 x 0.433) = 38.6 psi ‘Step 9 The basic design circuit of the water supply system forthe building was specially identified and shown in heavy lines on the schematic elevation provided in Step 2. For each of the 26 sections of the circuit, the developed length was siven on the design sheet as determined from the plans of the system, ‘Step 10 The rated pressure loss through the compound water meter selected for this system was determined from appropriate meter data to be 5.8 psi for peak demand flow rate of 227.6 gpm. This has been noted on the design sheet. The rated pressure loss for flow through the horizontal hot-water storage tank, ie, entrance and exit losses, may be assumed to be approximately 1.6 ft head or pai! TABLE7.9 Pressure Calculations for Basic Design Cicult ‘Minimar at public ms Los in ise to top out (65.57 ft x 0.433) Stati pressure at top outlet Minimum pressure at tp outlet Excess static pressare at top outlet availabe for Triton lose Fiction los though 4-n compound meter at 277 pm low rate (manvfactore's chars) Friction loss through horizontal hot-water storage tank assumed for rated flow at 8 “Maximum pressure remaining for fiction in pipe, valves, and Stings Deslped length fcc om pb ain tp Equivalent length for valves and fitngs in circuit on velocity limitation 368 erst 7a Maximum uniform pressure lost fr friction in basic design circait (211 puv743 6) 0.08 psi738 [WATER SUPPLY SERVICES. ‘Stop 11 The amount of pressure available for dissipation as fiction loss during Peak demand through pipe, valves, and fittings in the basic design circuit is (from ‘Table 7.9) 38.6 ~ 5.8 - 0.7 = 32.1 psi Step 12. In Step 7, tentative pipe sizes for the main lines and risers were estab- lished on the basis of velocity limitations. Using such tentative sizes forthe basic design circuit, corresponding equivalent lengths for valves and fittings were de- termined and’ added to the developed length to calculate the total equivalent length ofthe circuit. The equivalent length for valves and fittings was found to be 363.2 ft, which when added to the 420 ft developed length resulted in a total ‘equivalent length for the basic design circuit of 785.2 ft (as calculated in Table 79). ‘Step 18 The maximum uniform pressure loss for friction in the basic design cir- cuit 32.1 psi/783.2 ft = 0.04 psi or 4.0 psi/100 ft ‘This is the pipe friction limit for the basic design circuit. It is to be applied for sizing all the main lines and risers supplying water to fixtures on upper floors of the building. ‘Step 14 In Table 710, fow rates have been tabulated, through various standard izes of red brass pipe, that correspond tothe velocity limits of 4 and 8 sand to the friction limit of 4.0 psi/100 fof total equivalent piping length. The values shown therein for velocity limitations were taken from the tables cited in Step 7. TABLE 740 Sising Table for System in Problem 7.2 Red brass ple, standard pipe size ‘Velociy limit ow rate at Ve the ¥ one Nominal —§ Eta it pipe size, WSFU WSFU flow rate at 40 ‘a (oA) tom (col) gpm ——_—pa00 feo ” 18 38 3718 28 ” 30 68 Bez 58 1 63 ttt %4 20 nt ™ aaa 0 366 2s ™ 330 BR woo 504 330 2 m0 1s Blo 2 660 em 10 Le a9 ina imo 3 350-920 320 1840 238.0 ‘ 6.01580 19 3160 3800 ‘Note: Apply the colum beaded “Veocylal, V~ 4 fw size tranches wo quickening ane: Arp i domed Ye ik ¥= i al igs nd tt pls Apt the stn headed “Fon a” Jat for saa pling tat convey water tt Boe nts Where wo clus appl an wo erent rss tence sels ape se, SIZING A WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 739 ‘The values shown therein for fiction limitation were taken directly from Fig. 7.2a, one ofthe accurate pipe friction charts presented earlier inthis chapter. THe chart applied to red brass pipe of standard pipe size and was appropriate in view of the water supply conditions and surface condition, “fairly smooth, ‘Step 18 All the main lines and risers on the design sheet have been subjected to sizing in accordance with the friction limitation for the basic design circuit, ‘Where sizes determined inthis step were larger than those previously determined in Step 7 (based on velocity limitation), the