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Rectangular Waveguides: TE Modes

1. Rectangular waveguides can operate from 1 GHz to 220 GHz and support TE and TM modes of propagation. 2. The document analyzes TE modes in rectangular waveguides, solving the wave equation using separation of variables to determine allowed mode solutions. 3. Cutoff frequencies are determined by the waveguide dimensions, above which multiple modes can propagate. Higher order modes and their fields are examined as examples.

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Grant Heileman
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135 views20 pages

Rectangular Waveguides: TE Modes

1. Rectangular waveguides can operate from 1 GHz to 220 GHz and support TE and TM modes of propagation. 2. The document analyzes TE modes in rectangular waveguides, solving the wave equation using separation of variables to determine allowed mode solutions. 3. Cutoff frequencies are determined by the waveguide dimensions, above which multiple modes can propagate. Higher order modes and their fields are examined as examples.

Uploaded by

Grant Heileman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Rectangular Waveguides

Can operate from 1 GHz to 220 GHz.

TE Modes

-z

usually a>b
b

TE modes means Ez=0 &

Hz 0

The eqn we have to solve is:

2
2 + 2 + kc2 hz ( x, y) = 0
x y

Recall :

H z = hz e jz

(k

2
c

= k2 2

(31)

To solve eqn (31) we can use the method of separation of variables:


Let

hz ( x, y) = X ( x)Y ( y)
2

2
2 + 2 + kc2 X ( x)Y ( y ) = 0
x y

(32)

or

2 X
2Y
Y + 2 X + kc2 XY = 0
2
x
y

(33)

By dividing by XY on both sides we get:

1 2 X 1 2Y
+
+ kc2 = 0
2
2
X x
Y y

(34)

To solve the above equation we set:


2

kc2 = k x + k y

We divide equation (34) into two equations:

2 X
+ k x2 X = 0
2
x

2Y
+ k y2Y = 0
2
y

With solutions:

X ( x) = A cos k x x + B sin k x x

(35)

Y ( y ) = C cos k y y + D sin k y y

(36)

hz ( x , y ) = X ( x)Y ( y ) =
= ( A cos k x x + B sin k x x )(C cos k y y + D sin k y y ) (37)

To find the constants we apply the boundary conditions at y=0,


y=b and x=0, x=a planes. The tangential e field has to be zero
i.e.

ex (x, y) = 0 & ey (x, y) = 0

at these planes.

Using Maxwells eqns we can solve for ex & ey (using hz)

ex =

j
k y ( A cos k x x + B sin k x x )( C cos k y y + D sin k y y )
kc2

&
ey =

j
k x ( A cos k x x + B sin k x x )(C cos k y y + D sin k y y )
kc2

By applying the B. C.s we can show that:


np
C = 0 ky =
for n = 0,1,2...
b
mp
B = 0 kx =
for m = 0,1,2...
a

and

Which yields:

H z ( x, y , z ) = !
AC cos

Amn

mx
ny jz
cos
e
a
a

(38)

Once we have Hz we can solve for the transverse components of


Ex , Ey , Hx, Hy .

Ex =

jn
mx
ny jz
Amn cos
sin
e
2
kc b
a
b

Ey =

jm
mx
ny jz
A
sin
cos
e
mn
k c2 a
a
b

Hx =

jbm
mx
ny jz
A
sin
cos
e
mn
k c2 a
a
b

Hy =

jbn
mx
ny jz
Amn cos
sin
e
2
kc b
a
b

= propagation cons tan t = k 2 kc2 or


2

m n
= k

a b

m n
kc =
+
= cutoff wavenumbers depends on a & b
a b
f Cmn = cutoff frequency =
The wavelength
given by:

kc

vp
f
vg =

m n

a b

inside the waveguide for the Temn modes is

g =

Where:

f
1 c
f

is the wavelength in the unbounded medium

=
g

vp
f
1 c
f

velocity inside the


waveguide

The actual velocity of energy in a lossless guide is given by the


group velocity
2

v group =

c
vp

The propagation constant inside is also:

f
g = 1 c
f

rad / m

The characteristic wave impedance is:


ZTE =

/
f
1 c
f

n & m cannot both be zero.

There is no TE00 mode.


The first (dominant) mode that can occur is the m=1, n=0 mode
x jz
or TE10

H z= A10 cos
E y=
Hx =

ja

j a

A10 sin

A10 sin

x
a

x
a

e j z

e j z

Ex = Ez = H y = 0

-z

Electric field lines are shown solid and magnetic field lines are dashed

Usually waveguides are designed to let one mode (dominant


mode) propagate only so that signal distortion caused by
multimode propagation can be avoided.
When the frequency is high enough to permit transmission in
move than one mode, the resultant field is the sum of the fields of
the individual mode fields in the guide.
Example:

Higher order modes in


Rectangular waveguides

Example: Rectangular waveguide

b = 2 cm

r = 2.56
a = 5 cm

Rectangular waveguide
cutoff freqs. of model for f = 0..6GHz

1.87 GHz

3.75 GHz

4.68 GHz

5.04 GHz

5.99 GHz

TE(z,10)

TE(z,20)

TE(z,01)

TM(z,11)

TM(z,21)

TE(x,10)

TE(x,20)

TM(x,01)

TE(x,11)

TM(x,21)

TM(y,10)

TM(y,20)

TE(y,01)

TM(x,11)

TE(y,21)

TE(y,11)
degenerate modes !

