Generating Feynman Graphs and

Amplitudes with FeynArts

Hagen Eck
Sepp Kublbeck

Physikalisches Institut
Am Hubland
D-8700 Wurzburg

January 1991

Guide to FeynArts

Contents

Contents
0

Introduction : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
The Structure of FeynArts : : 5
Acknowledgements : : 6
Installation : : 7

Creating the Topologies : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Using CreateTopologies : : 9
Creating Topologies with three or more Loops : 11

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Inserting Fields into Topologies

The usage of InsertFields : 13
InsertFields : 16
3

Drawing Feynman Graphs

The FeynArts Graphics Routine

The result: Feynman graphs in list form

14

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
:

19

Entering Graph Points

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

25

31

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

33

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

35

A-1 Particle Codes and Representations

A-2 Entering a New Model

19

22

Creating the Analytic Expressions : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Using CreateFeynAmp : 25
Interpreting Results : 27
A Sample Run

13

The options for

A-3 Translation of FeynArts Output : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Conventions : 39
Tensors with Lorentz indices : 39
Elements of the Dirac algebra : 40
Elements
of the SU(3) algebra : 40
Miscellaneous : 41
Mathematical and physical constants : 41

39

A-4 FeynArts Reference Guide

43

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Guide to FeynArts

0 Introduction

0 Introduction
In high energy physics the interaction of matter and its mediating forces is successfully described in consistent field theoretical models. For the evaluation of these theories perturbative methods have become wellestablished. A systematic and very beautiful approach to perturbation theory was provided by R. Feynman, who introduced the concept of Feynman graphs and Feynman rules. Physical observables like cross
sections or decay rates are expressed in terms of Feynman graphs in a very concise way. These graphs can
be classified with one look and allow the organization of complex calculations such as the determination
of higher order corrections with a renormalization procedure. However, in a non-trivial model a calculation beyond tree level quickly becomes tedious and very susceptible to errors. This is valid for finding all
Feynman graphs and amplitudes, and even more for the evaluation of the amplitudes. Therefore many
efforts have been made to automatize this procedure with computer algebra programs.
FeynArts is a package for users in high energy physics who want to calculate differential cross sections
and decay rates for processes in field theories using the approach with Feynman graphs. The package creates Feynman graphs and analytical expressions (amplitudes) for S-matrix elements and truncated Green
functions in renormalizable quantum field theories. It consists of several sub-programs each of which is
written as general as possible. Programmed in Mathematica [1] FeynArts can generate multi-loop topologies, insert fields into them and is not restricted to a certain model (it only has to be renormalizable). FeynArts is based on algorithms that can handle complex models and it has sophisticated graphics facilities.
FeynArts produces graphical and analytical output. The graphics output are usual Mathematica graphics objects that can be printed on screen or printer or saved in a graphics file. The analytical output is a
direct translation of generated Feynman graphs according to the given Feynman rules of a model. Since
in order to produce numerical results further evaluation of these expressions is necessary, the analytical output is given in a form suitable for direct evalutation with the program package FeynCalc [5].
Anyone who knows the basic principles of Mathematica, e.g. how to assign an expression to a variable,
will be able to produce graphs and amplitudes. Those who are familiar with Mathematica can manipulate the generated output of each function with standard methods (selecting subsets of lists, join results of
different calculations etc.). Entering a new model already requires some routine in using Mathematica. In
particular the use of the blank (written _) in patterns should be known.
In this manual we use the same conventions as in the Mathematica manual:
Text in Typewriter style is literal input which has to be typed as printed (e.g. function names).
Text in Italics are expressions, the user has to fill in (e.g. function arguments).
Earlier versions of FeynArts and its algorithms have already been described in [2, 3]. Part of this manual
extended by the description of the insertion algorithm, tests and CPU-times for the program as well as
further references is contained in [4] and will also be submitted to Computer Physics Communications.

0.1 The Structure of FeynArts

Programming FeynArts we tried to follow as closely as possible the procedure high energy physicists are
familiar with. In this procedure one usually deals with a process a) with given external particles b) in a
certain order of perturbation theory c) within an appropriate model. With these premises all Feynman
graphs with non-vanishing couplings have to be found.
The creation of the Feynman graphs and amplitudes is performed by FeynArts if the Feynman rules of
the model(s) underlying the calculations are provided in an appropriate model file. For the full standard
model (electroweak and QCD) and for a few submodels the Feynman rules are supplied with the package, other models can be entered by the user. To obtain contributions with three or more loops the corresponding start topologies have to be entered by the user following the instructions in section 1.2.

Guide to FeynArts

After loading the package in a Mathematica session with <<FeynArts.m or within the init.m file1 (see
installation) the following functions perform the necessary operations to obtain Feynman graphs and amplitudes:
1. First the desired set of topologies must be generated with CreateTopologies .
2. With InsertFields the lines of the topologies are occupied with particles thus creating the Feynman graphs in list form.
3. The Feynman graphs can be drawn on screen or paper by applying Paint to the output of
InsertFields.
4. CreateFeynAmp applied on these graphs yields the corresponding analytic expressions according
to the given set of Feynman rules.
For each of the four FeynArts-functions like for many Mathematica functions Options can be given.
The default options of a function are displayed with Options[function] and for the current session set
with SetOptions[function, option -> value]. Usually they are set with each call of a function by appending them to the other arguments: function[args, option1, option2, ... ]. If in a special case an option
is of no physical relevance then this option must not be set.
As evaluations for graphs beyond tree level normally take several minutes screen messages are supplied when running the FeynArts functions (except CreateTopologies ). These messages can be suppressed with the option ScreenMessages . In this case the suppressed output is pumped into the FeynArts
null device FeynArts.log in the work directory.
We have tried to restrict the possibilities to run FeynArts as little as possible. It should do its job on any
computer system where Mathematica 2.0 is available. Furthermore the user is free to copy FeynArts into
the directory of his choice as long as he or she takes care that this directory is on the Mathematica search
path (see installation).
Since FeynArts is a public domain package, we cannot guarantee that it will work correctly under any
circumstances. If any problems occur we recommend that the user starts a new Mathematica-session and retries the same calculation. If this doesnt help, we are grateful for problem reports sent by mail or e-mail to:
Hagen Eck, Sepp Kublbeck

Physikalisches Institut
Universitat Wurzburg

Am Hubland
D-8700 Wurzburg

e-mail: eck@vax.rz.uni-wuerzburg.dbp.de
kue@vax.rz.uni-wuerzburg.dbp.de
We also welcome any suggestions about how to improve the package in general.
You may make and distribute copies of FeynArts provided the code of the distributed copies is identical to the original code of FeynArts. Please make sure that the users you give FeynArts to, have access to a
FeynArts manual.

0.2 Acknowledgements
We thank Manfred Bohm and Ansgar Denner for decisive ideas when we developed the algorithms. Our
patient  -testers Arnd Kraft and Dirk Michelsen, and especially Rolf Mertig and Georg Weiglein have deserved a big well-done. Thanks to Markus Wendel who made up the name FeynArts. We greatly appreciate the courtesy of the whole team of Wolfram Research and we thank Stephen Wolfram very much for
1

Throughout this manual except in the sample run it is assumed that FeynArts was loaded with the init.m file.

0 Introduction

the pleasant stay. Expert hints from Tom Wickham-Jones and Joe Kaiping helped us improve the graphics of FeynArts and the layout of this manual.

0.3 Installation
The most important point for FeynArts to work properly is that Mathematica finds the FeynArts functions.
We suggest to open a directory feynartsdir for FeynArts and its subdirectories and to set a path from the directory where one wants to work to feynartsdir before loading FeynArts. In order to do this the following
line must be typed in at the beginning of each FeynArts session or into the Mathematica init file init.m (or
one has to open one containing this command) in the work directory:
$Path = Append[$Path,feynartsdir]

(where feynartsdir has to be a string, i.e. in quotation marks). This assures that no files with batch jobs or
results in the work directory will interfere with FeynArts files.
For graphics output on screen the appropriate driver which is delivered with Mathematica must be
loaded. This is done e.g. with <<Tek.m for a terminal with tektronics facilities and with <<X11.m for a Xwindow terminal. Usually Mathematica does this automatically.
A little initialization concerning the particle labels in FeynArts graphics might be adequate in order to
make full use of the users graphics resources. To this end the main file FeynArts.m must be edited. It
contains eight font specifications for the particle labels in the Feynman graphs which are self-explaining.
A short description is given in appendix A-1. Users who enter their own models have to adapt the model
variables in FeynArts.m (see appendix A-2). For the generation of diagrams with infrared singularities
we have entered a photon mass MLA in the model files. We have set MLA to zero in FeynArts.m and we
have kept this throughout this manual. Users who want to do calculations with finite photon mass have
to omit the corresponding line. Finally FeynArts.m contains the loading commands for the FeynArts subprograms.
Instead of loading FeynArts every time one calls Mathematica from the work directory one can add the
command <<FeynArts.m in the Mathematica init file init.m of the work directory. Then the package is
loaded automatically when starting a Mathematica session.

Guide to FeynArts

1 Creating the Topologies

1 Creating the Topologies

We start this manual with the description of the function that creates the basic topological objects consisting of vertices and lines. We call these objects topologies and classify them according to the number of
external lines (legs) and the number of loops they contain, which corresponds to the order of perturbation theory in which the computation is set up.
The number of topologies increases sharply with the number of legs and (even more!) with the number of loops. This imposes constraints depending on the available memory of the computer 2 on the
topologies FeynArts can create.

1.1 Using CreateTopologies

Since the topologies are classified by two numbers (legs and loops), the syntax of the topology creation
function reads:
CreateTopologies[ l, e ]

creates topologies with l loops and e external legs

The creation of topologies is done iteratively from topologies with less external legs e0 < e. (For a detailed description of the algorithm see [2, 3]). Therefore the complete set of start topologies with l loops
and the minimum of external legs has to be entered before, following some conventions described below.
This was already done for tree graphs (fig.1a), one-loop graphs (fig.1b) and two-loop graphs (fig.1c-e).
Here the topologies with two legs and
one loop are generated (self-energies).

In[1]:= CreateTopologies[1,2]
Out[1]= TopologyList[Topology[2][Propagator[l1][v3[1], v3[1]],
Propagator[ex][e[1], v3[2]], Propagator[in][v3[2], v3[1]],
Propagator[ex][e[2], v3[2]]],
Topology[2][Propagator[l1][v3[1], v3[2]],
Propagator[l1][v3[2], v3[1]], Propagator[ex][e[2], v3[2]],
Propagator[ex][e[1], v3[1]]],
Topology[2][Propagator[l1][v4[2], v4[2]],
Propagator[ex][e[1], v4[2]], Propagator[ex][e[2], v4[2]]]]

The two-loop topologies with five legs

are already rather numerous.
CreateTopologies always returns an
object with head TopologyList.

