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Week 3 Exercises - SOLUTIONS

This document contains solutions to exercises about hyperbolic geometry and Möbius transformations. The solutions show that: 1) Möbius transformations of a certain form satisfy an inversion property and preserve limit sets of discrete groups. 2) A specific region in the hyperbolic plane is preserved by integer Möbius transformations and forms a Dirichlet domain. 3) As a result, PSL(2,Z) is generated by two generators subject to certain relations.

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53 views2 pages

Week 3 Exercises - SOLUTIONS

This document contains solutions to exercises about hyperbolic geometry and Möbius transformations. The solutions show that: 1) Möbius transformations of a certain form satisfy an inversion property and preserve limit sets of discrete groups. 2) A specific region in the hyperbolic plane is preserved by integer Möbius transformations and forms a Dirichlet domain. 3) As a result, PSL(2,Z) is generated by two generators subject to certain relations.

Uploaded by

firdafiandra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Holomorphic Dynamics and Hyperbolic Geometry (February-March 2013)

Week 3 Exercises - SOLUTIONS


1. Recall that the quaternions are quadruples (x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 ) R4 written in the form x0 +x1 i+x2 j +x3 k
and equipped with the (non-commutive) product given by i2 = j 2 = k 2 = 1, ij = ji = k, jk = kj =
to H3 can be defined explicitly as
i, ki = ik = j. An extension of the action of P SL(2, C) from C
+
3
follows. Regard R as quaternions of the form x + yi + tj(+0k). Then, provided our matrix in P SL(2, C)
has been normalised to a form in which ad bc R>0 , the map
z + tj

a(z + tj) + b
c(z + tj) + d

sends the half-space


3
t R>0 }
H+
= {z + tj : z C,

to itself, extending the bijection


z

az + b
cz + d

on the boundary plane C.


Verify that the expression above agrees with the formulae (i),(ii) and (iii) for the action of P SL(2, C) on
3
H+
(at the start of Section 5).
HINT: To express
a(z + tj) + b
c(z + tj) + d
in the standard quaternion form e + f i + gj + hk with e, f, g, h R one should multiply both top and
ctj.
bottom by c(
z + d)
SOLUTION:
We interpret a quotient of quaternions q1 /q2 as q1 q21 (order of multiplication matters!).
(i) z z + ( C) has matrix


A=

1
0

so the formula in the question gives the action on quaternions as:


z + tj z + tj + = (z + ) + tj
i.e. the j-component is preserved and z is translated by , as required.
(ii) z z ( C) has matrix

A=

1/2
0

1/2

Choosing a square root of , the diagonal entries of A become and


/||, and the formula for z z
becomes
(z + tj)
z + tj ||
= (z + tj) = z + tj = z + t||2 j = z + t||j

as required. (Here we have used the fact that if we write the complex number as + i with , real,
then j = ( + i)j( + i) = 2 j + ij + ji + 2 iji = ( 2 + 2 )j = ||2 j.)
(iii)

as required.

1
1 (
z tj)

z + tj
=
=
z + tj
z + tj (
z tj)
z z + t2

2. Prove that a M
obius transformation of the form


a b
A=
b d

ad b2 = 1

satisfies JAJ = A1 where J(z) = z 1 . Deduce that if a discrete group G is generated by elements of
this form then (G) is invariant under J.
SOLUTION

J(AJ(z)) = J

a/z + b
b/z + d


=

b/z d
dz b
=
= A1 (z)
a/z + b
bz + a

there is a sequence of gn G with gn (z 0 ) converging to z. But


If z (G) then for any point z 0 C
1
then, noting that J = J, and conjugating by J (in other words applying J as a change of coordinate),
we deduce that the points (Jgn J)(J(z 0 ) converge to J(z). But J(gn )J G, as J(gn )J = gn1 , so this
means that J(z) is an accumulation point of a G orbit. Hence J(z) (G).

3. Let h(z) = (az + b)/(cz + d) where a, b, c, d R and ad bc = 1.


(i) Show that Im(h(z)) = Im(z)/|cz + d|2 .
(ii) Let = {z : Im(z) > 0, |Re(z)| < 1/2, |z| > 1}. If z show that |cz + d|2 > (|c| |d|)2 + |cd|
and deduce from (i) that if a, b, c, d Z and h 6= I then Im(h(z)) < Im(z).
(iii) By applying (ii) to h and to h1 deduce that if z then there is no I 6= h P SL(2, Z) such that
h(z) .
2
(iv) Let v R, v > 1. Deduce from (iii) that = {z H+
: d(z, iv) < d(z, g(iv)) I 6= g P SL(2, Z)}
(where d is the Poincare metric).
SOLUTION
(i)
h(z) =

az + b
az + b c
z+d
=
.
cz + d
cz + d c
z+d

so
Im(h(z)) =

(ad bc)Im(z)
.
|cz + d|2

(ii)
|cz + d|2 = (cz + d)(c
z + d) = |c|2 z2 + |d|2 + 2cd.Re(z)
> |c|2 + |d|2 |cd| = (|c| |d|)2 + |cd|
since |z| > 1 and Re(z) > 1/2.
Finally (|c| |d|)2 + |cd| 1 by considering all the possibilities for c, d Z having at least one of c, d
non-zero, so Im(h(z)) < Im(z) by (i).
(iii) If both z and h(z) = z 0 lie in then by (ii) applied to z we have Im(z 0 ) < Im(z), and by (ii) applied
to z 0 we have Im(z) < Im(z 0 ) (since z = h1 (z 0 )).
2
(iv) But from the way it is defined, is the set {z H+
: d(z, iv) < d(z, T (iv)), d(z, iv) < d(z, S(iv))}
(where T (z) = z + 1 and S(z) = 1/z), so contains the Dirichlet domain for P SL(2, Z) defined with
respect to the point iv. So either is the Dirichlet domain and its images tile the upper half-plane or
properly contains the Dirichlet domain, in which case there is a g() which overlaps . But from (ii)
we know that g() = for all non-identity elements of P SL(2, Z). So is the relevant Dirichlet
domain for P SL(2, Z).
Comment: It now follows from Poincares Polygon Theorem that P SL(2, Z) is generated by S and T
subject only to the relations S 2 = I and (ST )3 = I.

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