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RFMEL19 Cavity Resonators

The document discusses cavity resonators and dielectric resonators. It describes how cavity resonators have specific resonant frequencies depending on their dimensions and mode types. It also discusses the resonant frequencies of dielectric resonators and provides formulas. The document further describes simulating waveguides and cavities using HFSS and defines quality factor (Q-factor) and coupling coefficient, providing formulas to calculate these values. It outlines methods for measuring loaded Q and coupling coefficient using a network analyzer.

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Roshan Jayswal
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91 views15 pages

RFMEL19 Cavity Resonators

The document discusses cavity resonators and dielectric resonators. It describes how cavity resonators have specific resonant frequencies depending on their dimensions and mode types. It also discusses the resonant frequencies of dielectric resonators and provides formulas. The document further describes simulating waveguides and cavities using HFSS and defines quality factor (Q-factor) and coupling coefficient, providing formulas to calculate these values. It outlines methods for measuring loaded Q and coupling coefficient using a network analyzer.

Uploaded by

Roshan Jayswal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EEE G581

RF & Microwave Engineering


BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

Dr. Praveen Kumar A.V.


EEE Department
BITS Pilani, Pilani

Cavity resonators
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

Cavity resonators
An unbounded medium has zero boundary conditions

A waveguide has 2 reflecting boundary conditions (PEC in two transverse


directions)
If one more boundary condition for longitudinal direction is added, the waveguide
becomes a cavity resonator
Now there is no propagation, no cut-off frequency, but storage of energy at specific
resonances (band pass filter effect)
Placing a PEC wall along Z direction will make G = -1

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Resonant frequency
f mnl

1
2

m n l



a
b


d
2

for TE mnl / TM mnl mode

If d > a > b, the dominant TE mode is TE101 and TM mode is


TM110

f nml
f nml

1
2
1
2

'
pnm
l

pnm l

d
a

for TE nml mode

a
for TM nml mode

d
Dominant TE mode is TE111 and TM mode is TM010
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Dielectric resonators
A small volume of dielectric material of high dielectric constant (10 to 100) and low loss
tangent (< 10-3) can be used as a resonator
They are of lesser conductor losses and smaller size than equivalent metallic cavities
Compatible with MICs and planar Txn lines
Can be configured either as a resonator or a radiator
The most commonly used modes of a cylindrical DR

TE01d Resonator
HEM11d Antenna
where d < 1 implies that there is less than l/2 variation along the direction of length of the
resonator
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Resonant frequency
The boundary conditions to be used to solve for the fields of a DR are just opposite to that of
in metallic cavity, ie perfect magnetic conducting boundaries (PMC) walls at the DR
peripheries.
But PMC is not a physical boundary so the solution is only approximate
This will yield,

f nml

pnm

(2
l

1)

2 a 2d

f nml

'
pnm

(2
l

1)

2 a 2d

for TE nml mode


2

for TM nml mode

However, the practical modes of a DR are not purely TE or TM but of hybrid nature
The hybrid mode frequencies are found out using closed-form (empirical) formulas
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

HFSS simulation of waveguide


Animation of
Ez with time
Matched port

Matched port

Waveguide - A metallic box with


Transmission boundary or matched
ports at the ends
See the travelling wave from left
to right
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

HFSS simulation of cavity


Shorted port

Cavity - A metallic box with


Reflecting boundary at the ends
See the standing wave
Shorted port

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Parallel eqv. circuit of resonance

Cavity
Valid at frequencies
close to w0
The above used (w+w0)(w-w0) (2w)(Dw)

The above response can also be obtained by replacing the


resonant frequency of a lossless cavity with a complex
resonant frequency (damped oscillations) as below

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Series eqv. circuit of resonance

Valid at frequencies
close to w0

The above response can also be obtained by replacing the


resonant frequency of a lossless cavity with a complex
resonant frequency (damped oscillations) as below

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Q-factor
Q-factor is the ability to store energy with minimal loss

Energy loss / second = Power loss = Conductor + Dielectric + Radiation + External losses

Ploss Pc Pd Pr Pe

1
1
1
1
1

Q L Qc Q d Q r Qe

Thus the loaded Q will always be less in the presence of external and radiation losses
For a cavity resonator, Pr = 0, and Pc+Pd=P0,
1
1
1

Q L Q0 Qe
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Measurement of QL
The simplest measurement that can be made using a network analyser is its loaded Q

QL

f0
( f 2 - f1 )

Note that at resonance, the transmission is


maximum hence the equivalent circuit must
have minimum impedance at resonance
which is a series RLC
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Coupling coefficient
Define the coupling coefficient as the ratio of the power dissipated in external circuit (Pe)
and the power dissipated in the cavity (P0).
For parallel circuit, = Pe/P0 = Q0/Qe = R/Re
For series circuit, = Pe/P0 = Q0/Qe = Re/R
Re = External resistance which is in fact the source impedance or the line impedance (Z0)
1
1
1

QL Q0 Qe

Q0 Q0

= 1, critically coupled
< 1 , under coupled
> 1, over coupled

Q0 Q L 1

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Coupling nature from Smith chart


Shown for series RLC
Zin(f) around the resonance can be
plotted over the bandwidth (from fL
to fH) on the Smith chart and the
nature of coupling can be deduced

= 1, R=Z0
< 1 , R>Z0
> 1, R<Z0

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Measurement of
zin

R / Re

1 2 jQ0 Dw / w0 1 2 jQ0 Dw / w0

At resonance, Dw = 0, giving zin =


We can read the |G| from the network analyser at w=w0 . Now using the impedance to reflection
relation,
G

zin - 1 - 1

zin 1 1
1 G
1- G

Q0 Q L 1
1 G
at w w0
1- G
Qe Q0 /

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

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