Scribd
Upload
79 views2 pages

Ellingham Diagram: G H - T S

The Ellingham diagram is a graph that shows the change in Gibbs free energy for reactions forming metal oxides, sulfides, or halides from their constituent elements as a function of temperature. It can be used to determine whether a reaction will occur spontaneously and predict the stability of different metal oxides. The diagram shows that metal-oxygen reaction lines generally have a positive slope, with the stability of oxides decreasing with increasing temperature. A metal that forms a more stable oxide according to its position on the Ellingham diagram can reduce the oxide of another metal above it. The diagram also indicates that carbon monoxide and carbon can act as reducing agents for metal oxides depending on the temperature.

Uploaded by

titomosquito
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
79 views2 pages

Ellingham Diagram: G H - T S

The Ellingham diagram is a graph that shows the change in Gibbs free energy for reactions forming metal oxides, sulfides, or halides from their constituent elements as a function of temperature. It can be used to determine whether a reaction will occur spontaneously and predict the stability of different metal oxides. The diagram shows that metal-oxygen reaction lines generally have a positive slope, with the stability of oxides decreasing with increasing temperature. A metal that forms a more stable oxide according to its position on the Ellingham diagram can reduce the oxide of another metal above it. The diagram also indicates that carbon monoxide and carbon can act as reducing agents for metal oxides depending on the temperature.

Uploaded by

titomosquito
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

Ellingham Diagram

Gibbs energy () is the most important thermodynamic property in metal extraction


( ).
For any reaction:

Grx = Hrx - TSrx


Where:
Hrx = enthalpy
T = temperature (K)
Srx = entropy
If G < 0, then the process is spontaneous (). While more negative () is G, the process
is more spontaneous
If G > 0, then the process is not spontaneous ()
If G = 0, then the process is on equilibrium ()
The graphic of the change in the Gibbs energy when 1 mol of oxygen, sulphur (or) halogen is used to
form oxides, sulphides (or) halides of metals plotted against temperature is called an Ellingham
diagram.

G0T H0298 - TS0298


Ellingham diagram for oxides:
i.
ii.

Metal to oxide reactions show a positive slope (S < 0). The entropy decreases due to the
consumption of oxygen (gas).
The line changes when the material melts. The temperature at which such a change occurs is
indicated by an increase in the slope.

iii. At G = 0
When T < TE G < 0 (formation of the oxide is negative so the oxide is stable)
When T > TE G > 0 (oxide becomes unstable and will decompose into metal and oxygen)

iv.

v.

A metal reduces an oxide of other metal when the line is over the reductor in the diagram.

The lower the position of a metal's line in the Ellingham diagram, the greater is the stability of its
oxide. Any metal will reduce an oxide of another metal that lies above it in an Ellingham
diagram.
Ex. metallic Aluminium can reduce chromium oxide to metallic chromium, the Aluminium itself being
oxidized to Aluminium oxide. (This reaction is employed in thermite.)

Reducing agents (C, CO)


The reduction of metal oxides is often made using carbon as a reducing agent. When carbon reacts with
oxygen it forms carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.

Below 710 , G for the formation of Fe2O3 is more than G of formation of CO2 from CO. Therefore,
CO is better reducing agent for Fe2O3.

2Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe+3CO2


Above 710, G for the formation of Fe2O3 is more than G of CO formation from Carbon. Hence,
above 710 , carbon is better reducing agent for Fe2O3.

2Fe2O3 + C 2Fe+3CO
Limitations:
The reactants () and products () are in equilibrium, which is not often true
It does not explained about the rate of the reaction

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy