al Degradation in optical fiber 1.33 . SOLVED PROBLEMS A Silica optical fiber with a core refractive index of 1.50 and a cladding ctive index of 1.47. Determine (a) The critical angle at the core — cladding interface. (b) The numerical aperture for the fiber and (c) The acceptance angle in air for the fiber. (a) The critical angle gc at the core — cladding interface is given by =f By = sin! 22 % g = sin 47 1.50 9. = 78.5° (b) The numerical aperture is A= (nf = n3)? = (50? = 1.472)? = (2.25-2.16)'” (©) The acceptance angle in air 0, is given by @,=sin~'NA =sin”' 0.30 0, = 17.4°1.34 Optical Communication Problem 2 A multimode step index fiber with a core diameter of 80pm and a relative in difference of 1.5% is operating at a wavelength of 0.85um. If the core refracti index is 1.48, estimate (q) The normalized frequency for the fiber and (b) The number of guided modes. Solution: (a) The normalized frequency V = an, (2a)? _ 2nx40x10~ x1.48 0.85x10% Vv 8 2 (b) The total number of guided mode M, ~ (2x 0.015)? _ 5745.6 2 = 2873 Hence this fiber has a V number of approximately 76, giving nearly 3 guided modes. Problem 3 An optical fiber in air has an NA of 0.4. Find the acceptance angle meridional rays? Solution: The acceptance angle for meridional rays is given by @, = no sin”! NA = sin”! NA (since no = 1) =sin7' 0.4 [a=36 |adation in optical fiber medium I be glass and medium 2 be water. For an angle of incidence of ine the angle of refraction. ny (glass) = 1.5 np (water) = 1.33 g Snell’s law, nj sing; = nz singa “ ne. sing, = ma sing, 2 = AS sin30° 1.33 sina = 0.56 42 = sin“ (0.56) $2 = 34.05° A graded index fiber has a core with a parabolic refractive index Profile which 2 diameter of S0jum. The fiber has a numerical aperture of 0.2. Estimate the number of guided modes propagating in the fiber when it is operating ata of lum? The normalized frequency for the fiber is V = 2a (Na) _ 2nx 25x10 x0.2 1x10Optical Communicat 2 The mode volume for a parabolic profile M = ~ 986 4 Hence the fiber support approximately 247 guided modes. Find out the possible number of paths for a multimode fiber when d= 80pm; A=0.8Spm; nj = 1.50; nz = 1.47. Solution: 2 Total number of paths N = (2 yo? - 1) __ 3.14x80x10 (sop (0.47 0.85x10° _ 2512 2.25-2.16 A step-index fiber has a normalized frequency V = 26.6 at a 130 wavelength. If the core radius is 25ym, find out numerical aperture? Solution: Normalized frequency, V = an, (2a)? v=2ZaNA hation in optical fiber __26.6x1.3 2x3.14%25 _ 34.58 157 NA =0.22 multimode step index fiber with a relative index difference of 1.5% is at a wavelength of 0.85. If the core refractive index is 1.48, for single tion, estimate the maximum core diameter? Further estimate the new maximum core diameter for single mode operation relative refractive index is reduced by a factor of 10. @Weknow V= = an, (2A)” seh. 2nn, (24)” For single — mode operation V = 2.4 at 2.4x 0.8510 2x3.14x1.48x(2x0.015)” __2.04x10 9.29x(0.03)"” __2.04x10 9.29x0.173 2.04x10%138 Optical Communica Therefore the maximum core diameter for single-mode ope approximately 2.6m. (ii) Reducing the relative refractive index difference by a factor of 10 = 2015 = oo015 10 2.4x0.85x10° TTT NTT Te 2x3.14x1.48x(2x0.0015) __2.04x10 9.29x(0.003)"" Hence the maximum core diameter for single mode operation is approximately 8m. An optical fiber in air has an NA of 0.4. In that fiber, skew rays which cl direction by 100° at each reflection. Find out the acceptance angle of skew rays? Solution: The skew rays change direction by 100° at each reflection, therefore y = 50° The acceptance angle for skew rays is given by sin®@, cosy = NA 0, =sin! (%) cosyion in optical fiber the optical power in dBm and dBy for power level of (@) 10mw (6) 20pW jon: (a) 10mW 10mW ImW = 10log10 = 10dBm 10mW lpw = 10logl0 x 10° = 40dBh dBm = 10 log dBu =10 log (b) 20nW 20uW ImW = 10log(0.02) =-17dBm 20nW pW dBm =10 log dBu =10 log = 10log20 = 13dBu1.40 Optical Communi 1.8. TWO MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. Define a fiber — optic system? Fiber — optic system is nothing but a fiber — optic cable is essentii pipe that is used to carry a light beam from one place to another. 2. What is the relationship between information capacity and bandwidth? The information — carrying capacity of any electronic communication is directly proportional to bandwidth. Optical fiber cables have, for all practical purposes, an infinite bandwis 3. Contrast glass and plastic fiber cables? Fiber — optic cables are made from glass and plastic. Glass has the lo but it brittle. Plastic is cheaper and more flexible, but has high attenuation. 4. Write down the wavelength regions corresponding to first, second and) windows? (i) First window — 800 to 900nm (ii) Second window — 1100 to 1350nm (iii) Third window — 1500 to 1650nm 5. What are the two principal photo detectors used in a fiber — optic link? (i) Semiconductor p—i-n (ii) Avalanche photodiodes 6. For a low power optical signal which type of photo-diode can be used? Avalanche Photo Diode (APD) since it has a greater sensitivity owing inherent internal gain mechanism (avalanche effect). 7. What is the function of an optical receiver in an optical repeater? An optical receiver detects the optical signal and converts it to an el signal, which is amplified, reshaped and sent to the electric input of the transmitter.in optical fiber - function of an optical transmitter in an optical repeater? Scal transmitter converts the electrical signal back to an optical signal ‘& down the optical fiber waveguide. front. front is defined as the locus of all points in the wave train which have by refractive index of a material? mount of refraction is called the index of refraction (n) and is the ratio of light in air to the speed of light in the material. Speedof light inair(c) Speed of light in substance (v) of refraction (n) external reflection? light traveling in a certain medium is reflected off an optically denser (one with a higher refractive index), the process is referred to as external internal reflection? ‘When light traveling in a certain medium is reflected off an less optically material, the process is referred to as internal reflection. mn guided mode. ‘Guided mode is a pattern of electric and magnetic field distributions that is along the fiber at equal intervals. ‘is the purpose of cladding? Cladding provides mechanical strength, reduces scattering loss resulting from ic discontinuities at the core surface, and protects the core from absorbing contaminants with which it could come into contact.142 Optical Communi. 15, What types of fibers are used commonly? (i) Based on refractive index profile. a. Step index and b. Graded index (ii) Based on propagation a. Mono-mode or single mode and b. Multimode 16. What is a step — index fiber? If the refractive index of the core in a fiber is uniform throughout undergoes an abrupt change (or step) at the cladding boundary, it is called index fiber. 17. What is a graded — index fiber? If the refractive index in a fiber is made to vary as a function of the distance from the center of the fiber, it is called graded — index fiber, Tefractive index decreases as the radial distance increases (moves away from center). 18. What is order of a mode? The order of a mode is equal to the number of field zeros across the guide. 19, What is tunnel effect? The leaky modes are continuously radiating their power out of the core they propagate along the fiber. This power radiation out of the waveguide from a quantum mechanical phenomenon known as the “tunnel effect”. 20. What is the law of refraction? The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle reflection.radation in optical fiber 1A3 ‘is meridional Ray? It is the ray of light which passes through the axis of the fiber core. Meridional ray lies in a single plane, its path is easy to track as it travels the fiber. numerical aperture. Numerical aperture is used to describe the light gathering or light — collecting of an optical fiber.It is referred as figure of merit of the fiber. 128 Where, Gin — Acceptance angle is skew ray? Skew rays are not transmitted through the fiber axis. The skew rays are ‘Sellowing a helical path in a fiber. These rays are more difficult to track as they travel along the fiber, since they not lie ina single plane. What are leaky modes in optical fibers? Leaky modes are the modes that are only partially confined to the core region ‘and attenuate continuously by radiating their power out of the core as they propagate along the waveguide. Define acceptance angle. The acceptance angle is the maximum angle to the fiber axis at which light may enter the fiber axis in order to be propagated.1.44 Optical Communication 26. Define critical angle. ‘The critical angle is the angle of incidence that causes the refracted light travel along the interface between two different mediums. 