TO AY 3 Ex. 1. Show that the wavelength of electron accelerated through a potential difference V is given by 123 Ante =. 4 Bnet “Wools Therefore x P nt 2m eV For other charged particles appropriate values of m and charge q should be substituted in the above equation. Ex. 2. Obiain expression for the wavelength of a particle moving with relativistic speed. Sol. The relativistic momentum of a particle my p= —) ‘The momentum p of a relativistic particle can also be expressed as follows. B= pe + imac? = E+ moe? a 1 © fitting) Peat fis Tm90m troduction to Modem [Ifthe particle under consideration is an electron accelerated through a potential difference of V vat is de Brogle wavelength i given by atti Foot | Ex. 3, Find the de Broglie wavelength of (i electron moving wth velocity 1000 mis i an objact of mass 100 gram moving with the same velocity. Sol. (9 de Brogiie wavelength of electron jet 880107 my Q.1x10kg)7000 ms) = Mss (@ de Broglie wavelength of abject 6631035 mw OikgdowO mi ‘Owing to extremely short wavelength of the object its wave behavior cannot be demonstrated. Ex. 4. Find the de Broglie wavelength of elecron, proton and c-particle all having the same Ainetc energy of 100 ef. Sal. For electron = 78510" m =16,10%m he 6.63x10 Is Pmt px @1x10Mgnoox1610 9p 2310" m=12394 Fer proton m= 167 * 107 ke es 3 =0008A For a-particle m=4x 167107 kg “ a =0014A Ex. 8, dt what knetic energy would an elecion have the wavelength equal to that of yellow spectral line of sodium, 2, = 5896 4? Sal Since i=: h mtWave Nature of Material Particles m 94 eB T= 2m? ‘Substituting hh = 6.63 «10° Js, m=9.1* 107 kp A = 5896 « 107m we have T = 693 x 10 J=43 «10% eV Ex. 6. hat is the wavelength of thermal neutron at 300 K? 2K. 3 pp = 3x1 38x10 PIR IOOK _ 649-25 Sol. Kinetic energy of thermal neutron E = + 6.63% 10s A eS he ——— = 1454 V2mE oct 67x10 ke 62x10 AT Ex. 7, Find the de Broglie wavelength of hydrogen molecules, which corresponds to their most probable speed at room temperature 27°C. Sol. The most probable speed of hydrogen molecule at temperature T is per y= Pe ™ ‘Momentum of molecule p = nv = \2mieT “ ask i ~ > Simit 6.6310 PIs © 2x GHx107ke)(l 38x10 21K)300K) = 126x107 m= 126A. Ex. 8. At what value of kinetic energy is the de Broglie wavelength of an electron equal to its Compton wavelength? Sol. Energy of electron = E=T + mge*= gf(pc}? +(mgc)* {Pe imeT Given that Redehe moe ITs 2meT T=-mye? tf3mge” signs meaningless) T=me"(J2-1)= (051 MeVy0414)= 0.21 MeV. Ex. 9. Find the de Broghe wavelength of relacvisti electrons reaching the anicathode ofan X-ray tube if the short wavelength limit of continuous X-ray spectrum is equal io 0.10 4. Sol. Short wavelength limit of X-ray spectrum. he he tag Kinetic energy of electron T= eV = helAg ITM) Momentum of electron p= t de Broglie wavelength of electron a P ftrs2mc —— a a e{Eene] Ome For electron mig? = 0.51 MeV, te = 0.0124MeV A Ex. 10, Find the de Broglie wavelength of eleciron maveling along the first Bohr orbit in hydrogen atom. Sol, The angular momentum of electron in the first Bohr orbit th Olt h orWave Nature of Material Particles m 93 de Broglie wavelength of electron tpg a? «3:14 053A=33 A Ex. lL. Describe the Bohr’s quantum condition in terms of de Broglie wave. Sol. A stationary Bobr orbit must accommodate whole mumber of de Broglie wavelengths. If r is the radius of electron orbit then ne = mr a According to de Broglie hypothesis @ Ex. 12. An object has a speed of 10000 m's accurate to 0.01%. With what fundamental accuracy can we locate its position ifthe object is (a) a bullet of mass of 0.05kg (b) an electron? 