In[2]:= Length[ tt = CreateTopologies[ 2, 5 ] ]

Out[2]= 9225
In[3]:= Head[ tt ]
Out[3]= TopologyList

From these examples it is easy to see the internal representation of a topology: a set of Propagators is
collected inside an object with head Topology[s]. The index s in the head of a topology denotes the inverse of the combinatorial factor of this topology. How this factor is constructed is discussed in [3]. The
combinatorial factor becomes important when constructing the Feynman amplitudes. As their arguments
the Propagators carry the two points they connect and an index that distinguishes their types. Possible
types of propagators are ex (for external propagators), in (for internal propagators) and l1,l2,l3,...
(for loop propagators). External points are denoted by e, three-vertices by v3 and four-vertices by v4.
2

On a DEC5000 we have done up to 6 external legs for one-loop and up to 5 external legs for two-loops.

Guide to FeynArts

10

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Fig.1 start topologies for tree (a), one-loop (b) and two-loop (c,d,e) topologies

For calculations beyond tree level even within a class of graphs with fixed numbers of loops and external legs one is usually interested in subsets which form building blocks for the whole evaluation together
with the corresponding countergraphs. To allow this several options can be chosen.

option name

default value

Tadpoles

True

whether to include tadpole graphs

SelfEnergies

True

whether to include graphs with

two-point functions

Triangles

True

whether to include graphs with

three-point functions

Boxes

True

whether to include graphs with fourand more-point functions

WFCorrections

True

whether to include graphs with

tadpoles or self-energies on external
lines (only works for graphs with
irreducible start topologies)

Theta

True

whether to include descendents from

fig.1c

Eight

True

whether to include descendents from

fig.1d

Bicycle

False

whether to include descendents from

fig.1e

Options of CreateTopologies

E.g. CreateTopologies[ 1, 4, Tadpoles->False, Triangles->False] produces all graphs with

four external legs containing no tadpoles and and no three-point functions (there remain self-energy and
box graphs). We call an irreducible graph with n legs an n-point function. n-point functions are the constituting parts of one-particle reducible Feynman graphs and multiplicative in momentum space.
The first four options apply to all loop graphs, the fifth only to graphs with irreducible start topologies
(otherwise it gives wrong results) and the last three only to two-loop graphs. The latter denote whether
descendents of the start topologies in figs.1 c, d and e, respectively are included.

1 Creating the Topologies

This is the number of all topologies with

one loop and four external legs.
Using options reduces the number of
topologies and often leaves only the more
interesting topologies (only boxes in
this case).
The topologies can be painted with
Paint as explained in section 3.

11

In[1]:= Length[ CreateTopologies[ 1, 4] ]

Out[1]= 99
In[2]:= Length[ CreateTopologies[ 1, 4, Tadpoles->False,
SelfEnergies->False, Triangles->False ] ]
Out[2]= 12
In[3]:= Paint[ CreateTopologies[1,3,WFCorrections->False], 1,
2, ScreenMessages->False ] ;

Topol 1 -> 2

Top.1

Top.2

Top.3

Top.4

We think that for most computations in the electroweak standard model, the model for which FeynArts
was originally designed, two loops are sufficient. How CreateTopologies can be applied to three and
more loops is discussed in the following.

1.2 Creating Topologies with three or more Loops

In this section we want to give a glance of the things that happen inside FeynArts for users that have already some experience with Mathematica.
FeynArts uses a recursive algorithm for the generation of the topologies. Like every recursion, this algorithm needs a condition to prevent infinite program execution. In the case of topology generation this
condition is fulfilled when CreateTopologies meets a topology which is already defined and therefore
can be used to create its successors.
CreateTopologies contains 5 pre-defined start topologies (see fig.1). They are entered in the file
CreateTopologies.m . (For brevity we omit the two-loop topologies.):
(* ---------------------------------------------------------- *)
BeginPackage["CreateTopologies`","FeynArts`"];
Needs["Utilities`Compare`"];
CreateTopologies::usage = "

...
( usages are ommited here )

Guide to FeynArts

12

Begin["`Private`"]
(** start-Topologies **)
tt = Topology[1][ Propagator[ex][e[1],v3[1]],
Propagator[ex][e[2],v3[1]],
Propagator[ex][e[3],v3[1]] ];
o1 = Topology[2][ Propagator[l1][ v3[1] , v3[1] ],
Propagator[ex][ e[1] , v3[1] ] ];
(** recursive construction of topologies **)
ConstructTopologies[0,3] = TopologyList[tt];
ConstructTopologies[1,1] = TopologyList[o1];
ConstructTopologies[loops_ , ext_Integer] :=
TopologyList[ Map[ AddOne[#1,ext]& ,
ConstructTopologies[loops,ext-1 ] ] ] ;
(** main function, checking options **)
CreateTopologies[l_ , n_Integer, options___ ] :=
CreateTopologies[l, n, options ] =
Module[.....

(etc.)
(* ---------------------------------------------------------- *)

This shows some parts of the beginning of this file which are essential. There are two main functions:
the function CreateTopologies that is called by the user and an internal function ConstructTopologies
that does all the iterative work.
It is easy to see how higher loop topologies can be added to this:
Define start topology (or topologies) in the form:
Topology[ combfactor ][ prop1, prop2, ...

The propagators (prop1, prop2, ... ) have to be of the form:

Propagator[ type ][ point1, point2 ]

with type out of l1, l2, l3, ... for a loop propagator or ex for an external propagator.
The points are of the form v3[n] or v4[m] for 3- and 4-vertices respectively.
Important: the indices of vertices that are not connected to external lines have to be negative in the
start topologies to avoid multiple production of identical topologies!!
The start topologies are used as entries to the function ConstructTopologies:
ConstructTopologies[ x, y ]

TopologyList[ starttop1, ...

where x stands in FeynArts for the number of loops and y for the number of external legs.
When all things are set up correctly then CreateTopologies should be able to generate all topologies
with more than y external legs out of the set of start topologies.
The x in the definition of the start topologies, though used in FeynArts to denote the number of loops
in a topology, is nothing but a label to distinguish the start topologies. It can also be used to generate subsets of topologies, e.g. via
ConstructTopologies[ Global`a, 0 ]

...

ConstructTopologies[ Global`b, 0 ]

...

We invite all users to make their own experiments with the program as long as they re-distribute it only
in the form they obtained it.

2 Inserting Fields into Topologies

13

2 Inserting Fields into Topologies

The next step towards the creation of Feynman graphs and amplitudes is to insert particles into the topologies. Performing this with list manipulation routines on a computer results in a set of insertions in list
form for each topology the routine is applied to. Once all insertions of particles which are in accordance
with the allowed couplings of the considered model are found a well-known strict set of rules directly
leads to Feynman graphs and amplitudes.

2.1 The usage of InsertFields

One usually considers a certain process
a) with given external particles
b) in a certain order of perturbation theory
c) within a certain model.
If one takes a list of topologies with the appropriate number of loops and legs produced by
CreateTopologies and fixes incoming and outgoing particles of the process then a) and b) are satisfied.

To fulfill c) the inner lines must be occupied with fields in accordance with the considered model.
If the model exists in form of one or more files model.mod in the subdirectory Models, the insertions for a given list of external particles extlist into a given list of topologies toplist are performed by
InsertFields[top, ext].
InsertFields[ top, ext, Model->{mod1, mod2, ...

} ]

inserts fields from models mod1,mod2,... into top with external

particles ext.

top can be a single topology or a list of topologies. However, its form must closely follow the conventions described in the previous section, so it is safe to produce it with CreateTopologies .
Topology[ prop, ...

one single topology

TopologyList[ top, ...

a list of topologies produced by CreateTopologies

possible values of top in InsertFields

ext must be a rule of the form {field 1,... , field i} -> {field i+1,... , field n}, where the first list contains the incoming and the second list the outgoing fields. These fields must have the same names as in
the file model.mod otherwise FeynArts will not accept them as valid external particles. The models entered by us comprise all particles of the full standard model (electroweak and QCD). Their field codes
which have to be used in InsertFields are given in appendix A-1.

Guide to FeynArts

14

2.2 The result: Feynman graphs in list form

All one-loop topologies with three
external particles and no wave function
corrections are created, so in this case all
irreducible 3-point functions are returned.
(Output is suppressed with ;.)

In[1]:= tops = CreateTopologies[ 1, 3, WFCorrections->False ];

From these topologies we generate the

graphs contributing to the electroweak
one-loop corrections of the Z-decay into
two electrons, in our code
V[2]->F[1]+F[-1] . We neglect the
couplings between the Higgs bosons and
light fermions.

In[2]:= ins = InsertFields[ tops , {V[2]}->{F[1],F[-1]} ,

The message tells us that the SM with the

set options is initialized. The binary code
shows in the same order as in the table
for the options which model options
(starting with Generation1) were set to
True (1) and which to False (0).
Four graphs are found all being
inequivalent. The result already contains
all necessary information to draw the
Feynman graphs.
The overall Head of the list of topologies
contains the options for the insertion. In
addition Process contains the entered
information which particles of the
process are incoming and which are
outgoing. According to this the external
propagators are divided into incoming
and outgoing ones with indices inc and
out, respectively. Obviously the
insertions are performed by appending a
variable fi[i] to every propagator and a
list of Insertions to every toplogy.
Every entry in Insertions is a Graph
which assigns fields to the variables.
Different insertions can exhibit different
symmetries, resulting in a different
combinatorial factor, which is therefore
written to each Graph.

Model->{SM} , LightFHCoupling -> False ]

... initializing model "SM1111000"
... LightFermionHiggsCouplings deleted
|.
|
|..
|
|... |
|.... |
|.....|
... (done)
1. topology (out of 4) being inserted
4 insertions before Compare
4 insertions after Compare
2. topology (out of 4) being inserted
0 insertions before Compare
0 insertions after Compare
3. topology (out of 4) being inserted
0 insertions before Compare
0 insertions after Compare
4. topology (out of 4) being inserted
0 insertions before Compare
0 insertions after Compare
Out of 4 tops. 3 have no inss. and are discarded
total number of insertions: 4
Out[2]= TopologyList[Model -> {SM}, Generation1 -> True,
Generation2 -> True, Generation3 -> True,
ElectronHCoupling -> True, LightFHCoupling -> False,
QuarkMixing -> False, UnitaryGauge -> False,
RemoveEmptyTops -> True, ProcessName -> V2F1aF1,
Process -> {V[2]} -> {F[1], F[-1]}][Topology[Propagator[inc]
[e[1], v3[1], fi[1]], Propagator[out][e[2], v3[2], fi[2]],
Propagator[out][e[3], v3[3], fi[3]],
Propagator[l1][v3[1], v3[2], fi[4]],
Propagator[l1][v3[1], v3[3], fi[5]],
Propagator[l1][v3[2], v3[3], fi[6]],
Insertions[Graph[1][fi[1] -> V[2], fi[2] -> F[-1],
fi[3] -> F[1], fi[4] -> F[2], fi[5] -> F[-2],
fi[6] -> V[-3]], Graph[1][fi[1] -> V[2], fi[2] -> F[-1],
fi[3] -> F[1], fi[4] -> V[3], fi[5] -> V[-3],
fi[6] -> F[-2]], Graph[1][fi[1] -> V[2], fi[2] -> F[-1],
fi[3] -> F[1], fi[4] -> F[1], fi[5] -> F[-1],
fi[6] -> V[1]], Graph[1][fi[1] -> V[2], fi[2] -> F[-1],
fi[3] -> F[1], fi[4] -> F[1], fi[5] -> F[-1],
fi[6] -> V[2]]]]]

2 Inserting Fields into Topologies

These are the corresponding Feynman

graphs. (The usage of Paint is described
in section 3.)