6, = Sint | 22 e 7 27. What do you meant by modes? The modes are referred to the number of paths for the light rays in the fil cable. 28. What is an index profile? The index profile of an optical fiber is a graphical representation of magnitude of the refractive index across the fiber. 29, Define an intermodal distortion. When an optical pulse is launched into a fiber, the optical power in the is distributed overall of the modes of the fiber. Each of the modes that can propagate in a multimode fiber travels at slightly different velocity. So the optical pulse arrive at the fiber end at sli different times, thus causing the pulse to spread out in time as it travels along fiber. That is called intermodal dispersion (or) Intermodal distortion. 30. What is small wavelength limit? Ray tracing approach method provides a good approximation to the li acceptance and guiding properties of optical fibers when the ratio of the fil radius to the wavelength is large. This is known as small — wave length limit. 31. What rays are formed by family of plane waves? Or Define ray congruence. The family of plane waves corresponding to a particular mode forms a set rays called a ray congruence. Each ray of this particular set travels in the fiber at the same angle relative the fiber axis.in optical fiber 145 unbound rays? unbound rays that are refracted out of the fiber core. the advantages of optical communication. ‘Small size and weight, Immunity to interference and crosstalk, High signal security, Low transmission loss, and System reliability and ease of maintenance. Wide band width and greater information capacity. refraction. Refraction is the bending of a light ray that occurs when the light rays pass one medium to another. ashorton (@ Angle of incidence, (6) Angle of reflection of incidence (1): The angle at which light strikes a surface with respect to the normal is called the angle of incidence. The angle of the incident light ray determines whether the ray will be reflected or refracted. of reflection (42): The angle at which light is reflected from a surface is called the angle of reflection. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. Angle o: lence (1) = Angle of reflection (2) What is step index fiber? The refractive index of the core is uniform throughout and undergoes an abrupt change (or step) at the cladding boundary. This is called a step-index fiber.1.46 Optical Communicati 37. Define graded index fiber. The core refractive index is.made to vary as a function of the radial di from the center of the fiber. This type is a graded — index fiber. The i refraction varies smoothly and continuously over the diameter of the core. 38. Write a short note on single mode fiber. In single mode, light follows a single path through the core. Advantages of single mode: (i) No intermodal dispersion. (ii) Information capacity of single mode fiber is large. Disadvantages: (i) Launching of light into single mode and joining of two fibers are difficult. (ii) Fabrication is very difficult and so the fiber is so costly. 39. What is multimode fiber? In multimode, the light takes many paths through the core. 40. Write the advantages of multimode fiber over single mode fibers. Multimode fibers offer several advantages compared with single — mode fibers (The larger core radii of multimode fibers make it easier to launch opti power into the fiber. (ii) Connecting together of similar fibers are easy. (iii) Light can be launched into a multimode fiber using Light — Emitti Diode (LED). Although LED’s have less optical output power than | diodes, LED’s are easier to make and less expensive and have longer li times. (iv) Fabrication is less difficult and so fiber is not costly.