TM(y,11)

Modes at 1.87 GHz

1.87 GHz
TE(z,10)
E-field

TE(x,10)
TM(y,10)

H-field

Modes at 3.75 GHz

3.75 GHz
TE(z,20)
E-field

TE(x,20)
TM(y,20)

H-field

Modes at 4.68 GHz

4.68 GHz
E-field

TE(z,01)
TM(x,01)
TE(y,01)

H-field

10

Modes at 5.04 GHz


5.04 GHz

5.04 GHz

TM(z,11)

TM(x,11)

TM(y,11)

TE(y,11)

TE(x,11)

E-field

H-field

How to read fc by S2,1 parameters

compare with fcs stated earlier

11

Evanescent mode

Propagating mode

recorded at 1.5 GHz

recorded at 2 GHz

12

Losses
There are two types : 1) due to the dielectric
2) due to the metallic guide walls

ad =

!
The E &

f
2 1 c
f

Np /m

dielectric attenuatio n

Wall losses
!
H fields decay at the walls exponentially with

respect to the skin depth .


We define a surface resistance Rs :

Rs =

resistivity of the walls


=

skin depth

Rs =

Power loss per unit length of the guide is:

PL =

Rs
2

2
t

dl

c = perimeter of wall

13

TEmn parameters
kc

TMmn parameters
2

m
m

+
= c , a and b in
a
b

m
m

+
= c
a
b

meters
fc

m2 n2
+
a 2 b2

1
2

vg

Zg

=
g

vp
f
1 c
f

m2 n2
+
a 2 b2

1 c
f

1 c
f
vp =

Ex
E

= x =
=
Hy
H y g

f
1 c
f

=
g

vp
f
1 c
f

g
f
= 1 c

f
1 c
f

1
2

fc

, =
f

' 1

f
1 c
f

'
f
1 c
f

How do we excite these modes???

14

Circular Waveguides
A circular waveguide is a tubular circular conductor and the
solution of field equations are given for sinusoidal steady state
frequency domain solutions. Bessel functions are used in solving
for the fields.
z
r
a

TE modes
Ez = 0
E =

j n
( A cos(n ) B sin( n ) ) J n (kc )e j z
2
kc

E =

j
( A sin( n ) + B cos(n ) )J n' (kc )e j z
kc

H z = ( A sin( n ) + B cos( n ) )J n (kc )e j z


H =

j
( A sin( n ) + B cos(n ) )J n' (kc )e j z
kc

H =

j n
( A cos(n ) B sin( n ) )J n (kc )e j z
2
kc

15

TM modes
E z = ( A sin( n ) + B cos( n ) )J n (kc )e j z
E =

j
( A sin( n ) + B cos(n ) )J n' (kc )e j z
kc

E =

j n
( A cos(n ) B sin( n ) )J n (kc )e j z
2
kc

Hz = 0
H =

jn
( A cos( n ) B sin( n ) ) J n (kc )e j z
2
kc

H =

j
( A sin( n ) + B cos(n ) )J n' (kc )e j z
kc

kc =
Where

x'

'
X np

represents the roots of the Bessel function

( that are used to satisfy the boundary conditions)


f
1 c
f
Ptr =
2

2
2

( E + E )rdrd

for TEnp mod e

16

Power transmission in circular


waveguide
f
1 c
f
Ptr =
2

Ptr =

2
2

1
f
2 1 c
f

1
Ptr = V0 I 0
2

( E + E )rdrd
2

for TEnp mod e

( E + E )rdrd

for TM mp

for TEM mod e

Circular waveguide parameters


Circular waveguide
TE mode
kc

TM mode

'
np

'
X np
= c
a

X
= c
a

X'

2 np
a
fc

'
X np

=
g

2a

vp
f
1 c
f

=
g

=
g

vp
f
1 c
f

f
1 c
f

Zg

'
X np

2a

vg

X'

2 np
a

f
1 c
f

f
1 c
f

g
f
= 1 c

The dominant mode or the lowest cutoff frequency in a circular waveguide is the mode of
TE11.

17

Example: Circular Waveguide

er = 2.56

a = 1 cm (radius)

Dominant TE1,1 mode at 5.49 GHz

E-field

H-field

18

Dominant TM0,1 mode at 7.17 GHz

E-field

H-field

TE mode at 9.05 GHz

E-field

determine which TE
mode this is

H-field

19

TE mode at 9.07 GHz

E-field

determine which TE
mode this is

H-field

20

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