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Presentation 4

This document discusses various quantitative classification systems for rock masses, including: - The Rock Mass Rating (RMR) system which evaluates characteristics like strength, discontinuities, groundwater conditions and adjusts a rating. - The Q-system which provides a rock tunnelling quality index based on factors like the Rock Quality Designation (RQD), joint roughness, and water pressure. - The Geological Strength Index (GSI) which can be estimated from the Q-system or visual inspection of structure and surface quality. It also provides guidelines for selecting rock mass support in tunnels and slopes based on the classification ratings.

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Stephanie Haynes
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53 views112 pages

Presentation 4

This document discusses various quantitative classification systems for rock masses, including: - The Rock Mass Rating (RMR) system which evaluates characteristics like strength, discontinuities, groundwater conditions and adjusts a rating. - The Q-system which provides a rock tunnelling quality index based on factors like the Rock Quality Designation (RQD), joint roughness, and water pressure. - The Geological Strength Index (GSI) which can be estimated from the Q-system or visual inspection of structure and surface quality. It also provides guidelines for selecting rock mass support in tunnels and slopes based on the classification ratings.

Uploaded by

Stephanie Haynes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Quantitative Classification of Rock

Mass
Description of Joints:
Orientation, Persistence, Roughness, Wall
Strength Aperture
Strength,
Aperture, Filling
Filling, Seepage
Seepage,
Number of sets, Block size, spacing.
ISRM commissions
i i reportt
Classification of Rock Material
Based on Uniaxial Compressive Strength

Point Load Index


Quick evaluation for uniaxial strength
(field or lab setup)
ASTM D 5731 procedures
Little sample preparation (cores,
pieces)
Measure force (P) to crunch intact rock
specimen
Point Load Index: Is = P/de2 where de
= equivalent core diameter
Fig.8-1

Point Load Index

GCTS Device

Roctest Equipment

Uniaxial Compressive
Strength

Ranges for some


Common Rock
Material
Term
Kg/cm2
Schist, Silt stone
VW-W, Sand
y Weak- VW
< 70
Very
Stone, Lime stone
Weak- W
70-200
VW-M,Granite,
Medium Strong-MS
Strong MS 200
200-700
700 Basalt,
Basalt Gneiss,
Gneiss
Strong- S
700-1400 Quartzite, Marble
MS-VS
MS VS
Very StrongStrong VS
> 1400
|

Classification for Rock Material


Strength

Rock Quality Designation (RQD)


or Modified
M difi d C
Core R
Recovery

x i
RQD
Q =
L
xi = lengths
g
of individual p
pieces of core 10 cm
L is the total length of the drill run

Indirect Methods of determination


off RQF
Seismic Method RQD= (Vf / Vl )2 * 100
R ti off velocity
Ratio
l it iin th
the fifield
ld tto th
thatt iin th
the llab
b
Volumetric Count RQD = 115- 3.3* Jv
where Jv is a measure of number of joints
within a unit volume of rock mass

RQD
A. Very poor
B. Poor
C. Fair
D. Good
E Excellent
E.

RQD
0 25
25 50
50 75
75 90
90 - 100

ROCK STRUCTURE RATING


(RSR)
Wickham et. al. ((1972)) suggested
gg
this based on
observation of small tunnels supported by steel ribs.
RSR = A + B + C
Parameter A
A, Geology: General appraisal of geological
structure on the basis of:
a. Rock type origin (igneous, metamorphic,
sedimentary).
di
t )
b. Rock hardness (hard, medium, soft, decomposed).
c. Geologic structure (massive, slightly faulted/folded,
moderately faulted/folded,
intensely faulted/folded).

Parameter B, Geometry: Effect of discontinuity pattern


with
ith respectt tto th
the di
direction
ti off th
the ttunnell d
drive
i on th
the
basis of:
a. Joint spacing.
b. Joint orientation (strike and dip).
c. Direction of tunnel drive
Parameter C: Effect of groundwater inflow and joint
condition on the basis of:
a. Overall rock mass quality on the basis of A and B
combined.
b. Joint condition (good, fair, poor).
c. Amount of water inflow (in gallons per minute per 1000
feet of tunnel)..

RMR or Geomechanics
Cl
Classification
ifi i

Guideline properties of Rock Mass


Classes
Cl

Example: 10 m span
RMR = 80
Stand up time > 4 years
RMR = 50
Stand up time 2 days

Evaluation of Tunnels
b
based
d on RMR

RMR modified for slopes or tunnels

Additional factors applied to RMRbasic


Accounts for excavation method
BUT moreover,
Accounts for joint orientation wrt the excavation
Unfavourable conditions,, deduct p
points from
RMRbasic
refer section F of Table

Slopes - unfavourable

Slopes - favourable

Tunnels - unfavourable

Tunnels - favourable
Widely spaced joints?