‘adation in optical fiber REVIEW QUESTIONS ‘Beefly explain the necessity of optical fiber communication system. Also explain ‘Ge different generations in optical fiber communication system? ‘Drew the schematic diagram of optical fiber communication system. Explain the Ssection of each component in that diagram? ‘Discuss the different types of fibers along with the diagrams for refractive inde. profile and light ray propagation? ‘What are modes? Distinguish between single mode fiber and multimode fiber. Discuss the propagation of meridional rays along with the acceptance angle and sumerical aperture of step index fiber? ‘Give the mode theory of fibers and obtain expressions for cut off wavelengths and ‘V number of the fiber? Define following terms with respect of optical laws. i. Reflection . Refraction iii. Refractive index iv. Snell’s law v. Critical angle vi. Total internal reflection (TIR) vii. Acceptance angle Write short note on following i, Single mode step index fiber ii, Multimode step index fiber iii. Multimode graded index fiber ett act ett entetheory for circular waveguides 217 SOLVED PROBLEMS A single mode optical fiber has a beat length of 9cm at 1300am. Find the sgence of the fiber? Two polarization maintaining fibers operating at a wavelength of I.3jam have lengths of 0.7mm and 80m. Determine the modal birefringence in each case? ition: The model birefringence is given by B, (i) Beat length L)= 0.7mm _ 13x10 0.7x107 Bre= 1.86 107 Which indicates a high birefringence fiber F (ii) Beat length Ly = 80m “6 p, = 13x10 80 Br= 1.63 x 10-* Which indicates a low birefringence fiber.218 Optical Communi 2.6. TWO MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. 1. What is fiber birefringence? The modes propagate with different phase velocities, and the between their effective refractive indices is called “the fiber birefringence. By =ny—n 2. What are leaky modes in optical fibers? Leaky modes are the modes that are only partially confined to the core and attenuate continuously by radiating their power out of the core as propagate along the waveguide. 3. Define lower order LP mode. The mode having lowest cut-off frequency is known as lower order LP 4. What is an index profile? The index profile of an optical fiber is a graphical representation of magnitude of the refractive index across the fiber. 5. What do you meant by fiber beat length? If light is injected into the fiber so that both modes are excited, one m delayed in phase relative to the other as they propagate. When the phase difference between two modes is an integral multiple of the two modes will beat at this point and the input polarization will be reprodi The length over which the beating occurs is known as fiber beat length. 6. Define graded index fiber. The core refractive index is made to vary as a function of the radial di: from the center of the fiber. This type is a graded — index fiber. The index refraction varies smoothly and continuously over the diameter of the core.theory for circular waveguides is mode field diameter? The Mode Field Diameter (MFD) is an important parameter for characterizing single mode fiber properties which takes into account the ‘wevelength dependent field penetration into the fiber cladding. This parameter can be determined from the mode — field distribution of the fundamental LPo; mode. normalized frequency (V). The normalized frequency (V) is used to determines how many modes a fiber ‘== support. The normalized frequency may be expressed interms of the Numerical “Aperture (NA) and their relative refractive index difference A respectively, as Write the relation between Birefringence and fiber beat length. Fiber beat length L, = = F Where, i is optical wavelength. Write a short note on (a) High birefringence and (b) Low birefringence High (large) birefringence: The maximization of the model birefringence, which may be achieved by reducing the beat length L, to around Imm or less. Low (Small) birefringence: The minimization of the model birefringence, which may be achieved by increasing the beat length L, to around 50m or more.2.20 Optical Comm: 2.7, REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Discuss the different types of fibers along with the diagrams for refracti profile and light ray propagation? 2. What are modes? Distinguish between single mode fiber and multi Give an account on LP modes 3. Give the mode theory of fibers and obtain expressions for cut off wavel V number of the fiber? 4. Discuss about single mode fiber with neat diagram. 5.. Explain about graded-index fiber with neat diagram. eee et ene