15

In[3]:= Paint[ ins, GraphsPerRow->2, RowsPerSheet->2

ScreenMessages->False]

-->

e
W

W
e

Top.1 Ins.1

Top.1 Ins.2

e
Z

e
Z
e

Top.1 Ins.3

Out[3]= {-FeynArtsGraphics-}

Top.1 Ins.4

Z
e

Guide to FeynArts

16

2.3 The options for InsertFields

The most important option is Model, which allows one to choose the relevant model within which the
process is to happen. Model has to be set to a List. It can contain one or more of the models contained in
the Models-directory. Up to now we have entered the electroweak standard model SM, quantum chromodynamics for three generations of quarks QCD and quantum electrodynamics for quarks and leptons QED
as well as only for leptons QE. In addition a toy model QC which contains QCD with only one quark flavor is available. Of course the models should be physically meaningful in the chosen combinations. So
QE and QC cannot be combined with one of the other models. In our conventions the complete standard
model including QCD would be chosen setting Model -> {SM,QCD}.

option name

default value

Model

{SM}

chooses the models (in brackets) from

which particles are inserted

Generation1

True

whether to include the 1st fermion

generation

Generation2

True

whether to include the 2nd fermion

generation

Generation3

True

whether to include the 3rd fermion

generation

ElectronHCoupling

True

False turns the electron-Higgs

couplings off
LightFHCoupling

True

False turns all fermion-Higgs

couplings off except to the top quark

(proportionality to fermion mass over
mass of the W-boson)
QuarkMixing

False

False sets the quark mixing matrix

equal to the identity matrix, True
introduces the matrix elements KMMij

UnitaryGauge

False

whether to use the unitary gauge

RemoveEmptyTops

True

whether to remove topologies for

which no insertions are found

ScreenMessages

True

whether to print the insertion

messages on screen.

ProcessName

Automatic

The name you want to give to the

process. It will mark all created
Feynman graphs and amplitudes.

Options of InsertFields

Most of the options of InsertFields are for imposing constraints on the available models, like omitting certain groups of particles or neglecting couplings.
There are three options Generation1, Generation2 and Generation3 selecting the desired set of
fermion generations. They apply to SM, QCD, QED and QE but not to QC of course.

2 Inserting Fields into Topologies

17

With three other options subsets of the couplings of the SM, which are usually negligible in the high energy domain, can be put to zero: There is an option QuarkMixing which sets the quark mixing matrix equal
to Identity by default. Set to True it introduces a mixing matrix with entries QMMij between quark i and
quark j. ElectronHCoupling and LightFHCoupling neglect the small couplings ( mf =mW ) of the Higgs
fields to electrons and to all light fermions, respectively. (Please note that LightFHCoupling->False
overrules ElectronHCoupling->True !) Of course this leads in general to a smaller amount of graphs.
The same is valid if one sets UnitaryGauge to True in the SM, the only model where this option applies.
Then all unphysical fields (unphysical Higgs and Faddeev-Popov ghosts) will not appear and the Feynman rules are changed in the appropriate way. If set to False the Feynman rules are retained in t Hooft
gauge. In this case one can set an option called FeynmanGauge when applying CreateFeynAmp to create
the Feynman amplitudes (see section 4.1) in t Hooft-Feynman gauge.
The other options serve to design the output. At the end of the insertion procedure RemoveEmptyTops
discards by default all topologies for which no Graphs were found. If the user has produced and maybe
Painted a list of topologies (see section 3.1) and wants to keep track of the corresponding numbers in the
TopologyList he can set RemoveEmptyTops to False.
ProcessName should be a short name for the process. (It appears with appropriate indices with
the Feynman graphs and amplitudes when applying Paint and CreateFeynAmp.) If no name is specified InsertFields automatically extracts a name from the particle codes of the external particles (see appendix A-1) by omitting the square brackets and inserting a "a" (for antiparticle) for each field with negative index. So the decay of W-boson, in our code:
V[3] -> F[1] + F[-2]

would yield the name: V3F1aF2.

Before the insertion can start the models called in the option Model must be initialized with their actual
options. FeynArts initializes the models automatically whenever it meets a model that hasnt been initialized yet. If the option ScreenMessages is set to True FeynArts gives a corresponding message on the screen
(e.g. ...initializing model "SM1110100" and a sequence of rows of dots indicating how much of the
initialization of the routine is completed). The binary code shows the values of the set model options in the
same order as in the table for the options. Although not all options are meaningfull for all models they are
also included in the code for book-keeping reasons. Furthermore (if ScreenMessages is set to True) the
program tells during the run on which topology it works and how many insertions are found for it before
and after the Compare routine. This routine collects identical insertions, keeps only one representative and
adjusts the combinatorial factor. Finally the total amount of found Feynman graphs is displayed.

18

Guide to FeynArts

3 Drawing Feynman Graphs

19

3 Drawing Feynman Graphs

One of the advantages of Feynmans approach to field theory is that single contributions to cross sections
and decay rates can be visualized in a very intuitive way. A program generating Feynman graphs would
not be complete without some sort of graphics routine to show the fruits of its work.
Graphs can only be drawn by a machine if the positions of the vertex points on the sheet are determined
before. Their coordinates can be entered by hand or they can be found with the help of a routine. The
problem to make up an algorithm which automatically finds a nice representation especially for graphs
with more than one loop is anything but trivial. Unfortunately our private location finder routine is not
yet in a state to be distributed with FeynArts. However we have written the routine FeynEdit which allows to enter graph points in a comfortable way. This routine is described in section 3.2.

3.1 The FeynArts Graphics Routine

The FeynArts graphics routine is Paint[ expr ]. Its syntax is:
Paint[ expr ]
Paint[ expr, n, m

draw Feynman diagrams

draw topologies

It expects input generated by FeynArts i.e. expr has to be of the form:

Topology[ prop, ...

one single topology

TopologyList[ top, ...

a list of topologies produced by CreateTopologies

Topology[ prop, ... ,

Insertions[ ins, ...

] ]

Feynman graphs for one ...

TopologyList[ descr ][ insertedtop, ...

... or more topologies as produced by InsertFields

Possible arguments of Paint.

Since Paint has to know how many incoming and outgoing lines the drawn topology should have, one
has to specify those when drawing bare topologies, i.e. for topologies produced by CreateTopologies
the syntax is Paint[ expr, n, m ], where n and m are the numbers of incoming and outgoing lines, respectively.
For drawing Feynman graphs produced by InsertFields no further specification is needed since the
inserted topologies contain all information about the process.

Guide to FeynArts

20

option name

default value

GraphsPerRow

how many graphs per row

RowsPerSheet

how many rows of graphs on one sheet

ScreenOutput

True

whether to show the graphs on screen

PSFileOutput

True

whether to write the graphics output

to a postscript file

ScreenMessages

True

whether to print the messages which

graph is being painted.

AutoEdit

False

set to True the FeynEdit modus is

automatically entered

FullNumbering

False

additional graph numbering

GrayBackground

False

whether to use grey background

ShowGrid

False

whether to show a grid

ShowPointNames

False

whether to show the vertex names

PropagatorThickness

Automatic

how thick to draw the propagator

VertexSize

Automatic

which size to use for the vertices

Options of Paint

The graphs are drawn in RowsPerSheet rows of GraphsPerRow graphs. Each graph is captioned with
two numbers for the current topology and insertion, respectively. The option FullNumbering allows to
add a third number which tells the position of the current graph in the total of all graphs. When applied
to a single inserted topology (without head TopologyList), Paint will omit the header for each printed
sheet and will label the graphs only as Ins.m.
If option PSFileOutput is set to True, a pre-postscript file with the name ProcessName.gra is created
in the current work directory. The name of this file can be changed using the option ProcessName in
InsertFields. For instructions how to print the graphics output (directly or via graphics file) we refer
to the Mathematica Users Guide for the various machines.
The output of the graphs to screen can be suppressed by setting ScreenOutput to False. Again with
ScreenMessages the messages on screen can be avoided. If a topology comes up for which no graph
points are found these can most easily be entered with FeynEdit as described in the next section. This
edit mode is automatically entered when the option AutoEdit -> True is added. Otherwise the corresponding Feynman graphs in the output are replaced by a few question marks.
A few other less important options are implemented and listed in the table for the options of Paint.

3 Drawing Feynman Graphs

Here is an example for some one-loop

topologies.

21

In[1]:= Paint[ Take[ CreateTopologies[1,3],{7,10} ], 1, 2,

RowsPerSheet->2, GraphsPerRow->2]
Topol 1 -> 2

ins contains one of the two-loop

contributions to a quark selfenergy

Top.1

Top.2

Top.3

Top.4

In[2]:= ins = InsertFields[ Take[ CreateTopologies[2,2],{3} ],

{F[3]}->{F[3]}, Model->{QCD,QED} ];
... initializing model "QCD1111100"
|.
|
|..
|
|... |
|.... |
|.....|
... (done)
... initializing model "QED1111100"
|.
|
|..
|
|... |
|.... |
|.....|
... (done)
1. topology (out of 1) being inserted
10 insertions before Compare
5 insertions after Compare
total number of insertions: 5

Guide to FeynArts

22

and here are the corresponding Feynman

graphs.

In[3]:= Paint[ ins , RowsPerSheet->3, GraphsPerRow->3 ]

-->

g
u

u
u

Top.1 Ins.4

g
u

u
u

u
g

Top.1 Ins.3

u
u

u
u

Top.1 Ins.2

Top.1 Ins.1

u
u

u
g

Top.1 Ins.5

3.2 Entering Graph Points

As mentioned above the drawing program has to know from somewhere, at which position every point
should be located (at least this is better for the result of the drawing). The Paint routine reads this information from the file GraphInfo.m in the subdirectory GraphInfo.
The drawing informations are stored for the following sets of topologies:
1 ! 2, 2 ! 2, 2 ! 3

tree level:
one-loop level:
two-loop level:

1 ! 1, 1 ! 2, 2 ! 2
1 ! 1,

So for most of the other topologies to be drawn, the point information must be added. (Among other
things the authors of FeynArts want to give its users the opportunity to be a little bit creative.)
FeynEdit is a simple interactive procedure that provides the user with editing functions for shaping
topologies. The syntax of FeynEdit ressembles the syntax of Paint:

FeynEdit[ expr ]
FeynEdit[ expr, n, m

edit Feynman diagram expr

edit topology expr

The major difference between the arguments of Paint and FeynEdit is that only single topologies (inserted or not) fit as arguments of FeynEdit. If the user wishes to edit a complete list of topologies, he has
to map FeynEdit on this list, i.e. use it in the form FeynEdit/@ expr when expr is a list of inserted topologies or FeynEdit[#,n,m]& /@ expr when expr is a list of bare topologies (n,m numbers of incoming and
outgoing particles respectively).

