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The document summarizes a tensile test experiment on steel specimens. The objectives were to understand stress-strain curves and determine mechanical properties. Two steel types were tested - a high yield steel and mild steel. Specimens were weighed, measured and tested in a universal testing machine with an extensometer. Results like yield point, yield stress, tensile strength and elongation percentage were calculated. The results mostly agreed with theoretical expectations, though elongation percentages were slightly lower likely due to extensometer error.

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59 views11 pages

Sdfsdfasdnics Ladsfasdfeport

The document summarizes a tensile test experiment on steel specimens. The objectives were to understand stress-strain curves and determine mechanical properties. Two steel types were tested - a high yield steel and mild steel. Specimens were weighed, measured and tested in a universal testing machine with an extensometer. Results like yield point, yield stress, tensile strength and elongation percentage were calculated. The results mostly agreed with theoretical expectations, though elongation percentages were slightly lower likely due to extensometer error.

Uploaded by

Hay Kwong
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Structural Mechanics Laboratory Report

Experiment:

Tensile Test on Steel Report

Laboratory section instructor: Ir Dr Simon H F WONG


Dr LUK Sung Hei, Henry
Laboratory section identification: 23-Oct-14 (15:00-17:00)
Date of submittal:
Report author(s):

Contents

13-Dec-14
KWONG Wing Hei
LAM Chi Chung
LAU Fai Lung
LAU Cheok Hei
LAU Ho Kwan


- Objectives
- Apparatus and specimens
- Experiment Procedures
- Presentation of Data (calculation and graph (Results of experiment))

- Theoretical Estimation of Experimental Results


- Error

- Discussion
- Conclusions

Objectives of Experiment
The tensile test on steel bar is to help understand the stress-strain curve of
materials and how to use them to determine various mechanical properties of
ductile material (steel)

Apparatus
- Balance of capacity 20 kg and readable to 0.1g

- Steel measuring rule of 1 m in length


- Universal testing machine
- Extensometer ( gauge length = 100mm )

Procedure
1. Weight the test specimen (m) into the nearest 0.1g.
2. Measure the length of the test specimen (L) to the nearest 1mm.
3. Lightly inscribe gauge marks on the specimen throughout the length at
intervals of 54/3 d
(where d is the nominal diameter of the test specimen. )
4. Grip the specimen firmly in the universal testing machine.
5. Record the gauge length of the extensometer and fix it onto the specimen.
6. Adjust the digital readout and the x-y recorder to zero point.
7. Apply the load steadily such that the rate of loading does not exceed 10N/mm 2
per second until the yield stress is reached.
8. Hold the applied load; remove the extensometer from the specimen.
9. Resume applying the load for the subsequent determination of the tensile
strength until failure occurs.
10. Record the maximum load attained (Fm)

11. Remove the fractured specimen from the machine.


12. Fit the broken parts of the specimen in proper contact. Identify those four
consecutive gauge marks which have the fracture lying between the middle two
marks. Measure the distance spanning the four consecutive gauge marks (Lu) to
the nearest 1 mm.

Presentation of Data
Basic information

Mass(m)

Length(L)

High yield steel

1.947 kg

0.8 m

Mild steel

1.805 kg

0.797m

Calculation:
1) M=m/L
High yield steel
Mild steel

2.43 kg/m
2.26 kg/m

Approximately, the data above complies with Table 2 and 3.

2) A = M/s

(where s=

7850 kg/m3)

High yield steel


Mild steel

3.09 x 10^(-4) m2
2.87 x 10^(-4) m2

3) E = stress/strain = F/A/ strain


High yield steel
Mild steel

203 MPa
197 MPa

4) Yield point load (YL)


The yield point load is shown from the graph plotted which correspond to 0.33%
total strain for grade 250 steel and 0.43% for grade 460 steel.
High yield steel

158 kN

Mild steel

103 kN

5) yield stress (YS)


YS = YL/A

High yield steel

511 N/ mm2 >460

Mild steel
359N/ mm2 >250
We can see that the yield stress of both of the steels are not less than their steel
grade.

6) the tensile strength (TS)

TS = Fm/A
High yield steel
Mild steel
7) Calculate the percentage elongation (e)
E = (Lu Lo)/Lo
High yield steel
Mild steel

623 MPa
489MPa

9.75%
18%

The elongation percentage is a little bit lower than the information


provided by Table 7

Graph
Sample curve for High Yield Steel

Sample curve on Mild Steel

Sample curve for both steel

- Theoretical Estimation of Experimental Result


Theoretically, the graph should be like this.

We expect in the yielding region in the graph, the line should be straight and
horizontal and the curve of high yield steel in stress-strain diagram should be
in upper position than that of mild steel. Also, the elongation percentage
should be 22% for grade 250 steel and 12% for the grade 460 steel.

Error

Most of the datum complies with theoretical estimation of the experiment


result. However, some data have little error. For example, elongation
percentages of both steel are lower than the theoretical one and the part of
yielding of stress-strain diagram is not as straight as that of the theoretical
graph.

Discussion
The reason of obtaining smaller experimental elongation percentages is that
the extensometer may not clip the specimen tightly enough. The value of
extension of the specimen detected is smaller than the theoretical one. Based
on the formula E = (Lu Lo)/Lo , if the numerator is smaller , elongation
percentage will be smaller.
For the error of the yielding part of the graph, we estimate that the
extensometer may not clip the specimen tightly enough during experiment ,
that is why the graph in the yielding part shrink up and down.

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