increased size was noted directly on the design sheet, Increased sizes were made in all risers and in some parts ofthe ‘mainlines in this system. As an example, inthe basic design circuit the sizes of ‘many sections were increased and may be specifically cited as follows: sections FK, K-L, and L-M were increased from 2 in to 24 in; sections O-P and P-Q ‘were increased from 14 in to 2 in; sections Q-R, R-S, and S-T were increased sections T-U, U-V, and V-W were increased from 1 in to 1% in; section WX was increased from 34 in to 1¥ in; and section XY was in- creased from % in to 1 in. ‘Stap 16 From the characteristics ofthe water supply stated in the probiem, itis recognized that the water is relatively noncorrosive and nonscaling. Conse uently, there is no need for additional allowance in sizing inthis case.CHAPTER 8 PIPING INSULATION Winfield T. Irwin CertainTeed Corporation INTRODUCTION ‘This chapter describes the various types of material used as thermal insulation in piping systems and provides information concerning their physical characteris- tics, The selection of an appropriate choice of insulation material is discussed, and methods of determining a thickness which is cost-effective are described. Other subjects include the control of condensation on the walls of piping; the temperature drop, as a result of heat transfer, in piping carrying warm water; ‘thermal insulation of pipes as a protection against freezing; jackets as a covering for thermal insulation around pipes; insulation for noise control in piping sys- tems; code considerations in selecting a material and applying thermal insulation (on piping; and the installation of piping insulation, TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PIPING Contain asbestos fibers. Manufacture of insulation of this type has been discon ‘inued in the U.S.A. because of the health hazard such fibers create.) The fol lowing materials are widely used in piping insulations: Calcium silicate, which is composed principally of hydrous calcium silicate and reinforcing fers processed into a rigid structure. It is used on piping ‘where a fire or explosion hazard exists and where the insulation must provide ‘some fire protection to the piping. It is generally not used in residential or ‘commercial seam or hot-water services.‘TABLE 84 Useful Temperature Renges and Thermal Conductivities of Common Types of Thermal Insulation Used on Plumbing Systems and Steam Lines PIPING INSULATION ry Cellular elastomeric, which is composed principally of natural or synt elastomers (or both), processed into a flexible foam which has a predomi nately closed-cell structure." Celular glass, which s composed of hss processed to form a rgd foam ha- ing prslominatly closed-cell stuctue Celidar polystyrene, which is composed principally of polymerized styrene ‘sin processed to form a igi fam having predominately Closed cell ruc. fare, must be fabricated into the piping insulation form from blocks oF boards Cellular poburethane, which i composed principally ofthe reaction product of polyisocyanats or polysocysnurate and polyhydroxy compoun, pre: ‘ested usualy with fuoroeatbon gat to frm & gid foam having 8 pedo ftely closedcllstuctre: mat be fabricated nto the pipag elton form from blocks or boards Diatomaceous sitea, which is composed principally of diatomaceous earth wih binders and which usually consis reinforcing bers proceso to fom & ed structure, Mineral ber, which i composed principally of mineral fers manufactured from gas, rock, of slag with binders procetsed to form a semigd oF rgd souctre. FF, cold Common aplication Z : a i Steam, condensate, hot and cold water non load bearing condeneate, hot and col water romlond-earing Daal temperature 1 ASO, steam, ig pressure stam, hot water, condensate; load bearing Daal temperatre Toad bearing it °F) [Wats °C)] at 15 016 {0.025 02 (0.083 ozs (0.033) temperate oat (0.059) ‘Thermal conductvy,* (239°C) mean ‘Most manufacturers of piping insulations have adopted dimensional standards for the inner and outer diameters of rigid and semitigié piping insulations for pipes and tubing. This is (a) to ensure satisfactory fit ofthe insulation on standard piping sizes, (b) to accommodate radial expansion of tubing and piping that are heated after they are insulated, (c) to permit application of one layer of insulation ‘over another layer (nesting), and (d) to minimize the number of preformed pipe insulation sizes and wall thicknesses to be manufactured and stocked, Most man ufacturers follow ASTM Standard C-585," on recommended sizes of insulation. Rigid piping insulation is supplied in semicylindrical sections, The two halt sections are joined to enclose the pipe. Semirigid insulation is usualy fabricated in fal sections with a seam to allow a separation that is sufficient to fit over the Piping or tubing during installation. Flexible piping insulation is usually available withno seam for installation on flexible tubing bofore a iting is installed, or with ‘seam for installation on the finished piping system, The rigid and semirigidpip- ing insulation types are usually supplied with a factory applied vapor retarder jacket; the flexible types are net. Ping insulation can be divided into two major categories: Service temperate ange, *F CO) ‘Above ambient to 1200 (c=) Above ambient to ~450 1 600 (6) if a9 g ~65 10165 30% 0025 Caoro 109, =20 10450 Cavt02% Forme of insulation Pipe, block Pipe, bck Pipe, sheet Boar (pipe) Board pine) Pi Pi Applicable ASTI standard Calcium sicate C533, ype 578, ype osu C591, ype e507 clase 3 A reflective type of insulation is an insulation whose performance depends ‘pon the teduction of radiant eat wansfer across air spaces by use of one OF ‘more surfaces of high reflectance and low emittance * ‘A mass type of insulation is an insulation whose performance depends upon reduction of heat transfer by conduction, convection, and radiation through its thickness. Insulations ofthis type (vs. reflective type) are most widely used for Piping insulation in residential and commercial buildings. ine ASTM sndnds sted ge atinom heal contact walac,wch ae appanintly 1 perce Nghe thn he soil valet ‘sven by net nln manners Type of inealaton Cellar pass C582 Ccllalar stoner, polstyene cet polyurethane Mineral fer: C47, clas 1 ‘bergass Minera! fer: rock oreag Cellular 7 Kealoved ellis oto the many si space(s) nace sch soem lsc, that ttl, ‘enced by wal and hence doesnot otrcomect mi oer cll the eaters ie ‘thet ented nope ce ana4 \WATER SUPPLY SERVICES THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND THERMAL RESISTANCE ‘The thermal conductivity (represented by the letter k) of a homogeneous insuls- tion material is the rate of heat flow through a unit area and unit thickness ofthe ‘material, ina ditection perpendicolar to the surface, when a unit temperature gra: dient is maintained in direction perpendicular to the aea. Its a measure ofthe insulation value ofthe material—the lower the value of ky the higher the insu tion the material provides. In English (U.S. Customary System) units, thermal conductivity is measured in units of Btu» ni(h «ft «Fin the International Sys tem of units, it is measured in units of Wi(m - K). Typical values of k for piping insulation are given in Table 8.1. Thermal resistance (represented by the letter R) is given by: ret (e) where T's the thickness and kis the thermal conductivity. For example, accord- ing to Table 8.1 the & value for cellular polystyrene at 75°F (23.9°C) mean tem ‘perature is 0.25 Btu» infh- fC ~ °F). Therefore, from Eq. (8.1) the R value for & 3:in (7.6-cm) thickness is 70.25 = 12h f+ °E/Bwu at 75°F 23.9°C) mean tera perature. Thermal conductance (represented by the leter¢) isthe reciprocal of thermal resistance. Conversion factors are ‘e(thermal conductivity): 1 Btu + in/(h- ft « *F) = $19.22 Wim K) ce (thermal conductance): 1 Btu/(h ft? - °F) = 5.682 Wi(m? - K) ‘Temperature: “P= CC x ¥) +32 Ke"c+ mus Temperature difference: °C = 1K = 18°F ‘SELECTION OF TYPE OF PIPING INSULATION ‘An appropriate selection of piping insulation usually can be made from the ma- terials listed in Table 8.1 for both water and steam lines. The prineipal factors in ‘making ths selection are (a) the need to meet code requirements, (b) the operat- ing temperature, (c) the conditions of the ambient air (temperature and humidity), (4) the requirement for a vapor barrier, (e) the costeffectiveness of the insula. son, (space svat, and) the need to provide satistectory performance cover along service life. ‘The need for insulation to meet code requirements for noncombustbiity? or fire hazard classification* must be identified. Any special requirements that de- pend on the occupancy ofthe building and its construction must be known. When Insulated piping is located within a plenum (such as the space between a sus- pended ceiling and the floor above), the applicable building or mechanical code ‘may require thatthe insulation be either noncombustible of that it have a flame ‘spread index not exceeding 25 and a smoke developed index not exceeding 50, PIPING INSULATION as ‘There may be other restrictions on the use of types of piping insulation that have 4 fire hazard classification exceeding ether of these ratings. This consideration may be important when piping insulation of the cellular elastomeric, cellular polysiyrene, or cellular polyurethane types are to be used. Operating temperature often is a determining factor in the selection process. For example, ifa steam line has an operating temperature of 350°F (17°C), then ‘an insulation that has a maximum service temperature limit of atleast this value ‘must be selected. Of the materials that can withstand this temperature, those. ing a ‘ower thermal conductivity require a lesser thickness to meet performance requitements; therefore, they would be the preferred materials. ‘When the water service temperature is below the ambient temperature, the upper temperature limit is not so important. In this ease, the performance of a factory-applied vapor barrier may be signi providing a satisfactory long. term service life forthe insulation. As indicated in following section, “"Conden- sation and Its Control," water vapor in the air surrounding piping can condense. ‘on the surface ofthe inzulation, degrading the thermal performance and damaging ‘the material. Generally, water supply lines at temperatures of 20°F ( ~ 6°C) and above may be insulated with the closed-cell types of piping insulation and with ‘mineral fiber piping insulation made from glass fibers. For operating tempera tutes below this temperature, a closed-cell type of insulation usually is preferred ‘When the piping is used for dual temperature service (service temperatures above ambient for part of the year and below ambient for another part of the ‘year, the piping insulation selected must be suitable for service at both temper atures and it must also be provided with vapor retarder protection. For some applications, there may be more than one type of piping insulation, commercially available, that can provide satisfactory long-term service and per” formance. Then, cost considerations heavily influence selection of the type of in- sulation. DETERMINATION OF PIPING INSULATION THICKNESS Insulation may be required on piping because of the need for (a) energy conser- vation, (6) condensation control, (c) personnel protection, (d) temperature con ‘tol, and (e) noise control. For each ofthese needs, a different thickness may be ‘optimem. Then, the critical insulation thickness should be identified, Critical insulation Thickness is needed to satisfy more than one requirement, the insulation requited for each must be determined. The entical thickness, the larg- ‘est ofthe individual thickness solutions, isthe only thickness that wil satisfy al ‘the design parameters. For example, if the economic thickness is 2 in (5.1 cm) ‘and personnel protection thickness i114 in (3.8 em), the economic thickness is ‘critica! and should be specified. This thickness, being greater than that needed for ppersornel protection, will still meet the design parameters for personnel protec: ‘A computer program® may be used to estimate (a) heat losses or heat guns for insulated pipes and equipment and (6) the surface temperature of insulation. Suchas WATER SUPPLY SERVICES ' program may be used to determine the thickness of an insulation that will meet 8 Specified heat low or a specified surface temperature for a given set of condi- fons. Itmay also be tse to hep determine the appropiate futon tikes for energy conservation, condensation control, of for personnel protection. Economie Thickness and Energy Considerations In determining the economic thickness of insulation to be applied to piping, one ‘ust consider not only the initial cost ofthe insulation and its installation, but also many other factors such as return on investment, maintenance, cost of the equipment, operating conditions, the insulation type, and the savings in energy resulting from the application ofthe insulation. All ofthese factors are needed to determine the costs related to insulation ownership and the heat-loss (heat-gain) related costs. All ofthese costs can be converted to an equivalent annual cost by ‘method described in Ref. 6. The results are illustrated in Fig, 8.1, which shows cost as a function ofthe thickness of the insulation. The cost of the piping insu. lation increases with thickness. In contrast, heat-loes-rlated costs decrease with the thickness of insulation. The economle thickness is that thickness which yields ‘the minimum total of these costs per year 0 & ot of nsatin 8 Cony, dala par ye per HIG. 8.1 ‘The relationship, a8 function of fequency, f (piping insu on and related ‘cost and (8) heat loss nod elated cout.‘ toa cost the sum of (a) and (). The lest hekness which yes the mini oss efned a the economic hte, DIFING INSULATION ar ‘The caleulatin of economic thickness is complex, but computer progr are avalable for making such ealelations quickly and easly. Many inaletion men. Ste es canon Sco ee nd sper Bee he ratrg conditions connected with piping for buldng stvies (such as dcmes- ‘hot water and chled drinking wate) ae ot ele, te a 6 the econo thickness calculation is usually not necescary provided an energy conservation ‘ode is followed and minimum insulation thicknesses ate specied. "Whes a bulding must comply with an energy conservation code o a standard such as ASHRAE 50” (or BOCA," ICBO,’ or SBCCI®), minimum Insubtion thicknesses are mandated by the local authority having jurisdiction for (a) team Piping, ) steam condensate, (c) domestic and service hot water, () chilled wee {er and @) brine, These minimum thicknesses depend onthe pipe sce andthe operating temperature ofthe ud inthe pipe. Genealy, they have been selected on a bas of average economic considerations, Fora particular bullaing may ‘be economically justifiable to select an insulation thickness greater than the mit imum specified by the governing code of standard, For example, the energy com servation end may not require insulation for domestic and service not wate ahd hills crinking water with temperatures in the range of 95 lo 10S (13 to °C), ‘Table 8 provides recommended insulation thicnesses for piping in this tenper ature range. The ticknesses are calelated to mest an energy conservation Ob- jective ef not more than 12 Brut =) (68-1 Wile = K)], where and mereter {o the insulation outer surface are, fOr an insation heving a thermal condue- {ivy in the range of 0.22 to 0.25 Bia inh “f= °F [0.092 fo 0.037 Wier = K)] At SE DC) mean temperature TABLE 82 Minimum Piping Insulation Thickness For an exergy conservation objective of not more than 12 Bulh f? of outer insulaion surface) [681 Winn? K)] where energy conservation codes may exer need for incl Insulation thickness, in (em), for nominal pipe size of Water tem: ‘Sin@o Perature, Upto2¥t 3106 in (8 cm) nd Sysemt "FCC)' in(6.4em) tolScm) abwe Domestichot water, general purpose se % 7 oy G3) day Domestichot water, general purpose 0% % 1 @ 039 aay Domestic hot water, general purpose mo 1 1 @ 039 as) as) 140 1 Domestic ho wate, wy systems 7 @ 9 @ a9 Sanitizing systems 180 1% ™ @ Gs) 6H 6) CChied waters 4505 % i go 03) 3) Table hase on we ofinsltion avin thal condoctviy nthe age of22 000.35 Br 10 oF) 1S mean tempore ‘Thctes elected fo hehe rant ot exceeding 12 Buh of outer mca) fren qe comrtn. Thorns ren ing etal condos ote rae ‘BE cote stove mat be deerined sett i Condesa contl requires relative um enced percent, ako hikes maybe reqred to preven condensin the eta fhe eon