3 Drawing Feynman Graphs

23

A much more comfortable way using FeynEdit is to call Paint with the option AutoEdit -> True.
As soon as an unknown topology occurs, Paint stops the program execution and invokes FeynEdit. (Of
course this only makes sense when using Paint interactively.)
When FeynEdit is started, it draws the topology placing the vertices on a grid of dimensions 20  20.
The grid is also shown in the picture as well as the internal names of the vertices and centerpoints of the
propagators. For a topology that is already known to FeynArts (i.e. that has already been treated with
FeynEdit before) this would look as follows:
The grid for fixing the vertexpoints is
shown as well as the names of the vertex
points and the numbers of the centers of
the lines.

In[1]:= FeynEdit[ CreateTopologies[ 2, 2 ][[3]], 1, 1 ]

c[2]

v3[-1]
c[4]
v3[2]c[7]

v3[1]
c[5]
c[6]
c[1]

v3[-2]
c[3]

For an unknown topology, FeynEdit puts the vertices on random sites on the grid. The location and
the shape of the propagator lines are specified by the coordinates of the end points and the location of its
center (midpoint of the line). This center can be fixed by its coordinates or by its displacement from the
midpoint of the straight line connecting the two vertices. All coordinates must be entered in units of the
grid with size 20  20. Like in the graphics the vertices are denoted by v[n] and the center points by c[n]
with integer numbers n.
The user is asked to do something with the current topology. This is symbolized by the prompt
FeynEdit>. Any action consists of at least one small letter followed by the Return-Key. Some of them
(like vertex-shift) prompt for additional information. The possible actions are:
c (center): choose coordinates of center of line. FeynEdit first prompts for the name of the center
you wish to fix, then for the values of x- and y-coordinates.
d (displacement): determine curvature of the line by choosing the displacement. (This is the distance of the midpoint of the arc to the midpoint of the straight line connecting the two vertices.) After specifying the center of the line, FeynEdit prompts for the value of the displacement.
Remark: FeynEdit computes the location of the center point from a given displacement. It is not
possible to do this, when the propagator line ends at the same point where it started (tadpoles) and
d will not work in this case.
f (file): save the complete graphics information in a file. On some computer systems this doesnt
work. In this case you have to save the graphics information function by hand. To do this type

Guide to FeynArts

24

Save[ graphinfofile, GraphPoints`GraphPoints ] after leaving FeynEdit3 . The file graphinfofile

is in the directory GraphInfo and is named GraphInfo.m. So under
the command would
read: Save[ "GraphInfo/GraphInfo.m", GraphPoints`GraphPoints ].

Unix

h (help): print out a list of commands.

p (print): print the topology as a list of propagators together with coordinates of vertices and center
points.
r (roll the dice): the internal points are distributed randomly on the grid. This can be used in the
beginning of a FeynEdit-session, when the first randomization did cause a completely disordered
distribution of points.
s (show): display the topology.
u (up): shift the complete graph in y-direction. FeynEdit prompts for the number of units you want
to shift. Of course negative inputs are allowed.
v (vertex-shift): this is probably the most often used function. You are prompted for the name of the
vertex to shift (again make sure to type this correct) and for the value of shift in x- and y-direction.
x (exit): leave FeynEdit. Do not forget to save your graphics information otherwise your work will
be lost when you leave Mathematica !!!
All input numbers can be negative (e.g. for shifting a vertex in negative x-direction). Especially for the
displacement of the center points often negative displacements are needed. For self-energy loops the
displacements of the two loop-propagators usually are of the same magnitude but of different signs.
Furthermore it should be mentioned, that FeynEdit tries to avoid ugly random distributions: no two
points are drawn on the same location and all internal points are three units off the edge of the grid.
FeynEdit recognizes selfenergies and tadpoles and uses an automatic displacement and center choice
routine.

3
If one stores the points by hand (with this method) under a different name, one can of course have different versions of the same
topology available.

4 Creating the Analytic Expressions

25

4 Creating the Analytic Expressions

4.1 Using CreateFeynAmp
From the Feynman graphs in list form, FeynArts creates the corresponding analytical expressions with the
function CreateFeynAmp .
CreateFeynAmp[ set ]

produces the analytic expressions to a set of graphs generated

with InsertFields

set is an expression produced by InsertFields with the form

TopologyList[ rule1, rule2, ...

][ topology1, topology2, ... ]

Arguments of CreateFeynAmp.

The rules in the head of the topologylist (rule1, rule2,... ) contain the complete information about the
model in which the graphs were generated as well as the information about the external particles and the
process name. So no further arguments and specifications are needed. Therefore CreateFeynAmp cannot
be applied to single topologies which do not carry the required head TopologyList[...] .
The output is in a form that is easy to work on with FeynCalc. If the Feynman rules of the used model
are entered like for the standard model (see appendix B) it consists of three parts: The non-commuting
part containing Dirac and Gell-Mann matrices, the denominator of the scalar integral and the rest consisting of the coupling constants, symmetry factors, and Lorentz tensors.

option name

default value

ScreenMessages

True

whether to print the messages about

the translation on screen.

Truncated

False

whether to produce the amplitudes

without wave functions.

FeynmanGauge

True

choice of the parameter GaugeXi

$DDimension

False

choice of prefactor

Options of CreateFeynAmp.

The ScreenMessages option allows to suppress the coded messages that are displayed during program execution: A row of j points is shown if the Feynman graphs of the jth topology are translated. A
bar | marks the place where the row of points for the last topology will end. Behind it appears a number indicating how many insertions the topology has which is currently worked on. It is a measure for
the time the translation takes.
If the graphs were produced by InsertFields in the (non-unitary) t Hooft gauge one can set the
gauge parameters  (i); i = ; Z; W equal to 1 with the option FeynmanGauge. Of course this means that
one chooses the t Hooft-Feynman gauge.

Guide to FeynArts

26

The option $DDimensions sets the value of the prefactor of every Feynman graph. In $D dimensions
4 $D
it is ( (2)$D )(loops) else it is ( 21 )4
(loops) (in 4 dimensions).
Let us create some simple topologies,
those contributing to the one-loop self
energy.

In[1]:= Length[ tt = CreateTopologies[1,2] ]

This are the Feynman graphs for the

Gluon selfenergy in quantum chromo
dynamics.

In[2]:= ins = InsertFields[ tt, {G[1]}->{G[1]}, Model->{QCD} ];

Out[1]= 3

... initializing model "QCD1111100"

|.
|
|..
|
|... |
|.... |
|.....|
... (done)
1. topology (out of 3) being inserted
15 insertions before Compare
8 insertions after Compare
2. topology (out of 3) being inserted
15 insertions before Compare
8 insertions after Compare
3. topology (out of 3) being inserted
1 insertions before Compare
1 insertions after Compare
total number of insertions: 17

InsertFields keeps the structure of

seperate topologies.

In contrast amp is just al list of analytical

expressions.

In[3]:= Length[ ins ]

Out[3]= 3
In[4]:= Length[ amp = CreateFeynAmp[ ins, Truncated->True ] ]
. |(8)
.. |(8)
...|(1)
Out[4]= 17

here is one of them. The head FeynAmp

collects the name of the graph, the
momenta on the loops and the wanted
analytical expression.

In[5]:= amp[[10]]
2
Out[5]= FeynAmp[G1G1, T2, I2, N10][-(GS Integral[q1]
tr[la[gi4] . la[gi2]]
tr[(MT + gs[-p1 + q1]) . ga[li4] . (MT + gs[q1]) .
4
2
2
2
2
ga[li2]]) / (64 Pi (-MT + (p1 - q1) ) (-MT + q1 ))]

If a graph has a propagator with mass

and momentum 0, CreateFeynAmp sets it
to zero (which is the correct result in
consistent field theories). So tadpoles
with mass 0 in their tails yield 0.

In[6]:= amp[[2]]
Out[6]= FeynAmp[G1G1, T1, I2, N2][0]

The momenta of the i incoming particles are called p1,...,pi, the momenta of the j outgoing particles are
called k1,... ,kj. For conventions and physical content of the used symbols see appendix C. For each loop
a momentum qn is introduced ( n = 1; ... ; loops).
The output of Out[5] in the example above is not the internal representation of a Feynman amplitude. What Mathematica printed on the screen is just a user friendly decryption of a somewhat lengthy
but FeynCalc-friendly internal expression (see next section).

4 Creating the Analytic Expressions

27

4.2 Interpreting Results

To show how FeynArts habdles things internally, we create the amplitudes for the decay of a Z-boson into
to neutrinos in the electroweak SM.
This creates the vertex topologies
without wave function corrections.
(Output is suppressed with ;.)

In[1]:= tt = CreateTopologies[1,3,WFCorrections->False];

ins contains all irreducible vertex

corrections to the decay Z !  in the SM
with neglected couplings between Higgs
particles and light fermions. The run
time messages are suppressed this time.

In[2]:= ins = InsertFields[ tt, {V[2]}->{F[2],F[-2]},

Model->{SM}, LightFHCoupling->False,
ScreenMessages->False ]
Out[2]= TopologyList[Model -> {SM}, Generation1 -> True,
Generation2 -> True, Generation3 -> True,
ElectronHCoupling -> True, LightFHCoupling -> False,
QuarkMixing -> False, UnitaryGauge -> False,
RemoveEmptyTops -> True, ProcessName -> V2F2aF2,
Process -> {V[2]} -> {F[2], F[-2]}][Topology[Propagator[inc]
[e[1], v3[1], fi[1]], Propagator[out][e[2], v3[2], fi[2]],
Propagator[out][e[3], v3[3], fi[3]],
Propagator[l1][v3[1], v3[2], fi[4]],
Propagator[l1][v3[1], v3[3], fi[5]],
Propagator[l1][v3[2], v3[3], fi[6]],
Insertions[Graph[1][fi[1] -> V[2], fi[2] -> F[-2],
fi[3] -> F[2], fi[4] -> F[1], fi[5] -> F[-1],
fi[6] -> V[3]], Graph[1][fi[1] -> V[2], fi[2] -> F[-2],
fi[3] -> F[2], fi[4] -> F[2], fi[5] -> F[-2],
fi[6] -> V[2]], Graph[1][fi[1] -> V[2], fi[2] -> F[-2],
fi[3] -> F[2], fi[4] -> V[-3], fi[5] -> V[3],
fi[6] -> F[-1]]]]]

These are the graphs.