RMR & Tunnels


Stand up time for various tunnel spans
based on RMR
Unreinforced tunnels
no advice re support e.g. shotcrete or
rockbolts/anchors

Shotcrete = sprayed
p y concrete,, lightly
g y reinforced

NGI Q-System Rating for Rock Masses


(Barton, Lien, & Lunde, 1974)
Nor wegian Classif ication f or Rock Masses
Q - Value
Quality of Rock Mass
< 0.01
0.01 to
0.1 to
1 to
4 to
10 tto
40 to
100 to
< 400

0.1
1
4
10
40
100
400

Exceptionally Poor
Extremely Poor
Very Poor
Poor
Fair
G d
Good
Very Good
Extremely Good
Exceptionally Good

PARAMETERS FOR THE Q-Rating of Rock Masses


1. RQD = Rock Quality Designation = sum of cored pieces
> 100 mm long, divided by total core run length
2. Number of Sets of Discontinuities (joint sets)
Massive
One set
Two sets
Three sets
Four or more sets
Crushed rock

= Jn
0.5
2
4
9
15
20

3. Roughness
g
of Discontinuities*

= Jr

Noncontinuous j oints
Rough, wavy
Smooth, wavy
Rough, planar
Smooth, planar
Slick and planar
Filled discontinuities
*Note: add +1 if mean joint spacing > 3 m

4
3
2
1.5
1
0.5
1

RQD J r

Q =
J
n
J a

J w

SRF

4. Discontinuity Condition & Infilling


4.1 Unfilled Cases
Healed
Stained, no alteration
Silty or Sandy Coating
Cl
Clay
coating
ti
4.2 Filled Discontinuities
Sand or crushed rock inf ill
Stif f clay inf illing < 5 mm
Sof t clay inf ill < 5 mm thick
Swelling clay < 5 mm
Stif f clay inf ill > 5 mm thick
Sof t clay inf ill > 5 mm thick
Swelling clay > 5 mm

Ja
0.75
1
3
4
4
6
8
12
10
15
20

5. Water Conditions
1
Dry
Medium W ater Inf low
0 66
0.66
Large inf low in unf illed j oints
0.5
Large inf low with f illed j oints
0.33
that wash out
High transient f low
0.2 to 0.1
High continuous f low
0.1 to 0.05
6. Stress Reduction Factor**
Loose rock with clay inf ill
Loose rock with open j oints
Shallow rock with clay inf ill
Rock with unf illed j oints

= SRF
10
5
2.5
1

**Note: Additional SRF values given


for rocks prone to bursting, squeezing
and swelling by Barton et al. (1974)

Rock Tunnelling Quality Index, Q


( N
(or
Norwegian
i Q system),
t ) B
Barton
t ett al.,
l 1974

RQD Jr Jw
Q=

J Ja
J SRF
Jn
RQD = Rock Quality Designation
Jn = Joint set number
Jr = Joint roughness factor
Ja = Joint alteration and clay fillings
Jw = Joint water inflow or pressure
SRF = stress reduction factor
Typically:

0.01 < Q <100

100 - 10
1 20
4 -1
1 20
1 0.1
01
1 20

Q system
RQD Jr Jw
Q=


J Ja
J SRF
Jn
(RQD/Jn) = crude measure of block size
(Jr/Ja) = roughness/friction of surfaces
(Jw/SRF)
( /S ) = ratio off two stress parameters (active
(
stress))

Geological Strength Index,


GSI
Developed by Hoek, Kaiser, & Bawden
(1995) H
(1995),
Hoek
k&B
Brown (1997)
(1997).
RQD J r
GSI from Q-system: GS
+ 44
GSI = 9 log
og
J J
n a

GSI from Geomechanics system where


4
RMR > 25:
GSI = 10 + (Ri )
i =1

Chart approach based on structure &


surface
f
quality
lit

Slope Mass Rating (SMR)


SMR = RMRbasic
F2.F
F3 ) + F4
b i ( F1.F
F1, F2 and F3 are adjustment factors
related to joint orientation with respect to
slope orientation. F4 is the correction
factor for method of excavation.
excavation

Suggested Supports for Various


SMR classes
l
SMR Classes

SMR Values

Suggested Supports

Ia

91-100

None

Ib

81-90

None, scaling is required

II a

71-80

Spot Bolting

II b

61-70

Spot or systematic bolting

III a

51-60

Spot or systematic bolting, spot shotcrete

III b

41-50

Systematic bolting and shotcrete, toe wall

IV a

31-40

Anchors, systematic shotcrete, toe wall

IV b

21 30
21-30

Systematic
S
t
ti reinforced
i f
d shotcrete,
h t t toe
t wall,
ll
re-exacavation

11-20

Gravity or anchored wall, re-excavation

Rock Strength: mi parameter

Strength of Rock Masses


mi

Strength of Rock Masses


c'/qu

mi

Equivalent Modulus of Rock Masses


(Table 10
10-7)
7)

Allowable Bearing Stresses on Rock


Masses
Foundations on Fr actur ed Rock For mation

Allo
owable Be
earing Strress qa (M
MPa)

30
Note: Use maximum qa < q u
wher e q u = compr essive str ength
of intact r ock specimens

25
20

q ALLOWABLE ( MPa ) 1 +

15

( RQD / 16 )
1 ( RQD / 130 )

NOTE: 1 MPa = 10 tsf

10

Peck, et al. ((1974))

Approximation
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Rock Quality Designation, RQD

80

90

100

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