0.05 kg)(1000 ms) = 50 ke m/s Uncertainty in momentum Ap = 50 = 0.00015 « 10” ke m/s A 1.054105 1.054105 9 pct tm 5x10 kgms (p = my = 9.1 107" kg)(1000 m/s) = 9.1 « 107 kg mis. Uncertainty in momentum Ap = 9.1 x 10% x 0.0001= 9.1 « 10? kg mis Uncertainty in position “t= 105410 ap 91x10 kgm's ‘The uncertainty in bullet's postion isso small that itis far beyond the possibility of measurement. ‘Thus, we see that for macroscopic objects like bullet, the uncertainty principle practically sets no limits to the measurement of conjugate dynamic variables position and momentum. For electron. the ‘uncertainty in its position is very large, nearly 10” times the dimensions ef atom. Thus for microscopic objects such as electrons, the uncertainty in their postion is significant and cannot be overlooked. =0115m94m introduotion te Modem Physics Ex. 13, The position and momentum of 1 keV electrons are measured simultaneously: Ifits position is located within L4, what is the percentage uncertainty in its momentum? Is this consistent with the Binding energy of electrons in atoms? Sol. The uncertainty in position of electron 1.054x10-MIs Pe om ‘The momentum of electron inside the atom is at least equal to p = 1.054 x 10 kg ms. The corresponding kinetic energy is 054x107 kg mis BP _ 1.054104 ke mis)? 2m 2x91 kg ‘The ionization potential of atoms is of this order and hence the uncertainty in momentum is consistence with the binding energy of electrons in atoms. ‘Ex. 14. Imagine am electron to be somewhere in the mcleus whose dimension is 10" m. What is the uncertainty in momentum? Is this consistent with the binding energy of nuclear constituents? Sol. If'an electron were in the micleus, its momentum would be uncertain by amount Ap given by =0,061x107J=38 eV A _ 1054x1074 Is > A = LOS IOs Pe 0m ‘The momentum itself must be at least equal to p = 1.54 * 10 ke m/s. The comesponding kinetic energy of electron is many times greater than the rest energy mc" of electron and therefore ‘the kinetic energy of electron may be taken equal to pc. T = pe = (1.054 « 10 kg m/s) « 10° misy= 3.3 « 10777 20MeV Experiments show that energy of electrons in nuclear disintegration (B decay) is very much less than 20 MeV. Hence the uncertainty principle rules out the possibility of electrons being a nuclear constituent. 1.05410 kg mis Ex. 15, Consider a proton or neutron fo be inside the nucleus. What ts the uncertainty in momentum of electron? Is this consistent with the binding energy of nuclear constituents? Sol. Ifa proton or neutron were inside the micleus, the uncertainty in momentum would be A _ 1.054105 P10 km ‘The corresponding kinetic energy T =< migc? . Hence 20 FP _O.054x10™M kgm? _ 5 ¢ 1928, Im 2x1.67x10 kg ‘The binding energies of nuclei are of this order. 1.05410" kg mvs = 0.23MeVWave Nature of Material Paricles 95 Ex. 16, The energy ofa harmonic oscillator is given by Fle Easptg ‘where p is momentum and k is force constant. Using uncertainty principle, show that the minimum energy of the oscillator is fo where oy=VEm Sol. According to uncertainty principle, wet ‘The momentum of oscillator is at least equal top where p=A/x_ The energy of oscillator may be written as 2 aL a Ime "2 ae) ah For minimum engy S°=0=— 5th > =e ‘Substituting the value of x? in (1), we get E=tvilm=hoy Ex. 17. A nucleus exists in excited state about 10 sec. What is uncertainty in energy of the ‘gamma ray photon emitted by the mucleus? Sol. The minimum uncertainty in energy is at east equal to AE, where AE.At =A Therefore Ex. 18. The average ewited atom has a life-time of about 107 see. During this period it emits a ‘Photon, What is the minimum wacertainty in the frequency of photon” Sol. According to uncertainty principle AEAt >A AdoAt 2 Minimum uncertainty in frequency of photon 10°rads. Ao: Ex. 19, Making use of uncertainty principle give an estimate of radius and binding energy of electron in hydrogen atom in the ground state. 27 Sol. Energy of electon B= + cob)Inroduetion to Modem Assuming thatthe mcertantie in moment and energy ate equal tothe momentum nd energy ‘emseves, we can write the uncertainty principle as prah @ ‘Eliminating p from these equations, we get Im Tar @ Th the ground stat, energy is minimum. Therefore, ae owe im Teg? This eves rade Hyatt ® ‘This value ofr, that is ground state radius of hydrogen atom, is called Bohr radius (a) Substituting the value of rin (3) we get ground state energy of atom “)