In[3]:= Paint[ ins, GraphsPerRow->2, RowsPerSheet->2,

ScreenMessages->False ]
e

-->

Z
e

Top.1 Ins.1

Top.1 Ins.2

W e
Z
W

Top.1 Ins.3

Z
e

Guide to FeynArts

28

This is the output form of a Feynman amplitude to a certain process. In addition

to the model option which were used to
create the amplitude its head contains the
Process containing the involved
particles, their momenta and masses.
Underneath we give the internal
representation (FeynCalc form) of the
second Feynman amplitude. On the left
side we give the usual mathematical
notation which is obtained using the
translation rules given in appendix A-3
and substituting in addition li2, li3 and
li4 by ,  and , respectively.

In[4]:= amp = CreateFeynAmp[ ins ]

.|(3)
Out[4]= FeynAmpList[Model -> {SM}, Generation1 -> True,
Generation2 -> True, Generation3 -> True,
ElectronHCoupling -> True, LightFHCoupling -> False,
QuarkMixing -> False, UnitaryGauge -> False,
RemoveEmptyTops -> True, ProcessName -> V2F2aF2,
Process ->
{{V[2], p1, MZ}} -> {{F[2], k1, 0}, {F[-2], k2, 0}}][FeynA\
-I
3
mp[V2F2aF2, T1, I1, N1][(--- EL ep[p1, li2] g[li4, li3]
32
1 - ga[5]
Integral[q1] u[k1, 0] . ga[li3] . (-----------------) .
2
2
1 - ga[5]
(ME + gs[k1 + q1]) . ga[li2] . (SW - -----------------) .
4
1 - ga[5]
(ME + gs[k1 - p1 + q1]) . ga[li4] . (-----------------) .
2
v[k2, 0]) /
4
2
2
2
2
(CW Pi (-MW + q1 ) (-ME + (k1 + q1) )
2
2
3
(-ME + (k1 - p1 + q1) ) SW )],
-I
3
FeynAmp[V2F2aF2, T1, I2, N2][(--- EL ep[p1, li2] g[li3, li4]
16
1 - ga[5]
Integral[q1] u[k1, 0] . ga[li3] . (-----------------) .
4
1 - ga[5]
gs[k1 + q1] . ga[li2] . (-----------------) . gs[k1 - p1 + q1] .
4
1 - ga[5]
ga[li4] . (-----------------) . v[k2, 0]) /
4
3
4
2
2
2
2
3
(CW Pi (k1 + q1) (k1 - p1 + q1) (-MZ + q1 ) SW )],
I
3
FeynAmp[V2F2aF2, T1, I3, N3][(--- CW EL ep[p1, li2]
32
g[li3, li4] g[li6, li5] Integral[q1]
1 - ga[5]
u[k1, 0] . ga[li4] . (-----------------) . (ME + gs[-q1]) .
2
1 - ga[5]
ga[li6] . (-----------------) . v[k2, 0]
2
(g[li5, li3] (-2 k1 + p1 - 2 q1)[li2] +
g[li2, li5] (k1 - 2 p1 + q1)[li3] +
g[li3, li2] (k1 + p1 + q1)[li5])) /
4
2
2
2
2
(Pi (-ME + q1 ) (-MW + (k1 + q1) )
2
2
3
(-MW + (k1 - p1 + q1) ) SW )]]

4 Creating the Analytic Expressions

29

In[5]:= InputForm[ amp[[2]] ]

ie3
 (p1)g
324 cw s3w

 (k=[(q++q= k) )
1

!
2

!
u(k1 )  2
d q1 2
(q1 m2Z )
4

!
p=1 + q=1 )  2 v(k2)
m2e ][(q1 + k1 p1 )2 m2e ]
(k=1

Out[5]//InputForm=
FeynAmp[GraphName[V2F2aF2, T1, I2, N2], q1,
(-I/16*EL^3*LeptonSpinor[k1, 0] . DiracMatrix[li3] .
(ChiralityProjector[-1]/2) . DiracSlash[k1 + q1] .
DiracMatrix[li2] . (ChiralityProjector[-1]/2) .
DiracSlash[k1 - p1 + q1] . DiracMatrix[li4] .
(ChiralityProjector[-1]/2) . LeptonSpinor[-k2, 0]*
FeynAmpDenominator[PropagatorDenominator[q1, MZ],
PropagatorDenominator[k1 + q1, 0],
PropagatorDenominator[k1 - p1 + q1, 0]]*
MetricTensor[li3, li4]*PolarizationVector[p1, li2])/
(CW^3*Pi^4*SW^3)]

The list of amplitudes contains the variable Process which specifies the external particles and their
associated variables. It contains the momenta and masses of the external particles. Overall momentum
conservation is obeyed in the form:

incoming momenta =

P outgoing momenta.

This additional information is necessary for the further evaluation of the matrix elements, e.g. by FeynCalc. FeynCalc is a package that is already adapted to the internal representation of FeynArts. We give the
complete list of translation rules for the built-in objects in appendix A-3.

30

Guide to FeynArts

5 A Sample Run

31

5 A Sample Run
In this section we show the run for creating all triangle and box one-loop graphs with the corresponding
amplitudes for e+ e ! ZH in the electroweak standard model without quark mixing. It was this run we
used to calculate the radiative corrections to the cross section for ZH-production [4]. As the result is very
lengthy, we suppress the output with the Mathematica standard supplying ; at the end of most commands.
Loading the package.

In[1]:= <<FeynArts.m
FeynArts 1.0 for Mathematica 2.0 (October 1991)
by Hagen Eck and Sepp Kueblbeck
[additional packages being loaded]

We create all triangle and box one-loop

graphs with four external legs.

In[2]:= topols = CreateTopologies[ 1, 4,

Tadpoles->False,
SelfEnergies->False ];

topols contains 36 box and triangle

topologies

In[3]:= Length[ topols ]

The external particles are specified and

the desired model is automatically
initialized. After this, the insertion starts.
It can be seen, that numerous insertions
were found for the first topology and
none for the last.

In[4]:= ZHgraphs = InsertFields[ topols,

Out[3]= 36

{F[1],F[-1]} -> {V[2],S[1]},

ElectronHCoupling -> False ];
... initializing model "SM1110100"
... ElectronHiggsCouplings deleted
|.
|
|..
|
|... |
|.... |
|.....|
... (done)
1. topology (out of 36) being inserted
78 insertions before Compare
78 insertions after Compare
2. topology (out of 36) being inserted
10 insertions before Compare
5 insertions after Compare
.
... numbers 3 to 34 are omitted
.
36. topology (out of 36) being inserted
0 insertions before Compare
0 insertions after Compare
Out of 36 tops. 26 have no inss. and are discarded
total number of insertions: 108

The amplitudes are created and assigned

to ampl. The first topology with 78
insertions takes longest to be translated.

In[5]:= ampl = CreateFeynAmp[ ZHgraphs ];

This saves the result of the computation

in the file eeZH.amp.

In[6]:= ampl >> eeZH.amp

.
|(78)
..
|(5)
...
|(5)
....
|(6)
.....
|(2)
......
|(2)
.......
|(2)
........ |(2)
......... |(4)
..........|(2)

Appendix

32

We use Paint to draw the graphs. Twelve

graphics objects are created, each being a
sheet with an array of Feynman graphs.

In[7]:= Paint[ ZHgraphs, ScreenOutput -> False ]

overwrite file "F1aF1V2S1.gra"
topology: 1 insertion: 1 nr: 1
topology: 1 insertion: 2 nr: 2
topology: 1 insertion: 3 nr: 3
topology: 1 insertion: 4 nr: 4
.
... numbers 5 to 105 are omitted
.
topology: 9 insertion: 4 nr: 106
topology: 10 insertion: 1 nr: 107
topology: 10 insertion: 2 nr: 108
Out[7]= {-FeynArtsGraphics-, -FeynArtsGraphics-,
-FeynArtsGraphics-, -FeynArtsGraphics-, -FeynArtsGraphics-,
-FeynArtsGraphics-, -FeynArtsGraphics-, -FeynArtsGraphics-,
-FeynArtsGraphics-, -FeynArtsGraphics-, -FeynArtsGraphics-,
-FeynArtsGraphics-}

One can draw single elements of the list

of FeynArtsGraphics objects.

In[8]:= Show[ %[[12]] ]

e +
e
e

Z
WH

e
W
Top.7 Ins.2

e W
W Z
e
Top.9 Ins.1

e
e

e
W
Top.8 Ins.1

Z
H

Z
e
W e
Z
H
e
e
Top.9 Ins.4

Z +

-->

W
W

e
W
Top.8 Ins.2

Z
e
Z e
e Z H
e
Top.9 Ins.3

e e

e W

e
Z
Top.10 Ins.1

e
e

Z
e
e
e Z H
e
Top.9 Ins.2

e e

e
W
Top.10 Ins.2

The whole run takes less than ten minutes on a DEC 5000 or a NeXTcube. The saved graphs can be
printed on a laser printer and the amplitudes can be evaluated with FeynCalc.

A-1 Particle Codes and Representations

33

A-1 Particle Codes and Representations

vector bosons:
V[1]

photon

V[3]

W -boson

G[1]

gluon

V[2]

Z-boson

V[-3]

W + -boson

F[-1]

positron

F[-2]

e-antineutrino

F[-3]

anti-u-quark

F[-4]

anti-d-quark

F[-5]

anti-

F[-6]

-antineutrino

F[-7]

anti-c-quark

F[-8]

anti-s-quark

F[-9]

anti-

F[-10]

 -antineutrino

fermions:
e

F[1]

electron (e)

F[2]

e-neutrino

F[3]

u-quark

F[4]

d-quark

F[5]

muon ()

F[6]

-neutrino

F[7]

c-quark

F[8]

s-quark

F[9]

tauon ( )

F[10]

 -neutrino

F[11]

t-quark

F[-11]

anti-t-quark

F[12]

b-quark

F[-12]

anti-b-quark

F[I]

toy-quark

F[-I]

toy-antiquark

U[-1]

photon-antighost

uZ

U[-2]

Z-antighost

u-

U[-3]

W -antighost

u+

U[-4]

W + -antighost

ug

U[-5]

gluon-antighost

e
u
d

c
s

Faddeev Popov ghosts:

U[1]

photon-ghost

U[2]

Z-ghost

U[3]

W -ghost

U[4]

W + -ghost

U[5]

gluon-ghost

u
uZ
uu+
ug

scalar bosons:
S[1]

neutral physical Higgs

S[2]

neutral unphysical Higgs

S[3]

negatively charged unphysical Higgs

S[-3]

positively charged unphysical Higgs

Table A.1: Particle codes and graphical representation. The direction of the particle propagation is from left to right.

Table A.1 gives the codes and graphical representations for all particles defined in the model files:

Appendix

34

model
QC
QCD
QE
QED
SM

vector bosons
G
G

, Z, W

fermions
q
u, d, c, s, t, b
e, , 
e, u, d, , c, s,  , t, b
e, e , u, d, , , c, s,  ,  , t, b

ghost fields
uG
uG

u , uZ , u+ , u

scalar fields

H, , 

The first of the three (sub)columns in table A.1 gives the particle code as it is used in the internal
FeynArts representation and as it has to be entered when specifying the external particles in the function
InsertFields. We have chosen to give members of a particle-antiparticle pair opposite signs in the arguments. The user who enters his own model does not have to follow this convention. What he should stick
to, however, are the heads of the particle code. So particles with heads F (fermions) have non-commuting
Feynman rules, they and particles with heads U (Faddeev-Popov ghosts) get "" signs for closed loops and
permutations of external legs. Fields with heads V and G (vector bosons) receive Lorentz or Lorentz and
gluon indices, respectively. The remaining (scalar) particles carry a head S.
The center column contains the standard model names of the fields. The right column gives their
graphical representation within FeynArts, where the specified particle propagates from left to right. The
propagators of the particles will appear in this way if the output device has the Symbol-font.
As many systems do not support symbol fonts on screen we have set the $ScreenTextFont and
$ScreenSymbolFont to a 10 point Courier font by default. If you want to change the font defaults you
have to edit the file FeynArts.m. In this file eight font variables can be specified right after the release
notes. Those beginning with $Small are for subscripts and should be of a size of about 7 or 8 points
whereas the normal size can be 9 or 10 points. ..TextFont determines which font is used for latin letters,
whereas ...SymbolFont does the same for greek letters. If the available symbol font has different assignments for greek letters the values of the function LineSpec has to be changed accordingly in the model
files.4 Screen and Printer specify the output form for which the font is for.
The different forms of lines and the subscripted variables will appear in any case, however, if your output device does not have a font with Greek letters it will return mnemonic latin letters. The translation
rules for this are also given (and can be changed) in FeynArts.m. We suggest the following replacements
and we have entered them in FeynArts.m:
Particle





'

is denoted by
A
n
m
l
x
fi

4
At this point we wish to remind you that if you change something in FeynArts.m or the model files or any other files, be sure
that a redistributed version of FeynArts consists only of the original files!

A-2 Entering a New Model

35

A-2 Entering a New Model

FeynArts was originally designed to be a tool for Feynman graph generation in the standard model. The
implemented algorithms are general enough to be able to create Feynman graphs and amplitudes in any
renormalizable quantum field theory. However, the package is not especially designed for the safe entering of a new model so that this is a delicate business for users who are not familiar with the FeynArts code.
So the model options described in section 2 which apply to the models entered by us will in general not
work for other models. Apart from that if the the rules given in appendix A-1 and this section for entering a new model are followed, it is likely that FeynArts will work for the new model.5
The Feynman rules are the input which is most susceptible to errors. We have entered them for the full
standard model {QCD,SM}. Covering about 1000 lines of code this part of FeynArts is the largest. It was
extensively checked by several people and by producing output which could be easily checked or compared to well-known results.
Users who want to use a different model have to enter Feynman rules and graphics specifications into a
file in the subdirectory Models called model.mod. The extension mod is an arbitrary name you can choose
for the model. We used extensions with three or less letters in order not to prevent the use of FeynArts
under MS-DOS. Furthermore mod has to be comprised in the list of all available models Models and in
SingleModels if it is not to be combined with other models in FeynArts.m. When in addition to that the
Feynman rules are entered, Feynman graphs and amplitudes can be created within this model by setting
the option Model->{mod} in InsertFields (see section 2.2) and applying Paint and CreateFeynAmp to
the result.
We recommend that in entering a new model one follows our conventions as closely as possible. Some
rules must be obeyed in order to produce sensible output. To illustrate this we want to explain the model
file for a simple example: QED for the first lepton generation. We refer users who want to see more sophisticated models with more kinds of fields to the Models subdirectory of FeynArts.
First a name for the model must be specified. We call it eQED like QED only for e(electron and positron).6
All particles of the theory must be assigned variables, which have to be indiced. The conventions for the
code are described in appendix A-1. Particles with Lorentz and/or gluon indices must carry those in addition to the field index in the Feynman rules. So vector particles (and gluon ghosts) must have a second
index, the Lorentz index (gluon index), gluons even a third one, the gluon index. We use V[1,li_], F[1]
and F[-1] for the photon, the electron and the positron, respectively.
Vertices and propagators must be specified with heads PV in lists of equations called
CoupList[modelname] and PropList[modelname] . The left hand side of each equation contains the particles including their indices and the momenta they carry, the right hand side is the analytic expression
corresponding to the Feynman rule. These can contain non-commuting objects obeying Dirac or GellMann algebra in order to suppress spinor and color indices. These objects must have suitable heads so
that they can be treated appropriately in the further evaluation process beyond FeynArts (see appendix
A-3) and they must be collected in a factor with head NonCommutative. Spinors must be of the form
LeptonSpinor[p,m] for leptons and QuarkSpinor[p,m] for quarks with momentum p and and mass m.
Apart from that, the exact manner of entering the code for a model (e.g. how the variables are called)
is arbitrary and can be changed for ones own purposes. The models provided with FeynArts were
entered in a code so that an automatic evaluation of the created amplitudes with FeynCalc is possible and straightforward. This is also the reason why the denominator factors of the propagators are
given in form of a function PropagatorDenominator with two variables, the momentum and the mass.
(PropagatorDenominator[p,m] stands for 1=(p2 m2 ).) The exact conventions for the Feynman rules
5

You can contact us if you have problems entering a new model.

This model is not entered in FeynArts, but it can be obtained from model QE by setting the options Generation2 and
Generation3 to False.
6

Appendix

36

we have entered are given in appendix A-3. So e.g. me and el stand for electron mass and elementary
charge, respectively.
For eQED in t Hooft-Feynman gauge we would enter:
PropList[eQED] =
{
Prop[in][ F[-1],F[1],P_ ] ==
PV[ NonCommutative[ DiracSlash[P] + me ]
I PropagatorDenominator[P,me] ],
Prop[ex][ F[ 1],P_ ] ==
PV[ NonCommutative[ LeptonSpinor[P,me] ] ],
Prop[in][ V[1,li1_],V[1,li2_],P_ ] ==
PV[ - MetricTensor[li1, li2]
I PropagatorDenominator[P,0] ],
Prop[ex][ V[1,li_],P_ ] ==
PV[ PolarizationVector[ P,li ] ],

(direction of momentum)

!
i(=p + me )
p2 m2e

u(p; me ); v( p; me )
u(p; me ); v( p; me )

n
n

e
e
e

ig
p2

 (p), (p)

};
CoupList[eQED] =
{
Coup[{V[1,li_],P1_},{F[-1],P2_ },{F[1],P3_}] ==
PV[ NonCommutative[DiracMatrix[li]], I*el ]
};

ie 

e
e

For the vertices the sequence of the particles is arbitrary. All momenta pi are counted incoming. For
the propagators the rules are the following: In the internal propagators (Prop[in]) the right particle (second argument) is propagating in the direction of its momentum p, the left particle (first argument) must
be the appropriate antiparticle. For all wave functions (Prop[ex]) of a particle-antiparticle pair only one
Feynman rule has to be entered, the one for an incoming particle or antiparticle. In the case of bosons
outgoing fields get the complex conjugate wave function. For fermions in general four different wave
functions exist. Again only the Feynman rule for an incoming fermion or antifermion must be given (as
shown for the electron in the example above). How the different wave functions for incoming/outgoing
fermion/antifermion are distinguished is described in appendix A-3. internal form (and a v instead of a
u in the output form).
If FeynArts is to draw different sorts of lines with particle labels, the corresponding specifications have
to be made. Each particle gets three attributes: the type, the direction and the label of the line. Allowed
line types are straight, wavy, cycloid, dashed and dotted, allowed directions are forward, backward
and none. For eQED we enter:
LineSpec[ F[ 1] ] = { straight,forward ,"e"; g
LineSpec[ F[-1] ] = { straight,backward,"e" ; g
LineSpec[ V[ 1] ] = { wavy,none,Greek["g"] }

In order to make FeynArts use Greek or subscripted labels in the Feynman graphs the functions Greek
and Sub are provided. To get the desired Greek letter you have to give its equivalent in Courier font as
done above for the " " for the Symbol font.

A-2 Entering a New Model

Greek[ string ]
Sub[ string1, string2 ]

The use of Greek and Sub

37

makes Paint use the $...SymbolFonts as specified in

FeynArts.m.
makes Paint produce graph labels of the form string1string2 .
string1 and string2 can both be of the form Greek[string].

38

Appendix

A-3 Translation of FeynArts Output

39

A-3 Translation of F eyn A rts Output

In order to be able to incorporate results of FeynArts and FeynCalc into ones calculation we give here our
conventions to translate FeynArts output. CreateFeynAmp creates amplitudes with a very explicit internal representation which can be interpreted by FeynCalc. This form, as well as the output form which
appears on screen for the FeynArts user and the corresponding mathematical and physical notations are
given in the following tables. Expressions in typewriter style are literal output, whereas expressions in
italics are variables (filled in by FeynArts).

A-3.1 Conventions
We have chosen the conventions such that the appearance of the factors i=(2)4 is minimized. Consequently
all propagators, vertices and wavefunctions are free of these factors but every loop integral carries a fac(4 $D)N
4 $D
tor 1=(2)4 (or (2)$D in $D dimensions). This results in a global factor 1=(2)4 N (or (2)$DN ) for an N-loop
graph. Every propagator and vertex contributes a factor i. In order to obtain real S-matrix elements (apart
from absorptive parts in higher orders) we multiply each Feynman diagram by a factor i. This factor
i and the external wavefunctions are omitted for truncated amplitudes (option Truncated set to True).
The overall momentum conservation delta-function is understood implicitely and not given explicitely.
Apart from extra minus signs for closed fermion and ghost loops Feynman diagrams which differ by
permutations of the external fermion lines get relative minus signs. These are fixed as follows. The incoming particles are numbered from 1 to i, the outgoing ones from i + 1 to n. Every outgoing spinor or incoming antispinor is connected via fermion lines to an incoming spinor or outgoing antispinor. This defines
the spinor chains. Writing all the spinor chains of a given Feynman diagram in an arbitrary order fixes a
sequence of particle numbers corresponding to the spinors. If this sequence differs by an odd permutation
from the numerically ordered sequence of all particle numbers associated with fermions the graph gets
an extra minus sign, otherwise not. For example consider a graph with four external fermions with particle numbers f1; 2; 3; 4g. Let the spinor chains be u(particle3) . . . v(particle2)
v(particle1) . . . u(particle4).
This gives the sequence f3; 2; 1; 4g which is an odd permutation of f1; 2; 3; 4g. Consequently this graph is
multiplied with a minus sign.

A-3.2 Tensors with Lorentz indices

internal form

output form

translation

Lorentz index: lin = 1 . . . 4 n 2 N

the metric tensor glin;li m
wave function lij (pi) of incoming vector
bosons or the corresponding outgoing
antiparticle (gluons get index gik in addition)
Conjugate[
ep(*)[pi,lij] wave function (lij )(pi) of outgoing vector
PolarizationVector[pi,lij] ]
bosons or the corresponding outgoing
antiparticle (gluons get index gik in addition)
FourVector[pi,lij]
pi,lij
the four dimensional vector pi
with Lorentz index lij: pilij
lin
MetricTensor[lin,lim]
PolarizationVector[pi,lij]

lin
g[lin,lim]
ep[pi,lij]

Appendix

40

A-3.3 Elements of the Dirac algebra

internal form

output form

translation

DiracMatrix[lin]
DiracMatrix[5]
ChiralityProjector[+1]
ChiralityProjector[-1]
DiracSlash[expr]
DiracTrace[expr]

ga[lin]|
ga[5]
(1+ga[5])/2
(1-ga[5])/2
gs[expr]
tr[expr]

LeptonSpinor[pi,mj]

u(pi,mj)
v(pi,mj)
u(pi,mj)
v(pi,mj)

Dirac gamma matrix li n

the Dirac matrix 5 = i 0 1 2 3
!+ = 12 (1 + 5 )
! = 12 (1 5 )
contraction  (expr)
trace over products of Dirac matrices
contained in expr
spinors of a lepton u; u;
v; v with momentum pi and mass mj
spinors of a quark u; u
v; v with momentum pi and mass mj

QuarkSpinor[pi,mj]

A spinor (LeptonSpinor or QuarkSpinor) is translated considering the sign of its momentum pi and its
position in a Dot-product (spinor chain). The sign of the momentum always indicates its direction with
respect to the flow of fermion number:
spinor[ p,m]
expr =
spinor[-p,m]
expr =

u(p)
v(p)

expr
spinor[ p,m] =

expr
spinor[-p,m] =

u(p)
v (p )

A-3.4 Elements of the SU(3) algebra

internal form

output form

gia

gia

SU3Delta[gia,gib]

d[gia,gib]

SU3F[gia,gib,gic]
GellMannMatrix[gia]
GellMannTrace[expr]

f[gia,gib,gic]
la[gia]
tr[expr]

translation
gluon index: gia = 1... 8 for the SU(3) a 2 N
1; gia = gib
Kronecker symbol  gia;gib =
0; else
structure constants f gia;gi b;gic of the SU(3)
the Gell-Mann matrix gi a
trace over products of Gell-Mann matrices
contained in expr

A-3 Translation of FeynArts Output

41

A-3.5 Miscellaneous
internal form

output form

PropagatorDenominator[pi,ma]

Mu
GaugeXi[f]

pi2 ma2
Integral
[q[1],...] expr
Mu
xi[f]

$D
QMMij

$D
QMMij

Conjugate[QMMij]
pi
ki
qi

QMM(*)ij
pi
ki
qi

FeynAmpDenominator[expr]

translation

Rpi

1
2

ma2

dq1...expr (integral sign

is supressed in the internal form)
renormalization parameter
gauge parameter of the t Hooft gauge
f stands for the boson and can take
values A, W, Z
space-time-dimension
entries of the quark mixing matrix for
fermions coupling to a W + (i; j = 1::3)
for fermions coupling to a W (i; j = 1::3)
momenta of incoming particles
momenta of outgoing particles
loop momenta

A-3.6 Mathematical and physical constants

I : imaginary unit i

Pi :  = 3:1415 . . .

In FeynArts all parameters are written with capital letters so that they can be directly fed into a standard fortran program (after having worked on the output with FeynCalc.
EL : elementary charge GS : strong coupling constant SW,CW : sine and cosine of the weak mixing angle

Masses:
ME : electron
MU : up-quark
MD : down-quark
MZ : Z-boson
MQ : toy-quark

MM : muon
MC : charm-quark
MS : strange-quark
MW : W-boson

ML : tauon
MT : top-quark
MB : bottom-quark
MH : physical Higgs

42

Appendix

AntiParticle CoupList

A-4 FeynArts Reference Guide

43

A-4 F eyn A rts Reference Guide

This reference guide briefly describes the functions of FeynArts. If a table of options is given the left column gives the option name, the second the default value and the third a short description.
All FeynArts-objects that are not contained in this section are mathematical objects and are described in
appendix A-3.

AntiParticle
AntiParticle[mod][part] gives the anti-particle of part in the model mod.
mod is a descriptive symbol that includes the values of the model options in binary code.
AntiParticle doesnt work
The initialized models mod can be called with InitializedModels.
before the specified model is initialized.

AutoEdit
AutoEdit is an option for Paint.
Calling Paint with the option AutoEdit -> True will cause Paint to stop program execution and invoke FeynEdit
whenever an unknown topology occurs.
See page 20.

Bicycle
Bicycle is an option for CreateTopologies .
Bicycle -> True includes descendents of the start topology of fig. 1e.
reducible 2-loop graphs.
See page 10.

The generated topologies are one-particle

Boxes
Boxes is an option for CreateTopologies .
Boxes -> True includes 4- and more-point functions in n-loop topologies.

See page 10.

Coup
Coup[i1, i2, ... ] is the representation of a vertex in the model-defining file.
The i1, i2, ... are the incoming particles and have to be given in the form: {field, momentum}.

See page 36.

CoupList
CoupList[mod] is the list collecting all possible couplings of the model mod.
CoupList[mod] is defined in the file model.mod.
See page 35.

The defined couplings in CoupList are given in form of equations.

CreateFeynAmp FeynAmpList

44

Appendix

CreateFeynAmp
CreateFeynAmp[ graphlist ] translates graphlist, which is a list of Feynman graphs, into

amplitudes.
graphlist must be exactly of the form as created by InsertFields. The head of graphlist tells CreateFeynAmp which
Feynman rules to apply.
The following options can be given:
ScreenMessages
Truncated
FeynmanGauge
$DDimension

True
False
True
False

whether to print the messages about the translation on screen.

whether to produce the amplitudes without wave functions.
choice of the parameter GaugeXi
choice of prefactor

See page 25.

CreateTopologies
CreateTopologies[l,e] creates all topologies with l loops and e external legs.
The Topologies are created in list form with the appropriate combinatorial factor.
Tadpoles
SelfEnergies
Triangles
Boxes
WFCorrections

True
True
True
True
True

Theta
Eight
Bicycle

True
True
False

The following options can be given:

whether to include tadpole graphs

whether to include graphs with two-point functions
whether to include graphs with three-point functions
whether to include one-loop graphs with four- and more-point functions
whether to include graphs with tadpoles or self energies on external lines
(only works for graphs with irreducible start topologies)
whether to include descendents from fig.1c
whether to include descendents from fig.1d
whether to include descendents from fig.1e

See page 9.

Eight
Eight is an option for CreateTopologies.
Eight -> True includes descendents from fig.1d in the topology creation of 2-loop topologies.

See page 10.

ElectronHCoupling
ElectronHCoupling is an option for InsertFields.
ElectronHCoupling -> False sets all couplings of the Higgs fields to electrons to 0.
The electron-Higgs couplings are
also included in the class of light-fermion-Higgs couplings, i.e. electron-Higgs couplings are 0 if
LightFHCoupling -> False even if ElectronHCoupling is set to True.
See page 16.

FeynAmp
FeynAmp is the head of a single Feynman amplitude.
The internal form (InputForm) of FeynAmp contains two or more arguments: the name of the translated graph (head
GraphName), the integration momenta on the loops of the loops of the graph (only present if loop graphs are translated)
The OutputForm of FeynAmp is of the form
and the analytical expression for the graph.
FeynAmp[name,numbers][AmplitudesInOutputForm].
See page 26.

FeynAmpList
FeynAmpList is the head of the result of CreateFeynAmp applied to a list of Feynman graphs
(head TopologyList).
See page 29.

A-4 FeynArts Reference Guide

FeynEdit GraphsPerRow

45

FeynEdit
FeynEdit[expr] invokes an interactive procedure to fix or change the appearance of a topology
when drawn with Paint.
FeynEdit[graph] starts editing a Feynman graph of a certain process (created by InsertFields).
starts editing a topology for a process with n incoming and m outgoing particles.
See page 22.

FeynEdit[top, n, m]

FeynmanGauge
FeynmanGauge is an option for CreateFeynAmp.
FeynmanGauge sets the value of the parameter GaugeXi[f], where f is one of the gauge fields A, Z, W.

See page 25.

FullNumbering
FullNumbering is an option for Paint.
FullNumbering will cause Paint to append a third number to the graph labels that counts the graphs drawn so far.
page 20.

See

Generation1
Generation2
Generation3
GenerationN are options for InsertFields.
GenerationN -> True initializes a model with the Nth fermion generation included.
See page 16.
fermion generations.

Default is to include all three

Graph
Graph is the head for a list of rules that perform substitutions for dummy fields which appear in a

topology with fields of a certain model.

The objects with head Graph are elements of a list of Insertions.
graph of a certain Topology.
See page 14.

Every Graph corresponds to one single Feynman

GraphName
GraphName is the head of an object that labels a special Feynman amplitude. It contains the
ProcessName, the position of the graph (in a TopologyList), the position of the graph in the list
of Insertions for one Topology and the position of the graph in the complete list of amplitudes
(head FeynAmpList).
See page 29.

GraphsPerRow
GraphsPerRow is an option for Paint.
See page 20.

Greek LightFHCoupling

46

Appendix

Greek
Greek[string] is used in the LineSpec function for the specification of a particle label in a model
file. It makes FeynArts label the propagator with the corresponding symbol of the specified

symbol font.
See page 36.

GrayBackground
GrayBackground is an option for Paint.
The result depends very strongly on the resolution of the screen or the printer.

See page 20.

InitializedModels
InitializedModels is a list that contains the descriptive symbols for all initialized models.

InsertFields
InsertFields[top,extli] inserts particles into the topologies of top so that they are compatible

with the list of external particles extli and a given model.

The model that is used for inserting is given by default or by additional (optional) arguments. The default model is the
electroweak standard model.
The topologies have to be given in the conventions as created by CreateTopologies.
The external particles have to be given in the form {field 1,... , field i} -> {field i+1,... , field n}. where the first list
The following options can be given:
contains the incoming and the second list the outgoing fields.
Model
Generation1
Generation2
Generation3
ElectronHCoupling
LightFHCoupling
QuarkMixing
UnitaryGauge
RemoveEmptyTops
ScreenMessages
ProcessName

{SM}
True
True
True
True
True
False
False
True
True
Automatic

chooses the models (in brackets) from which particles are inserted
whether to include the 1st fermion generation
whether to include the 2nd fermion generation
whether to include the 3rd fermion generation
False turns the electron-Higgs couplings off
False turns all fermion-Higgs couplings off except to the top quark
False sets the quark mixing matrix equal to the identity matrix
whether to use the unitary gauge
whether to remove topologies for which no insertions are found
whether to print the insertion messages on screen.
The name you want to give to the process.

See page 13.

LineSpec
LineSpec[part] is a function that describes the appearance of a propagator with particle part in
the graphics.
LineSpec[part] usually is a list with three elements: line type (straight, wavy, cycloid, dashed, dotted ),
specification of arrow on line (forward, backward, none) and label to appear in the graphics for that particle (usually a
See page 36.
string constant).

LightFHCoupling
LightFHCoupling is an option for InsertFields.
LightFHCoupling -> False sets all couplings of light fermions (these are all fermions except the top quark) equal to
zero.
See page 16.

Model Prop

A-4 FeynArts Reference Guide

47

Model
Model is an option for InsertFields.
Model has to be set to a list that contains all the models from which particles should be inserted.
For each model
specified, a file model.name must exist.
All possible models can be combined, no matter if the result makes any physical
sense.
See page 16.

NonCommutative
NonCommutative is the head of non-commutative objects inside PV. The arguments of
NonCommutative are multiplied using the Dot-product.

Paint
Paint[graphlist] draws the Feynman graphs or topologies contained in graphlist.
graphlist must be a list of insertions as produced by InsertFields or a list of topologies produced by CreateTopologies.
The following options can be given:
GraphsPerRow
RowsPerSheet
ScreenOutput
PSFileOutput
ScreenMessages
AutoEdit
FullNumbering
GrayBackground
ShowGrid
ShowPointNames
PropagatorThickness
VertexSize

3
3
True
True
True
False
False
False
False
False
Automatic
Automatic

how many graphs per row

how many rows of graphs on one sheet
whether to show the graphs on screen
whether to write the graphics output to a postscript file
whether to print the messages which graph is being painted.
set to True the FeynEdit modus is automatically entered
additional graph numbering
whether to use grey background
whether to show a grid
whether to show the vertex names
how thick to draw the propagator
which size to use for the vertices

See page 19.

Process
Process is one of the descriptive rules that appear in the head of a FeynAmpList or a
TopologyList if insertions have been made.
In a TopologyList created by InsertFields, Process will be of the Form: Process -> {f1, f2, ... }->{g1, g2, ... } ,
where the fi are the incoming and the gi are the outgoing fields.
In a FeynAmpList created by CreateFeynAmp, the fields
will be replaced by lists of three elements: { field, momentum, mass }.
See page 14.

ProcessName
ProcessName is an option for InsertFields.
ProcessName sets the name of the graphics file that is used for saving FeynArtsGraphics produced with Paint. The
See page 16.
extension is always .gra.

Prop
Prop[type][f1, f2, mom] is the representation of a propagator for the definition of analytical
expressions.
type is in or ex for internal propagators or wave functions respectively.
See page 36.
field (particle f2) propagates with momentum mom.

f1 and f2 are antiparticle and particle.

The

Propagator ScreenMessages

48

Appendix

Propagator
Propagator[type][descr] is the representation of a propagator in a topology.
Propagator[type][p1, p2 ] denotes a propagator running from point
type can be ex, inc, out or li where i is an integer.
p1 to point p2.
Propagator[type][p1, p2, f ] denotes a propagator with field f.
Propagator[type][p1, p2, f, q ]
denotes a propagator with field f carrying a momentum q.
See page 9.

PropagatorThickness
PropagatorThickness is an option for Paint.

PropList
PropList[mod] is the list collecting all possible propagators of the model mod.
PropList[mod] is defined in the file model.mod.
See page 35.

The defined propagators in PropList are given in form of equations.

PSFileOutput
PSFileOutput is an option for Paint.

PV
PV is the head of an object that contains the analytic expression for a Propagator or a Vertex.
PV contains one single expression.
The arguments of all PV in a Feynman graph are multiplied to construct the amplitude.
For arguments of PV belonging to the Dirac algebra or the group SU3, non-commutative multiplication is used.

QuarkMixing
QuarkMixing is an option for InsertFields .
QuarkMixing determines the choice of the Kobayashi-Maskawa-Matrix.
See page 16.
Kobayashi-Maskawa-Matrix to the identity matrix.

QuarkMixing -> False sets the

RemoveEmptyTops
RemoveEmptyTops is an option for InsertFields.
See page 16.

RowsPerSheet
RowsPerSheet is an option for Paint.
See page 20.

ScreenMessages
ScreenMessages is an option for CreateFeynAmp, InsertFields and Paint.
ScreenMessages -> False suppresses all run-time messages that usually appear on the screen.

A-4 FeynArts Reference Guide

ScreenOutput Topology

49

ScreenOutput
ScreenOutput is an option for Paint.
See page 20.

SelfEnergies
SelfEnergies is an option for CreateTopologies .
SelfEnergies -> True includes graphs with 2-point functions when creating the topologies.

See page 10.

ShowGrid
ShowGrid is an option for Paint.
ShowGrid -> True is used when invoking Paint via FeynEdit.

See page 20.

ShowPointNames
ShowPointNames is an option for Paint.
ShowPointNames -> True displays the symbols that represent a vertex and the symbols for the centers of the
See page 20.
propagators.

Sub
Sub[s1,s2] denotes a subscripted symbol for the Paint routine.
Sub is used in the LineSpec function to define the string that is printed as a propagator label for a certain field.
Sub[s1,s2] means that string s2 appears as subscript of the string s1.
See page 36.

Tadpoles
Tadpoles is an option for CreateTopologies.
Tadpoles -> True includes graphs with 1-point functions when creating the topologies.

See page 10.

Theta
Theta is an option for CreateTopologies .
Theta -> True includes descendents from fig.1c when creating 2-loop topologies.

See page 10.

Topology
Topology[comb][Pr1, Pr2, ... ] is the representation of a pure topology with combinatorial factor
comb. The Pri are the propagators of the topology and have head Propagator.
Topology[Pr1, Pr2, ... , ins] is the representation of a topology with insertions ins. ins is an object
with head Insertions and represents a list of Feynman graphs originating from the topology.
See page 13.

TopologyList $DDimension

50

Index

TopologyList
TopologyList is the head for the representation of a set of topologies or Feynman graphs.
Whether topologies or Feynman graphs are collected depends on the contents of the single topologies (see Topology).
See page 13.

Triangles
Triangles is an option for CreateTopologies .
Triangles -> True includes graphs with 3-point functions when creating the topologies.

See page 10.

Truncated
Truncated is an option for CreateFeynAmp.
Truncated -> False will produce Feynman amplitudes without wave functions inserted for the external fields.
The
wave functions are defined in the model file setting Propagator[ex][part, mom] == PV[wavefunction].
See page 25.

UnitaryGauge
UnitaryGauge is an option for InsertFields .
See page 16.

VertexSize
VertexSize is an option for Paint.
See page 20.

WFCorrections
WFCorrections is an option for CreateTopologies.
Set to False all topologies with tadpoles or self-energies on external lines are omitted.
See page 10.
for topologies with irreducible start topologies.

This option works only properly

$DDimension
$DDimension is an option for CreateFeynAmp
For a Feynman graph with L loops, the prefactor is set to (1=(2 ))L if $DDimension -> False and to (4 $D =(2 )$D )L if
$DDimension -> True.
See page 25.

References
[1] S. Wolfram, Mathematica a system for doing mathematics by computer, Addison-Wesley, New
York, 1988.
[2] J. Kublbeck,

M. Bohm and A. Denner, Comp. Phys. Comm. 60 (1990) 165.

[3] Computeralgebraische Erzeugung von Feynmangraphen allgemeiner renormierbarer Eichtheorien,
H. Eck, diplom thesis, Universitat Wurzburg,

1990.
[4] The application of FeynArts a computeralgebraic program for the generation of Feynman graphs
to the process e+ e ! ZH, J. Kublbeck,

Ph. D. Thesis, Universitat Wurzburg,

1991.
[5] R. Mertig, M. Bohm and A. Denner, Comp. Phys. Comm. 64 (1991) 345.

Index

$DDimensions, 25
Analytical expressions, creation of, 25
AntiParticle, 43
AutoEdit, 20, 22, 43

Bicycle, 10, 43
Boxes, 10, 43
Coup, 36, 43
CoupList, 35, 43
Create, topologies with more loops, 11

CreateFeynAmp, 25, 43
CreateTopologies, 9, 44

creation, of Feynman amplitudes, 25

Creation of topologies, 9
$DDimension, 50

$DDimensions ShowGrid

GraphsPerRow, 20, 45
GrayBackground, 20, 46
Greek, 45
High energy physics, 5

InitializedModels, 46
InsertFields, 13, 46
Insertion of fields into topologies, 13
Insertions, 14, 46
internal propagators, 9

LightFHCoupling, 16, 17, 46

LineSpec, 36, 46
loop propagators, 9
Lorentz group, code for elements of, 39

denominator of momentum integral, 41

Dimensions, choice of, 25
Dirac elements, code for, 40
Drawing Feynman graphs, 19

Model, 16, 17, 46

Eight, 10, 44
ElectronHCoupling, 16, 17, 44

Paint, 19, 47

external propagators, 9

FeynAmp, 26, 29, 44

FeynAmpList, 29, 44
FeynArts output, translation of, 39
FeynCalc, 5
FeynEdit, 22, 23, 44
input to, 23
Feynman amplitudes, ingredients, 25
creation of, 25
Feynman graphs, generation of, 13
drawing of, 19
Feynman graphs in list form, 14
FeynmanGauge, 25, 45
Fields, insertion into topologies, 13
fonts, setting of, 34
FullNumbering, 20, 45

Generation1, 45
Generation2, 45
Generation3, 16, 45
Graph, 14, 45
Graph points, entering of, 22

GraphInfo, 22, 24
GraphName, 29, 45

Graphs, drawing of, 19

momenta, 26

NonCommutative, 47

Feynman graphs, 19
topologies, 19
particle code, 34
physical constants, code for, 41
printform, 26
Process, 14, 47
ProcessName, 16, 17, 47
Processname, automatic construction of, 17
Prop, 36, 47
Propagator, 9, 47
propagator, center of, 23
curvature of, 23
Propagators, types of, 9
PropagatorThickness, 20, 48
PropList, 35, 48
PSFileOutput, 20, 48
PV, 35, 48

QuarkMixing, 16, 17, 48

RemoveEmptyTops, 16, 17, 48
RowsPerSheet, 20, 48
ScreenMessages, 16, 20, 25, 48
ScreenOutput, 20, 48
SelfEnergies, 10, 49
ShowGrid, 20, 49

51

52

ShowPointNames, 20, 49
SU(3) elements, code for, 40
Sub, 49
Tadpoles, 10, 49
Theta, 10, 49
Topologies, change graph points, 22
classification of, 9
creation of, 9
drawing of, 19
representation of, 9
subsets of, 10
Topology, 9, 13, 19, 49
internal representation of, 9
TopologyList, 9, 13, 19, 49
translation of FeynArts output, 39
Triangles, 10, 49
Truncated, 25, 50

UnitaryGauge, 16, 17, 50

VertexSize, 20, 50
WFCorrections, 10, 50
$DDimension, 50

ShowPointNames $DDimension

Index